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Kampalath V, Tarnas MMC, Patel MV, Hamze M, Loutfi R, Tajaldin B, Albik A, Kassas A, Khashata A, Abbara A. An analysis of paediatric clinical presentations in Northwest Syria and the effect of forced displacement, 2018-2022. GLOBAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2024; 8:100146. [PMID: 38947221 PMCID: PMC11214201 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2024.100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background One in six children worldwide lives in a region exposed to armed conflict. In conflicts, children are among the most vulnerable, and at risk of adverse health outcomes. We sought to describe trends in child and adolescent morbidity in northwest Syria (NWS) and understand how forced displacement affects clinical utilisation during the Syrian conflict. Methods Retrospective data between January 2018 and December 2022 were obtained from the Syrian American Medical Society (SAMS), a non-governmental organisation that operates health facilities in NWS. After initial descriptive analyses were completed, we performed a seasonal-trend decomposition to estimate the seasonality of clinical presentations. We subsequently employed a multivariate regression model incorporating age, gender, residency status, season, and a random district-level intercept to measure the association between the odds of clinical consultation and forced displacement. Findings Across 51 reporting SAMS facilities, 2,687,807 clinical consultations were studied over a five-year period. Seasonality was demonstrated for every clinical consultation category. Higher levels of forced displacement were associated with increased odds of consultations for nutrition, trauma, NCDs and mental health and decreased odds of consultation for communicable diseases. Aside from traumatic injury, internally displaced persons (IDPs) had higher AORs of clinical consultations compared to host populations. Interpretation Forced displacement differentially impacts clinical utilisation among children in northwest Syria, and the effects of displacement persist for at least six months. Clinical needs vary by host/IDP status, sex, age, and season. This study can assist policymakers in forecasting the health needs of children in northwest Syria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kampalath
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ms Maia C. Tarnas
- Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention, University of California Irvine, USA
| | | | - Mohamed Hamze
- Syrian American Medical Society, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Randa Loutfi
- Syrian American Medical Society, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Ahmad Albik
- Syrian American Medical Society, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ayman Kassas
- Syrian American Medical Society, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anas Khashata
- Syrian American Medical Society, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Aula Abbara
- Imperial College, London, UK
- Syrian American Medical Society, Washington, DC, USA
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Valiati NCM, Rice B, Villela DAM. Disentangling the seasonality effects of malaria transmission in the Brazilian Amazon basin. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 11:231764. [PMID: 39076372 PMCID: PMC11285569 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
The evidence of seasonal patterns in malaria epidemiology in the Brazilian Amazon basin indicates the need for a thorough investigation of seasonality in this last and heterogeneous region. Additionally, since these patterns are linked to climate variables, malaria models should also incorporate them. This study applies wavelet analysis to incidence data from 2003 to 2020 in the Epidemiological Surveillance System for Malaria (SIVEP-Malaria) database. A mathematical model with climate-dependent parametrization is proposed to study counts of malaria cases over time based on notification data, temperature and rainfall. The wavelet analysis reveals marked seasonality in states Amazonas and Amapá throughout the study period, and from 2003 to 2012 in Pará. However, these patterns are not as marked in other states such as Acre and Pará in more recent years. The wavelet coherency analysis indicates a strong association between incidence and temperature, especially for the municipalities of Macapá and Manaus, and a similar association for rainfall. The mathematical model fits well with the observed temporal trends in both municipalities. Studies on climate-dependent mathematical models provide a good assessment of the baseline epidemiology of malaria. Additionally, the understanding of seasonality effects and the application of models have great potential as tools for studying interventions for malaria control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara C. M. Valiati
- National School of Public Health Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Benjamin Rice
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Daniel A. M. Villela
- Program of Scientific Computing, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Center for Health and Wellbeing, School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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Rozi IE, Permana DH, Syahrani L, Asih PBS, Zubaidah S, Risandi R, Wangsamuda S, Dewayanti FK, Demetouw MR, Mabui S, Robaha MMF, Sumiwi ME, Bangs MJ, Lobo NF, Hawley WA, Syafruddin D. Rapid entomological assessment in eight high malaria endemic regencies in Papua Province revealed the presence of indoor and outdoor malaria transmissions. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14603. [PMID: 38918533 PMCID: PMC11199675 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64958-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Malaria in eastern Indonesia remains high despite significant reduction and elimination in other parts of the country. A rapid entomological assessment was conducted in eight high malaria endemic regencies of Papua Province, Indonesia, to expedite malaria elimination efforts in this region. This study aims to characterize specific, actionable endpoints toward understanding where and when malaria transmission is happening, where interventions may function best, and identify gaps in protection that result in continued transmission. The entomological assessment included identifying potential vectors through human landing catch (HLC), indoor morning and night resting collections, identification of larval sites through surveillance of water bodies, and vector incrimination toward understanding exposure to malaria transmission. Human landing catches (HLCs) and larval collections identified 10 Anopheles species, namely Anopheles koliensis, Anopheles punctulatus, Anopheles farauti, Anopheles hinesorum, Anopheles longirostris, Anopheles peditaeniatus, Anopheles tesselatus, Anopheles vagus, Anopheles subpictus and Anopheles kochi. The most common and abundant species found overall were An. koliensis and An. punctulatus, while An. farauti was found in large numbers in the coastal areas of Mimika and Sarmi Regencies. Vector incrimination on Anopheles collected from HLCs and night indoor resting demonstrated that An. koliensis and An. punctulatus carried Plasmodium in Keerom, Jayapura, and Sarmi Regencies. Analysis of HLCs for the most common species revealed that the An. koliensis and An. punctulatus, bite indoors and outdoors at equal rates, while An. farauti predominantly bite outdoors. Larval surveillance demonstrated that most water bodies in and surrounding residential areas contained Anopheles larvae. This study demonstrated indoor and outdoor exposure to mosquito bites and gaps in protection, enabling exposure to infectious bites in all regencies. This explains why current malaria control efforts focusing on indoor protection have failed to substantially reduce malaria incidence in the region. Optimization of insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs), as well as installment of mosquito screens in houses, may further reduce indoor transmission. For outdoor transmission, the use of community-centric approaches to reduce or eliminate larval sources within and surrounding the village through the guidance of locally stationed entomologists, along with Social and Behavior Change mediated health education towards the local adoption of mosquito protection tools during outdoor activities, may reduce malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail E Rozi
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
- Doctoral Program in Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Dendi H Permana
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Lepa Syahrani
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
- Doctoral Program in Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Puji B S Asih
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Siti Zubaidah
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Rifqi Risandi
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Suradi Wangsamuda
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Farahana K Dewayanti
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | | | - Silas Mabui
- Papua Province Health Office, Jayapura, Papua, Indonesia
| | | | - Maria E Sumiwi
- United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Michael J Bangs
- PT Freeport Indonesia, International SOS, Freeport Medical Services, Kuala Kencana, Papua, Indonesia
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - William A Hawley
- United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Din Syafruddin
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia.
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia.
- Hasanuddin University Medical Research Center (HUMRC), Makassar, Indonesia.
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Johnson E, Sunil Kumar Sharma R, Ruiz Cuenca P, Byrne I, Salgado-Lynn M, Suraya Shahar Z, Col Lin L, Zulkifli N, Dilaila Mohd Saidi N, Drakeley C, Matthiopoulos J, Nelli L, Fornace K. Landscape drives zoonotic malaria prevalence in non-human primates. eLife 2024; 12:RP88616. [PMID: 38753426 PMCID: PMC11098556 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic disease dynamics in wildlife hosts are rarely quantified at macroecological scales due to the lack of systematic surveys. Non-human primates (NHPs) host Plasmodium knowlesi, a zoonotic malaria of public health concern and the main barrier to malaria elimination in Southeast Asia. Understanding of regional P. knowlesi infection dynamics in wildlife is limited. Here, we systematically assemble reports of NHP P. knowlesi and investigate geographic determinants of prevalence in reservoir species. Meta-analysis of 6322 NHPs from 148 sites reveals that prevalence is heterogeneous across Southeast Asia, with low overall prevalence and high estimates for Malaysian Borneo. We find that regions exhibiting higher prevalence in NHPs overlap with human infection hotspots. In wildlife and humans, parasite transmission is linked to land conversion and fragmentation. By assembling remote sensing data and fitting statistical models to prevalence at multiple spatial scales, we identify novel relationships between P. knowlesi in NHPs and forest fragmentation. This suggests that higher prevalence may be contingent on habitat complexity, which would begin to explain observed geographic variation in parasite burden. These findings address critical gaps in understanding regional P. knowlesi epidemiology and indicate that prevalence in simian reservoirs may be a key spatial driver of human spillover risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Johnson
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUnited Kingdom
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Pablo Ruiz Cuenca
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUnited Kingdom
- Lancaster University, BailriggLancasterUnited Kingdom
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place LiverpoolLiverpoolUnited Kingdom
| | - Isabel Byrne
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Milena Salgado-Lynn
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
- Wildlife Health, Genetic and Forensic Laboratory, Sabah Wildlife Department, Wisma MuisKota KinabaluMalaysia
- Danau Girang Field Centre, Sabah Wildlife DepartmentKinabalu SabahMalaysia
| | | | - Lee Col Lin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra MalaysiaSelangorMalaysia
| | - Norhadila Zulkifli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra MalaysiaSelangorMalaysia
| | | | - Chris Drakeley
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jason Matthiopoulos
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Luca Nelli
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Kimberly Fornace
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUnited Kingdom
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUnited Kingdom
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
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Nakalega R, Nabisere-Arinaitwe R, Mukiza N, Kuteesa CN, Mawanda D, Natureeba P, Kasirye R, Nakabiito C, Nabakooza J, Mulumba E, Nabukeera J, Ggita J, Kakuru A, Atuyambe L, Musoke P, Fowler MG, Lukyamuzi Z. Attitudes and perceptions towards developing a health educational video to enhance optimal uptake of malaria preventive therapy among pregnant women in Uganda: a qualitative study involving pregnant women, health workers, and Ministry of health officials. BMC Health Serv Res 2024; 24:484. [PMID: 38637742 PMCID: PMC11027371 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-024-10944-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria in pregnancy remains a major global public health problem. Intermittent prophylaxis treatment of malaria in pregnancy with Sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine and co-trimoxazole is efficacious for prevention of malaria in pregnancy HIV negative and positive women, respectively. However, uptake of the recommended doses of therapies has remained suboptimal in Uganda, majorly due to inadequate knowledge among pregnant women. Therefore, this study aimed to explore attitudes and perceptions towards developing an educational video for malaria preventive therapy. METHODS We conducted an exploratory study with qualitative methods among pregnant women attending antenatal care at Kisenyi Health Center IV (KHCIV), health workers from KHCIV, and officials from the Ministry of Health. The study was conducted at KHCIV from October 2022 to March 2023. Focus group discussions (FGD) were conducted among purposively selected pregnant women and key informant interviews (KII) among health workers and Ministry of Health officials. Data were analyzed using inductive and deductive thematic methods in atlas ti.8. RESULTS A total of five FGDs comprising of 7-10 pregnant women were conducted; and KIIs were conducted among four mid-wives, two obstetricians, and two Ministry of Health officials. Generally, all respondents mentioned a need for interventions to improve malaria preventive knowledge among pregnant women; were positive about developing an educative video for malaria preventive therapy in pregnancy; and suggested a short, concise, and edutaining video focusing both the benefits of taking and risks of not taking malaria preventive therapy. They proposed that women may be encouraged to view the video as soon as they conceive and throughout the pregnancy. It also was suggested that the video may be viewed on television sets in maternal and reproductive health clinics and homes, and on smart phones. CONCLUSION Pregnant women, health workers, and Ministry of Health officials were positive about the development of a short edutaining video on malaria preventive therapy that focuses on both benefits of taking and risks of not taking the malaria preventive therapy in pregnancy. This information guided the video development and therefore, in the development of health educative videos, client and stakeholder inputs may always be solicited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Nakalega
- Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University (MU-JHU) Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda.
