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Carvalho TP, Toledo FAO, Bautista DFA, Silva MF, Oliveira JBS, Lima PA, Costa FB, Ribeiro NQ, Lee JY, Birbrair A, Paixão TA, Tsolis RM, Santos RL. Pericytes modulate endothelial inflammatory response during bacterial infection. mBio 2024; 15:e0325223. [PMID: 38289074 PMCID: PMC10936204 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03252-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Pericytes are located around blood vessels, in close contact with endothelial cells. We discovered that pericytes dampen pro-inflammatory endothelial cell responses. Endothelial cells co-cultured with pericytes had markedly reduced expression of adhesion molecules (PECAM-1 and ICAM-1) and proinflammatory cytokines (CCL-2 and IL-6) in response to bacterial stimuli (Brucella ovis, Listeria monocytogenes, or Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide). Pericyte-depleted mice intraperitoneally inoculated with either B. ovis, a stealthy pathogen that does not trigger detectable inflammation, or Listeria monocytogenes, developed peritonitis. Further, during Citrobacter rodentium infection, pericyte-depleted mice developed severe intestinal inflammation, which was not evident in control mice. The anti-inflammatory effect of pericytes required connexin 43, as either chemical inhibition or silencing of connexin 43 abrogated pericyte-mediated suppression of endothelial inflammatory responses. Our results define a mechanism by which pericytes modulate inflammation during infection, which shifts our understanding of pericyte biology: from a structural cell to a pro-active player in modulating inflammation. IMPORTANCE A previously unknown mechanism by which pericytes modulate inflammation was discovered. The absence of pericytes or blocking interaction between pericytes and endothelium through connexin 43 results in stronger inflammation, which shifts our understanding of pericyte biology, from a structural cell to a player in controlling inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaynara P. Carvalho
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Frank A. O. Toledo
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diego F. A. Bautista
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Monique F. Silva
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jefferson B. S. Oliveira
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pâmela A. Lima
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fabíola B. Costa
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Noelly Q. Ribeiro
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jee-Yon Lee
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Tatiane A. Paixão
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Reneé M. Tsolis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Renato L. Santos
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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2
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Raviola S, Griffante G, Iannucci A, Chandel S, Lo Cigno I, Lacarbonara D, Caneparo V, Pasquero S, Favero F, Corà D, Trisolini E, Boldorini R, Cantaluppi V, Landolfo S, Gariglio M, De Andrea M. Human cytomegalovirus infection triggers a paracrine senescence loop in renal epithelial cells. Commun Biol 2024; 7:292. [PMID: 38459109 PMCID: PMC10924099 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05957-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an opportunistic pathogen causing severe diseases in immunosuppressed individuals. To replicate its double-stranded DNA genome, HCMV induces profound changes in cellular homeostasis that may resemble senescence. However, it remains to be determined whether HCMV-induced senescence contributes to organ-specific pathogenesis. Here, we show a direct cytopathic effect of HCMV on primary renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (RPTECs), a natural setting of HCMV disease. We find that RPTECs are fully permissive for HCMV replication, which endows them with an inflammatory gene signature resembling the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), as confirmed by the presence of the recently established SenMayo gene set, which is not observed in retina-derived epithelial (ARPE-19) cells. Although HCMV-induced senescence is not cell-type specific, as it can be observed in both RPTECs and human fibroblasts (HFFs), only infected RPTECs show downregulation of LAMINB1 and KI67 mRNAs, and enhanced secretion of IL-6 and IL-8, which are well-established hallmarks of senescence. Finally, HCMV-infected RPTECs have the ability to trigger a senescence/inflammatory loop in an IL-6-dependent manner, leading to the development of a similar senescence/inflammatory phenotype in neighboring uninfected cells. Overall, our findings raise the intriguing possibility that this unique inflammatory loop contributes to HCMV-related pathogenesis in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Raviola
- Intrinsic Immunity Unit, CAAD - Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
- Molecular Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Gloria Griffante
- Molecular Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Andrea Iannucci
- Intrinsic Immunity Unit, CAAD - Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
- Molecular Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Shikha Chandel
- Molecular Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Irene Lo Cigno
- Molecular Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Davide Lacarbonara
- Intrinsic Immunity Unit, CAAD - Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
- Molecular Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Valeria Caneparo
- Intrinsic Immunity Unit, CAAD - Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Selina Pasquero
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Medical School, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Favero
- Bioinformatics Unit, CAAD - Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Davide Corà
- Bioinformatics Unit, CAAD - Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Elena Trisolini
- Pathology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Renzo Boldorini
- Pathology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cantaluppi
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Santo Landolfo
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Medical School, Turin, Italy
| | - Marisa Gariglio
- Intrinsic Immunity Unit, CAAD - Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
- Molecular Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Marco De Andrea
- Intrinsic Immunity Unit, CAAD - Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy.
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Medical School, Turin, Italy.
