'Green' synthesis of metals and their oxide nanoparticles: applications for environmental remediation

Myco-fabricated silver nanoparticle by novel soil fungi from Saudi Arabian desert and antimicrobial mechanism

Biological agents are getting a noticeable concern as efficient eco-friendly method for nanoparticle fabrication, from which fungi considered promising agents in this field. In the current study, two fungal species (Embellisia spp. and Gymnoascus spp.) were isolated from the desert soil in Saudi Arabia and identified using 18S rRNA gene sequencing then used as bio-mediator for the fabrication of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Myco-synthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV-visible spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering techniques. Their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were investigated. In atrial to detect their possible antibacterial mechanism, Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS-PAGE) and TEM analysis were performed for Klebsiella pneumoniae treated by the myco-synthesized AgNPs. Detected properties of the fabricated materials indicated the ability of both tested fungal strains in successful fabrication of AgNPs having same range of mean size diameters and varied PDI. The efficiency of Embellisia spp. in providing AgNPs with higher antibacterial activity compared to Gymnoascus spp. was reported however, both indicated antibacterial efficacy. Variations in the protein profile of K. pneumoniae after treatments and ultrastructural changes were observed. Current outcomes suggested applying of fungi as direct, simple and sustainable approach in providing efficient AgNPs.

Quick methylene blue dye elimination via SDS-Ag nanoparticles catalysts

Methylene blue dye, being toxic, carcinogenic and non-biodegradable, poses a serious threat for human health and environmental safety. The effective and time-saving removal of such industrial dye necessitates the use of innovative technologies such as silver nanoparticle-based catalysis. Utilizing a pulsed Nd:YAG laser operating at the second harmonic generation of 532 nm with 2.6 J energy per pulse and 10 ns pulse duration, Ag nanoparticles were synthesized via an eco-friendly method with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) as a capping agent. Different exposure times (15, 30, and 45 min) resulted in varying nanoparticle sizes. Characterization was achieved through UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging, and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). Lorentzian fitting was used to model nanoparticle size, aligning well with SEM results. Mie's theory was applied to evaluate the absorption, scattering, and extinction cross-sectional area spectra. EDX revealed increasing Ag and carbon content with exposure time. The SDS-caped AgNPs nanoparticles were tested as catalyst for methylene blue degradation, achieving up to 92.5% removal in just 12 min with a rate constant of 0.2626 min-1, suggesting efficient and time-saving catalyst compared to previously reported Ag-based nanocatalysts.

Recent Trends in Biologically Synthesized Metal Nanoparticles and their Biomedical Applications: a Review

In recent years, biologically synthesized metal nanoparticles have emerged as a dynamic field of research with significant implications for biomedical applications. This review explores the latest trends in the synthesis of metal nanoparticles using biological methods, encompassing plant extracts and microorganisms such as bacteria, yeasts, and fungi. These innovative approaches offer a sustainable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional chemical synthesis methods. Moreover, this review delves into the multifaceted biomedical applications of biologically synthesized metal nanoparticles. These applications include drug delivery systems, diagnostics, therapeutics, and imaging technologies, showcasing the versatility and promise of these nanomaterials in addressing contemporary biomedical challenges. In addition, the review addresses the critical issue of cytotoxicity, offering insights into the safety and viability of these biologically derived NPs for medical use. The exploration of recent trends and advancements in this field underscores the transformative potential of biologically synthesized metal nanoparticles in revolutionizing biomedical research and healthcare.

Biogenic metallic nanoparticles: from green synthesis to clinical translation

Biogenic metallic nanoparticles (NPs) have garnered significant attention in recent years due to their unique properties and various applications in different fields. NPs, including gold, silver, zinc oxide, copper, titanium, and magnesium oxide NPs, have attracted considerable interest. Green synthesis approaches, utilizing natural products, offer advantages such as sustainability and environmental friendliness. The theranostics applications of these NPs hold immense significance in the fields of medicine and diagnostics. The review explores intricate cellular uptake pathways, internalization dynamics, reactive oxygen species generation, and ensuing inflammatory responses, shedding light on the intricate mechanisms governing their behaviour at a molecular level. Intriguingly, biogenic metallic NPs exhibit a wide array of applications in medicine, including but not limited to anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-diabetic, anti-plasmodial, antiviral properties and radical scavenging efficacy. Their potential in personalized medicine stands out, with a focus on tailoring treatments to individual patients based on these NPs' unique attributes and targeted delivery capabilities. The article culminates in emphasizing the role of biogenic metallic NPs in shaping the landscape of personalized medicine. Harnessing their unique properties for tailored therapeutics, diagnostics and targeted interventions, these NPs pave the way for a paradigm shift in healthcare, promising enhanced efficacy and reduced adverse effects.

Nanomaterials-incorporated polymeric microneedles for wound healing applications

There is a growing and urgent need for developing novel biomaterials and therapeutic approaches for efficient wound healing. Microneedles (MNs), which can penetrate necrotic tissues and biofilm barriers at the wound and deliver active ingredients to the deeper layers in a minimally invasive and painless manner, have stimulated the interests of many researchers in the wound-healing filed. Among various materials, polymeric MNs have received widespread attention due to their abundant material sources, simple and inexpensive manufacturing methods, excellent biocompatibility and adjustable mechanical strength. Meanwhile, due to the unique properties of nanomaterials, the incorporation of nanomaterials can further extend the application range of polymeric MNs to facilitate on-demand drug release and activate specific therapeutic effects in combination with other therapies. In this review, we firstly introduce the current status and challenges of wound healing, and then outline the advantages and classification of MNs. Next, we focus on the manufacturing methods of polymeric MNs and the different raw materials used for their production. Furthermore, we give a summary of polymeric MNs incorporated with several common nanomaterials for chronic wounds healing. Finally, we discuss the several challenges and future prospects of transdermal drug delivery systems using nanomaterials-based polymeric MNs in wound treatment application.

Potentials of roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds extract for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained significant attention in various applications due to their unique properties that differ from bulk or macro-sized counterparts. In the advancement of nanotechnology, a reliable, non-toxic, and eco-friendly green synthesis has widely been developed as an alternative method for the production of AgNPs, overcoming limitations associated with the traditional physical and chemical methods. Green synthesis of AgNPs involves the utilization of biological sources including plant extracts with silver salt as the precursor. The potential of phytochemicals in plant extracts serves as a reducing/capping and stabilizing agent to aid in the bio-reduction of Ag+ ions into a stable nanoform, Ag0. This review provides insights into the potentials of various plant parts like root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit, and seed extracts that have been extensively reported for the synthesis of AgNPs.

Aflatoxins in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea): Prevalence, Global Health Concern, and Management from an Innovative Nanotechnology Approach: A Mechanistic Repertoire and Future Direction

Arachis hypogaea is the most significant oilseed nutritious legume crop in agricultural trade across the world. It is recognized as a valued crop for its contributions to nourishing food, as a cooking oil, and for meeting the protein needs of people who are unable to afford animal protein. Currently, its production, marketability, and consumption are hindered because of Aspergillus species infection that consequently contaminates the kernels with aflatoxins. Regarding health concerns, humans and animals are affected by acute and chronic aflatoxin toxicity and millions of people are at high risk of chronic levels. Most methods used to store peanuts are traditional and serve effectively for short-term storage. Now the question for long-term storage has been raised, and this promptly finds potential approaches to the issue. It is imperative to reduce the aflatoxin levels in peanuts to a permissible level by introducing detoxifying innovations. Most of the detoxification reports mention physical, chemical, and biological techniques. However, many current approaches are impractical because of time consumption, loss of nutritional quality, or weak detoxifying efficiency. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate practical, economical, and green methods to control Aspergillus flavus that address current global food security problems. Herein, a green and economically revolutionary way is a nanotechnology that has demonstrated its potential to connect farmers to markets, elevate international marketability, improve human and animal health conditions, and enhance food quality and safety by the management of fungal diseases. Due to the antimicrobial potential of nanoparticles, they act as nanofungicides and have an incredible role in the control of aflatoxins. Nanoparticles have ultrasmall sizes and therefore penetrate the fungal body and invade the pathogen machinery, leading to fungal cell death by ROS production, mutation in DNA, disruption of organelles, and membrane leakage. This is the first mechanistic overview that unveils a comprehensive insight into aflatoxin contamination in peanuts, its prevalence, health effects, and management in addition to nanotechnological interventions that serve as a triple defense approach to detoxify aflatoxins. The optimum use of nanofungicides ensures food safety and the development of goals, especially "zero hunger".