| | | | | | | | - Denis Mawanda
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Paul Natureeba
- Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University (MU-JHU) Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ronnie Kasirye
- Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University (MU-JHU) Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Clemensia Nakabiito
- Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University (MU-JHU) Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Emmie Mulumba
- Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University (MU-JHU) Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Josephine Nabukeera
- Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University (MU-JHU) Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joseph Ggita
- Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University (MU-JHU) Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Abel Kakuru
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Philippa Musoke
- Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University (MU-JHU) Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Zubair Lukyamuzi
- Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University (MU-JHU) Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
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6
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El Saftawy E, Farag MF, Gebreil HH, Abdelfatah M, Aboulhoda BE, Alghamdi M, Albadawi EA, Abd Elkhalek MA. Malaria: biochemical, physiological, diagnostic, and therapeutic updates. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17084. [PMID: 38529311 PMCID: PMC10962339 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria has been appraised as a significant vector-borne parasitic disease with grave morbidity and high-rate mortality. Several challenges have been confronting the efficient diagnosis and treatment of malaria. Method Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and the Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB) were all used to gather articles. Results Diverse biochemical and physiological indices can mirror complicated malaria e.g., hypoglycemia, dyslipidemia, elevated renal and hepatic functions in addition to the lower antioxidant capacity that does not only destroy the parasite but also induces endothelial damage. Multiple trials have been conducted to improve recent points of care in malaria involving biosensors, lap on-chip, and microdevices technology. Regarding recent therapeutic trials, chemical falcipain inhibitors and plant extracts with anti-plasmodial activities are presented. Moreover, antimalaria nano-medicine and the emergence of nanocarrier (either active or passive) in drug transportation are promising. The combination therapeutic trials e.g., amodiaquine + artemether + lumefantrine are presented to safely counterbalance the emerging drug resistance in addition to the Tafenoquine as a new anti-relapse therapy. Conclusion Recognizing the pathophysiology indices potentiate diagnosis of malaria. The new points of care can smartly manipulate the biochemical and hematological alterations for a more sensitive and specific diagnosis of malaria. Nano-medicine appeared promising. Chemical and plant extracts remain points of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas El Saftawy
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Armed Forces College of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F. Farag
- Department of Medical Physiology, Armed Forces College of Medicine, Cairo, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hossam H. Gebreil
- Department of Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Armed Forces College of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdelfatah
- Department of Medical Physiology, Armed Forces College of Medicine, Cairo, Giza, Egypt
| | - Basma Emad Aboulhoda
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mansour Alghamdi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Genomics and Personalized Medicine Unit, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emad A. Albadawi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa Ali Abd Elkhalek
- Department of Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Armed Forces College of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
- Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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7
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Yang S, Li RY, Yan SN, Yang HY, Cao ZY, Zhang L, Xue JB, Xia ZG, Xia S, Zheng B. Risk assessment of imported malaria in China: a machine learning perspective. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:865. [PMID: 38509529 PMCID: PMC10956205 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17929-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following China's official designation as malaria-free country by WHO, the imported malaria has emerged as a significant determinant impacting the malaria reestablishment within China. The objective of this study is to explore the application prospects of machine learning algorithms in imported malaria risk assessment of China. METHODS The data of imported malaria cases in China from 2011 to 2019 was provided by China CDC; historical epidemic data of malaria endemic country was obtained from World Malaria Report, and the other data used in this study are open access data. All the data processing and model construction based on R, and map visualization used ArcGIS software. RESULTS A total of 27,088 malaria cases imported into China from 85 countries between 2011 and 2019. After data preprocessing and classification, clean dataset has 765 rows (85 * 9) and 11 cols. Six machine learning models was constructed based on the training set, and Random Forest model demonstrated the best performance in model evaluation. According to RF, the highest feature importance were the number of malaria deaths and Indigenous malaria cases. The RF model demonstrated high accuracy in forecasting risk for the year 2019, achieving commendable accuracy rate of 95.3%. This result aligns well with the observed outcomes, indicating the model's reliability in predicting risk levels. CONCLUSIONS Machine learning algorithms have reliable application prospects in risk assessment of imported malaria in China. This study provides a new methodological reference for the risk assessment and control strategies adjusting of imported malaria in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ruo-Yang Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Shu-Ning Yan
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Han-Yin Yang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zi-You Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Li Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jing-Bo Xue
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, 200025, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zhi-Gui Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Shang Xia
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Bin Zheng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Partey FD, Dowuona JNN, Pobee ANA, Walker MR, Aculley B, Prah DA, Ofori MF, Barfod LK. Atypical memory B cell frequency correlates with antibody breadth and function in malaria immune adults. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4888. [PMID: 38418831 PMCID: PMC10902325 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55206-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Clinical immunity to malaria develops slowly after repeated episodes of infection and antibodies are essential in naturally acquired immunity against malaria. However, chronic exposure to malaria has been linked to perturbation in B-cell homeostasis with the accumulation of atypical memory B cells. It is unclear how perturbations in B cell subsets influence antibody breadth, avidity, and function in individuals naturally exposed to malaria. We show that individuals living in high malaria transmission regions in Ghana have higher Plasmodium falciparum merozoite antigen-specific antibodies and an increased antibody breadth score but lower antibody avidities relative to low transmission regions. The frequency of circulating atypical memory B cells is positively associated with an individual's antibody breadth. In vitro growth inhibition is independent of the ability to bind to free merozoites but associated with the breadth of antibody reactivity in an individual. Taken together, our data shows that repeated malaria episodes hamper the development of high avid antibodies which is compensated for by an increase in antibody breadth. Our results provide evidence to reinforce the idea that in regions with high malaria prevalence, repeated malaria infections lead to the broadening of antibody diversity and the continued presence of atypical memory B cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Melanie Rose Walker
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Belinda Aculley
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Diana Ahu Prah
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Michael Fokuo Ofori
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Lea Klingenberg Barfod
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kassie GA, Azeze GA, Gebrekidan AY, Lombebo AA, Adella GA, Haile KE, Welda GD, Efa AG, Asgedom YS. Asymptomatic malaria infection and its associated factors among pregnant women in Ethiopia; a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2024; 24:e00339. [PMID: 38323191 PMCID: PMC10844853 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Asymptomatic malaria during pregnancy is a significant public health concern in malaria-endemic regions, which worsens the various effects of malaria on the mother and fetus and increases maternal and neonatal mortality. To date, no meta-analysis has been conducted on asymptomatic malaria in pregnant women in Ethiopia. Thus, we aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of asymptomatic malaria and its associated factors in pregnant women in Ethiopia. Methods PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Cochrane, AJOL, and Ethiopian University repositories were systematically searched to identify studies reporting the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria infection among pregnant women in Ethiopia. A random effects model was used to perform the analysis. The heterogeneity of the studies was assessed with the I-squared tests, and subgroup analyses were performed to identify the sources of heterogeneity. Results Ten articles with 3277 study participants were included in this review. The pooled prevalence of asymptomatic malaria infection among pregnant women in Ethiopia was 7.03% (95% CI: 6.23-9.12); I2 = 81.2%). In the species-specific pooled prevalence estimate, Plasmodium falciparum prevalence was 5.34% (95%CI: 3.38-7.3; I2 = 87.8%), and Plasmodium vivax prevalence was 1.69% (95%CI: 1.2-5; I2 = 91.5%).Not using insecticide-treated bed nets [OR = 7.36, 95% CI (2.75, 19.73)], being primi-gravida [OR = 1.86, 95% CI (1.23, 2.82)]; lack of health education about malaria prevention [OR = 6.86, 95% CI (2.90, 11.44)] were predictors of asymptomatic malaria infection during pregnancy. Conclusion This study revealed that asymptomatic malaria was prevalent among pregnant women in Ethiopia. This suggests that relying merely on reported symptoms may result in missed malaria cases. Therefore, regular screening and treatment protocols for malaria are recommended in antenatal care. It is also crucial to ensure that pregnant women have access to insecticide-treated bed nets and other effective malaria prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizachew Ambaw Kassie
- School of Public Health, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Gedion Asnake Azeze
- School of midwifery, College of Health Science and Medicine, Hawassa University, Ethiopia
| | - Amanuel Yosef Gebrekidan
- School of Public Health, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Afework Alemu Lombebo
- School of Medicine, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Asmare Adella
- School of Public Health, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Kirubel Eshetu Haile
- School of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Getahun Dendir Welda
- School of Anesthesia, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Amelework Gonfa Efa
- School of Medicine, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Yordanos Sisay Asgedom
- School of Public Health, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
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Matte M, Ntaro M, Kenney J, Wesuta A, Kawungezi PC, Bwambale S, Ayebare D, Baguma S, Bagenda F, Stone G, Mulogo E. Assessment of pre-referral treatment for malaria, diarrhea, and pneumonia by rural community health workers in Southwestern Uganda: a cross-sectional study. BMC Health Serv Res 2024; 24:95. [PMID: 38233841 PMCID: PMC10795398 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-024-10598-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pre-referral treatment aims to stabilize the child's condition before transferring them to a higher level of healthcare. This study explored pre-referral treatment for diarrhea, malaria and pneumonia in children U5. The study aims to assess pre-referral treatment practices among community health workers (CHWs) for children aged 2 to 59 months diagnosed with malaria, diarrhea, and pneumonia. METHODS Conducted in 2023, this study employed a quantitative retrospective analysis of secondary data gathered from March 2014 to December 2018. Among the subjects, 171 patients received pre-referral treatment, serving as the foundation for categorical data analysis, presenting proportions and 95% confidence intervals across different categories. RESULTS In this cohort, 90 (53%) of the 177 children U5 were male, and age distribution showed 39 (23%), 70 (41%), and 62 (36%) in the 2-11 months, 12-35 months, and 36-60 months categories, respectively. Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) malaria results indicated a negative outcome in 83(60%) and positive in 55 (40%) of cases. Symptomatically, 45 (26%) had diarrhea, 52 (30%) exhibited fast breathing, and 109 (63%) presented with fever. Furthermore, 59 (35%) displayed danger signs, while 104 (61%) sought medical attention within 24 h. CONCLUSION The study analyzed a sample of 171 children under 5 years old to assess various characteristics and variables related to pre-referral treatment. The findings reveal notable proportions in gender distribution, age categories, RDT results, presence of diarrhea, fast breathing, fever, danger signs, and timely medical visits. The results highlight the need to strengthen pre-referral treatment interventions and enhance iCCM programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Matte
- Department of Community Health, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, PO Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda.
| | - Moses Ntaro
- Department of Community Health, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, PO Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Jessica Kenney
- Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, 125 Nashua Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Andrew Wesuta
- Bugoye Community Health Collaboration, Bugoye Health Centre III, PO Box 149, Kasese District, Uganda
| | - Peter Chris Kawungezi
- Department of Community Health, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, PO Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Shem Bwambale
- Bugoye Community Health Collaboration, Bugoye Health Centre III, PO Box 149, Kasese District, Uganda
| | - David Ayebare
- Department of Community Health, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, PO Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Stephen Baguma
- Bugoye Community Health Collaboration, Bugoye Health Centre III, PO Box 149, Kasese District, Uganda
| | - Fred Bagenda
- Department of Community Health, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, PO Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Geren Stone
- Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, 125 Nashua Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Edgar Mulogo
- Department of Community Health, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, PO Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
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El-Aarag B, Shalaan ES, Ahmed AAS, El Sayed IET, Ibrahim WM. Cryptolepine Analog Exhibits Antitumor Activity against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma Cells in Mice via Targeting Cell Growth, Oxidative Stress, and PTEN/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2024; 24:436-442. [PMID: 38305388 DOI: 10.2174/0118715206274318231128072821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of chemotherapy continues to be limited due to associated toxicity and chemoresistance. Thus, synthesizing and investigating novel agents for cancer treatment that could potentially eliminate such limitations is imperative. OBJECTIVE The current study aims to explore the anticancer potency of cryptolepine (CPE) analog on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells (EACs) in mice. METHODS The effect of a CPE analog on EAC cell viability and ascites volume, as well as malonaldehyde, total antioxidant capacity, and catalase, were estimated. The concentration of caspase-8 and mTOR in EACs was also measured, and the expression levels of PTEN and Akt were determined. RESULTS Results revealed that CPE analog exerts a cytotoxic effect on EAC cell viability and reduces the ascites volume. Moreover, this analog induces oxidative stress in EACs by increasing the level of malonaldehyde and decreasing the level of total antioxidant capacity and catalase activity. It also induces apoptosis by elevating the concentration of caspase-8 in EACs. Furthermore, it decreases the concentration of mTOR in EACs. Moreover, it upregulates the expression of PTEN and downregulates the expression of Akt in EACs. CONCLUSION Our findings showed the anticancer activity of CPE analog against EACs in mice mediated by regulation of the PTEN/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishoy El-Aarag
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Koom, 32512, Egypt
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
- Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 7008530, Japan
| | - Eman S Shalaan
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Koom, 32512, Egypt
| | - Abdullah A S Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Koom, Egypt
| | | | - Wafaa M Ibrahim
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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12