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3
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Wang X, Chen J, Cao Z, Yu X. Associations between human cytomegalovirus infection and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e071934. [PMID: 37620256 PMCID: PMC10450059 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-071934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Multiple studies have reported a potential contribution of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes and post-transplantation diabetes. However, the association between HCMV and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains unclear. In this paper, we employ the meta-analysis approach to investigate the potential correlation between HCMV infection and T2DM. METHOD The data of our study were collected from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and WAN FANG databases from inception to November 2022. Using the Review Manager V.5.4 software, the meta-analysis was performed. RESULTS A total of 18 139 patients from 22 studies were included in our analysis. In the Asian subgroup, the patients with T2DM group had a significantly higher frequency of HCMV infection and older age compared with the healthy group. In the European, the frequency of HCMV infection in the T2DM was lower than the healthy group, although this difference was not statistically significant. After adjusting for demographic factors, the adjusted OR of T2DM for risk of by HCMV status was not found to be significant (adjusted OR=1.19, 95% CI=0.88 to 1.62, p>0.05). Additionally, T2DM with vasculopathy had a significantly higher rate of HCMV infection compared with those without vasculopathy (OR=1.87, 95% CI=1.24 to 2.83, p<0.05). Among T2DM with HCMV infection, there were significant increases in fasting blood glucose levels and the proportion of CD8+ T lymphocytes. Conversely, fasting blood insulin levels, the proportion of CD4+ T lymphocyte and the CD4+/CD8+ ratio were significantly decreased compared with the healthy group. CONCLUSION At present, the available evidence does not provide a clear understanding of whether there is a significant association between T2DM and HCMV infection. Additionally, T2DM with HCMV infection exhibited significantly worse blood glucose regulation and immune markers, as well as a higher frequency of vasculopathy. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42022342066.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Clinical Research of Heilongjiang Province, Eye Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Clinical Research of Heilongjiang Province, Eye Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhichao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Clinical Research of Heilongjiang Province, Eye Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xuhui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Clinical Research of Heilongjiang Province, Eye Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Gao J, Guo Z, Li W, Zhang X, Zhang XE, Cui Z. Ebola virus disrupts the inner blood-retinal barrier by induction of vascular endothelial growth factor in pericytes. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011077. [PMID: 36652443 PMCID: PMC9847965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans with high mortality. In Ebola virus disease (EVD) survivors, EBOV persistence in the eyes may break through the inner blood-retinal barrier (iBRB), leading to ocular complications and EVD recurrence. However, the mechanism by which EBOV affects the iBRB remains unclear. Here, we used the in vitro iBRB model to simulate EBOV in retinal tissue and found that Ebola virus-like particles (EBO-VLPs) could disrupt the iBRB. Cytokine screening revealed that EBO-VLPs stimulate pericytes to secrete vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to cause iBRB breakdown. VEGF downregulates claudin-1 to disrupt the iBRB. Ebola glycoprotein is crucial for VEGF stimulation and iBRB breakdown. Furthermore, EBO-VLPs caused iBRB breakdown by stimulating VEGF in rats. This study provides a mechanistic insight into that EBOV disrupts the iBRB, which will assist in developing new strategies to treat EBOV persistence in EVD survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengyuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xian-En Zhang
- Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zongqiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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5
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Ozen Tunay Z, Derme T, Erginturk Acar D, Beser E. Retinal findings similar to retinopathy of prematurity in a term-infant with congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Eur J Ophthalmol 2023; 33:NP69-NP71. [PMID: 34382423 DOI: 10.1177/11206721211039344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To present a term-born infant with congenital cytomegalovirus (C-CMV) infection with an atypical retinal finding mimicking retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). CASE DESCRIPTION A term-born infant was referred to our clinic due to a C-CMV infection. Fundoscopic examination of both eyes revealed a demarcation line at zone II level and peripheral avascular retina along the temporal retina. There was no chorioretinitis, no vitritis, and no retinal vasculitis. There was no history of oxygen supplementation. The demarcation lines in both eyes regressed spontaneously within 3 weeks without any sequelae. CONCLUSIONS It has been known for many years that C-CMV infection may affect the eye, and chorioretinitis is the most common finding. In this case report, we presented an atypical ROP-like retinal finding in an infant with C-CMV infection. We think that the development of retinal vascularization may be affected by C-CMV infection. We hope that this finding may provide a clue for future investigations to understand the relationship between the pathogenesis of ROP and infection-induced inflammatory processes in prenatal and perinatal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuhal Ozen Tunay
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Health Sciences, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Turan Derme
- Department of Neonatalogy, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Esra Beser
- Department of Neonatalogy, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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6