Exploring the Potential of Endophytic Microorganisms and Nanoparticles for Enhanced Water Remediation

Endophytic microorganisms contribute significantly to water bioremediation by enhancing pollutant degradation and supporting aquatic plant health and resilience by releasing bioactive compounds and enzymes. These microorganisms inhabit plant tissues without causing disease or any noticeable symptoms. Endophytes effectively aid in eliminating contaminants from water systems. Nanoparticles serve as potent enhancers in bioremediation processes, augmenting the efficiency of pollutant degradation by increasing surface area and bioavailability, thereby improving the efficacy and rate of remediation. Their controlled nutrient release and ability to stabilize endophytic colonization further contribute to the enhanced and sustainable elimination of contaminated environments. The synergistic effect of endophytes and nanoparticles in water remediation has been widely explored in recent studies, revealing compelling outcomes. Water pollution poses significant threats to human health, ecosystems, and economies; hence, the sixth global goal of the Sustainable Development Agenda 2030 of the United Nations aims to ensure the availability and sustainable management of water resources, recognizing their crucial importance for current and future generations. Conventional methods for addressing water pollution exhibit several limitations, including high costs, energy-intensive processes, the production of hazardous by-products, and insufficient effectiveness in mitigating emerging pollutants such as pharmaceuticals and microplastics. Noticeably, there is an inability to effectively remove various types of pollutants, thus resulting in incomplete purification cycles. Nanoparticle-enhanced water bioremediation offers an innovative, eco-friendly alternative for degrading contaminants. A growing body of research has shown that integrating endophytic microorganisms with nanoparticles for water bioremediation is a potent and viable alternative. This review examines the potential of using endophytic microorganisms and nanoparticles to enhance water remediation, exploring their combined effects and applications in water purification. The paper also provides an overview of synthetic methods for producing endophyte-nanoparticle composites to optimize their remediation capabilities in aqueous environments. The final section of the review highlights the constraints related to integrating endophytes with nanoparticles.

Application of green synthesized Ag and Cu nanoparticles for the control of bruchids and their impact on seed quality and yield in greengram

Storage pests, particularly bruchids, are major biotic constraints causing significant storage losses in pulses. Conventional control methods relying on insecticides and fumigants often lead to food contamination due to toxic pesticide residues and a rapid decline in seed germination. In this investigation, through green nano-technological application, a promising and sustainable alternative for pest management is developed. Silver and copper nanoparticles were synthesized through ocimum leaf extract. The characterization of silver and copper nanoparticles was carried out by UV-spectroscopy, particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier-transform infrared. Both the nanoparticles were spherical and crystalline in nature. Greengram seeds were primed with standardized silver and copper nanoparticles at different concentrations (1000, 1500, and 2000 ppm) and compared with castor-treated, deltamethrin-treated, and untreated control seeds for seed quality, growth, and yield. After one month of storage, all the pulse beetles released in different treatments exhibited 100 % mortality, whereas in control, the insects multiplied. At the end of nine months, the control seeds had shown 72 % damage and 39.67 % germination. In contrast, silver nanoparticles at 1000 ppm showed no seed damage and achieved 81.67 % germination, which was on par with copper nanoparticles at 1000 ppm with 79.33 % germination. Seed priming of silver and copper nanoparticles at 1000 ppm also demonstrated superior performance in all the seed quality and biochemical parameters (alpha amylase and catalase) throughout the storage period. Whereas, in the greenhouse experiment, enhanced growth (35.96 cm, 46.48 cm, and 53.00 cm at 30, 60 DAS, and at harvest, respectively) and yield per plant (3.75 g) were significantly higher in plants that were given foliar application with silver nanoparticles at 1000 ppm. Furthermore, foliar application of these nanoparticles at all concentrations (1000, 1500, and 2000 ppm) did not exhibit any adverse effects on soil microbial organisms, as assessed by dehydrogenase enzyme activity. Hence, this research highlights the potential use of silver and copper nanoparticles at 1000 ppm as effective tools for storage pest management and contributing to improved agricultural productivity and sustainability.

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Rhus coriaria extract and their anticancer activity against triple-negative breast cancer cells

The growing interest in using plant extracts for the biogenic synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) stems from their facile, eco-friendly, and biologically safe approach instead of chemical routes. For the first time, ZnO NPs were successfully biosynthesized using Rhus coriaria fruit aqueous extract as a reducing and capping agent. Characterization revealed that the biosynthesized ZnO NPs possessed a maximum absorbance of approximately 359 nm and closely resembled the hexagonal ZnO wurtzite crystalline structure, with an average crystalline size of 16.69 nm. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) showed the presence of spherical and hexagonal morphologies, with an average grain size of 20.51 ± 3.90 nm. Moreover, the elemental composition of the synthesized ZnO NPs was assessed via energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX), and the presence of phytocompounds on their surface was subsequently verified through FT-IR analysis. The ζ-potential of ZnO NPs was recorded at - 19.9 ± 0.1663 mV. Regarding anti-cancer properties, ZnO NPs were found to possess potent anti-tumor effects on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Their efficacy was dose-dependent, with IC50 values ranging from 35.04-44.86 μg/mL for MCF-7 and 55.54-63.71 µg/mL for MDA-MB-231 cells. Mechanistic studies in MDA-MB-231 cells revealed apoptosis induction, validated by DAPI staining, confocal microscopy, and Annexin V/PI staining, showing apoptosis by 12.59% and 81.57% at ½ IC50 and IC50 values, respectively. Additionally, ZnO NPs were observed to provoke S-phase arrest and inhibit colony-forming and metastatic potential by modulating apoptosis and metastasis-related genes. This study unravels new insights into how ZnO NPs provoke cancer cell death and inhibit metastasis, revealing new prospects in cancer nanotechnology.

Advancement of metal oxide nanomaterials on agri-food fronts

The application of metal oxide nanomaterials (MOx NMs) in the agrifood industry offers innovative solutions that can facilitate a paradigm shift in a sector that is currently facing challenges in meeting the growing requirements for food production, while safeguarding the environment from the impacts of current agriculture practices. This review comprehensively illustrates recent advancements and applications of MOx for sustainable practices in the food and agricultural industries and environmental preservation. Relevant published data point out that MOx NMs can be tailored for specific properties, enabling advanced design concepts with improved features for various applications in the agrifood industry. Applications include nano-agrochemical formulation, control of food quality through nanosensors, and smart food packaging. Furthermore, recent research suggests MOx's vital role in addressing environmental challenges by removing toxic elements from contaminated soil and water. This mitigates the environmental effects of widespread agrichemical use and creates a more favorable environment for plant growth. The review also discusses potential barriers, particularly regarding MOx toxicity and risk evaluation. Fundamental concerns about possible adverse effects on human health and the environment must be addressed to establish an appropriate regulatory framework for nano metal oxide-based food and agricultural products.

Plant-mediated synthesis of Mn3O4nanoparticles: challenges and applications

This review focuses on the green synthesis methods, challenges, and applications of manganese oxide (Mn3O4) nanoparticles investigated in the past five years. Mn3O4nanoparticles offer some unique properties that are attributed in part to the presence of mixed oxidation states of manganese (i.e. +2 and +3) in the particle, which can be utilized in a wide range of redox-sensitive applications, such as in developing supercapacitive energy storage materials. In addition, the green synthesis of Mn3O4nanoparticles through plant extracts has potential uses in sustainable nanotechnology. Various plant extract-mediated synthesis techniques for Mn3O4nanoparticles have been investigated and presented. By comparing the size and structure of the synthesized Mn3O4nanoparticles, we have observed a consistent pattern of obtaining spherical particles with a size ranging from 16 to 50 nm. The morphology of the generated Mn3O4nanoparticles can be influenced by the annealing temperature and the composition of the plant extract used during the nanoparticle synthesis. Additionally, numerous applications for the greenly produced Mn3O4nanoparticles have been demonstrated. Mn3O4nanoparticles derived from plant extracts have been found to possess antimicrobial properties, supercapacitive and electrochemical capabilities, and excellent pollutant degradation efficiency. However, the magnetic properties of these nanoparticles synthesized by plant extracts are yet to be explored for potential biomedical applications. Finally, challenges to existing synthetic methods and future perspectives on the potential applications of these green synthesized Mn3O4nanoparticles are highlighted.

Bioinspired and Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles for Medical Applications: A Green Perspective

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) possess unmatched chemical, biological, and physical properties that make them unique compounds as antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, and anticancer agents. With the increasing drug resistance, AgNPs serve as promising entities for targeted drug therapy against several bacterial, fungal, and viral components. In addition, AgNPs also serve as successful anticancer agents against several cancers, including breast, prostate, and lung cancers. Several works in recent years have been done towards the development of AgNPs by using plant extracts like flowers, leaves, bark, root, stem, and whole plant parts. The green method of AgNP synthesis thus has several advantages over chemical and physical methods, especially the low cost of synthesis, no toxic byproducts, eco-friendly production pathways, can be easily regenerated, and the bio-reducing potential of plant derived nanoparticles. Furthermore, AgNPs are biocompatible and do not harm normally functioning human or host cells. This review provides an exhaustive overview and potential of green synthesized AgNPs that can be used as antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, and anticancer agents. After a brief introduction, we discussed the recent studies on the development of AgNPs from different plant extracts, including leaf parts, seeds, flowers, stems, bark, root, and whole plants. In the following section, we highlighted the different therapeutic actions of AgNPs against various bacteria, fungi, viruses, and cancers, including breast, prostate, and lung cancers. We then highlighted the general mechanism of action of AgNPs. The advantages of the green synthesis method over chemical and physical methods were then discussed in the article. Finally, we concluded the review by providing future perspectives on this promising field in nanotechnology.