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Jugha VT, Anchang JA, Taiwe GS, Kimbi HK, Anchang-Kimbi JK. Association between malaria and undernutrition among pregnant women at presentation for antenatal care in health facilities in the Mount Cameroon region. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292550. [PMID: 37824491 PMCID: PMC10569528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In resource limited settings, malaria and undernutrition are major public health problems in pregnancy. Therefore, this study assessed the association between malaria infection and undernutrition among pregnant women in the Mount Cameroon area. This cross-sectional study enrolled 1,014 pregnant women consecutively over a year. A structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic information and clinical data. Maternal nutrition was assessed using dietary diversity (DD). Peripheral blood samples collected were used for the diagnosis of malaria parasitaemia by microscopy whereas haemoglobin (Hb) levels were determined using an Hb meter. Logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with malaria and dietary diversity. The prevalence of malaria infection and undernutrition was 17.8% and 89.6% respectively. In addition, of those infected with malaria, geometric mean parasite density was 301/μL of blood (range: 40-9280) while mean DD score was 3.57±0.82 (range: 1-7). The odds of being infected with malaria parasitaemia was highest among women enrolled in the rainy season (OR = 1.58, P = 0.043), who were farmers (OR = 2.3, P = 0.030), had a household size of < 4 individuals (OR = 1.48, P = 0.026) and who were febrile (OR = 1.87, P < 0.001). Also, attending clinic visits in Mutengene Medical Centre (OR = 2.0, P = 0.012) or Buea Integrated Health Centre (OR = 2.9, P = < 0.001), being < 25 years (OR = 2.4, P = 0.002) and a farmer (OR = 10.6, P = 0.024) as well as < 4 clinic visits (OR = 1.62, P = 0.039) were identified as predictors of undernutrition. Furthermore, the association between malaria and DD was statistically significant (P = 0.015). In this study, undernutrition was highly frequent than malaria infection. Thus, there is an urgent need to improve maternal awareness through nutritional counselling and health campaigns on the benefits of consuming at least five food groups. Besides, improved maternal dietary nutrient intake is likely to have impact on the burden of malaria parasite infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Tita Jugha
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Juliana Adjem Anchang
- International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, ICARDA, Cairo, Eygpt
| | | | - Helen Kuokuo Kimbi
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Irinantenaina J, Carn G, Randriamiarinjatovo DNAL, Harimanana AN, Razanatsiorimalala S, Ralemary N, Randriarison M, Razafinjato C, Hotahiene R, Randrianarivelojosia M. Therapeutic efficacy and safety of artesunate + amodiaquine and artemether + lumefantrine in treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children on the rainy south-east coast of Madagascar. Parasite 2023; 30:32. [PMID: 37646608 PMCID: PMC10467351 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2023034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a major public health problem in Madagascar, particularly in coastal areas. We conducted a randomized, controlled, parallel-group study of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) in Mananjary and Farafangana, two localities on the rainy south-east coast of Madagascar, from March to September 2018. The efficacy and safety of artesunate + amodiaquine (ASAQ) and artemether + lumefantrine (AL) were assessed according to the WHO protocol with a 28-day follow-up. Children aged 6 months to 14 years with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria were randomized to receive ASAQ or AL for three days (1:1). 347/352 (98.5%) randomized patients reached the study endpoint on day 28. Crude adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) rates were 100% (95% CI: 98.8-100%) in the ASAQ group and 96% (95% CI: 93.1-98.9%) in the AL group (per protocol population). However, the PCR-corrected ACPR rate was 97.7% (95% CI: 95.4-100%) in the AL group. Two cases of recrudescence and three of re-infection were observed. Mild and moderate adverse events, including gastrointestinal and/or nervous disorders, were reported in 11.9% (42/352) of patients. We found that ASAQ and AL were safe and efficacious for treating uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria. They may be used for treatment at health facilities and at the community level, and for mass drug administration campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judickaëlle Irinantenaina
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Unité d’Epidémiologie et de Recherche Clinique, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar Antananarivo 101 Madagascar
| | - Gwénaëlle Carn
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Unité d’Epidémiologie et de Recherche Clinique, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar Antananarivo 101 Madagascar
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Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi) 1202 Geneva Switzerland
| | | | - Aina Nirina Harimanana
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Unité d’Epidémiologie et de Recherche Clinique, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar Antananarivo 101 Madagascar
| | | | - Nicolas Ralemary
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Direction Régionale de la Santé Publique Atsimo Atsinana Farafangana 309 Madagascar
| | | | - Celestin Razafinjato
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National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health Antananarivo 101 Madagascar
| | - Raphael Hotahiene
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Direction de Lutte contre les Maladies Transmissibles, Ministère de la santé publique Antananarivo 101 Madagascar
| | - Milijaona Randrianarivelojosia
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Unité de Parasitologie, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar Antananarivo 101 Madagascar
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Faculté des Sciences, Université de Toliara Toliara 601 Madagascar
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14
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Barani M, Paknia F, Roostaee M, Kavyani B, Kalantar-Neyestanaki D, Ajalli N, Amirbeigi A. Niosome as an Effective Nanoscale Solution for the Treatment of Microbial Infections. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:9933283. [PMID: 37621700 PMCID: PMC10447041 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9933283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Numerous disorders go untreated owing to a lack of a suitable drug delivery technology or an appropriate therapeutic moiety, particularly when toxicities and side effects are a major concern. Treatment options for microbiological infections are not fulfilled owing to significant adverse effects or extended therapeutic options. Advanced therapy options, such as active targeting, may be preferable to traditional ways of treating infectious diseases. Niosomes can be defined as microscopic lamellar molecules formed by a mixture of cholesterol, nonionic surfactants (alkyl or dialkyl polyglycerol ethers), and sometimes charge-inducing agents. These molecules comprise both hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties of varying solubilities. In this review, several pathogenic microbes such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Plasmodium, Leishmania, and Candida spp. have been evaluated. Also, the development of a proper niosomal formulation for the required application was discussed. This review also reviews that an optimal formulation is dependent on several aspects, including the choice of nonionic surfactant, fabrication process, and fabrication parameters. Finally, this review will give information on the effectiveness of niosomes in treating acute microbial infections, the mechanism of action of niosomes in combating microbial pathogens, and the advantages of using niosomes over other treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Barani
- Medical Mycology and Bacteriology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Paknia
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-154, Iran
| | - Maryam Roostaee
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Batoul Kavyani
- Department of Medical Microbiology (Bacteriology & Virology), Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Davood Kalantar-Neyestanaki
- Medical Mycology and Bacteriology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology (Bacteriology & Virology), Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Narges Ajalli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Amirbeigi
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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15
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Mzilahowa T, Gowelo S, Chiphwanya J, Bauleni A, Mukaka M. Anopheles funestus sensu stricto Giles (Diptera:Culicidae) bites after sunrise at two rural villages in northern Malawi and its implications for malaria vector control. Malawi Med J 2023; 35:80-88. [PMID: 38264168 PMCID: PMC10731528 DOI: 10.4314/mmj.v35i2.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Malawi has scaled up distribution and use of LLINs but their effectiveness depends on vector behaviour. This study reports information on where and when peak biting takes place by Anopheles vectors at two study sites in northern Malawi. Methods The study was carried out at a single village each in Nkhata Bay and Karonga districts, northern Malawi. Monthly, three teams of four people each sampled mosquitoes using Human Landing Collections (HLCs) from 6.00 pm to 6.00 am. Mosquitoes were counted and identified by PCR. Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites were detected by ELISA and an entomological inoculation rate was estimated. Results A total of 4,668 and 2,079 mosquitoes were sampled in Nkhata Bay and Karonga districts respectively. An. funestus s.s was common (91.3%; n = 2,611) in Nkhata Bay while An. arabiensis was common (96.9%; n = 706) in Karonga. Pf sporozoite rates varied from 0.8% (4/484) to 3.3% (51/1558). Individuals in Nkhata Bay received more bites (approx. 200 bites/ person/ night) compared to Karonga (approx. 50 bites/ person/ night). An. funestus was more likely to bite indoors (p=0.002) while An. arabiensis was (p=0.05) more likely to bite outdoors. Furthermore, An. funestus peak biting was in the early morning hours from 4:00 am (approx. 331 and 177 bites/ person/ night indoors and outdoors respectively) and remained high till 6:00 am. An. arabiensis peak biting (approx. 63 and 62 bites/ person/ night indoors and outdoors respectively) was around mid-night (12:00). An EIR of 108.4 infective bites/ person/ year was estimated for Nkhata Bay compared to 9.1 infective bites/ person/ year for Karonga. Conclusion An. funestus s.s. had a considerable Pf sporozite infection rate and EIR. The shift in biting behaviour shown by this species poses a challenge to malaria control. Further studies are required to understand the biting behaviour of Anopheles vectors in Malawi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Themba Mzilahowa
- MAC Communicable Diseases Action Centre, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Malawi
| | - Steven Gowelo
- MAC Communicable Diseases Action Centre, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Malawi
| | | | - Andrew Bauleni
- MAC Communicable Diseases Action Centre, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Malawi
| | - Mavuto Mukaka
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
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Navarro Valencia VA, Díaz Y, Pascale JM, Boni MF, Sanchez-Galan JE. Using compartmental models and Particle Swarm Optimization to assess Dengue basic reproduction number R 0 for the Republic of Panama in the 1999-2022 period. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15424. [PMID: 37128312 PMCID: PMC10147988 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the ability to make data-driven decisions in public health is of utmost importance. To achieve this, it is necessary for modelers to comprehend the impact of models on the future state of healthcare systems. Compartmental models are a valuable tool for making informed epidemiological decisions, and the proper parameterization of these models is crucial for analyzing epidemiological events. This work evaluated the use of compartmental models in conjunction with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to determine optimal solutions and understand the dynamics of Dengue epidemics. The focus was on calculating and evaluating the rate of case reproduction, R 0 , for the Republic of Panama. Three compartmental models were compared: Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR), Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered (SEIR), and Susceptible-Infected-Recovered Human-Susceptible-Infected Vector (SIR Human-SI Vector, SIR-SI). The models were informed by demographic data and Dengue incidence in the Republic of Panama between 1999 and 2022, and the susceptible population was analyzed. The SIR, SEIR, and SIR-SI models successfully provided R 0 estimates ranging from 1.09 to 1.74. This study provides, to the best of our understanding, the first calculation of R 0 for Dengue outbreaks in the Republic of Panama.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yamilka Díaz
- Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama, Panama
| | - Jose Miguel Pascale
- Unit of Diagnosis, Clinical Research and Tropical Medicine, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama, Panama
- Sistema Nacional de Investigación, SENACYT, Ciudad del Saber, Panama, Panama
| | - Maciej F. Boni
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
| | - Javier E. Sanchez-Galan
- Grupo de Investigación en Biotecnología, Bioinformática y Biología de Sistemas (GIBBS), Facultad de Ingeniería de Sistemas Computacionales, Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá, Campus Victor Levi Sasso, Panama, Panama
- Sistema Nacional de Investigación, SENACYT, Ciudad del Saber, Panama, Panama
- Corresponding author.
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Kayode FI, Taiwo IE, Adeogun AO, Olalekan O, Chimdalu IP, Olayilola OI, Amos OT, Nkemeh CL, Otubanjo OA, Oladosu Y, Otubanjo OA. Low frequency of knockdown resistance mutation (L1014F) and the efficacy of PBO synergist in multiple insecticide-resistant populations of Anopheles gambiae in Ikorodu, Lagos State, Nigeria. Afr Health Sci 2023; 23:255-261. [PMID: 37545927 PMCID: PMC10398442 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v23i1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective We evaluated the susceptibility status of Anopheles gambiae in two communities of Ikorodu, Lagos, Nigeria to DDT, deltamethrin, lambda cyhalothrin and bendiocarb. Methods Anopheles immature stages were collected from their habitats in the surveyed community and allowed to emerge before exposure adult females to discriminating doses of WHO insecticides including DDT, deltamethrin, lambda cyhalothrin, bendiocarb and malathion. PBO synergistic bioassay was conducted for insecticides where the mosquito samples showed resistance. PCR assay was used for the detection of kdr mutation in the mosquitoes. Results Resistance to DDT (40% and 86%) and lambda cyhalothrin (75% and 84%) in Oke-Ota and Majidun respectively. Suspected resistance to deltamethrin (94.9%) and bendiocarb (93.5%) was recorded in Oke-Ota community and the mosquitoes were susceptible to malathion in both communities. KDR mutation (L1014F) from resistance samples from both locations though with a low frequency that significantly departs from Hardy-Weinberg's probability (P> 0.01). PBO synergized bioassay was able to increase knockdown, percentage mortality and restore full susceptibility to deltamethrin and bendiocarb. Conclusion Results from this study indicates that the metabolic resistance mechanism is highly implicated in the resistance to different classes of insecticide in Ikorodu and this should be taken into consideration when implementing vector control activities in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adedapo O Adeogun
- Molecular Vector Research Unit, Nigeria Institute of Medical Research
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yusuf Oladosu
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
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Pinda PG, Msaky DS, Muyaga LL, Mshani IH, Njalambaha RM, Kihonda J, Bwanaly H, Ngowo HS, Kaindoa EW, Koekemoer LL, Okumu FO. Relationships between biological age, distance from aquatic habitats and pyrethroid resistance status of Anopheles funestus mosquitoes in south-eastern Tanzania. Malar J 2022; 21:365. [PMID: 36461058 PMCID: PMC9719249 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04389-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria transmission can be highly heterogeneous between and within localities, and is influenced by factors such as survival and biting frequencies of Anopheles mosquitoes. This study investigated the relationships between the biological age, distance from aquatic habitats and pyrethroid resistance status of Anopheles funestus mosquitoes, which currently dominate malaria transmission in south-east Tanzania. The study also examined how such relationships may influence malaria transmission and control. METHODS Female An. funestus were collected in houses located 50-100 m, 150-200 m or over 200 m from the nearest known aquatic habitats. The mosquitoes were exposed to 1×, 5× and 10× the diagnostic doses of deltamethrin or permethrin, or to the synergist, piperonyl butoxide (PBO) followed by the pyrethroids, then monitored for 24 h-mortality. Ovaries of exposed and non-exposed mosquitoes were dissected to assess parity as a proxy for biological age. Adults emerging from larval collections in the same villages were tested against the same insecticides at 3-5, 8-11 or 17-20 days old. FINDINGS Mosquitoes collected nearest to the aquatic habitats (50-100 m) had the lowest mortalities compared to other distances, with a maximum of 51% mortality at 10× permethrin. For the age-synchronized mosquitoes collected as larvae, the insecticide-induced mortality assessed at both the diagnostic and multiplicative doses (1×, 5× and 10×) increased with mosquito age. The highest mortalities at 1× doses were observed among the oldest mosquitoes (17-20 days). At 10× doses, mortalities were 99% (permethrin) and 76% (deltamethrin) among 8-11 day-olds compared to 80% (permethrin) and 58% (deltamethrin) among 3-5 day-olds. Pre-exposure to PBO increased the potency of both pyrethroids. The proportion of parous females was highest among mosquitoes collected farthest from the habitats. CONCLUSION In this specific setting, older An. funestus and those collected farthest from the aquatic habitats (near the centre of the village) were more susceptible to pyrethroids than the younger ones and those caught nearest to the habitats. These findings suggest that pyrethroid-based interventions may remain at least moderately effective despite widespread pyrethroid-resistance, by killing the older, less-resistant and potentially-infective mosquitoes. Further studies should investigate how and whether these observations could be exploited to optimize malaria control in different settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polius G Pinda
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, United Republic of Tanzania.