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de las Rivas Ramírez N, Luque Aranda G, Rius Díaz F, Pérez Frías FJ, Sánchez Tamayo T. Risk factors associated with Retinopathy of Prematurity development and progression. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21977. [PMID: 36539470 PMCID: PMC9767907 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26229-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies propose that Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) is a multifactorial disorder implicating many prenatal and postnatal factors. The objective of our study was to determine the incidence and the risk factors that influenced ROP development and progression. We retrospectively compiled data of preterms with birth weight (BW) ≤ 1.500 g and/or gestational age (GA) < 32 weeks, or BW between 1.501 and 2.000 g and/or GA ≥ 32 weeks with oxygen supply > 72 h or unstable clinical course screened for ROP in Regional University Hospital of Málaga from 2015 to 2018. 202 infants (44.7%) developed ROP and 66 exhibited progression (32.7% of ROP infants). In the univariate analysis, many risk factors were associated with ROP. In the subsequent multivariate analysis, GA, oxygen therapy and weight at 28 days of life, mechanical ventilation duration, non-invasive ventilation, surfactant administration and late-onset sepsis were independently associated with the development. However, oxygen therapy duration, late-onset sepsis and weight at 28 days were associated with the progression. The ROP development and progression risk factors were different. Our results are important to facilitate screening, early diagnosis and ROP treatment while reducing unneeded examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves de las Rivas Ramírez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital de la Serranía, Ronda-San Pedro, Km 2, 29400 Ronda, Málaga Spain ,grid.10215.370000 0001 2298 7828School of Medicine, Málaga University (Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga), Andalucía Tech, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Guillermo Luque Aranda
- grid.411457.2Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisca Rius Díaz
- grid.10215.370000 0001 2298 7828Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Málaga University, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Pérez Frías
- grid.411457.2Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain ,grid.10215.370000 0001 2298 7828Pediatrics Division, Málaga University, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Tomás Sánchez Tamayo
- grid.411457.2Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain ,grid.10215.370000 0001 2298 7828Pediatrics Division, Málaga University, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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7
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Roles of Interleukin-6-mediated immunometabolic reprogramming in COVID-19 and other viral infection-associated diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:109005. [PMID: 35780641 PMCID: PMC9236983 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a highly pleiotropic glycoprotein factor that can modulate innate and adaptive immunity as well as various aspects of metabolism, including glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation. Recently, the expression and release of IL-6 is shown to be significantly increased in numerous diseases related to virus infection, and this increase is positively correlated with the disease severity. Immunity and metabolism are two highly integrated and interdependent systems, the balance between them plays a pivotal role in maintaining body homeostasis. IL-6-elicited inflammatory response is found to be closely associated with metabolic disorder in patients with viral infection. This brief review summarizes the regulatory role of IL-6 in immunometabolic reprogramming among seven viral infection-associated diseases.
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8
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Butsabong T, Felippe M, Campagnolo P, Maringer K. The emerging role of perivascular cells (pericytes) in viral pathogenesis. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34424156 PMCID: PMC8513640 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses may exploit the cardiovascular system to facilitate transmission or within-host dissemination, and the symptoms of many viral diseases stem at least in part from a loss of vascular integrity. The microvascular architecture is comprised of an endothelial cell barrier ensheathed by perivascular cells (pericytes). Pericytes are antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and play crucial roles in angiogenesis and the maintenance of microvascular integrity through complex reciprocal contact-mediated and paracrine crosstalk with endothelial cells. We here review the emerging ways that viruses interact with pericytes and pay consideration to how these interactions influence microvascular function and viral pathogenesis. Major outcomes of virus-pericyte interactions include vascular leakage or haemorrhage, organ tropism facilitated by barrier disruption, including viral penetration of the blood-brain barrier and placenta, as well as inflammatory, neurological, cognitive and developmental sequelae. The underlying pathogenic mechanisms may include direct infection of pericytes, pericyte modulation by secreted viral gene products and/or the dysregulation of paracrine signalling from or to pericytes. Viruses we cover include the herpesvirus human cytomegalovirus (HCMV, Human betaherpesvirus 5), the retrovirus human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDS, and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder, HAND), the flaviviruses dengue virus (DENV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and Zika virus (ZIKV), and the coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19). We touch on promising pericyte-focussed therapies for treating the diseases caused by these important human pathogens, many of which are emerging viruses or are causing new or long-standing global pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemapron Butsabong
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Mariana Felippe
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Paola Campagnolo
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Kevin Maringer
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
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9
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Wang S, Zou F, Wu S, Wu Y, Yue Y, Sun Z. Neurotrophic factor levels in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of neonates infected with human cytomegalovirus. Microbiol Immunol 2021; 65:373-382. [PMID: 34019717 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is most likely to damage the central nervous system (CNS) during early embryonic development; however, the early neurodevelopmental abnormalities caused by HCMV infection and the regulation of cytokines remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated neuronal factors in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of newborns infected with HCMV using protein microarray technology with a view to elucidating the changes in specific neuronal factors for use in the development of a reliable index for predicting CNS injury caused by HCMV infection. Serum and CSF were collected from four newborns with HCMV infection and CNS injury (HCMV-infected group) and from four newborns without CNS infection (control group). A protein microarray containing 29 kinds of CNS-related cytokines was used to identify differentially expressed neuronal factors in the serum and CSF of the HCMV-infected and control groups. The levels of the differentially expressed proteins were verified further in 30 CSF samples from an HCMV-infected group using enzyme-linkedimmunosorbent assay (ELISA). Between newborns in the HCMV-infected and control groups, the protein microarray analysis identified three differentially expressed neurotrophic factors in the CSF samples: Acrp30, MMP-3, and interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α). No differential cytokine expression was seen in the serum. ELISA showed significantly higher expression levels of Acrp30 and MMP-3 in the CSF of the 30 newborns with HCMV infection and CNS injury than in those in the control group, whereas the expression of IL-1α was significantly lower. Our results demonstrate that changes in the expression levels of Acrp30, MMP-3, and IL-1α in the CSF of newborns infected with HCMV may be related to the pathogenesis of CNS infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- Department of BioBank, Sheng Jing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fei Zou