Formulation and evaluation of azithromycin-loaded silver nanoparticles for the treatment of infected wounds

Infected wounds pose a significant challenge in healthcare, requiring innovative therapeutic strategies. Therefore, there is a critical need for innovative pharmaceutical materials to improve wound healing and combat bacterial growth. This study examined the efficacy of azithromycin-loaded silver nanoparticles (AZM-AgNPs) in treating infected wounds. AgNPs synthesized using a green method with Quinoa seed extract were loaded with AZM. Characterization techniques, including X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and Uv-Vis analysis were utilized. The agar diffusion assay and determination of the MIC were used to assess the initial antibacterial impact of the formulations on both MRSA and E. coli. In addition, the antimicrobial, wound-healing effects and histological changes following treatment with the AZM-AgNPs were assessed using an infected rat model. The nanoparticles had size of 24.9 ± 15.2 nm for AgNPs and 34.7 ± 9.7 nm for AZM-AgNPs. The Langmuir model accurately characterized the adsorption of AZM onto the AgNP surface, indicating a maximum loading capacity of 162.73 mg/g. AZM-AgNPs exhibited superior antibacterial properties in vivo and in vitro compared to controls. Using the agar diffusion technique, AZM-AgNPs showed enhanced zones of inhibition against E. coli and MRSA, which was coupled with decreased MIC levels. In addition, in vivo studies showed that AZM-AgNP treated rats had the best outcome characterized by improved healing process, lower bacterial counts and superior epithelialization, compared to the control group. In conclusion, AZM-AgNPs can be synthesized using a green method with Quinoa seed with successful loading of azithromycin onto silver nanoparticles. In vitro and in vivo studies suggest the promising use of AZM-AgNPs as an effective therapeutic agent for infected wounds.

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from Sida acuta leaf extract for antibacterial and antioxidant applications, and catalytic degradation of dye through the use of convolutional neural network

This study synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using a novel green approach, with Sida acuta leaf extract as a capping and reducing agent to initiate nucleation and structure formation. The innovation of this study lies in demonstrating the originality of utilizing zinc oxide nanoparticles for antibacterial action, antioxidant potential, and catalytic degradation of Congo red dye. This unique approach harnesses eco-friendly methods to initiate nucleation and structure formation. The synthesized nanoparticles' structure and conformation were characterized using UV-vis (λmax = 280 nm), X-ray, atomic force microscopy, SEM, HR-TEM and FTIR. The antibacterial activity of the Nps was tested against Pseudomonas sp, Klebsiella sp, Staphylococcus aureus, and E. coli, demonstrating efficacy. The nanoparticles exhibited unique properties, with a crystallite size of 20 nm (XRD), a surface roughness of 2.5 nm (AFM), and a specific surface area of 60 m2/g (SEM). A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was effectively employed to accurately classify and analyze microscopic images of green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles. This research revealed their exceptional antioxidant potential, with an average DPPH scavenging rate of 80% at a concentration of 0.05 mg/mL. Additionally, zeta potential measurements indicated a stable net negative surface charge of approximately -12.2 mV. These quantitative findings highlight the promising applications of green-synthesized ZnO NPs in healthcare, materials science, and environmental remediation. The ZnO nanoparticles exhibited catalytic capabilities for dye degradation, and the degradation rate was determined using UV spectroscopy. Key findings of the study encompass the green synthesis of versatile zinc oxide nanoparticles, demonstrating potent antibacterial action, antioxidant capabilities, and catalytic dye degradation potential. These nanoparticles offer multifaceted solutions with minimal environmental impact, addressing challenges in various fields, from healthcare to environmental remediation.

Effects of environmental metal and metalloid pollutants on plants and human health: exploring nano-remediation approach

Metal and metalloid pollutants severely threatens environmental ecosystems and human health, necessitating effective remediation strategies. Nanoparticle (NPs)-based approaches have gained significant attention as promising solutions for efficient removing heavy metals from various environmental matrices. The present review is focused on green synthesized NPs-mediated remediation such as the implementation of iron, carbon-based nanomaterials, metal oxides, and bio-based NPs. The review also explores the mechanisms of NPs interactions with heavy metals, including adsorption, precipitation, and redox reactions. Critical factors influencing the remediation efficiency, such as NPs size, surface charge, and composition, are systematically examined. Furthermore, the environmental fate, transport, and potential risks associated with the application of NPs are critically evaluated. The review also highlights various sources of metal and metalloid pollutants and their impact on human health and translocation in plant tissues. Prospects and challenges in translating NPs-based remediation from laboratory research to real-world applications are proposed. The current work will be helpful to direct future research endeavors and promote the sustainable implementation of metal and metalloid elimination.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticle prepared with Ocimum species and assessment of anticancer potential

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained much attention due to their unique physical, and chemical properties. Integration of phytochemicals in nanoformulation might have higher applicability in healthcare. Current work demonstrates the synthesis of green AgNPs with O. gratissimum (gr-AgNPs) O. tenuiflorum (te-AgNPs) and O. americanum (am-AgNPs) followed by an evaluation of their antimicrobial and anticancer properties. SEM analysis revealed spherical-shaped particles with average particle sizes of 69.0 ± 5 nm for te-AgNPs, 46.9 ± 9 nm for gr-AgNPs, and 58.5 ± 18.7 nm for am-AgNPs with a polydispersity index below 0.4. The synthesized am-AgNPs effectively inhibited Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans with 23 ± 1.58 mm, 20 ± 1.68 mm, 22 ± 1.80 mm, 26 ± 1.85 mm, and 22 ± 1.40 nm of zone of inhibition respectively. Synthesized AgNPs also induced apoptotic cell death in MCF-7 in concentration-dependent manner. IC50 values for am-AgNPs, te-AgNPs, and gr-AgNPs were 14.78 ± 0.89 µg, 18.04 ± 0.63 and 15.41 ± 0.37 µg respectively which suggested that am-AgNPs were the most effective against cancer. At higher dose size (20 µg) AgNPs were equally effective to commercial standard Doxorubicin (DOX). In comparison to te-AgNPs and gr-AgNPs, am-AgNPs have higher in vitro anticancer and antimicrobial effects. The work reported Ocimum americanum for its anticancer properties with chemical profile (GCMS) and compared it with earlier reported species. The activity against microbial pathogens and selected cancer cells clearly depicted that these species have distinct variations in activity. The results have also emphasized on higher potential of biogenic silver nanoparticles in healthcare but before formulation of commercial products, detailed analysis is required with human and animal models.

Supercapacitors and triboelectric nanogenerators based on electrodes of greener iron nanoparticles/carbon nanotubes composites

The development of supporting materials based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) impregnated with iron nanoparticles via a sustainable and green synthesis employing plant extract of Punica granatum L. leaves was carried out for the iron nanoparticle modification and the following impregnation into the carbon nanotubes composites (CNT-Fe) that were also coated with polypyrrole (CNT-Fe + PPy) for use as electrode for supercapacitor and triboelectric nanogenerators. The electrochemical characterization of the materials by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) assays revealed that the CNT-Fe + PPy gave rise to better performance due to the association of double-layer capacitance behavior of carbon derivative in association with the pseudocapacitance contribution of PPy resulting in an areal capacitance value 202 mF/ cm2 for the overall composite. In terms of the application of electrodes in triboelectric nanogenerators, the best performance for the composite of CNT-Fe + PPy was 60 V for output voltage and power density of 6 μW/cm2. The integrated system showed that the supercapacitors can be charged directly by the nanogenerator from 0 to 42 mV in 300 s. The successful green synthesis of iron nanoparticles on CNT and further PPy coating provides a feasible method for the design and synthesis of high-performance SCs and TENGs electrode materials. This work provides a systematic approach that moves the research front forward by generating data that underpins further research in self-powered electronic devices.