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Dickson S Msaky
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Letus L Muyaga
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Issa H Mshani
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, United Republic of Tanzania
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rukiyah M Njalambaha
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Japhet Kihonda
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Hamis Bwanaly
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Halfan S Ngowo
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, United Republic of Tanzania
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Emmanuel W Kaindoa
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, United Republic of Tanzania
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Lizette L Koekemoer
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Fredros O Okumu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, United Republic of Tanzania.
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania.
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Teh RN, Sumbele IUN, Nkeudem GA, Sandie SM, Sama SO, Metuge S, Kimbi HK. Malnutrition, anaemia and anisocytosis as public health problems among children ≤ 5 years living in malaria perennial transmission areas of Mount Cameroon: a cross sectional study. Trop Med Health 2022; 50:79. [PMID: 36280882 PMCID: PMC9590140 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-022-00469-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaemia, anisocytosis, malnutrition (especially stunting) are common health problems in developing countries with children being the most vulnerable. These conditions have negative impacts on human performance, growth and development, and can further be complicated if comorbidity exists within a holoendemic stratum with strong and perennial malaria parasite transmission such as the Mount Cameroon area. The study aimed at determining the prevalence and severity malnutrition, anaemia and anisocytosis in children ≤ 5 years, living in the conflict hit malaria perennial transmission zone of the Mount Cameroon area. METHOD A cross-sectional community-based survey involving 628 children ≤ 5 years was conducted. Malaria parasitaemia was confirmed by Giemsa-stained microscopy and the density was log transformed. Haemoglobin (Hb), mean cell volume and red blood cell distribution width were estimated using an auto-haematology analyser and defined according to WHO standards. Anthropometric indices were analysed and compared with WHO growth reference standards using WHO Anthro software. RESULTS Plasmodium infection, anaemia, microcytic anaemia, anisocytosis and stunting were prevalent in 36.0, 72.8, 30.1, 54.1 and 29.0% of the children, respectively. The ≤ 24 months children were more moderately stunted (14.7%), with higher prevalence of microcytic anaemia (38.8%) and anisocytosis (68.8%) (P < 0.002 and P < 0.001, respectively) when compared with the older children. The mean Hb level in the study population was 10.04 g/dL with children ≤ 24 months having the least mean haemoglobin level (9.69 g/dL) when compared with their older counterparts at P < 0.001. The odds of having anisocytosis were highest among children who were malnourished (OR = 4.66, P = 0.005), those infected with malaria parasites (OR = 1.85, P = 0.007), and whose parents had a primary (OR = 3.51, P = 0.002) and secondary levels of education (OR = 2.69, P = 0.017). CONCLUSION Malaria, anaemia, anisocytosis and undernutrition still remain severe public health concerns among children ≤ 60 months in the Mount Cameroon area. This therefore emphasizes the need for the implementation of consistent policies, programmes and activities to avoid malaria, anaemia, anisocytosis and stunting in the paediatric age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Ning Teh
- grid.29273.3d0000 0001 2288 3199Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Irene Ule Ngole Sumbele
- grid.29273.3d0000 0001 2288 3199Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Gillian Asoba Nkeudem
- grid.29273.3d0000 0001 2288 3199Department of Social Economy and Family Management, Higher Technical Teachers’ Training College, University of Buea, Kumba, Cameroon
| | | | - Sharon Odmia Sama
- grid.29273.3d0000 0001 2288 3199Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Samuel Metuge
- 3Deprtment of Health Sciences, Biaka University Institute, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Helen Kuokuo Kimbi
- grid.29273.3d0000 0001 2288 3199Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon ,grid.449799.e0000 0004 4684 0857Department of Medical Biomedical Sciences, The University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon ,grid.166341.70000 0001 2181 3113Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
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20
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Yan C, Hii J, Ngoen-Klan R, Saeung M, Chareonviriyaphap T. Semi-field evaluation of human landing catches versus human double net trap for estimating human biting rate of Anopheles minimus and Anopheles harrisoni in Thailand. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13865. [PMID: 36101880 PMCID: PMC9464434 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Whilst the human landing catch (HLC) technique is considered the 'gold standard' for estimating human-biting rates, it is labor-intensive and fraught with potential risk of exposure to infectious mosquito bites. This study evaluated the feasibility and performance of an alternative method, the human double net trap (HDNT) relative to HLC for monitoring host-seeking malaria vectors of the Anopheles minimus complex in a semi-field system (SFS). Methods HDNT and HLC were positioned in two rooms, 30 m apart at both ends of the SFS. Two human volunteers were rotated between both traps and collected released mosquitoes (n = 100) from 6:00 pm till 6:00 am. Differences in Anopheles mosquito densities among the trapping methods were compared using a generalized linear model based on a negative binomial distribution. Results There were 82.80% (2,136/2,580) of recaptures of wild-caught and 94.50% (2,835/3,000) of laboratory-reared mosquitoes that were molecularly identified as An. harrisoni and An. minimus, respectively. Mean density of An. harrisoni was significantly lower in HNDT (15.50 per night, 95% CI [12.48-18.52]) relative to HLC (25.32 per night (95% CI [22.28-28.36]), p < 0.001). Similarly, the mean density of a laboratory strain of An. minimus recaptured in HDNT was significantly lower (37.87 per night, 95% CI [34.62-41.11]) relative to HLC (56.40 per night, 95% CI [55.37-57.43]), p < 0.001. Relative sampling efficiency analysis showed that HLC was the more efficient trap in collecting the An. minimus complex in the SFS. Conclusion HDNT caught proportionately fewer An. minimus complex than HLC. HDNT was not sensitive nor significantly correlated with HLC, suggesting that it is not an alternative method to HLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanly Yan
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jeffrey Hii
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University of North Queensland, North Queensland, Australia
| | - Ratchadawan Ngoen-Klan
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Manop Saeung
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand,Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
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21
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Adu D, Nate Z, Alake J, Ike BW, Chauhan R, Karpoormath R. Electrochemical detection of artemisinin using cobalt sulphide/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite. ELECTROANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202200216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darko Adu
- University of KwaZulu-Natal SOUTH AFRICA
| | - Zondi Nate
- University of KwaZulu-Natal SOUTH AFRICA
| | - John Alake
- University of KwaZulu-Natal SOUTH AFRICA
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22
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Brown R, Salgado-Lynn M, Jumail A, Jalius C, Chua TH, Vythilingam I, Ferguson HM. Exposure of Primate Reservoir Hosts to Mosquito Vectors in Malaysian Borneo. ECOHEALTH 2022; 19:233-245. [PMID: 35553290 PMCID: PMC9276546 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-022-01586-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Several vector-borne pathogens of primates have potential for human spillover. An example is the simian malaria Plasmodium knowlesi which is now a major public health problem in Malaysia. Characterization of exposure to mosquito vectors is essential for assessment of the force of infection within wild simian populations, however few methods exist to do so. Here we demonstrate the use of thermal imaging and mosquito magnet independence traps (MMIT) to assess the abundance, diversity and infection rates in mosquitoes host seeking near long-tailed macaque (Macaca fasicularis) sleeping sites in the Lower Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary, Malaysian Borneo. The primary Plasmodium knowlesi vector, Anopheles balabacensis, was trapped at higher abundance near sleeping sites than control trees. Although none of the An. balabacensis collected (n = 15) were positive for P. knowlesi by PCR screening, two were infected with another simian malaria Plasmodium inui. Analysis of macaque stools from sleeping sites confirmed a high prevalence of Plasmodium infection, suspected to be P. inui. Recently, natural transmission of P. inui has been detected in humans and An. cracens in Peninsular Malaysia. The presence of P. inui in An. balabacensis here and previously in human-biting collections highlight its potential for spillover from macaques to humans in Sabah. We advocate the use of MMITs for non-invasive sampling of mosquito vectors that host seek on wild simian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Brown
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
| | - Milena Salgado-Lynn
- Danau Girang Field Centre C/O Sabah Wildlife Department, Wisma Muis, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
- School of Biosciences and Sustainable Places Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Wildlife Health, Genetic and Forensic Laboratory, Kampung Potuki, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Amaziasizamoria Jumail
- Danau Girang Field Centre C/O Sabah Wildlife Department, Wisma Muis, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Cyrlen Jalius
- Wildlife Health, Genetic and Forensic Laboratory, Kampung Potuki, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Tock-Hing Chua
- Department of Pathobiology and Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Indra Vythilingam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Heather M Ferguson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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23
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Konlan KD, Kossi Vivor N, Gegefe I, Hayford L. Factors associated with ownership and utilization of insecticide treated nets among children under five years in sub-Saharan Africa. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:940. [PMID: 35538524 PMCID: PMC9092763 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insecticide-treated net (ITN) is a cost-effective means to control malaria and morbidity in under-five children. This study synthesizes the factors associated with using the ITN as a malaria prevention tool in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods There was an advanced search of four electronic databases, including PubMed Central, CINAHL, EMBASE, and Google Scholar, and identified articles between 2016 to April 2021. Following the title, abstract and full-text reading, 13 articles were deemed appropriate for this review. All the researchers developed, discussed, and accepted a matrix to extract relevant information from the studies. A convergent synthesis was adopted and allowed for integrating qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-method studies and transforming them into qualitative findings. Results Household and caregiver related factors that influenced utilization of the ITN were, Household heads having two or more sleeping places, a knowledge that ITN prevents malaria, the presence of hanging ITNs, high literacy, living female-headed households, birth spacing, unmarried mothers, and antenatal clinic attendance promoted utilization. Perceived malaria risk was a critical determinant of ITN ownership and utilization. Some factors that hindered the use of the ITN included hotness of the weather, absence of visible mosquitoes, cost, inadequate number, rooms designs, unaffordability, insufficient knowledge on causes of malaria, and poor attitude to use. Specific ITN factors that hindered use were color, chemicals use, odor, and shape. Conclusion It is important to use integrated multi-sectoral and culturally appropriate interventions to encourage households to prioritize and utilize the ITN in under-5 children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy Diema Konlan
- Department of Public Health Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana. .,College of Nursing, Yonsei University, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
| | | | - Isaac Gegefe
- Department of Public Health Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Linda Hayford
- General Nursing Unit, St. Anthony's Hospital, Dzodze, Ghana
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Rawat M, Kanyal A, Choubey D, Deshmukh B, Malhotra R, Mamatharani DV, Rao AG, Karmodiya K. Identification of Co-Existing Mutations and Gene Expression Trends Associated With K13-Mediated Artemisinin Resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. Front Genet 2022; 13:824483. [PMID: 35464842 PMCID: PMC9019836 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.824483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum infects millions and kills thousands of people annually the world over. With the emergence of artemisinin and/or multidrug resistant strains of the pathogen, it has become even more challenging to control and eliminate the disease. Multiomics studies of the parasite have started to provide a glimpse into the confounding genetics and mechanisms of artemisinin resistance and identified mutations in Kelch13 (K13) as a molecular marker of resistance. Over the years, thousands of genomes and transcriptomes of artemisinin-resistant/sensitive isolates have been documented, supplementing the search for new genes/pathways to target artemisinin-resistant isolates. This meta-analysis seeks to recap the genetic landscape and the transcriptional deregulation that demarcate artemisinin resistance in the field. To explore the genetic territory of artemisinin resistance, we use genomic single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) datasets from 2,517 isolates from 15 countries from the MalariaGEN Network (The Pf3K project, pilot data release 4, 2015) to dissect the prevalence, geographical distribution, and co-existing patterns of genetic markers associated with/enabling artemisinin resistance. We have identified several mutations which co-exist with the established markers of artemisinin resistance. Interestingly, K13-resistant parasites harbor α-ß hydrolase and putative HECT domain-containing protein genes with the maximum number of SNPs. We have also explored the multiple, publicly available transcriptomic datasets to identify genes from key biological pathways whose consistent deregulation may be contributing to the biology of resistant parasites. Surprisingly, glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathways were consistently downregulated in artemisinin-resistant parasites. Thus, this meta-analysis highlights the genetic and transcriptomic features of resistant parasites to propel further exploratory studies in the community to tackle artemisinin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukul Rawat
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - Abhishek Kanyal
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - Deepak Choubey
- Life Science Research Unit, Persistent Systems Limited, Pune, India
| | - Bhagyashree Deshmukh
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - Rashim Malhotra
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - D V Mamatharani
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - Anjani Gopal Rao
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - Krishanpal Karmodiya
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
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25
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Ahmed S, Chase LE, Wagnild J, Akhter N, Sturridge S, Clarke A, Chowdhary P, Mukami D, Kasim A, Hampshire K. Community health workers and health equity in low- and middle-income countries: systematic review and recommendations for policy and practice. Int J Equity Health 2022; 21:49. [PMID: 35410258 PMCID: PMC8996551 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-021-01615-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The deployment of Community Health Workers (CHWs) is widely promoted as a strategy for reducing health inequities in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Yet there is limited evidence on whether and how CHW programmes achieve this. This systematic review aimed to synthesise research findings on the following questions: (1) How effective are CHW interventions at reaching the most disadvantaged groups in LMIC contexts? and (2) What evidence exists on whether and how these programmes reduce health inequities in the populations they serve? Methods We searched six academic databases for recent (2014–2020) studies reporting on CHW programme access, utilisation, quality, and effects on health outcomes/behaviours in relation to potential stratifiers of health opportunities and outcomes (e.g., gender, socioeconomic status, place of residence). Quantitative data were extracted, tabulated, and subjected to meta-analysis where appropriate. Qualitative findings were synthesised using thematic analysis. Results One hundred sixty-seven studies met the search criteria, reporting on CHW interventions in 33 LMIC. Quantitative synthesis showed that CHW programmes successfully reach many (although not all) marginalized groups, but that health inequalities often persist in the populations they serve. Qualitative findings suggest that disadvantaged groups experienced barriers to taking up CHW health advice and referrals and point to a range of strategies for improving the reach and impact of CHW programmes in these groups. Ensuring fair working conditions for CHWs and expanding opportunities for advocacy were also revealed as being important for bridging health equity gaps. Conclusion In order to optimise the equity impacts of CHW programmes, we need to move beyond seeing CHWs as a temporary sticking plaster, and instead build meaningful partnerships between CHWs, communities and policy-makers to confront and address the underlying structures of inequity. Trial registration PROSPERO registration number CRD42020177333. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12939-021-01615-y.