- Department of BioBank, Sheng Jing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Si Wu
- Department of BioBank, Sheng Jing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yingying Wu
- Department of BioBank, Sheng Jing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuanyi Yue
- Department of BioBank, Sheng Jing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhengrong Sun
- Department of BioBank, Sheng Jing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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10
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Extralesional microvascular and structural macular abnormalities in cytomegalovirus retinitis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21432. [PMID: 33293646 PMCID: PMC7722750 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78587-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate extralesional microvascular and structural changes of the macula using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and structural OCT in cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR). An observational study of CMVR patients were performed. Complete ophthalmic examination, serial color fundus photography, structural OCT and OCTA were performed at baseline and follow-up visits for up to 12 months. The structural OCT was analyzed to evaluate macular areas within, bordering and beyond the CMVR lesions. Extralesional retinal capillary plexus of the macula were evaluated by OCT angiography and compared with the unaffected fellow eyes. Thirteen eyes from 13 patients were enrolled. At baseline, macular areas without CMVR lesions showed decreased vessel density (VD) of both the superficial (P = 0.0002) and deep (P < 0.0001) retinal capillary plexus in eyes with CMVR as compared with the corresponding macular areas of the unaffected fellow eyes. The decrease of VD persisted through the follow-up period for up to 12 months after adjusting for degree of vitreous haze. Structural macular OCT characteristics at the borders and beyond the lesions included intraretinal hyperreflective dots, cystoid macular edema, subretinal fluid and selective ellipsoid zone (EZ) loss. The selective EZ loss found in 6 of 12 eyes showed recovery in 4 eyes after receiving anti-viral treatment. In CMVR eyes, there were microvascular and microstructural abnormalities in the macular area without clinically visible CMVR lesions. Our results provided interesting insights into CMV infection of the retina.
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Serjilus A, Alcendor DJ. Unique method for human villous trophoblasts isolation from placental tissue explants. CLINICAL OBSTETRICS, GYNECOLOGY AND REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE 2020; 6:319. [PMID: 33520289 PMCID: PMC7842261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Isolation of cytotrophoblasts from primary placental tissue may be costly and time consuming with variable results. In this paper, we provide a simple, affordable, and efficient method that may performed using common laboratory supplies to achieve consistent in vitro isolation of cytotrophoblasts from villous tissue. Trophoblast populations are identified based on morphology and phenotyping, which employs the timely extraction of villous nodes from the placenta prior to cultivation and isolation of nodal outgrowth by visual guidance for selective capture of cytotrophoblast populations and subculture. This method allows for the isolation of cytotrophoblasts free of contamination with other placental cell types. Isolated cells stain positive for the specific cytotrophoblast biomarker cytokeratin 7 and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG). Subcultured cells grow to confluency to establish monolayers that may be passaged in culture and later used to develop primary syncytiotrophoblasts over time. These primary cytotrophoblast populations may be employed using in in vitro placenta-on-a chip models to better understand placental cell biology and function, as well as physiological responses after exposure to toxicants, and infectious agents. This technique may be modified for selective isolation of specific cell types within different tissues from multiple organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Serjilus
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, USA
| | - Donald J Alcendor
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA,Correspondence to: Donald J Alcendor, Associate Professor of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, 1005 Dr. D.B. Todd Jr. Blvd., Hubbard Hospital, 5th Floor, Rm. 5025, Nashville, TN 37208, USA,
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Zhou LB, Zhou YQ, Zhang XY. Blocking VEGF signaling augments interleukin-8 secretion via MEK/ERK/1/2 axis in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Int J Ophthalmol 2020; 13:1039-1045. [PMID: 32685389 PMCID: PMC7321944 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2020.07.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To identify proangiogenic factors engaged in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) except vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) from human retinal pigment epithelial (hRPE) cells and investigate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) in ARPE-19 cells was depleted by siRNA transfection or overexpressed through adenovirus infection. The mRNA and the protein levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in ARPE-19 cells were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay respectively. The protein levels of AKT, p-AKT, MEK, p-MEK, ERK1/2, p-ERK1/2, JNK, p-JNK, p38 and p-p38 were detected by Western blotting. A selective chemical inhibitor, LY3214996, was employed to inhibit phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. RESULTS Knockdown of VEGFR2 in ARPE-19 cells robustly augmented IL-8 production at both the mRNA and the protein levels. Silencing VEGFR2 substantially enhanced phosphorylation of MEK and ERK1/2 while exerted no effects on phosphorylation of AKT, JNK and p38. Inhibiting ERK1/2 phosphorylation by LY3214996 reversed changes in VEGFR2 knockdown-induced IL-8 upregulation at the mRNA and the protein levels with no effects on cell viability. VEGFR2 overexpression significantly reduced IL-8 generation at the mRNA and the protein levels. CONCLUSION Blockade of VEGF signaling augments IL-8 secretion via MEK/ERK1/2 axis and overactivation of VEGF pathway decreases IL-8 production in hRPE cells. Upregulated IL-8 expression after VEGF signaling inhibition in hRPE cells may be responsible for being incompletely responsive to anti-VEGF remedy in neovascular AMD, and IL-8 may serve as an alternative therapeutic target for neovascular AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ye-Qi Zhou