Sustainable Utilization of Food Biowaste (Papaya Peel) Extract for Gold Nanoparticle Biosynthesis and Investigation of Its Multi-Functional Potentials

Papaya contains high amounts of vitamins A, C, riboflavin, thiamine, niacin, ascorbic acid, potassium, and carotenoids. It is confirmed by several studies that all food waste parts such as the fruit peels, seeds, and leaves of papaya are potential sources of phenolic compounds, particularly in the peel. Considering the presence of numerous bioactive compounds in papaya fruit peels, the current study reports a rapid, cheap, and environmentally friendly method for the production of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) employing food biowaste (vegetable papaya peel extract (VPPE)) and investigated its antioxidant, antidiabetic, tyrosinase inhibition, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and photocatalytic degradation potentials. The phytochemical analysis gave positive results for tannins, saponins, steroids, cardiac steroidal glycoside, protein, and carbohydrates. The manufactured VPPE-AuNPs were studied by UV-Vis scan (with surface plasmon resonance of 552 nm), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) (with average crystallite size of 44.41 nm as per the Scherrer equation), scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), particle size, zeta potential, etc. The mean dimension of the manufactured VPPE-AuNPs is 112.2 d.nm (PDI-0.149) with a -26.1 mV zeta potential. The VPPE-AuNPs displayed a significant antioxidant effect (93.24% DPPH scavenging and 74.23% SOD inhibition at 100 µg/mL); moderate tyrosinase effect (with 30.76%); and substantial α-glucosidase (95.63%) and α-amylase effect (50.66%) at 100 µg/mL. Additionally, it was found to be very proficient in the removal of harmful methyl orange and methylene blue dyes with degradation of 34.70% at 3 h and 24.39% at 5 h, respectively. Taken altogether, the VPPE-AuNPs have been proven to possess multiple biopotential activities, which can be explored by the food, cosmetics, and biomedical industries.

From nature to nanomedicine: bioengineered metallic nanoparticles bridge the gap for medical applications

The escalating global challenge of antimicrobial resistance demands innovative approaches. This review delves into the current status and future prospects of bioengineered metallic nanoparticles derived from natural sources as potent antimicrobial agents. The unique attributes of metallic nanoparticles and the abundance of natural resources have sparked a burgeoning field of research in combating microbial infections. A systematic review of the literature was conducted, encompassing a wide range of studies investigating the synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial mechanisms of bioengineered metallic nanoparticles. Databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Springer, Taylor & Francis online and OpenAthen were extensively searched to compile a comprehensive overview of the topic. The synthesis methods, including green and sustainable approaches, were examined, as were the diverse biological sources used in nanoparticle fabrication. The amalgamation of metallic nanoparticles and natural products has yielded promising antimicrobial agents. Their multifaceted mechanisms, including membrane disruption, oxidative stress induction, and enzyme inhibition, render them effective against various pathogens, including drug-resistant strains. Moreover, the potential for targeted drug delivery systems using these nanoparticles has opened new avenues for personalized medicine. Bioengineered metallic nanoparticles derived from natural sources represent a dynamic frontier in the battle against microbial infections. The current status of research underscores their remarkable antimicrobial efficacy and multifaceted mechanisms of action. Future prospects are bright, with opportunities for scalability and cost-effectiveness through sustainable synthesis methods. However, addressing toxicity, regulatory hurdles, and environmental considerations remains crucial. In conclusion, this review highlights the evolving landscape of bioengineered metallic nanoparticles, offering valuable insights into their current status and their potential to revolutionize antimicrobial therapy in the future.

Metallic nanoparticles and treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (LC) is an infectious vector-borne disease caused by parasites belonging to the genus Leishmania. Metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been investigated as alternatives for the treatment of LC owing to their small size and high surface area. Here, we aimed to evaluate the effect of MNPs in the treatment of LC through experimental, in vitro and in vivo investigations.

METHODS

The databases used were MEDLINE/ PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Science Direct. Manual searches of the reference lists of the included studies and grey literature were also performed. English language and experimental in vitro and in vivo studies using different Leishmania species, both related to MNP treatment, were included. This study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021248245).

RESULTS

A total of 93 articles were included. Silver nanoparticles are the most studied MNPs, and L. tropica is the most studied species. Among the mechanisms of action of MNPs in vitro, we highlight the production of reactive oxygen species, direct contact of MNPs with the biomolecules of the parasite, and release of metal ions.

CONCLUSION

MNPs may be considered a promising alternative for the treatment of LC, but further studies are needed to define their efficacy and safety.

The utility of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. to prepare metal oxides NPs for clinical application on osteoporosis supported by theoretical study

Green synthesis of metal oxides as a treatment for bone diseases is still exploring. Herein, MgO and Fe2O3 NPs were prepared from the extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. to study their effect on vit D3, Ca+2, and alkaline phosphatase enzyme ALP associated with osteoporosis. Computational chemistry was utilized to gain insight into the possible interactions. These oxides were characterized by X-ray diffraction, SEM, FTIR, and AFM. Results revealed that green synthesis of MgO and Fe2O3 NPs was successful with abundant. MgO NPs were in vitro applied on osteoporosis patients (n = 35) and showed a significant elevation of vit D3 and Ca+2 (0.0001 > p < 0.001) levels, compared to healthy volunteers (n = 25). Thus, Hibiscus sabdariffa L. is a good candidate to prepare MgO NPs, with a promising enhancing effect on vit D3 and Ca+2 in osteoporosis. In addition, interactions of Fe2O3 and MgO NPs with ALP were determined by molecular docking study.

Nanomaterials in biology and medicine: a new perspective on its toxicity and applications

Nanotechnology offers excellent prospects for application in biology and medicine. It is used for detecting biological molecules, imaging, and as therapeutic agents. Due to nano-size (1-100 nm) and high surface-to-volume ratio, nanomaterials possess highly specific and distinct characteristics in the biological environment. Recently, the use of nanomaterials as sensors, theranostic, and drug delivery agents has become popular. The safety of these materials is being questioned because of their biological toxicity, such as inflammatory responses, cardiotoxicity, cytotoxicity, inhalation problems, etc., which can have a negative impact on the environment. This review paper focuses primarily on the toxicological effects of nanomaterials along with the mechanisms involved in cell interactions and the generation of reactive oxygen species by nanoparticles, which is the fundamental source of nanotoxicity. We also emphasize the greener synthesis of nanomaterials in biomedicine, as it is non-hazardous, feasible, and economical. The review articles shed light on the complexities of nanotoxicology in biosystems and the environment.

A novel approach to wound healing: Green synthetic nano-zinc oxide embedded with sodium alginate and polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels for dressings

Wound healing constitutes a formidable challenge within the healthcare system, attributable to infection risks and protracted recovery periods. The pressing need for innovative wound healing methods has spurred the urgency to develop novel approaches. This study sought to advance wound healing by introducing a novel approach employing a composite sponge dressing. The composite sponge dressing, derived from LFL-ZnO (synthesized through the green methodology utilizing Lactobacillus plantarum ZDY2013 fermentation liquid), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and sodium alginate (SA) via a freeze-thaw cycle and freeze-drying molding process, demonstrated notable properties. The findings elucidate the commendable swelling, moisturizing, and mechanical attributes of the SA/LFL-ZnO/PVA composite sponge dressing, characterized by a porous structure. Remarkably, the dressing incorporating LFL-ZnO exhibited substantial inhibition against both methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Hemolysis and cytotoxicity tests corroborated the excellent biocompatibility of the sponge dressing. In vivo evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of the 1 mg/mL LFL-ZnO composite dressing on scald wounds and S. aureus-infected wounds revealed its capacity to accelerate wound healing and exert pronounced antibacterial effects. Consequently, the composite sponge dressings synthesized in this study hold significant potential for application in wound treatment.

Exploiting of Green Synthesized Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in the Potentiometric Determination of Metformin Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Products

The advanced and highly functional properties of Al2O3 and NiO nanoparticles promote the widespread use of metal oxides as remarkable electroactive materials for sensing and electrochemical applications. The proposed study describes a comparison of the sensitivity and selectivity of two modified wire membrane sensors enriched with Al2O3 and NiO nanoparticles with conventional wire membranes for the quantification of the antidiabetic drug metformin hydrochloride (MTF). The results show linear relationships of the enriched Al2O3 and NiO nanosensors over the concentration ranges 1.0 × 10-10-1.0 × 10-2 mol L-1 and 1.0 × 10-6-1.0 × 10-2 M for both the modified sensors and the conventional coated wire membrane sensors. The regression equations were EmV = (52.1 ± 0.5) log (MTF) + 729 for enriched nanometallic oxides, EmV = (57.04 ± 0.4) log (MTF) + 890.66, and EmV = (58.27 ± 0.7) log (MTF) + 843.27 with correlation coefficients of 0.9991, 0.9997, and 0.9998 for the aforementioned sensors, respectively. The proposed method was fully validated with respect to the recommendations of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). The newly functionalized sensors have been successfully used for the determination of MTF in its commercial products.