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Ramirez Ramirez AD, de Jesus MCS, Rossit J, Reis NF, Santos-Filho MC, Sudré AP, de Oliveira-Ferreira J, Baptista ARDS, Storti-Melo LM, Machado RLD. Association of toll-like receptors in malaria susceptibility and immunopathogenesis: A meta-analysis. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09318. [PMID: 35520620 PMCID: PMC9065626 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a key role in the induced immune response in malaria. Although the potential roles of TLRs have been described, it is necessary to elucidate which of these receptors may actually have an impact on the immunopathogenesis of the disease. This article performed a meta-analysis adhered to the PRISMA statement on TLRs studied in malaria by Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax and its impact on susceptibility and pathogenesis during malaria. A search of the literature was undertaken in PubMed, LILACS and SciELO published until June 30th, 2020. The risk of bias was calculated using the Joanna Briggs Institute's Critical Review Checklist. Later, based on the inclusion and/or exclusion criteria, 17 out of 296 articles were harvested for this systematic review, the meta-analysis included studies incorporating 6,747 cases and 8,983 controls. The results showed that only TLR1, TLR9 and TLR4 receptors were associated with parasitemia, TLR2 and TLR6 were related with severity and none TLR was correlated with susceptibility. The data described here should be taken with caution, since the current evidence is limited and inconsistent. More studies are needed given that the results may change depending on the region and genetic background of the populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aína Danaisa Ramirez Ramirez
- Center for Microorganisms' Investigation, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Myrela Conceição Santos de Jesus
- Center for Microorganisms' Investigation, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Júlia Rossit
- Center for Microorganisms' Investigation, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nathália Faria Reis
- Center for Microorganisms' Investigation, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Cerilo Santos-Filho
- Center for Microorganisms' Investigation, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriana Pittella Sudré
- Laboratory of Parasites Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Andrea Regina de Souza Baptista
- Center for Microorganisms' Investigation, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciane Moreno Storti-Melo
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Luiz Dantas Machado
- Center for Microorganisms' Investigation, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Binyang AJ, Elanga-Ndille E, Tene-Fossog B, Ndo C, Nouage L, Assatse T, Fotso-Toguem Y, Tabue R, Zeukeng F, Nguiffo DN, Etang J, Njiokou F, Wondji CS. Distribution of acetylcholinesterase (Ace-1 R) target-site G119S mutation and resistance to carbamates and organophosphates in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato populations from Cameroon. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:53. [PMID: 35164852 PMCID: PMC8842952 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05174-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cameroon is considering the implementation of indoor residual spraying (IRS) as a complementary measure to control malaria in the context of high pyrethroid resistance in major malaria vectors. Non-pyrethroid insecticide classes such as organophosphates and carbamates may be utilized in IRS due to widespread pyrethroid resistance. However, the success of this strategy depends on good knowledge of the resistance status of malaria vectors to carbamates and organophosphates. Here, we assessed the susceptibility profile of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato with respect to carbamates and organophosphate and the distribution of the molecular mechanism underlying resistance to these insecticides. METHODS Anopheles gambiae s.l. mosquitoes were collected from nine settings across the country and bio-assayed with bendiocarb, propoxur and pirimiphos-methyl. The Ace-1 target-site G119S mutation was genotyped using a TaqMan assay. To investigate the polymorphism in the Ace-1 gene, a region of 924 base pairs in a sequence of the gene was amplified from both live and dead females of An. gambiae exposed to bendiocarb. RESULTS Pirimiphos-methyl induced full mortality in An. gambiae s.l. from all study sites, whereas for carbamates, resistance was observed in four localities, with the lowest mortality rate recorded in Mangoum (17.78 ± 5.02% for bendiocarb and 18.61 ± 3.86% for propoxur) in the southern part of Cameroon. Anopheles coluzzii was found to be the predominant species in the northern tropical part of the country where it is sympatric with Anopheles arabiensis. In the localities situated in southern equatorial regions, this species was predominant in urban settings, while An. gambiae was the most abundant species in rural areas. The G119S Ace-1 target-site mutation was detected only in An. gambiae and only in the sites located in southern Cameroon. Phylogenetic analyses showed a clustering according to the phenotype. CONCLUSION The occurrence of the Ace-1 target-site substitution G119S in An. gambiae s.l. populations highlights the challenge associated with the impending deployment of IRS in Cameroon using carbamates or organophosphates. It is therefore important to think about a resistance management plan including the use of other insecticide classes such as neonicotinoids or pyrrole to guarantee the implementation of IRS in Cameroon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achille Jerome Binyang
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. BOX 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Emmanuel Elanga-Ndille
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. BOX 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Biology and Applied Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Billy Tene-Fossog
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. BOX 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Cyrille Ndo
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. BOX 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Lynda Nouage
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. BOX 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Tatiane Assatse
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. BOX 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Yvan Fotso-Toguem
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. BOX 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Raymond Tabue
- Ministry of Public Health, National Malaria Control Programme, P.O. Box 14386, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Francis Zeukeng
- National Reference Unit for Vector Control, The Biotechnology Centre, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box, 3851-Messa, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Daniel Nguete Nguiffo
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. BOX 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Josiane Etang
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
- Organisation de Coordination Pour La Lutte Contre Les Endémies en Afrique Centrale, BP 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - Flobert Njiokou
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Charles S. Wondji
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. BOX 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA UK
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Agins B, Case P, Chandramohan D, Chen I, Chikodzore R, Chitapi P, Chung A, Gosling R, Gosling J, Gumbi M, Ikeda D, Madinga M, Mnguni P, Murungu J, Gueye CS, Tulloch J, Viljoen G. Effective management of district-level malaria control and elimination: implementing quality and participative process improvements. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:140. [PMID: 35057789 PMCID: PMC8772105 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12322-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is widely recognized that strong program management is essential to achieving better health outcomes, this priority is not recognized in malaria programmatic practices. Increased management precision offers the opportunity to improve the effectiveness of malaria interventions, overcoming operational barriers to intervention coverage and accelerating the path to elimination. Here we propose a combined approach involving quality improvement, quality management, and participative process improvement, which we refer to as Combined Quality and Process Improvement (CQPI), to improve upon malaria program management. We draw on evidence from other areas of public health, as well as pilot implementation studies in Eswatini, Namibia and Zimbabwe to support the proposal. Summaries of the methodological approaches employed in the pilot studies, overview of activities and an outline of lessons learned from the implementation of CQPI are provided. Our findings suggest that a malaria management strategy that prioritizes quality and participative process improvements at the district-level can strengthen teamwork and communication while enabling the empowerment of subnational staff to solve service delivery challenges. Despite the promise of CQPI, however, policy makers and donors are not aware of its potential. Investments are therefore needed to allow CQPI to come to fruition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Agins
- HEALTHQUAL, Institute of Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Peter Case
- Bristol Business School, University of West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
- College of Business, Law & Governance, James Cook University, Douglas, Australia
| | - Daniel Chandramohan
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Ingrid Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Rudo Chikodzore
- Ministry of Health and Child Care Matabeleland South Province, New Government Complex, Third Ave, Gwanda, Zimbabwe
| | - Precious Chitapi
- Precious Innovations, 11 Dougal Rd, The Grange, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Amanda Chung
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Roly Gosling
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | - Jonathan Gosling
- University of Exeter Business School, Rennes Dr, Exeter, EX4 4PU, UK
| | - Matsiliso Gumbi
- Ditsong Museums of South Africa, 70 WF Nkomo St, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Daniel Ikeda
- HEALTHQUAL, Institute of Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Munashe Madinga
- Clinton Health Access Initiative, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Peliwe Mnguni
- Gaduate School of Business Leadership, University of South Africa, Preller St, Muckleneuk, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Joseph Murungu
- HEALTHQUAL, Institute of Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Cara Smith Gueye
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Jim Tulloch
- Independent Consultant, GPO Box 1566, Adelaide, 5001, South Australia
| | - Greyling Viljoen
- Independent Consultant, 342 Albert Street, Waterkloof, Pretoria, South Africa
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Jeyaprakasam NK, Low VL, Liew JWK, Pramasivan S, Wan-Sulaiman WY, Saeung A, Vythilingam I. Blood meal analysis of Anopheles vectors of simian malaria based on laboratory and field studies. Sci Rep 2022; 12:354. [PMID: 35013403 PMCID: PMC8748441 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04106-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood feeding and host-seeking behaviors of a mosquito play an imperative role in determining its vectorial capacity in transmitting pathogens. Unfortunately, limited information is available regarding blood feeding behavior of Anopheles species in Malaysia. Collection of resting Anopheles mosquitoes for blood meal analysis poses a great challenge especially for forest dwelling mosquitoes. Therefore, a laboratory-based study was conducted to evaluate the potential use of mosquitoes caught using human landing catch (HLC) for blood meal analysis, and subsequently to document blood feeding behavior of local Anopheles mosquitoes in Peninsular Malaysia. The laboratory-based experiment from this study revealed that mosquitoes caught using HLC had the potential to be used for blood meal analysis. Besides HLC, mosquitoes were also collected using manual aspirator and Mosquito Magnet. Overall, 47.4% of 321 field-caught Anopheles mosquitoes belonging to six species were positive for vertebrate host DNA in their blood meal. The most frequent blood meal source was human (45.9%) followed by wild boar (27.4%), dog (15.3%) and monkey (7.5%). Interestingly, only Anopheles cracens and Anopheles introlatus (Leucosphyrus Group) fed on monkey. This study further confirmed that members of the Leucosphyrus Group are the predominant vectors for knowlesi malaria transmission in Peninsular Malaysia mainly due to their simio-anthropophagic feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Van Lun Low
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jonathan Wee Kent Liew
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sandthya Pramasivan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Atiporn Saeung
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Insect Vector Study, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Indra Vythilingam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Rahman MS, Chowdhury AH, Amrin M. Accuracy comparison of ARIMA and XGBoost forecasting models in predicting the incidence of COVID-19 in Bangladesh. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0000495. [PMID: 36962227 PMCID: PMC10021465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Accurate predictive time series modelling is important in public health planning and response during the emergence of a novel pandemic. Therefore, the aims of the study are three-fold: (a) to model the overall trend of COVID-19 confirmed cases and deaths in Bangladesh; (b) to generate a short-term forecast of 8 weeks of COVID-19 cases and deaths; (c) to compare the predictive accuracy of the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) for precise modelling of non-linear features and seasonal trends of the time series. The data were collected from the onset of the epidemic in Bangladesh from the Directorate General of Health Service (DGHS) and Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR). The daily confirmed cases and deaths of COVID-19 of 633 days in Bangladesh were divided into several training and test sets. The ARIMA and XGBoost models were established using those training data, and the test sets were used to evaluate each model's ability to forecast and finally averaged all the predictive performances to choose the best model. The predictive accuracy of the models was assessed using the mean absolute error (MAE), mean percentage error (MPE), root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The findings reveal the existence of a nonlinear trend and weekly seasonality in the dataset. The average error measures of the ARIMA model for both COVID-19 confirmed cases and deaths were lower than XGBoost model. Hence, in our study, the ARIMA model performed better than the XGBoost model in predicting COVID-19 confirmed cases and deaths in Bangladesh. The suggested prediction model might play a critical role in estimating the spread of a novel pandemic in Bangladesh and similar countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Siddikur Rahman
- Department of Statistics, Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur, Bangladesh
- * E-mail:
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31
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Jaya IGNM, Folmer H. Spatiotemporal high-resolution prediction and mapping: methodology and application to dengue disease. JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHICAL SYSTEMS 2022; 24:527-581. [PMID: 35221792 PMCID: PMC8857957 DOI: 10.1007/s10109-021-00368-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Dengue disease has become a major public health problem. Accurate and precise identification, prediction and mapping of high-risk areas are crucial elements of an effective and efficient early warning system in countering the spread of dengue disease. In this paper, we present the fusion area-cell spatiotemporal generalized geoadditive-Gaussian Markov random field (FGG-GMRF) framework for joint estimation of an area-cell model, involving temporally varying coefficients, spatially and temporally structured and unstructured random effects, and spatiotemporal interaction of the random effects. The spatiotemporal Gaussian field is applied to determine the unobserved relative risk at cell level. It is transformed to a Gaussian Markov random field using the finite element method and the linear stochastic partial differential equation approach to solve the "big n" problem. Sub-area relative risk estimates are obtained as block averages of the cell outcomes within each sub-area boundary. The FGG-GMRF model is estimated by applying Bayesian Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation. In the application to Bandung city, Indonesia, we combine low-resolution area level (district) spatiotemporal data on population at risk and incidence and high-resolution cell level data on weather variables to obtain predictions of relative risk at subdistrict level. The predicted dengue relative risk at subdistrict level suggests significant fine-scale heterogeneities which are not apparent when examining the area level. The relative risk varies considerably across subdistricts and time, with the latter showing an increase in the period January-July and a decrease in the period August-December. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10109-021-00368-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Gede Nyoman Mindra Jaya
- Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Statistics Department, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Henk Folmer
- Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Statistics Department, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia
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Novignon J, Aryeetey G, Nonvignon J, Malm K, Peprah NY, Agyemang SA, Amon S, Aikins M. Efficiency of malaria service delivery in selected district-level hospitals in Ghana. Health Syst (Basingstoke) 2021; 12:198-207. [PMID: 37234466 PMCID: PMC10208147 DOI: 10.1080/20476965.2021.2015251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains an important public health concern. Sub-Saharan African countries carry over 95% of the global burden. Unfortunately, there are also major resource constraints that have limited efforts to reduce the burden. Our study sought to estimate efficiency in the use of malaria resources and to identify potential determinants. We used primary data collected from district-level health facilities in three administrative regions in Ghana from 2014 to 2016. The Data Envelopment Analysis technique was used to estimate efficiency. The Malmquist productivity index was estimated and disaggregated to reflect the sources of productivity change. The findings show an average technical efficiency score of 0.61 with private facilities being more efficient. Productivity changes were driven by changes in technology/innovation advancements. Facility revenue mix and ownership type were important determinants of efficiency. The findings highlight the need to improve resource use in the delivery of specific services such as malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Novignon
- Department of Economics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi-Ghana
| | - Genevieve Aryeetey
- Department of Health Policy, Planning and Management, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon
| | - Justice Nonvignon
- Department of Health Policy, Planning and Management, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon
| | - Keziah Malm
- National Malaria Control programme, Ghana Health Service
| | | | - Samuel Agyei Agyemang
- Department of Health Policy, Planning and Management, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon
| | - Samuel Amon
- Department of Health Policy, Planning and Management, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon
| | - Moses Aikins
- Department of Health Policy, Planning and Management, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon
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Peterson MS, Joyner CJ, Brady JA, Wood JS, Cabrera-Mora M, Saney CL, Fonseca LL, Cheng WT, Jiang J, Lapp SA, Soderberg SR, Nural MV, Humphrey JC, Hankus A, Machiah D, Karpuzoglu E, DeBarry JD, Tirouvanziam R, Kissinger JC, Moreno A, Gumber S, Voit EO, Gutiérrez JB, Cordy RJ, Galinski MR. Clinical recovery of Macaca fascicularis infected with Plasmodium knowlesi. Malar J 2021; 20:486. [PMID: 34969401 PMCID: PMC8719393 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03925-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kra monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), a natural host of Plasmodium knowlesi, control parasitaemia caused by this parasite species and escape death without treatment. Knowledge of the disease progression and resilience in kra monkeys will aid the effective use of this species to study mechanisms of resilience to malaria. This longitudinal study aimed to define clinical, physiological and pathological changes in kra monkeys infected with P. knowlesi, which could explain their resilient phenotype. METHODS Kra monkeys (n = 15, male, young adults) were infected intravenously with cryopreserved P. knowlesi sporozoites and the resulting parasitaemias were monitored daily. Complete blood counts, reticulocyte counts, blood chemistry and physiological telemetry data (n = 7) were acquired as described prior to infection to establish baseline values and then daily after inoculation for up to 50 days. Bone marrow aspirates, plasma samples, and 22 tissue samples were collected at specific time points to evaluate longitudinal clinical, physiological and pathological effects of P. knowlesi infections during acute and chronic infections. RESULTS As expected, the kra monkeys controlled acute infections and remained with low-level, persistent parasitaemias without anti-malarial intervention. Unexpectedly, early in the infection, fevers developed, which ultimately returned to baseline, as well as mild to moderate thrombocytopenia, and moderate to severe anaemia. Mathematical modelling and the reticulocyte production index indicated that the anaemia was largely due to the removal of uninfected erythrocytes and not impaired production of erythrocytes. Mild tissue damage was observed, and tissue parasite load was associated with tissue damage even though parasite accumulation in the tissues was generally low. CONCLUSIONS Kra monkeys experimentally infected with P. knowlesi sporozoites presented with multiple clinical signs of malaria that varied in severity among individuals. Overall, the animals shared common mechanisms of resilience characterized by controlling parasitaemia 3-5 days after patency, and controlling fever, coupled with physiological and bone marrow responses to compensate for anaemia. Together, these responses likely minimized tissue damage while supporting the establishment of chronic infections, which may be important for transmission in natural endemic settings. These results provide new foundational insights into malaria pathogenesis and resilience in kra monkeys, which may improve understanding of human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko S Peterson
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chester J Joyner
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jessica A Brady
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jennifer S Wood
- Division of Animal Resources, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Monica Cabrera-Mora
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Celia L Saney
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Luis L Fonseca
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Wayne T Cheng
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jianlin Jiang
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stacey A Lapp
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephanie R Soderberg
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mustafa V Nural
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jay C Humphrey
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Allison Hankus
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- The MITRE Corporation, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Deepa Machiah
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ebru Karpuzoglu
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jeremy D DeBarry
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for Topical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Jessica C Kissinger
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Alberto Moreno
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sanjeev Gumber
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Pathology, Drug Safety, and DMPK, Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA, Inc., Athens, GA, USA
| | - Eberhard O Voit
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Juan B Gutiérrez
- Department of Mathematics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Regina Joice Cordy
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Mary R Galinski
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Kaaya RD, Kajeguka DC, Matowo JJ, Ndaro AJ, Mosha FW, Chilongola JO, Kavishe RA. Predictive markers of transmission in areas with different malaria endemicity in north-eastern Tanzania based on seroprevalence of antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:404. [PMID: 34717734 PMCID: PMC8557592 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05818-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A community-based cross-sectional study was done to assess Plasmodium falciparum exposure in areas with different malaria endemicity in north-eastern Tanzania using serological markers; PfAMA-1 and PfMSP-119. RESULTS Bondo had a higher seroprevalence 36.6% (188) for PfAMA-1 as compared to Hai 13.8% (33), χ2 = 34.66, p < 0.01. Likewise, Bondo had a higher seroprevalence 201(36.6%) for PfMSP-1 as compared to Hai 41 (17.2%), χ2 = 29.62, p < 0.01. Anti-PfAMA-1 titters were higher in malaria positive individuals (n = 47) than in malaria negative individuals (n = 741) (p = 0.07). Anti-PfMSP-1 antibody concentrations were significantly higher in malaria-positive individuals (n = 47) than in malaria-negative individuals (n = 741) (p = 0.003). Antibody response against PfAMA-1 was significantly different between the three age groups; < 5 years, 5 to 15 years and > 15 years in both sites of Bondo and Hai. Likewise, antibody response against PfMSP-119 was significantly different between the three age groups in the two sites (p < 0.001). We also found significant differences in the anti-PfAMA-1and anti-PfMSP-119 antibody concentrations among the three age groups in the two sites (p = 0.004 and 0.005) respectively. Immunological indicators of P. falciparum exposure have proven to be useful in explaining long-term changes in the transmission dynamics, especially in low transmission settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Kaaya
- Departmentof Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania. .,Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, Moshi, Tanzania.
| | - Debora C Kajeguka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Johnson J Matowo
- Departmentof Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania.,Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Arnold J Ndaro
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC), Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Franklin W Mosha
- Departmentof Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania.,Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Jaffu O Chilongola
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Reginald A Kavishe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
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Straß S, Schwamborn A, Keppler M, Cloos N, Guezguez J, Guse JH, Burnet M, Laufer S. Synthesis, Characterization, and in vivo Distribution of Intracellular Delivered Macrolide Short-Chain Fatty Acid Derivatives. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2254-2269. [PMID: 33787081 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have a range of effects in metabolism and immune regulation. We have observed that delivery of SCFAs to lysosomes has potent immune regulatory effects, possibly as a surrogate signal for the presence of anaerobic organisms. To better understand the pharmacology of lysosomal SCFA donors, we investigated the distribution and metabolism of propionate and butyrate donors. Each analog (1 a and 2 a) can donate three SCFA equivalents via ester hydrolysis through six intermediate metabolites. The compounds are stabilized by low pH, and stability in cells is usually higher than in medium, but is cell-type specific. Butyrate derivatives were found to be more stable than propionates. Tri-esters were more stable than di- or mono-esters. The donors were surprisingly stable in vivo, and hydrolysis of each position was organ specific. Jejunum and liver caused rapid loss of 4'' esters. The gut metabolite pattern by i. v. differed from that of p.o. application, suggesting luminal and apical enzyme effects in the gut epithelium. Central organs could de-esterify the 11-position. Levels in lung relative to other organs were higher by p.o. than via i. v., suggesting that delivery route can influence the observed pharmacology and that gut metabolites distribute differently. The donors were largely eliminated by 24 h, following near linear decline in organs. The observed levels and distribution were found to be consistent with pharmacodynamic effects, particularly in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Straß
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Synovo GmbH, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anna Schwamborn
- Synovo GmbH, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manuel Keppler
- Synovo GmbH, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Natascha Cloos
- Synovo GmbH, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jamil Guezguez
- Synovo GmbH, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Michael Burnet
- Synovo GmbH, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Laufer
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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Lee SA, Jarvis CI, Edmunds WJ, Economou T, Lowe R. Spatial connectivity in mosquito-borne disease models: a systematic review of methods and assumptions. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210096. [PMID: 34034534 PMCID: PMC8150046 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial connectivity plays an important role in mosquito-borne disease transmission. Connectivity can arise for many reasons, including shared environments, vector ecology and human movement. This systematic review synthesizes the spatial methods used to model mosquito-borne diseases, their spatial connectivity assumptions and the data used to inform spatial model components. We identified 248 papers eligible for inclusion. Most used statistical models (84.2%), although mechanistic are increasingly used. We identified 17 spatial models which used one of four methods (spatial covariates, local regression, random effects/fields and movement matrices). Over 80% of studies assumed that connectivity was distance-based despite this approach ignoring distant connections and potentially oversimplifying the process of transmission. Studies were more likely to assume connectivity was driven by human movement if the disease was transmitted by an Aedes mosquito. Connectivity arising from human movement was more commonly assumed in studies using a mechanistic model, likely influenced by a lack of statistical models able to account for these connections. Although models have been increasing in complexity, it is important to select the most appropriate, parsimonious model available based on the research question, disease transmission process, the spatial scale and availability of data, and the way spatial connectivity is assumed to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A. Lee
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Christopher I. Jarvis
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - W. John Edmunds
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Rachel Lowe
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Bano B, Kanwal, Khan KM, Jabeen A, Faheem A, Taha M, Haider SM, Perveen S. Sulfonamides and Sulphonyl Ester of Quinolines as Non-Acidic, Non- Steroidal, Anti-inflammatory Agents. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180817999201005201308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Quinolines are an important class of heterocyclic compounds possessing a
wide range of biological activities. Previously, we had identified Schiff bases of quinoline as potential
anti-inflammatory agents, thus the current work is the continuation of our previous study.
Objective:
In the current study, 3-, 5-, and 8-sulfonamide and 8-sulfonate derivatives of quinoline
(1-50) were synthesized and their anti-inflammatory potential was evaluated. These synthetic analogs
were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity via ROS (Reactive oxygen species) inhibitory
effect produced from phagocytes from human whole blood.
Methods:
The sulfonamide and sulfonate derivatives of quinoline were synthesized via treating 5-,
3-, 8-amino, and 8-hydroxy quinolines with different substituted sulfonyl chlorides in pyridine. The
synthetic molecules were characterized using various spectroscopic techniques and screened for
their anti-inflammatory potential.