- Soochow University Affiliated Children's Hospital, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xin-Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
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Zheng Z, Chopp M, Chen J. Multifaceted roles of pericytes in central nervous system homeostasis and disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:1381-1401. [PMID: 32208803 PMCID: PMC7308511 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20911331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pericytes, the mural cells surrounding microcirculation, are gaining increasing attention for their roles in health and disease of the central nervous system (CNS). As an essential part of the neurovascular unit (NVU), pericytes are actively engaged in interactions with neighboring cells and work in synergy with them to maintain homeostasis of the CNS, such as maintaining the blood-brain barrier (BBB), regulating cerebral blood flow (CBF) and the glymphatic system as well as mediating immune responses. However, the dysfunction of pericytes may contribute to the progression of various pathologies. In this review, we discuss: (1) origin of pericytes and different pericyte markers; (2) interactions of pericytes with endothelial cells (ECs), astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and neurons; (3) physiological roles of pericytes in the CNS; (4) effects of pericytes in different CNS diseases; (5) relationship of pericytes with extracellular vesicles (EVs) and microRNAs (miRs); (6) recent advances in pericytes studies and future perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitong Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Jieli Chen
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
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Interactions between Amyloid-Β Proteins and Human Brain Pericytes: Implications for the Pathobiology of Alzheimer's Disease. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9051490. [PMID: 32429102 PMCID: PMC7290583 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is the most common cause of dementia, especially among aging populations. Despite advances in AD research, the underlying cause and the discovery of disease-modifying treatments have remained elusive. Two key features of AD pathology are the aberrant deposition of amyloid beta (amyloid-β or Aβ) proteins in the brain parenchyma and Aβ toxicity in brain pericytes of the neurovascular unit/blood–brain barrier (NVU/BBB). This toxicity induces oxidative stress in pericytes and leads to capillary constriction. The interaction between pericytes and Aβ proteins results in the release of endothelin-1 in the pericytes. Endothelin-1 interacts with ETA receptors to cause pericyte contraction. This pericyte-mediated constriction of brain capillaries can cause chronic hypoperfusion of the brain microvasculature, subsequently leading to the neurodegeneration and cognitive decline observed in AD patients. The interaction between Aβ proteins and brain pericytes is largely unknown and requires further investigation. This review provides an updated overview of the interaction between Aβ proteins with pericytes, one the most significant and often forgotten cellular components of the BBB and the inner blood–retinal barrier (IBRB). The IBRB has been shown to be a window into the central nervous system (CNS) that could allow the early diagnosis of AD pathology in the brain and the BBB using modern photonic imaging systems such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) and two-photon microscopy. In this review, I explore the regulation of Aβ proteins in the brain parenchyma, their role in AD pathobiology, and their association with pericyte function. This review discusses Aβ proteins and pericytes in the ocular compartment of AD patients as well as strategies to rescue or protect pericytes from the effects of Aβ proteins, or to replace them with healthy cells.
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Popik W, Khatua AK, Fabre NF, Hildreth JEK, Alcendor DJ. BK Virus Replication in the Glomerular Vascular Unit: Implications for BK Virus Associated Nephropathy. Viruses 2019; 11:E583. [PMID: 31252545 PMCID: PMC6669441 DOI: 10.3390/v11070583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND BK polyomavirus (BKV) reactivates from latency after immunosuppression in renal transplant patients, resulting in BKV-associated nephropathy (BKVAN). BKVAN has emerged as an important cause of graft dysfunction and graft loss among transplant patients. BKV infection in kidney transplant patients has increased over recent decades which correlates with the use of more potent immunosuppressive therapies. BKV infection of the Glomerular Vascular Unit (GVU) consisting of podocytes, mesangial cells, and glomerular endothelial cells could lead to glomerular inflammation and contribute to renal fibrosis. The effects of BKV on GVU infectivity have not been reported. METHODS We infected GVU cells with the Dunlop strain of BKV. Viral infectivity was analyzed by microscopy, immunofluorescence, Western blot analysis, and quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). The expression of specific proinflammatory cytokines induced by BKV was analyzed by qRT-PCR. RESULTS BKV infection of podocytes, mesangial cells, and glomerular endothelial cells was confirmed by qRT-PCR and positive staining with antibodies to the BKV VP1 major capsid protein, or the SV40 Large T-Antigen. The increased transcriptional expression of interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (CXCL10/IP-10) and interferon beta (IFNβ) was detected in podocytes and mesangial cells at 96 h post-infection. CONCLUSIONS All cellular components of the GVU are permissive for BKV replication. Cytopathic effects induced by BKV in podocytes and glomerular endothelial cells and the expression of CXCL10 and IFNβ genes by podocytes and mesangial cells may together contribute to glomerular inflammation and cytopathology in BKVAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Popik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208-3599, USA
| | - Atanu K Khatua
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, 1005 Dr. D.B. Todd Jr. Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208-3599, USA
| | - Noyna F Fabre
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, 1005 Dr. D.B. Todd Jr. Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208-3599, USA
| | - James E K Hildreth
- Department of Internal Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208-3599, USA
| | - Donald J Alcendor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, 1005 Dr. D.B. Todd Jr. Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208-3599, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Meharry Medical College, School of Medicine, 1005 Dr. D.B. Todd Jr. Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208-3599, USA.