Etiology of lung carcinoma and treatment through medicinal plants, marine plants and green synthesized nanoparticles: A comprehensive review

Lung cancer, a leading global cause of mortality, poses a significant public health challenge primarily linked to tobacco use. While tobacco contributes to over 90% of cases, factors like dietary choices and radiation exposure also play a role. Despite potential benefits from early detection, cancer patients face hurdles, including drug resistance, chemotherapy side effects, high treatment costs, and limited healthcare access. Traditional medicinal plant knowledge has recently unveiled diverse cancer chemopreventive agents from terrestrial and marine sources. These phytochemicals regulate intricate molecular processes, influencing the immune system, apoptosis, cell cycle, proliferation, carcinogen elimination, and antioxidant levels. In pursuing cutting-edge strategies to combat the diverse forms of cancer, technological advancements have spurred innovative approaches. Researchers have focused on the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plant metabolites. This method offers distinct advantages over conventional physical and chemical synthesis techniques, such as cost-effectiveness, biocompatibility, and energy efficiency. Metallic nanoparticles, through various pathways such as the generation of reactive oxygen species, modulation of enzyme activity, DNA fragmentation, disruption of signaling pathways, perturbation of cell membranes, and interference with mitochondrial function resulting in DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis, exhibit significant potential for preventive applications. Thus, the amalgamation of phytocompounds and metallic nanoparticles holds promise as a novel approach to lung cancer therapy. However, further refinements and advancements are necessary to enhance the environmentally friendly process of metallic nanoparticle synthesis.

Effects of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Supplementation on Growth Performance, Meat Quality and Serum Biochemical Parameters in Broiler Chicks

The zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) have attracted exhilarating research interest due to their novel distinguishing characteristics such as size, shape, high surface activity, large surface area and biocompatibility. Being highly bioavailable and exerting a superior efficacy than conventional zinc sources, ZnONPs is emerging as an alternative feed supplement for poultry. The present study involves the synthesis of ZnONPs through a cost effective and eco-friendly method using planetary ball milling technique and characterized for its size, shape, optical property, functional group and elemental concentration using particle size analyzer, Transmission Electron Microscopy, X-Ray Diffraction analysis, Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectroscopy. In vitro cytotoxicity study using Baby Hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells, Vero cells and primary chick liver culture cells revealed that ZnONPs can be safely incorporated in the broiler chick's feed up to the concentration of 100 mg/kg. To investigate the effects of ZnONPs on production performances in broiler chicks, a feeding trial was carried out using 150-day-old broiler chicks randomly allotted in five treatment groups. The dietary treatment groups were: T1 (80 mg/kg of zinc oxide), T2 (60 mg/kg of zinc methionine) and T3, T4 and T5 received 60, 40 and 20 mg/kg of ZnONPs respectively. The results showed a significant improvement (p < 0.05) in the body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of broiler chicks supplemented with 20 and 40 mg/kg of ZnONPs. The ZnONPs supplementation significantly (p < 0.05) increased the dressing percentage in addition to significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the meat pH compared to inorganic and organic zinc supplementation. Overall, an eco-friendly method for ZnONPs synthesis was demonstrated and the optimum dietary level (20 mg/kg) of ZnONPs could enhance the growth, the meat quality and Zn uptake without any negative effects on selected serum biochemical parameters in the broiler chicks.

Silver and gold nanoparticles: Eco-friendly synthesis, antibiofilm, antiviral, and anticancer bioactivities

For the first time in this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were green synthesized by the cost-effective and eco-friendly procedure using Cotton seed meal and Fodder yeast extracts. The biosynthesized NPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering analysis (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Furthermore, the biosynthesized NPs were tested in vitro against biofilm formation by some pathogenic negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella sp., Salmonella sp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and negative bacteria (staphylococcus aureus) as well as against human denovirus serotype 5 (HAdV-5) and anticancer activity using HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells. UV-Vis absorption spectra of reaction mixture of AgNPs and AuNPs exhibited maximum absorbance at 440 nm and 540 nm, respectively. This finding was confirmed by DLS measurements that the highest intensity of the AgNPs and AuNPs were 84 nm and 73.9 nm, respectively. FTIR measurements identified some functional groups detected in Cotton seed meal and Fodder yeast extracts that could be responsible for reduction of silver and gold ions to metallic silver and gold. The morphologies and particle size of AgNPs and AuNPs were confirmed by the TEM and SAED pattern analysis. Biosynthesized AgNPs and AuNPs showed good inhibitory effects against biofilms produced by Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella sp., Salmonella sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, they showed anticancer activities against hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG-2) and antiviral activity against human adenovirus serotype 5 infection in vitro. Finally, the results of this study is expected to be extremely helpful to nano-biotechnology, pharmaceutical, and food packing applications through developing antimicrobial and/or an anticancer drugs from ecofriendly and inexpensive nanoparticles with multi-potentiality.

Phytochemical Analysis of Silver Nanoparticles of Psidium guajava Leaf Extract and Evaluation for Its Antibacterial Property

Nonessential heavy metals are toxic to human health. In this study, mercury, a hazardous metal, was detected by colorimetric analysis using Murraya koenigii. The eco-friendliness of this method was also emphasized. UV spectrum is a broad peak observed at 200-250 nm in P. guajava leaf extracts. The UV spectrum of green synthesized P. guajava exhibited an absorption band of 418 nm, which confirms the nanoparticle synthesis. FTIR analysis of the vibrational peak around 3307 cm-1 is assigned to ν(O-H) stretching that could possibly emanate from carbohydrates or phenolics. The peaks found around 2917 and 2849 cm-1 are ascribed to the -C-H stretch of the alkyl group, and the peak around 1625 cm-1 is due to the enolic β-diketones or -C = O stretch of carboxylic acids, while the corresponding -C-O stretch is observed around 1375 and 1029 cm-1. The assignment of peaks is similar. It is clear from the SEM image that the constituent parts were non-uniform sphere-shaped, agglomerated, and of an average size of 30.9 nm. XRD analysis was utilized to determine the structural characteristics and crystalline nature of P. guajava. The observed intensity peaks at 32.35°, 36.69°, 39.24°, 44.76°, 59.42°, and 67.35° represent the 2θ values for P. guajava in the diffraction pattern, aligning with the values in the standard database. The synthesized AgNPs tested antibacterial properties against various strains of microorganisms, including Escherichia coli, 25 μg/mL 6.02 ± 0.17 and 100 μg/mL 7.3 ± 0.05, Staphylococcus aureus, 25 μg/mL 05.02 ± 0.07 and 100 μg/mL 11.3 ± 1.12, Streptococcus mutans, 25 μg/mL 04.02 ± 0.19 and 100 μg/mL 11.1 ± 0.11, Enterococcus faecalis, 25 µg/mL 0.8.05 ± 0.11 and 100 µg/mL 11.7 ± 0.02. The short novelty of Psidium guajava (guava) lies in its potential relevance to human health, as it has been found to possess bioactive compounds with various medicinal properties, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, making it a promising natural resource for therapeutic applications.

Green Synthesis and the Evaluation of Osteogenic Potential of Novel Europium-Doped-Monetite Calcium Phosphate by Cissus quadrangularis

Background The quest for an ideal bone grafting material has been ongoing for decades. Calcium phosphate, alone or in combination with other materials in natural bone, has been shown to aid in bone regeneration effectively. Monetite exhibits superior solubility and resorption rates among calcium phosphates, rendering it an optimal choice for bone regeneration applications. However, the degradation rate of the Monetite is much faster than that of all the other calcium phosphates. Hence, we have added Europium onto the matrix to alter the degradation profile and enhance the osteogenic ability of the prepared matrix. Materials and methods An exclusive Europium-Monetite composite was synthesized employing eco-friendly techniques involving Cissus quadrangularis. The osteogenic potential was gauged using the MG-63 cell line through a calcium mineralization assay employing an Alizarin Red solution, collagen estimation, and an alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay. The composite's cytocompatibility was evaluated using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay across different concentrations ranging from 12.5 µg to 100 µg. Results Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the Europium-Monetite composite revealed a sheet-like arrangement in stacks, and the ATR-IR confirmed the presence of elements Ca, P, and Eu. The osteogenic potential, analyzed by ALP activity, calcium mineralization, and collagen staining, was 10% higher than that of the control (Monetite).  Conclusion The prepared novel Europium-Monetite calcium phosphate complex can enhance the osteogenic potential and could be a promising material for bone regeneration/tissue engineering. The newly created Europium-Monetite calcium phosphate complex holds promise for various bone grafting applications, including integration into scaffolds and as a coating for implants.