Results:
Among the synthetic derivatives 1-50, six compounds showed good to moderate antiinflammatory
activity. Compounds 47 (IC50 = 2.9 ± 0.5 μg/mL), 36 (IC50 = 3.2 ± 0.2 μg/mL), and
24 (IC50 = 6.7 ± 0.3 μg/mL) exhibited enhanced activity as compared to the standard ibuprofen
(IC50 = 11.2 ± 1.9 μg/mL). Compounds 20 (IC50 = 25.5 ± 0.7 μg/mL), 50 (IC50 = 42.9 ± 5.6 μg/mL),
and 8 (IC50 = 53.9 ± 3.1 μg/mL) were moderately active, however, rest of the compounds were
found to be inactive.
Conclusion:
The sulfonamide and sulfonate derivatives of quinoline were found to have promising
anti-inflammatory activity. Further studies on the modification of these molecules may lead to the
discovery of new and potential anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilquees Bano
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Kanwal
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Mohammed Khan
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Almas Jabeen
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Aisha Faheem
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Taha
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Moazzam Haider
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Shahnaz Perveen
- PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Karachi, Shahrah-e-Dr. Salimuzzaman Siddiqui, Karachi 75280, Pakistan
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Nagitta Oluka P, Mkansi M, Kajjumba GW. The Relationship Between Market Environment Dimensions and Availability of Malaria Pills in Uganda. Glob Adv Health Med 2021; 10:21649561211002126. [PMID: 33854824 PMCID: PMC8013880 DOI: 10.1177/21649561211002126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study sought to examine the contribution of relationship building (in terms of collaboration, information sharing and supply chain interdependence) on the availability of malaria treatment pills in public hospitals in Sub-Saharan Africa using data from Uganda. Methods By means of a cross-sectional survey research design, the study used a questionnaire strategy to collect quantitative data. Out of the 320 questionnaires that were distributed in 40 public hospitals, 283 were answered and returned, which yielded an 88% response rate. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to establish the relationship between measured variables and latent constructs. Results Drawing on the survey results, the confirmatory factor analysist and the Structural Equation Modelling clearly demonstrate that relationship building (in terms of collaboration, information sharing and supply chain interdependence) significantly influences the availability of Artemisinin-based combination therapies in public general hospitals in Uganda. Conclusion Policy-makers should focus on developing cheaper information technology tools to exchange information regarding stock levels, forecasting, quantification, orders, and dispensing. This study developed a measurement model for an inter-hospital relationship, using relational view theory, and it employs dimensions in terms of information sharing and supply chain interdependence to predict and explain the availability of malaria pills in government hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pross Nagitta Oluka
- Department of Economics and Managerial Sciences, Uganda Management Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Marcia Mkansi
- Department of Operations Management, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - George William Kajjumba
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada
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Adugna T, Yewhelew D, Getu E. Bloodmeal sources and feeding behavior of anopheline mosquitoes in Bure district, northwestern Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:166. [PMID: 33741078 PMCID: PMC7977575 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04669-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquito bloodmeal sources determine the feeding rates, adult survival, fecundity, hatching rates, and developmental times. Only the female Anopheles mosquito takes bloodmeals from humans, birds, mammals, and other vertebrates for egg development. Studies of the host preference patterns in blood-feeding anopheline mosquitoes are crucial to determine malaria vectors. However, the human blood index, foraging ratio, and host preference index of anopheline mosquitoes are not known so far in Bure district, Ethiopia. METHODS The origins of bloodmeals from all freshly fed and a few half-gravid exophagic and endophagic females collected using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention light traps were identified as human and bovine using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The human blood index, forage ratio, and host feeding index were calculated. RESULTS A total of 617 specimens belonging to An. arabiensis (n = 209), An. funestus (n = 217), An. coustani (n = 123), An. squamosus (n = 54), and An. cinereus (n = 14) were only analyzed using blood ELISA. Five hundred seventy-five of the specimens were positive for blood antigens of the host bloods. All anopheline mosquitoes assayed for a bloodmeal source had mixed- rather than single-source bloodmeals. The FR for humans was slightly > 1.0 compared to bovines for all Anopheles species. HFI for each pair of vertebrate hosts revealed that humans were the slightly preferred bloodmeal source compared to bovines for all species (except An. squamosus), but there was no marked host selection. CONCLUSIONS All anopheline mosquitoes assayed for bloodmeal ELISA had mixed feeds, which tends to diminish the density of gametocytes in the mosquito stomach, thereby reducing the chance of fertilization of the female gamete and reducing the chances of a malaria vector becoming infected. Moreover, An. coustani was the only species that had only human bloodmeals, meaning that this species has the potential to transmit the disease. Therefore, combination zooprophylaxis should be reinforced as a means of vector control because the study sites are mixed dwellings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilahun Adugna
- Debre Tabor University, P.O. Box 272, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | | | - Emana Getu
- Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Kotepui M, Masangkay FR, Kotepui KU, Milanez GDJ. Preliminary review on the prevalence, proportion, geographical distribution, and characteristics of naturally acquired Plasmodium cynomolgi infection in mosquitoes, macaques, and humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:259. [PMID: 33711940 PMCID: PMC7953546 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-05941-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium cynomolgi is a simian malaria parasite that has been reported as a naturally acquired human infection. The present study aims to systematically review reports on naturally acquired P. cynomolgi in humans, mosquitoes, and macaques to provide relevant data for pre-emptive surveillance and preparation in the event of an outbreak of zoonotic malaria in Southeast Asia. METHODS The protocol of the systematic review was registered at PROSPERO with approval ID CRD42020203046. Three databases (Web of Science, Scopus, and MEDLINE) were searched for studies reporting the prevalence of P. cynomolgi infections in Southeast Asian countries between 1946 and 2020. The pooled prevalence or pooled proportion of P. cynomolgi parasitemia in humans, mosquitoes, and macaques was estimated using a random-effects model. Differences in the clinical characteristics of P. cynomolgi infections were also estimated using a random-effects model and presented as pooled odds ratios (ORs) or mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Thirteen studies reporting on the prevalence of naturally acquired P. cynomolgi in humans (3 studies, 21 cases), mosquitoes (3 studies, 28 cases), and macaques (7 studies, 334 cases) were included. The results demonstrated that the pooled proportion of naturally acquired P. cynomolgi in humans was 1% (95% CI, 0.1%, I2, 0%), while the pooled proportion of P. cynomolgi infecting mosquitoes was 18% (95% CI, 10-26%, I2, 32.7%). The pooled prevalence of naturally acquired P. cynomolgi in macaques was 47% (95% CI, 27-67%, I2, 98.3%). Most of the cases of naturally acquired P. cynomolgi in humans were reported in Cambodia (62%) and Malaysia (38%), while cases of P. cynomolgi in macaques were reported in Malaysia (35.4%), Singapore (23.2%), Indonesia (17.3%), Philippines (8.5%), Laos (7.93%), and Cambodia (7.65%). Cases of P. cynomolgi in mosquitoes were reported in Vietnam (76.9%) and Malaysia (23.1%). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the occurrence of naturally acquired P. cynomolgi infection in humans, mosquitoes, and macaques. Further studies of P. cynomolgi in asymptomatic human cases in areas where vectors and natural hosts are endemic are extensively needed if human infections with P. cynomolgi do become public health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas Kotepui
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.
| | - Frederick Ramirez Masangkay
- Department of Medical Technology, Institute of Arts and Sciences, Far Eastern University-Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Kwuntida Uthaisar Kotepui
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Giovanni De Jesus Milanez
- Department of Medical Technology, Institute of Arts and Sciences, Far Eastern University-Manila, Manila, Philippines
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Zhou G, Zhong D, Lee MC, Wang X, Atieli HE, Githure JI, Githeko AK, Kazura J, Yan G. Multi-Indicator and Multistep Assessment of Malaria Transmission Risks in Western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 104:1359-1370. [PMID: 33556042 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria risk factor assessment is a critical step in determining cost-effective intervention strategies and operational plans in a regional setting. We develop a multi-indicator multistep approach to model the malaria risks at the population level in western Kenya. We used a combination of cross-sectional seasonal malaria infection prevalence, vector density, and cohort surveillance of malaria incidence at the village level to classify villages into malaria risk groups through unsupervised classification. Generalized boosted multinomial logistics regression analysis was performed to determine village-level risk factors using environmental, biological, socioeconomic, and climatic features. Thirty-six villages in western Kenya were first classified into two to five operational groups based on different combinations of malaria risk indicators. Risk assessment indicated that altitude accounted for 45-65% of all importance value relative to all other factors; all other variable importance values were < 6% in all models. After adjusting by altitude, villages were classified into three groups within distinct geographic areas regardless of the combination of risk indicators. Risk analysis based on altitude-adjusted classification indicated that factors related to larval habitat abundance accounted for 63% of all importance value, followed by geographic features related to the ponding effect (17%), vegetation cover or greenness (15%), and the number of bed nets combined with February temperature (5%). These results suggest that altitude is the intrinsic factor in determining malaria transmission risk in western Kenya. Malaria vector larval habitat management, such as habitat reduction and larviciding, may be an important supplement to the current first-line vector control tools in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofa Zhou
- 1Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Daibin Zhong
- 1Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Ming-Chieh Lee
- 1Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- 1Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Harrysone E Atieli
- 2School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - John I Githure
- 3International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research, Tom Mboya University College, Homabay, Kenya
| | - Andrew K Githeko
- 4Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - James Kazura
- 5Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Guiyun Yan
- 1Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, California
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Donovan CV, McElroy P, Adair L, Pence BW, Oloo AJ, Lal A, Bloland P, Nahlen B, Juliano JJ, Meshnick S. Association of Malnutrition with Subsequent Malaria Parasitemia among Children Younger than Three years in Kenya: A Secondary Data Analysis of the Asembo Bay Cohort Study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 104:243-254. [PMID: 33200723 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria and malnutrition remain primary causes of morbidity and mortality among children younger than 5 years in Africa. Studies investigating the association between malnutrition and subsequent malaria outcomes are inconsistent. We studied the effects of malnutrition on incidence and prevalence of malaria parasitemia in data from a cohort studied in the 1990s. Data came from the Asembo Bay cohort study, which collected malaria and health information on children from 1992 to 1996 in western Kenya. Infants were enrolled at birth and followed up until loss to follow-up, death, end of study, or 5 years old. Anthropometric measures and blood specimens were obtained monthly. Nutritional exposures included categorized Z-scores for height-for-age, weight-for-age, and weight-for-height. Febrile parasitemia and afebrile parasitemia were assessed with thick and thin blood films. Multiply imputed and weighted multinomial generalized estimating equation models estimated odds ratios (OR) for the association between exposures and outcomes. The sample included 1,182 children aged 0-30 months who contributed 18,028 follow-up visits. There was no significant association between malnutrition and either incident febrile parasitemia or prevalent febrile parasitemia. Prevalence ORs for afebrile parasitemia increased from 1.07 (95% CI: 0.89, 1.29) to 1.35 (1.03, 1.76) as stunting severity increased from mild to severe, and from 1.16 (1.02, 1.33) to 1.35 (1.09, 1.66) as underweight increased from mild to moderate. Stunting and underweight did not show a significant association with subsequent febrile parasitemia infections, but they did show a modest association with subsequent afebrile parasitemia. Consideration should be given to testing malnourished children for malaria, even if they present without fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine V Donovan
- 1Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Peter McElroy
- 2U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Linda Adair
- 1Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Brian W Pence
- 1Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Aggrey James Oloo
- 3Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya
| | - Altaf Lal
- 4Malaria Elimination Demonstration Project, Foundation for Disease Elimination and Control of India, Mandla, India
| | - Peter Bloland
- 5Global Immunization Division, U.S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Bernard Nahlen
- 6Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Jonathan J Juliano
- 7Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Steven Meshnick
- 1Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Hailemeskel E, Tebeje SK, Behaksra SW, Shumie G, Shitaye G, Keffale M, Chali W, Gashaw A, Ashine T, Drakeley C, Bousema T, Gadisa E, Tadesse FG. The epidemiology and detectability of asymptomatic plasmodium vivax and plasmodium falciparum infections in low, moderate and high transmission settings in Ethiopia. Malar J 2021; 20:59. [PMID: 33482841 PMCID: PMC7821398 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03587-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As countries move to malaria elimination, detecting and targeting asymptomatic malaria infections might be needed. Here, the epidemiology and detectability of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections were investigated in different transmission settings in Ethiopia. METHOD A total of 1093 dried blood spot (DBS) samples were collected from afebrile and apparently healthy individuals across ten study sites in Ethiopia from 2016 to 2020. Of these, 862 were from community and 231 from school based cross-sectional surveys. Malaria infection status was determined by microscopy or rapid diagnostics tests (RDT) and 18S rRNA-based nested PCR (nPCR). The annual parasite index (API) was used to classify endemicity as low (API > 0 and < 5), moderate (API ≥ 5 and < 100) and high transmission (API ≥ 100) and detectability of infections was assessed in these settings. RESULTS In community surveys, the overall prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium infections by microscopy/RDT, nPCR and all methods combined was 12.2% (105/860), 21.6% (183/846) and 24.1% (208/862), respectively. The proportion of nPCR positive infections that was detectable by microscopy/RDT was 48.7% (73/150) for P. falciparum and 4.6% (2/44) for P. vivax. Compared to low transmission settings, the likelihood of detecting infections by microscopy/RDT was increased in moderate (Adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 3.4; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.6-7.2, P = 0.002) and high endemic settings (AOR = 5.1; 95% CI 2.6-9.9, P < 0.001). After adjustment for site and correlation between observations from the same survey, the likelihood of detecting asymptomatic infections by microscopy/RDT (AOR per year increase = 0.95, 95% CI 0.9-1.0, P = 0.013) declined with age. CONCLUSIONS Conventional diagnostics missed nearly half of the asymptomatic Plasmodium reservoir detected by nPCR. The detectability of infections was particularly low in older age groups and low transmission settings. These findings highlight the need for sensitive diagnostic tools to detect the entire parasite reservoir and potential infection transmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elifaged Hailemeskel
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Wollo University, PO Box, 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Surafel K Tebeje