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Alcendor DJ. Human Vascular Pericytes and Cytomegalovirus Pathobiology. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1456. [PMID: 30909422 PMCID: PMC6471229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes are multipotent cells of the vascular system with cytoplasmic extensions proximal to endothelial cells that occur along the abluminal surface of the endothelium. The interactions between endothelial cells and pericytes are essential for proper microvascular formation, development, stabilization, and maintenance. Pericytes are essential for the regulation of paracellular flow between cells, transendothelial fluid transport, angiogenesis, and vascular immunosurveillance. They also influence the chemical composition of the surrounding microenvironment to protect endothelial cells from potential harm. Dysregulation or loss of pericyte function can result in microvascular instability and pathological consequences. Human pericytes have been shown to be targets for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection and lytic replication that likely contribute to vascular inflammation. This review focuses on human vascular pericytes and their permissiveness for HCMV infection. It also discusses their implication in pathogenesis in the blood⁻brain barrier (BBB), the inner blood⁻retinal barrier (IBRB), the placenta⁻blood barrier, and the renal glomerulus as well as their potential role in subclinical vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald J Alcendor
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, 1005 Dr. D.B. Todd Jr. Blvd., Hubbard Hospital, 5th Floor, Rm. 5025, Nashville, TN 37208, USA.
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Popik W, Khatua A, Hildreth JEK, Lee B, Alcendor DJ. Phosphorodiamidate morpholino targeting the 5' untranslated region of the ZIKV RNA inhibits virus replication. Virology 2018; 519:77-85. [PMID: 29679791 PMCID: PMC6503319 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has been associated with microcephaly in infants. Currently there is no treatment or vaccine. Here we explore the use of a morpholino oligonucleotide targeted to the 5' untranslated region (5'-UTR) of the ZIKV RNA to prevent ZIKV replication. METHODS Morpholino DWK-1 inhibition of ZIKV replication in human glomerular podocytes was examined by qRT-PCR, reduction in ZIKV genome copy number, western blot analysis, immunofluorescence and proinflammatory cytokine gene expression. RESULTS Podocytes pretreated with DWK-1 showed reduced levels of both viral mRNA and ZIKV E protein expression compared to controls. We observed suppression in proinflammatory gene expression for IFN-β (interferon β) RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted), MIP-1α (macrophage inflammatory protein-1α), TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α) and IL1-α (interleukin 1-α) in ZIKV-infected podocytes pretreated with DWK-1. CONCLUSIONS Morpholino DWK-1 targeting the ZIKV 5'-UTR effectively inhibits ZIKV replication and suppresses ZIKV-induced proinflammatory gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Popik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Meharry Medical College, School of Medicine, 1005 Dr. D.B. Todd Jr. Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208-3599, USA
| | - Atanu Khatua
- Department of Internal Medicine, Meharry Medical College, School of Medicine, 1005 Dr. D.B. Todd Jr. Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208-3599, USA
| | - James E K Hildreth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, School of Medicine, 1005 Dr. D.B. Todd Jr. Blvd., Nashville, TN, 37208-3599, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Meharry Medical College, School of Medicine, 1005 Dr. D.B. Todd Jr. Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208-3599, USA
| | - Benjamin Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Meharry Medical College, School of Medicine, 1005 Dr. D.B. Todd Jr. Blvd., Nashville, TN, 37208-3599, USA
| | - Donald J Alcendor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, School of Medicine, 1005 Dr. D.B. Todd Jr. Blvd., Nashville, TN, 37208-3599, USA.