Advancements in Regenerative Hydrogels in Skin Wound Treatment: A Comprehensive Review

This state-of-the-art review explores the emerging field of regenerative hydrogels and their profound impact on the treatment of skin wounds. Regenerative hydrogels, composed mainly of water-absorbing polymers, have garnered attention in wound healing, particularly for skin wounds. Their unique properties make them well suited for tissue regeneration. Notable benefits include excellent water retention, creating a crucially moist wound environment for optimal healing, and facilitating cell migration, and proliferation. Biocompatibility is a key feature, minimizing adverse reactions and promoting the natural healing process. Acting as a supportive scaffold for cell growth, hydrogels mimic the extracellular matrix, aiding the attachment and proliferation of cells like fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Engineered for controlled drug release, hydrogels enhance wound healing by promoting angiogenesis, reducing inflammation, and preventing infection. The demonstrated acceleration of the wound healing process, particularly beneficial for chronic or impaired healing wounds, adds to their appeal. Easy application and conformity to various wound shapes make hydrogels practical, including in irregular or challenging areas. Scar minimization through tissue regeneration is crucial, especially in cosmetic and functional regions. Hydrogels contribute to pain management by creating a protective barrier, reducing friction, and fostering a soothing environment. Some hydrogels, with inherent antimicrobial properties, aid in infection prevention, which is a crucial aspect of successful wound healing. Their flexibility and ability to conform to wound contours ensure optimal tissue contact, enhancing overall treatment effectiveness. In summary, regenerative hydrogels present a promising approach for improving skin wound healing outcomes across diverse clinical scenarios. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the benefits, mechanisms, and challenges associated with the use of regenerative hydrogels in the treatment of skin wounds. In this review, the authors likely delve into the application of rational design principles to enhance the efficacy and performance of hydrogels in promoting wound healing. Through an exploration of various methodologies and approaches, this paper is poised to highlight how these principles have been instrumental in refining the design of hydrogels, potentially revolutionizing their therapeutic potential in addressing skin wounds. By synthesizing current knowledge and highlighting potential avenues for future research, this review aims to contribute to the advancement of regenerative medicine and ultimately improve clinical outcomes for patients with skin wounds.

Vibration Sensors on Flexible Substrates Based on Nanoparticle Films Grown by Physical Vapor Deposition

Flexible electronics have gained a lot of attention in recent years due to their compatibility with soft robotics, artificial arms, and many other applications. Meanwhile, the detection of acoustic frequencies is a very useful tool for applications ranging from voice recognition to machine condition monitoring. In this work, the dynamic response of Pt nanoparticles (Pt NPs)-based strain sensors on flexible substrates is investigated. the nanoparticles were grown in a vacuum by magnetron-sputtering inert-gas condensation. Nanoparticle sensors made on cracked alumina deposited by atomic layer deposition on the flexible substrate and reference nanoparticle sensors, without the alumina layer, were first characterized by their response to strain. The sensors were then characterized by their dynamic response to acoustic frequency vibrations between 20 Hz and 6250 Hz. The results show that alumina sensors outperformed the reference sensors in terms of voltage amplitude. Sensors on the alumina layer could accurately detect frequencies up to 6250 Hz, compared with the reference sensors, which were sensitive to frequencies up to 4250 Hz, while they could distinguish between two neighboring frequencies with a difference of no more than 2 Hz.

Harnessing nature's potential: Alpinia galanga methanolic extract mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticle, characterization and evaluation of anti-neoplastic activity

With the advent of nanotechnology, the treatment of cancer is changing from a conventional to a nanoparticle-based approach. Thus, developing nanoparticles to treat cancer is an area of immense importance. We prepared silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from methanolic extract of Alpinia galanga rhizome and characterized them by UV-Vis spectrophotometry, Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Zetasizer, and Transmission electron Microscopy (TEM). UV-Vis spectrophotometry absorption spectrum showed surface plasmon between 400 and 480 nm. FTIR spectrum analysis implies that various phytochemicals/secondary metabolites are involved in the reduction, caping, and stabilization of AgNPs. The Zetasier result suggests that the particles formed are small in size with a low polydispersity index (PDI), suggesting a narrow range of particle distribution. The TEM image suggests that the particles formed are mostly of spherical morphology with nearly 20-25 nm. Further, the selected area electron diffraction (SAED) image showed five electron diffraction rings, suggesting the polycrystalline nature of the particles. The nanoparticles showed high anticancer efficacy against cervical cancer (SiHa) cell lines. The nanostructures showed dose-dependent inhibition with 40% killing observed at 6.25 µg/mL dose. The study showed an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach to the synthesis of AgNPs and provided insight into the development of antioxidant and anticancer agents.

Tecoma stans Floral Extract-Based Biosynthesis for Enhanced Surface Plasmon-Coupled Emission and a Preliminary Study on Fluoroimmunoassay

We demonstrate the synthesis of biogenic supported silver spiked star architectures and their application to increase the electromagnetic field intensity at its tips that enhance plasmon-coupled emission. Tecoma stans floral extract has been used to synthesize silver nanocubes and spiked stars. We observe ∼445-fold and ∼680-fold enhancements in spacer and cavity configurations, respectively, in the SPCE platform. The hotspot intensity and Purcell factor are evaluated by carrying out finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations. Time-based studies are presented to modulate the sharpness of the edges wherein an increase in the tip sharpness with the increase in reaction time up to 5 h is observed. The unique morphology of the silver architectures allowed us to utilize them in biosensing application. A SPCE-based fluoroimmunoassay was performed, achieving a 1.9 pg/mL limit of detection of TNF-α cytokine. This combination of anisotropic architectures, SPCE and immunoassay prove to be a powerful platform for the ultrasensitive detection of biomarkers in surface-bound assays.

Comprehensive antifungal investigation of green synthesized silver nanoformulation against four agriculturally significant fungi and its cytotoxic applications

The present study reports the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in powder form using the leaf extract of Azadirachta indica. The synthesis of AgNPs was confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, FESEM, and EDX. The synthesized AgNPs were in a powdered state and dispersed completely in 5% polyethylene glycol (PEG) and demonstrated prolonged shelf life and enhanced bioavailability over a year without any aggregation. The resulting silver nanoformulation demonstrated complete inhibition against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Colletotrichum falcatum and 68% to 80% inhibition against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Rhizoctonia solani respectively, at 2000 ppm. The EC50 values determined through a statistical analysis were 66.42, 157.7, 19.06, and 33.30 ppm for S. sclerotiorum, C. falcatum, C. gloeosporioides, and R. solani respectively. The silver nanoformulation also established significant cytotoxicity, with a 74.96% inhibition rate against the human glioblastoma cell line U87MG at 250 ppm. The IC50 value for the cancerous cell lines was determined to be 56.87 ppm through statistical analysis. The proposed silver nanoformulation may be used as a next-generation fungicide in crop improvement and may also find application in anticancer investigations. To the best of our knowledge, this is also the first report of silver nanoformulation demonstrating complete inhibition against the economically significant phytopathogen C. falcatum.

Biosynthesis of palladium, platinum, and their bimetallic nanoparticles using rosemary and ginseng herbal plants: evaluation of anticancer activity

In this research, palladium (II) and platinum (II), as well as their bimetallic nanoparticles were synthesized using medicinal plants in an eco-friendly manner. Rosemary and Ginseng extracts were chosen due to their promising anticancer potential. The synthesized nanoparticles underwent characterization through FT-IR spectroscopy, DLS, XRD, EDX, SEM, and TEM techniques. Once the expected structures were confirmed, the performance of these nanoparticles, which exhibited an optimal size, was evaluated as potential anticancer agents through in vitro method on colon cancer cell lines (Ls180, SW480). MTT assay studies showed that the synthesized nanoparticles induced cell death. Moreover, real-time PCR was employed to investigate autophagy markers and the effect of nanoparticles on the apoptosis process, demonstrating a significant effect of the synthesized compounds in this regard.

Piper chaba Stem Extract Facilitated the Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as an Adsorbent to Remove Congo Red Dye

In this study, a straightforward, eco-friendly, and facile method for synthesizing iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) utilizing Piper chaba steam extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent has been demonstrated. The formation of stable IONPs coated with organic moieties was confirmed from UV-vis, FTIR, and EDX spectroscopy and DLS analysis. The produced IONPs are sufficiently crystalline to be superparamagnetic having a saturation magnetization value of 58 emu/g, and their spherical form and size of 9 nm were verified by XRD, VSM, SEM, and TEM investigations. In addition, the synthesized IONPs exhibited notable effectiveness in the removal of Congo Red (CR) dye with a maximum adsorption capacity of 88 mg/g. The adsorption kinetics followed pseudo-second-order kinetics, meaning the adsorption of CR on IONPs is mostly controlled by chemisorption. The adsorption isotherms of CR on the surface of IONPs follow the Langmuir isotherm model, indicating the monolayer adsorption on the homogeneous surface of IONPs through adsorbate-adsorbent interaction. The IONPs have revealed good potential for their reusability, with the adsorption efficiency remaining at about 85% after five adsorption-desorption cycles. The large-scale, safe, and cost-effective manufacturing of IONPs is made possible by this environmentally friendly process.