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sinknesh W Behaksra
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Girma Shumie
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Getasew Shitaye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Migbaru Keffale
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wakweya Chali
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abrham Gashaw
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Temesgen Ashine
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT, London, UK
| | - Teun Bousema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT, London, UK
| | - Endalamaw Gadisa
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Fitsum G Tadesse
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, PO Box, 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Jaiteh F, Okebe J, Masunaga Y, D'Alessandro U, Achan J, Gryseels C, de Vries D, Ribera JM, Grietens KP. Understanding adherence to reactive treatment of asymptomatic malaria infections in The Gambia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1746. [PMID: 33462329 PMCID: PMC7813830 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81468-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of different types of reactive case detection and/or treatment strategies for malaria elimination depends on high coverage and participants’ adherence. However, strategies to optimise adherence are limited, particularly for people with asymptomatic or no infections. As part of a cluster-randomized trial to evaluate the effect of reactive treatment in The Gambia, all residents in the compound of a diagnosed clinical malaria patient received dihydro-artemisinin–piperaquine (DP). Using a mixed method approach, we assessed which factors contribute to adherence among the contacts of malaria cases that showed no symptoms. Adherence was defined as the proportion of compound members that (1) returned all medicine bags empty and (2) self-reported (3-day) treatment completion. Among the 273 individuals from 14 compounds who received DP, 227 (83.1%) were available for and willing to participate in the survey; 85.3% (233/273) returned empty medicine bags and 91.6% (208/227) self-reported treatment completion. Although clinical malaria was not considered a major health problem, reported adherence was high. The drivers of adherence were the strong sense of responsibility towards protecting the individual, compound and the village. Adherence can be optimised through a transdisciplinary implementation research process of engaging communities to bridge the gap between research goals and social realities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatou Jaiteh
- Medical Research Council Unit the Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia. .,Medical Anthropology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium. .,Amsterdam Institute of Social Science Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Joseph Okebe
- Medical Research Council Unit the Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia.,Department of International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Yoriko Masunaga
- Medical Anthropology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,Amsterdam Institute of Social Science Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Umberto D'Alessandro
- Medical Research Council Unit the Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Jane Achan
- Medical Research Council Unit the Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Charlotte Gryseels
- Medical Anthropology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Daniel de Vries
- Amsterdam Institute of Social Science Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Koen Peeters Grietens
- Medical Anthropology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,PASS Suisse, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.,School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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45
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Gama A, Banda I, Kapaya F, Ingwe MM, Chiwaula J, Yeta A, Kawesha EC, Hamainza B, Chongwe G. Factors associated with private health facilities reporting malaria in the national health management information system in Zambia: a cross sectional study. Pan Afr Med J 2020; 37:203. [PMID: 33505572 PMCID: PMC7813650 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2020.37.203.18829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Zambia has moved from accelerated malaria burden reduction to malaria elimination which requires the national malaria surveillance system to capture all cases from both the public and private sector. This study investigated challenges and factors associated with private health facilities reporting malaria in the national health management information system (HMIS). METHODS a structured questionnaire was administered to the heads of 139 private health facilities in three provinces where approximately 85% of private health facilities are found in Zambia. Logistic regression was performed, and the outcome variable was reporting malaria in the HMIS. Epi Info® version 7 was used to conduct multivariable logistic regression to determine factors associated with private facilities reporting malaria in HMIS. RESULTS private health facilities that had been operating for more than 20 years had three (3) times increased odds of reporting malaria in HMIS (AOR = 3.22, 95% CI: 1.23, 8.42; P-value = 0.02) compared to those that had been operating for less than 20 years. The private facilities that had staff who were aware about malaria surveillance (AOR = 2.06 95% CI: 1.38, 3.99, P-value = 0.01) had two times greater odds to report malaria in HMIS compared to those that were not aware. Lack of information and training in surveillance was identified as the main barrier for private facilities to report malaria in HMIS. CONCLUSION as Zambia progresses towards malaria elimination, there is need to increase awareness and training of private providers on malaria surveillance to improve reporting in HMIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Gama
- Zambia Field Epidemiology Training Programme (ZFETP), Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia
- Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Ignatius Banda
- Zambia National Malaria Elimination Centre, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Fred Kapaya
- Zambia Field Epidemiology Training Programme (ZFETP), Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia
- Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | | | - Anthony Yeta
- Zambia National Malaria Elimination Centre, Lusaka, Zambia
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46
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Georganos S, Brousse O, Dujardin S, Linard C, Casey D, Milliones M, Parmentier B, van Lipzig NPM, Demuzere M, Grippa T, Vanhuysse S, Mboga N, Andreo V, Snow RW, Lennert M. Modelling and mapping the intra-urban spatial distribution of Plasmodium falciparum parasite rate using very-high-resolution satellite derived indicators. Int J Health Geogr 2020; 19:38. [PMID: 32958055 PMCID: PMC7504835 DOI: 10.1186/s12942-020-00232-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid and often uncontrolled rural-urban migration in Sub-Saharan Africa is transforming urban landscapes expected to provide shelter for more than 50% of Africa's population by 2030. Consequently, the burden of malaria is increasingly affecting the urban population, while socio-economic inequalities within the urban settings are intensified. Few studies, relying mostly on moderate to high resolution datasets and standard predictive variables such as building and vegetation density, have tackled the topic of modeling intra-urban malaria at the city extent. In this research, we investigate the contribution of very-high-resolution satellite-derived land-use, land-cover and population information for modeling the spatial distribution of urban malaria prevalence across large spatial extents. As case studies, we apply our methods to two Sub-Saharan African cities, Kampala and Dar es Salaam. METHODS Openly accessible land-cover, land-use, population and OpenStreetMap data were employed to spatially model Plasmodium falciparum parasite rate standardized to the age group 2-10 years (PfPR2-10) in the two cities through the use of a Random Forest (RF) regressor. The RF models integrated physical and socio-economic information to predict PfPR2-10 across the urban landscape. Intra-urban population distribution maps were used to adjust the estimates according to the underlying population. RESULTS The results suggest that the spatial distribution of PfPR2-10 in both cities is diverse and highly variable across the urban fabric. Dense informal settlements exhibit a positive relationship with PfPR2-10 and hotspots of malaria prevalence were found near suitable vector breeding sites such as wetlands, marshes and riparian vegetation. In both cities, there is a clear separation of higher risk in informal settlements and lower risk in the more affluent neighborhoods. Additionally, areas associated with urban agriculture exhibit higher malaria prevalence values. CONCLUSIONS The outcome of this research highlights that populations living in informal settlements show higher malaria prevalence compared to those in planned residential neighborhoods. This is due to (i) increased human exposure to vectors, (ii) increased vector density and (iii) a reduced capacity to cope with malaria burden. Since informal settlements are rapidly expanding every year and often house large parts of the urban population, this emphasizes the need for systematic and consistent malaria surveys in such areas. Finally, this study demonstrates the importance of remote sensing as an epidemiological tool for mapping urban malaria variations at large spatial extents, and for promoting evidence-based policy making and control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Georganos
- Department of Geoscience, Environment & Society, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Oscar Brousse
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Dujardin
- Institute of Life, Earth and Environment, University of Namur, 5000, Namur, Belgium
- Department of Geography, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Catherine Linard
- Institute of Life, Earth and Environment, University of Namur, 5000, Namur, Belgium
- Department of Geography, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Daniel Casey
- Senator George J. Mitchell Center for Sustainability Solutions, University of Maine, 5710 Norman Smith Hall, Orono, ME, 04469-5710, USA
| | - Marco Milliones
- Department of Geography, University of Mary Washington, 1301 College Avenue, Fredericksburg, VA, 22401, USA
| | - Benoit Parmentier
- Senator George J. Mitchell Center for Sustainability Solutions, University of Maine, 5710 Norman Smith Hall, Orono, ME, 04469-5710, USA
- Department of Geography, University of Mary Washington, 1301 College Avenue, Fredericksburg, VA, 22401, USA
| | - Nicole P M van Lipzig
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001, Louvain, Belgium
| | | | - Tais Grippa
- Department of Geoscience, Environment & Society, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sabine Vanhuysse
- Department of Geoscience, Environment & Society, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicholus Mboga
- Department of Geoscience, Environment & Society, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Verónica Andreo
- Instituto de Altos Estudios Espaciales "Mario Gulich". Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales (CONAE), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Robert W Snow
- Population and Health Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Moritz Lennert
- Department of Geoscience, Environment & Society, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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Jaleta F, Garoma G, Gerenfes T. <p>Evaluation of Malaria Microscopy Diagnosis Performance in Public Hospitals of Eastern and Central Part of Oromia Region, Ethiopia, 2019</p>. PATHOLOGY AND LABORATORY MEDICINE INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.2147/plmi.s259159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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48
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Zhao X, Thanapongtharm W, Lawawirojwong S, Wei C, Tang Y, Zhou Y, Sun X, Cui L, Sattabongkot J, Kaewkungwal J. Malaria Risk Map Using Spatial Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis along Yunnan Border During the Pre-elimination Period. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:793-809. [PMID: 32602435 PMCID: PMC7410425 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In moving toward malaria elimination, finer scale malaria risk maps are required to identify hotspots for implementing surveillance–response activities, allocating resources, and preparing health facilities based on the needs and necessities at each specific area. This study aimed to demonstrate the use of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) in conjunction with geographic information systems (GISs) to create a spatial model and risk maps by integrating satellite remote-sensing and malaria surveillance data from 18 counties of Yunnan Province along the China–Myanmar border. The MCDA composite and annual models and risk maps were created from the consensus among the experts who have been working and know situations in the study areas. The experts identified and provided relative factor weights for nine socioeconomic and disease ecology factors as a weighted linear combination model of the following: ([Forest coverage × 0.041] + [Cropland × 0.086] + [Water body × 0.175] + [Elevation × 0.297] + [Human population density × 0.043] + [Imported case × 0.258] + [Distance to road × 0.030] + [Distance to health facility × 0.033] + [Urbanization × 0.036]). The expert-based model had a good prediction capacity with a high area under curve. The study has demonstrated the novel integrated use of spatial MCDA which combines multiple environmental factors in estimating disease risk by using decision rules derived from existing knowledge or hypothesized understanding of the risk factors via diverse quantitative and qualitative criteria using both data-driven and qualitative indicators from the experts. The model and fine MCDA risk map developed in this study could assist in focusing the elimination efforts in the specifically identified locations with high risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotao Zhao
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, P. R. China.,Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Weerapong Thanapongtharm
- Department of Livestock Development, Veterinary Epidemiological Center, Bureau of Disease Control and Veterinary Services, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siam Lawawirojwong
- Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chun Wei
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, P. R. China
| | - Yerong Tang
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, P. R. China
| | - Yaowu Zhou
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, P. R. China
| | - Liwang Cui
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jaranit Kaewkungwal
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Biomedical and Public Health Informatics (BIOPHICS), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Manda S, Haushona N, Bergquist R. A Scoping Review of Spatial Analysis Approaches Using Health Survey Data in Sub-Saharan Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3070. [PMID: 32354095 PMCID: PMC7246597 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Spatial analysis has become an increasingly used analytic approach to describe and analyze spatial characteristics of disease burden, but the depth and coverage of its usage for health surveys data in Sub-Saharan Africa are not well known. The objective of this scoping review was to conduct an evaluation of studies using spatial statistics approaches for national health survey data in the SSA region. An organized literature search for studies related to spatial statistics and national health surveys was conducted through PMC, PubMed/Medline, Scopus, NLM Catalog, and Science Direct electronic databases. Of the 4,193 unique articles identified, 153 were included in the final review. Spatial smoothing and prediction methods were predominant (n = 108), followed by spatial description aggregation (n = 25), and spatial autocorrelation and clustering (n = 19). Bayesian statistics methods and lattice data modelling were predominant (n = 108). Most studies focused on malaria and fever (n = 47) followed by health services coverage (n = 38). Only fifteen studies employed nonstandard spatial analyses (e.g., spatial model assessment, joint spatial modelling, accounting for survey design). We recommend that for future spatial analysis using health survey data in the SSA region, there must be an improve recognition and awareness of the potential dangers of a naïve application of spatial statistical methods. We also recommend a wide range of applications using big health data and the future of data science for health systems to monitor and evaluate impacts that are not well understood at local levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Manda
- Biostatistics Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Department of Statistics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
| | - Ndamonaonghenda Haushona
- Biostatistics Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
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50
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Feng X, Levens J, Zhou XN. Protecting the gains of malaria elimination in China. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9:43. [PMID: 32326979 PMCID: PMC7180658 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-00661-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Feng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, 200025, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | | | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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