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Popik W, Correa H, Khatua A, Aronoff DM, Alcendor DJ. Mesangial cells, specialized renal pericytes and cytomegalovirus infectivity: Implications for HCMV pathology in the glomerular vascular unit and post-transplant renal disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 5. [PMID: 29977613 PMCID: PMC6027753 DOI: 10.15761/jts.1000248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is problematic after kidney transplantation. Human mesangial cells along with human glomerular endothelial cells and podocytes constitute the renal glomerular vascular unit (GVU). HCMV infection of the GVU is poorly understood. Methods GVU cells infectivity was analysed by microscopy and immunofluorescence. Cytokines profiles were measured by Luminex assays. Renal tissue analysis for HCMV infection was performed by immunohistochemistry. Results Mesangial cells and glomerular endothelial cells but not podocytes were permissive for both lab adapted and clinical strains of HCMV. Luminex analysis of cytokines expressed by mesangial cells exposed to the SBCMV clinical strain was examined. A Tricell infection model of the GVU maintains >90% viability with a unique cytokine profile. Finally, we show αSMA stained mesangial cells permissive for HCMV in renal tissue from a transplant patient. Conclusions HCMV infection of mesangial cells induces angiogenic and proinflammatory cytokines that could contribute to glomerular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Popik
- Department of Internal Medicine and 4Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, School of Medicine, 1005 Dr. D.B. Todd Jr. Blvd., Nashville, Tennessee 37208-3599 USA
| | - Hernan Correa
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Atanu Khatua
- Meharry Medical College, School of Medicine, Centre for AIDS Health Disparities Research, 1005 Dr. D.B. Todd Jr. Blvd., Nashville, Tennessee 37208-3599, USA
| | - David M Aronoff
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Centre, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Donald J Alcendor
- Meharry Medical College, School of Medicine, Centre for AIDS Health Disparities Research, 1005 Dr. D.B. Todd Jr. Blvd., Nashville, Tennessee 37208-3599, USA
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Gupta MP, Patel S, Orlin A, Marlow E, Chee RI, Nadelmann J, Chan R, D'Amico DJ, Kiss S. SPECTRAL DOMAIN OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY FINDINGS IN MACULA-INVOLVING CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS. Retina 2018; 38:1000-1010. [PMID: 28376042 PMCID: PMC5943072 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000001644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the microstructural features of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS Subjects were patients with macula-involving CMV retinitis with OCT imaging. The leading edge of retinitis in the macula was identified based on fundus imaging, and OCT findings were longitudinally evaluated in three areas: within the area of active retinitis, at the leading edge of retinitis, and just beyond the leading edge of retinitis. RESULTS Optical coherence tomography imaging of macular CMV retinitis identified vitreous cells in 10 eyes (100%), posterior vitreous detachment in four eyes (40%), broad-based vitreomacular traction in one eye (10%), epiretinal membrane in eight eyes (80%), and lamellar hole-associated epiretinal proliferation associated with an atrophic hole in one eye (10%). Retinal architectural disruption, disruption of inner retinal layers, disruption of the external limiting membrane, and ellipsoid zone abnormalities were noted within the area of retinitis in all eyes and decreased in frequency and severity at and beyond the leading edge of retinitis, although all 10 eyes (100%) exhibited one of these abnormalities, especially outer retinal microabnormalities, beyond the leading edge of retinitis. CONCLUSION Microstructural abnormalities were frequently noted on OCT of CMV retinitis, including within the retina beyond the leading edge of retinitis identified by corresponding fundus imaging. Outer retinal abnormalities were noted more frequently than inner retinal abnormalities beyond the leading edge of retinitis. These findings provide insight into the effects of CMV retinitis on retinal microstructure and potentially on vision and highlight the potential utility of OCT for monitoring microprogression of macula-involving CMV retinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinali P. Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Sarju Patel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Anton Orlin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Elizabeth Marlow
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Ru-Ik Chee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | | | - R.V.Paul Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
- Department of Ophthalmology, Illinois Eye & Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Donald J. D'Amico
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Szilard Kiss
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
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Aronoff DM, Correa H, Rogers LM, Arav-Boger R, Alcendor DJ. Placental pericytes and cytomegalovirus infectivity: Implications for HCMV placental pathology and congenital disease. Am J Reprod Immunol 2017; 78:10.1111/aji.12728. [PMID: 28741727 PMCID: PMC5561471 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Placental pericytes are essential for placental microvascular function, stability, and integrity. Mechanisms of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) pathogenesis incorporating placental pericytes are unknown. METHOD OF STUDY HCMV-infected placental tissue was stained by dual-labeled immunohistochemistry. Primary placental pericytes, cytotrophoblasts, and villous fibroblasts were exposed to HCMV; and infectivity was analyzed by microscopy and immunofluorescence. Cytokine expression was examined by Luminex assay. A HCMV-GFP recombinant virus was used to examine replication kinetics. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry showed HCMV in trophoblast and the villous core with T-cell and macrophage infiltration. Primary HCMV isolate from a patient (SBCMV)- infected pericytes showed dysregulation of proinflammatory and angiogenic cytokines when compared to control cells. A tri-cell model of the villous floor showed a unique expression profile. Finally, we show pericytes infected in vivo with HCMV in placental tissue from a congenitally infected child. CONCLUSION Placental pericytes support HCMV replication, inducing proinflammatory and angiogenic cytokines that likely contribute to viral dissemination, placenta inflammation, and dysregulation of placental angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Aronoff
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, School of Medicine, 1005 Dr. D.B. Todd Jr. Blvd., Nashville, Tennessee 37208, USA
| | - Hernan Correa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Lisa M. Rogers
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Ravit. Arav-Boger