Nano-enabled agrochemicals: mitigating heavy metal toxicity and enhancing crop adaptability for sustainable crop production

The primary factors that restrict agricultural productivity and jeopardize human and food safety are heavy metals (HMs), including arsenic, cadmium, lead, and aluminum, which adversely impact crop yields and quality. Plants, in their adaptability, proactively engage in a multitude of intricate processes to counteract the impacts of HM toxicity. These processes orchestrate profound transformations at biomolecular levels, showing the plant's ability to adapt and thrive in adversity. In the past few decades, HM stress tolerance in crops has been successfully addressed through a combination of traditional breeding techniques, cutting-edge genetic engineering methods, and the strategic implementation of marker-dependent breeding approaches. Given the remarkable progress achieved in this domain, it has become imperative to adopt integrated methods that mitigate potential risks and impacts arising from environmental contamination on yields, which is crucial as we endeavor to forge ahead with the establishment of enduring agricultural systems. In this manner, nanotechnology has emerged as a viable field in agricultural sciences. The potential applications are extensive, encompassing the regulation of environmental stressors like toxic metals, improving the efficiency of nutrient consumption and alleviating climate change effects. Integrating nanotechnology and nanomaterials in agrochemicals has successfully mitigated the drawbacks associated with traditional agrochemicals, including challenges like organic solvent pollution, susceptibility to photolysis, and restricted bioavailability. Numerous studies clearly show the immense potential of nanomaterials and nanofertilizers in tackling the acute crisis of HM toxicity in crop production. This review seeks to delve into using NPs as agrochemicals to effectively mitigate HM toxicity and enhance crop resilience, thereby fostering an environmentally friendly and economically viable approach toward sustainable agricultural advancement in the foreseeable future.

Nanosynthesis, phycochemical constituents, and pharmacological properties of cyanobacterium Oscillatoria sp

The Oscillatoria sp., a blue-green alga or cyanobacterium, consists of about 305 species distributed globally. Cyanobacteria are prokaryotes possessing several secondary metabolites that have industrial and biomedical applications. Particularly, the published reviews on Oscillatoria sp. have not recorded any pharmacology, or possible details, while the detailed chemical structures of the alga are reported in the literature. Hence, this study considers pertinent pharmacological activities of the plethora of bioactive components of Oscillatoria sp. Furthermore, the metallic nanoparticles produced with Oscillatoria sp. were documented for plausible antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anticancer, and cytotoxic effects against several cultured human cell lines. The antimicrobial activities of solvent extracts of Oscillatoria sp. and the biotic activities of its derivatives, pyridine, acridine, fatty acids, and triazine were structurally described in detail. To understand the connotations with research gaps and provide some pertinent prospective suggestions for further research on cyanobacteria as potent sources of pharmaceutical utilities, attempts were documented. The compounds of Oscillatoria sp. are a potent source of secondary metabolites that inhibit the cancer cell lines, in vitro. It could be expected that by holistic exploitation, the natural Oscillatoria products, as the source of chemical varieties and comparatively more potent inhibitors, would be explored against pharmacological activities with the integument of SARs.

Catalytic innovations: Improving wastewater treatment and hydrogen generation technologies

The effective reduction of hazardous organic pollutants in wastewater is a pressing global concern, necessitating the development of advanced treatment technologies. Pollutants such as nitrophenols and dyes, which pose significant risks to both human and aquatic health, making their reduction particularly crucial. Despite the existence of various methods to eliminate these pollutants, they are not without limitations. The utilization of nanomaterials as catalysts for chemical reduction exhibits a promising alternative owing to their distinguished catalytic activity and substantial surface area. For catalytically reducing the pollutants NaBH4 has been utilized as a useful source for it because it reduces the pollutants quiet efficiently and it also releases hydrogen gas as well which can be used as a source of energy. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent research on different types of nanomaterials that function as catalysts to reduce organic pollutants and also generating hydrogen from NaBH4 methanolysis while also evaluating the positive and negative aspects of nanocatalyst. Additionally, this paper examines the features effecting the process and the mechanism of catalysis. The comparison of different catalysts is based on size of catalyst, reaction time, rate of reaction, hydrogen generation rate, activation energy, and durability. The information obtained from this paper can be used to steer the development of new catalysts for reducing organic pollutants and generation hydrogen by NaBH4 methanolysis.

Revisiting the smart metallic nanomaterials: advances in nanotechnology-based antimicrobials

Despite significant advancements in diagnostics and treatments over the years, the problem of antimicrobial drug resistance remains a pressing issue in public health. The reduced effectiveness of existing antimicrobial drugs has prompted efforts to seek alternative treatments for microbial pathogens or develop new drug candidates. Interestingly, nanomaterials are currently gaining global attention as a possible next-generation antibiotics. Nanotechnology holds significant importance, particularly when addressing infections caused by multi-drug-resistant organisms. Alternatively, these biomaterials can also be combined with antibiotics and other potent biomaterials, providing excellent synergistic effects. Over the past two decades, nanoparticles have gained significant attention among research communities. Despite the complexity of some of their synthesis strategies and chemistry, unrelenting efforts have been recorded in synthesizing potent and highly effective nanomaterials using different approaches. With the ongoing advancements in nanotechnology, integrating it into medical procedures presents novel approaches for improving the standard of patient healthcare. Although the field of nanotechnology offers promises, much remains to be learned to overcome the several inherent issues limiting their full translation to clinics. Here, we comprehensively discussed nanotechnology-based materials, focusing exclusively on metallic nanomaterials and highlighting the advances in their synthesis, chemistry, and mechanisms of action against bacterial pathogens. Importantly, we delve into the current challenges and prospects associated with the technology.

Nanoengineered chitosan functionalized titanium dioxide biohybrids for bacterial infections and cancer therapy

Nanoengineered chitosan functionalized titanium dioxide biohybrids (CTiO2@NPs) were prepared with Amomum subulatum Roxb extract via one-pot green method and assessed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, SEM and EDAX analyses. As revealed by XRD pattern, the nanohybrids exhibits a rutile TiO2 crystallites around 45 nm in size. The emergence of the Ti-O-Ti bond is identified by observing a peak between 400 and 800 cm-1. A wide bandgap (4.8 eV) has been observed in CTiO2@NPs, due to the quantum confinement effects and the oxygen vacancies reveal the intriguing potential of developed nanohybrids for various applications. Surface flaws were identified by observing an emission band at 382, 437, 482, 517, and 556 nm. They also exhibit better antibacterial performances using well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus substilis, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Escherichia coli. CTiO2@NPs were discovered to have free radical scavenging activity on DPPH analysis and exhibit IC50 value as 95.80 μg/mL and standard (Vitamin C) IC50 is 87.62 μg/mL. CTiO2@NPs exhibited better anticancer properties against the osteosarcoma (MG-63) cell line. All these findings suggest that there is a forum for further useful therapeutic applications. Therefore, we claim that nano-engineered carbohydrated TiO2 phytohybrid is a promising solution for bacterial infections and bone cancer.

Recent Developments of Nano Flame Retardants for Unsaturated Polyester Resin

For many years, efforts have been made to reduce the flammability of unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs), which are often used in the rail, shipbuilding, and construction industries. Without modification, they often fail to meet fire safety standards. Despite a rich history of flame retardants (FRs) applied to UPRs, researchers seek new solutions that will provide lower flammability and smoke density, as well as attaining a lower environmental impact from the composites. The objective of the study is to highlight the most important recent research on promising nano FRs in order to promote their further development. Mechanisms of action of several groups of nano FRs, such as clay-based, carbon-based, transition metal compounds, layered double hydroxides, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes, and others, including bio-based, have been studied. Particular emphasis has been laid on nano FRs applied to UPRs, and their influences on thermal stability, flammability, and mechanical properties. Moreover, the environmental impact and toxicity of nano FRs have been discussed. Results have proved that nano FRs applied at low loadings may significantly improve thermal stability, with a simultaneous increase or only a slight decrease in mechanical properties. However, attention on related environmental issues has highlighted the necessity of carefully selecting novel nano FRs.

A novel green preparation of zinc oxide nanoparticles with Hibiscus sabdariffa L.: photocatalytic performance, evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activity

This study investigates the eco-friendly synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) utilizing an aqueous solution of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. flower extract, which is acts as reducing agent as well as capping agent. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results revealed the presence of flavonoids and phenols in the plant extract, indicating that they were the major agents capable of reducing zinc nitrate salt. According to our x-ray diffraction (XRD) results, ZnO-NPs exhibit a particular phase wurtzite structure. The ZnO-NPs are spherical in shape and have an average size of 15 nm, according to the measurements of electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) measurements. Energy dispersion (EDX) analysis demonstrates that the NPs are mainly composed of zinc and oxygen. The zeta potential of these nanoparticles shows that they are very stable. The antibacterial activity of ZnO-NPs was tested using agar dilutions with a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. According to the research results, ZnO-NPs can be established as an extremely specific antibacterial agent for a wide variety of organisms to prevent bacterial growth. Furthermore, the antioxidant properties of ZnO-NPs were determined using the 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) radical scavenging approach, and the IC50 value of 38 μg/mL was measured for ZnO-NPs. Furthermore, the biosynthesized ZnO-NPs showed significant catalytic performance of methyl orange (MO) under UV irradiation. Overall, ZnO-NPs in their produced state have excellent potential in biomedical and wastewater treatment applications. Radical scavengers were used to evaluate the role of radicals in the reaction mechanism.

Açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) green synthesis of silver nanoparticles: antimicrobial efficacy and ecotoxicological assessment

The synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is usually based on expensive methods that use or generate chemicals that can negatively impact the environment. Our study presents a simple one-step synthesis process for obtaining AgNP using an aqueous extract of Amazonian fruit açai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) as the reducing and stabilizing agents. The bio-synthesized AgNP (bio-AgNP) were comprehensively characterized by diverse techniques, and as a result, 20-nm spherical particles (transmission electron microscopy) were obtained. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) confirmed the presence of crystalline AgNP, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) suggested that polyphenolic compounds of açaí were present on the surface. The bio-AgNP showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii. In Caenorhabditis elegans exposed to 10 μg/L bio-AgNP for 96 h, there were no significant effects on growth, reproduction, or reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration; however, there was an increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) enzymatic activity. In contrast, when worms were exposed to chemically synthesized AgNP (PVP-AgNP), an increase in ROS, SOD, and GST activity and a reduction in oxidative stress resistance were observed. In conclusion, our study not only showcased the potential of açaí in the simple and rapid production of AgNP but also highlighted the broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of the synthesized nanoparticles using our protocol. Moreover, our findings revealed that these AgNPs exhibited reduced toxicity to C. elegans at environmentally realistic concentrations compared with PVP-AgNP.

Less is more: The hormetic effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on plants

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles have attracted considerable attention due to their extensive applications; however, their multifaceted influence on plant physiology and the broader environment remains a complex subject. This review systematically synthesizes recent studies on the hormetic effects of TiO2 nanoparticles on plants - a phenomenon characterized by dual dose-response behavior that impacts various plant functions. It provides crucial insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying these hormetic effects, encompassing their effects on photosynthesis, oxidative stress response and gene regulation. The significance of this article consists in its emphasis on the necessity to establish clear regulatory frameworks and promote international collaboration to standardize the responsible adoption of nano-TiO2 technology within the agricultural sector. The findings are presented with the intention of stimulating interdisciplinary research and serving as an inspiration for further exploration and investigation within this vital and continually evolving field.

Invitro- invivo evaluations of green synthesized zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using Ipomoea aquatica leaf extract as matric and fillers

The current study details the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles utilizing the aqueous leaf extract of Ipomoea aquatica. A straightforward, economically viable, and consistent green synthesis technique was devised for producing these nanoparticles. The resulting Zinc oxide nanoparticles underwent comprehensive characterization through XRD, FESEM, EDS, FT-IR, TGA, and DSC analyses. Additionally, the study encompassed In- vitro and In- vivo assessments, including examinations of anti-microbial effects, hemocompatibility, anti-inflammatory responses, oral toxicity in mice, and fish toxicity using the Danio rerio model. The toxicological evaluations were done using the Danio rerio model (fish toxicity) and oral toxicity studies on mice. The particle size and zeta potential were verified using a DLS study, while EDS analyses validated the elemental composition of the nanoparticles. The crystalline nature of the nanoparticles was confirmed through distinctive peaks in the XRD pattern. The HR-TEM results confirmed the particle size range obtained by the Light scattering technique. Encouraging results were observed across the range of pharmacological activities conducted, demonstrating positive outcomes in terms of anti-microbial, hemocompatibility, anti-inflammatory attributes, In-vitro cytotoxicity, oral toxicity, and fish toxicity. This study not only showcased an eco-friendly and cost-efficient method for synthesizing Zinc oxide nanoparticles but also highlighted their potential implications.

Impact of nanopollution on plant growth, photosynthesis, toxicity, and metabolism in the agricultural sector: An updated review

Nanotechnology provides distinct benefits to numerous industrial and commercial fields, and has developed into a discipline of intense interest to researchers. Nanoparticles (NPs) have risen to prominence in modern agriculture due to their use in agrochemicals, nanofertilizers, and nanoremediation. However, their potential negative impacts on soil and water ecosystems, as well as plant growth and physiology, have caused concern for researchers and policymakers. Concerns have been expressed regarding the ecological consequences and toxicity effects associated with nanoparticles as a result of their increased production and usage. Moreover, the accumulation of nanoparticles in the environment poses a risk, not only because of the possibility of plant damage but also because nanoparticles may infiltrate the food chain. In this review, we have documented the beneficial and detrimental effects of NPs on seed germination, shoot and root growth, plant biomass, and nutrient assimilation. Nanoparticles exert toxic effects by inducing ROS generation and stimulating cytotoxic and genotoxic effects, thereby leading to cell death in several plant species. We have provided possible mechanisms by which nanoparticles induce toxicity in plants. In addition to the toxic effects of NPs, we highlighted the importance of nanomaterials in the agricultural sector. Thus, understanding the structure, size, and concentration of nanoparticles that will improve plant growth or induce plant cell death is essential. This updated review reveals the multifaceted connection between nanoparticles, soil and water pollution, and plant biology in the context of agriculture.

Valorization of plant by-products in the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles with antimicrobial and catalytic properties

Biosynthesis based on natural compounds has emerged as a sustainable approach for the production of metallic nanoparticles (MNP). The main objective of this study was to biosynthesize stable and multifunctional silver nanoparticles (AgNP) using different plant by-products as reducers and capping agents. Extracts obtained from Eucalyptus globulus, Pinus pinaster, Citrus sinensis, Cedrus atlantica and Camellia sinensis by-products, were evaluated. From all plant by-products tested, aqueous extract of eucalyptus leaves (EL), green tea (GT) and black tea (BT) were selected due to their higher antioxidant phenolic content and were individually employed as reducers and capping agents to biosynthesize AgNP. The green AgNP showed zeta potential values of -31.8 to -36.3 mV, with a wide range of particle sizes (40.6 to 86.4 nm), depending on the plant extract used. Green AgNP exhibited an inhibitory effect against various pathogenic bacteria, including Gram-negative (P. putida, E. coli, Vibrio spp.) and Gram-positive (B. megaterium, S. aureus, S. equisimilis) bacteria with EL-AgNP being the nanostructure with the greatest antimicrobial action. EL-AgNP showed an excellent photodegradation of indigo carmine (IC) dye under direct sunlight, with a removal percentage of up to 100% after 75 min. A complete cost analysis revealed a competitive total cost range of 8.0-9.0 €/g for the biosynthesis of AgNP.

Phytogenic nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, and their roles in physiology and biochemistry of plants

Researchers are swarming to nanotechnology because of its potentially game-changing applications in medicine, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture. This fast-growing, cutting-edge technology is trying different approaches for synthesizing nanoparticles of specific sizes and shapes. Nanoparticles (NPs) have been successfully synthesized using physical and chemical processes; there is an urgent demand to establish environmentally acceptable and sustainable ways for their synthesis. The green approach of nanoparticle synthesis has emerged as a simple, economical, sustainable, and eco-friendly method. In particular, phytoassisted plant extract synthesis is easy, reliable, and expeditious. Diverse phytochemicals present in the extract of various plant organs such as root, leaf, and flower are used as a source of reducing as well as stabilizing agents during production. Green synthesis is based on principles like prevention/minimization of waste, reduction of derivatives/pollution, and the use of safer (or non-toxic) solvent/auxiliaries as well as renewable feedstock. Being free of harsh operating conditions (high temperature and pressure), hazardous chemicals and the addition of external stabilizing or capping agents makes the nanoparticles produced using green synthesis methods particularly desirable. Different metallic nanomaterials are produced using phytoassisted synthesis methods, such as silver, zinc, gold, copper, titanium, magnesium, and silicon. Due to significant differences in physical and chemical properties between nanoparticles and their micro/macro counterparts, their characterization becomes essential. Various microscopic and spectroscopic techniques have been employed for conformational details of nanoparticles, like shape, size, dispersity, homogeneity, surface structure, and inter-particle interactions. UV-visible spectroscopy is used to examine the optical properties of NPs in solution. XRD analysis confirms the purity and phase of NPs and provides information about crystal size and symmetry. AFM, SEM, and TEM are employed for analyzing the morphological structure and particle size of NPs. The nature and kind of functional groups or bioactive compounds that might account for the reduction and stabilization of NPs are detected by FTIR analysis. The elemental composition of synthesized NPs is determined using EDS analysis. Nanoparticles synthesized by green methods have broad applications and serve as antibacterial and antifungal agents. Various metal and metal oxide NPs such as Silver (Ag), copper (Cu), gold (Au), silicon dioxide (SiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO2), copper oxide (CuO), etc. have been proven to have a positive effect on plant growth and development. They play a potentially important role in the germination of seeds, plant growth, flowering, photosynthesis, and plant yield. The present review highlights the pathways of phytosynthesis of nanoparticles, various techniques used for their characterization, and their possible roles in the physiology of plants.