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Donald J. Alcendor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, School of Medicine, 1005 Dr. D.B. Todd Jr. Blvd., Nashville, Tennessee 37208, USA
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Alcendor DJ. Zika Virus Infection of the Human Glomerular Cells: Implications for Viral Reservoirs and Renal Pathogenesis. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:162-171. [PMID: 28398522 PMCID: PMC5853400 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in the human renal compartment has not been reported. Several clinical reports have describe high-level persistent viral shedding in the urine of infected patients, but the associated mechanisms have not been explored until now. The current study examined cellular components of the glomerulus of the human kidney for ZIKV infectivity. Methods I infected primary human podocytes, renal glomerular endothelial cells (GECs), and mesangial cells with ZIKV. Viral infectivity was analyzed by means of microscopy, immunofluorescence, real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), and the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β, interferon β, and RANTES (regulated on activation of normal T cells expressed and secreted) were assessed using qRT-PCR. Results I show that glomerular podocytes, renal GECs, and mesangial cells are permissive for ZIKV infection. ZIKV infectivity was confirmed in all 3 cell types by means of immunofluorescence staining, RT-PCR, and qRT-PCR, and qRT-PCR analysis revealed increased transcriptional induction of interleukin 1β, interferon β, and RANTES in ZIKV-infected podocytes at 72 hours, compared with renal GECs and mesangial cells. Conclusions The findings of this study support the notion that the glomerulus may serve as an amplification reservoir for ZIKV in the renal compartment. The impact of ZIKV infection in the human renal compartment is unknown and will require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald J Alcendor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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Roach T, Alcendor DJ. Zika virus infection of cellular components of the blood-retinal barriers: implications for viral associated congenital ocular disease. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:43. [PMID: 28253931 PMCID: PMC5335843 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0824-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ocular abnormalities present in microcephalic infants with presumed Zika virus (ZIKV) congenital disease includes focal pigment mottling of the retina, chorioretinal atrophy, optic nerve abnormalities, and lens dislocation. Target cells in the ocular compartment for ZIKV infectivity are unknown. The cellular response of ocular cells to ZIKV infection has not been described. Mechanisms for viral dissemination in the ocular compartment of ZIKV-infected infants and adults have not been reported. Here, we identify target cells for ZIKV infectivity in both the inner and outer blood-retinal barriers (IBRB and OBRB), describe the cytokine expression profile in the IBRB after ZIKV exposure, and propose a mechanism for viral dissemination in the retina. METHODS We expose primary cellular components of the IBRB including human retinal microvascular endothelial cells, retinal pericytes, and Müller cells as well as retinal pigmented epithelial cells of the OBRB to the PRVABC56 strain of ZIKV. Viral infectivity was analyzed by microscopy, immunofluorescence, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR and qRT-PCR). Angiogenic and proinflammatory cytokines were measured by Luminex assays. RESULTS We find by immunofluorescent staining using the Flavivirus 4G2 monoclonal antibody that retinal endothelial cells and pericytes of the IBRB and retinal pigmented epithelial cells of the OBRB are fully permissive for ZIKV infection but not Müller cells when compared to mock-infected controls. We confirmed ZIKV infectivity in retinal endothelial cells, retinal pericytes, and retinal pigmented epithelial cells by RT-PCR and qRT-PCR using ZIKV-specific oligonucleotide primers. Expression profiles by Luminex assays in retinal endothelial cells infected with ZIKV revealed a marginal increase in levels of beta-2 microglobulin (β2-m), granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) and higher levels of regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and presumably secreted (RANTES) but lower levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4) compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Retinal endothelial cells, retinal pericytes, and retinal pigmented epithelial cells are fully permissive for ZIKV lytic replication and are primary target cells in the retinal barriers for infection. ZIKV infection of retinal endothelial cells and retinal pericytes induces significantly higher levels of RANTES that likely contributes to ocular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracoyia Roach
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, 1005 Dr. D.B. Todd Jr. Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208-3599 USA
| | - Donald J. Alcendor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, 1005 Dr. D.B. Todd Jr. Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208-3599 USA
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Tagami M, Honda S, Morioka I, Iijima K, Yamada H, Nakamura M. An unusual case of congenital cytomegalovirus infection-related retinopathy. BMC Ophthalmol 2016; 16:81. [PMID: 27266272 PMCID: PMC4896032 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-016-0246-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common congenital infection, and chorioretinitis is the most common ophthalmic manifestation of congenital CMV infection. We experienced a unique case of CMV retinopathy showing unusual retinal vessels. Case presentation An infant boy weighing 1860 g was born at 36 weeks. He was diagnosed with severe symptomatic congenital CMV infection, which was confirmed by positive CMV-DNA in urine and whole blood, and he was referred to our ophthalmology department on his first day of life. Ophthalmoscopic examination and fluorescein angiography revealed no chorioretinitis but major retinal vascular occlusions and arterio-venous anastomosis associated with CMV detection in the aqueous humor. These findings regressed within a week after treatment with systemic gancyclovir administration. Conclusions To our knowledge, there are no reports of these ocular issues associated with congenital CMV infection. These findings may be useful for the early and rapid diagnosis of congenital CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Tagami
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Shigeru Honda
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Ichiro Morioka
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kazumoto Iijima
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hideto Yamada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakamura
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
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