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Hao M, Chu J, Zhang T, Yin T, Gu Y, Liang W, Ji W, Zhuang J, Liu Y, Gao J, Yin Y. Nanomaterials-mediated lysosomal regulation: a robust protein-clearance approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:424-439. [PMID: 38819046 PMCID: PMC11317947 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a debilitating, progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive accumulation of abnormal proteins, including amyloid plaques and intracellular tau tangles, primarily within the brain. Lysosomes, crucial intracellular organelles responsible for protein degradation, play a key role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Some studies have suggested a link between the dysregulation of the lysosomal system and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. Restoring the normal physiological function of lysosomes hold the potential to reduce the pathological burden and improve the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Currently, the efficacy of drugs in treating Alzheimer's disease is limited, with major challenges in drug delivery efficiency and targeting. Recently, nanomaterials have gained widespread use in Alzheimer's disease drug research owing to their favorable physical and chemical properties. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in using nanomaterials (polymeric nanomaterials, nanoemulsions, and carbon-based nanomaterials) to enhance lysosomal function in treating Alzheimer's disease. This review also explores new concepts and potential therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease through the integration of nanomaterials and modulation of lysosomal function. In conclusion, this review emphasizes the potential of nanomaterials in modulating lysosomal function to improve the pathological features of Alzheimer's disease. The application of nanotechnology to the development of Alzheimer's disease drugs brings new ideas and approaches for future treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Hao
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital), Shanghai, China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjian Chu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital), Shanghai, China
| | - Tinglin Zhang
- Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Yin
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital), Shanghai, China
| | - Yuankai Gu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital), Shanghai, China
| | - Wendanqi Liang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital), Shanghai, China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenbo Ji
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital), Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Zhuang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital), Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - You Yin
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital), Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Chen L, Zhang J, Xu W, Chen J, Tang Y, Xiong S, Li Y, Zhang H, Li M, Liu Z. Cholesterol-rich lysosomes induced by respiratory syncytial virus promote viral replication by blocking autophagy flux. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6311. [PMID: 39060258 PMCID: PMC11282085 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50711-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) hijacks cholesterol or autophagy pathways to facilitate optimal replication. However, our understanding of the associated molecular mechanisms remains limited. Here, we show that RSV infection blocks cholesterol transport from lysosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum by downregulating the activity of lysosomal acid lipase, activates the SREBP2-LDLR axis, and promotes uptake and accumulation of exogenous cholesterol in lysosomes. High cholesterol levels impair the VAP-A-binding activity of ORP1L and promote the recruitment of dynein-dynactin, PLEKHM1, or HOPS VPS39 to Rab7-RILP, thereby facilitating minus-end transport of autophagosomes and autolysosome formation. Acidification inhibition and dysfunction of cholesterol-rich lysosomes impair autophagy flux by inhibiting autolysosome degradation, which promotes the accumulation of RSV fusion protein. RSV-F storage is nearly abolished after cholesterol depletion or knockdown of LDLR. Most importantly, the knockout of LDLR effectively inhibits RSV infection in vivo. These findings elucidate the molecular mechanism of how RSV co-regulates lysosomal cholesterol reprogramming and autophagy and reveal LDLR as a novel target for anti-RSV drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment & College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment & College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weibin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment & College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment & College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yujun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment & College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment & College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaolan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment & College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Manmei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment & College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment & College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine & College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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Tong J, Wang Q, Gao Z, Liu Y, Lu C. VMP1: a multifaceted regulator of cellular homeostasis with implications in disease pathology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1436420. [PMID: 39100095 PMCID: PMC11294092 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1436420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Vacuole membrane protein 1 (VMP1) is an integral membrane protein that plays a pivotal role in cellular processes, particularly in the regulation of autophagy. Autophagy, a self-degradative mechanism, is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis by degradation and recycling damaged organelles and proteins. VMP1 involved in the autophagic processes include the formation of autophagosomes and the subsequent fusion with lysosomes. Moreover, VMP1 modulates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium levels, which is significant for various cellular functions, including protein folding and cellular signaling. Recent studies have also linked VMP1 to the cellular response against viral infections and lipid droplet (LD). Dysregulation of VMP1 has been observed in several pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD), pancreatitis, hepatitis, and tumorogenesis, underscoring its potential as a therapeutic target. This review aims to provide an overview of VMP1's multifaceted roles and its implications in disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Tong
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry (Xinxiang Medical University), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Non-Invasive Neural Modulation, Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Ziyan Gao
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Chengbiao Lu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Non-Invasive Neural Modulation, Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
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Marshall KE, Mengham K, Spink MC, Vania L, Pollard HJ, Darrow MC, Duke E, Harkiolaki M, Serpell LC. Correlative cryo-soft X-ray tomography and cryo-structured illumination microscopy reveal changes to lysosomes in amyloid-β-treated neurons. Structure 2024; 32:585-593.e3. [PMID: 38471506 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Protein misfolding is common to neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) including Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is partly characterized by the self-assembly and accumulation of amyloid-beta in the brain. Lysosomes are a critical component of the proteostasis network required to degrade and recycle material from outside and within the cell and impaired proteostatic mechanisms have been implicated in NDs. We have previously established that toxic amyloid-beta oligomers are endocytosed, accumulate in lysosomes, and disrupt the endo-lysosomal system in neurons. Here, we use pioneering correlative cryo-structured illumination microscopy and cryo-soft X-ray tomography imaging techniques to reconstruct 3D cellular architecture in the native state revealing reduced X-ray density in lysosomes and increased carbon dense vesicles in oligomer treated neurons compared with untreated cells. This work provides unprecedented visual information on the changes to neuronal lysosomes inflicted by amyloid beta oligomers using advanced methods in structural cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Marshall
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QG Brighton, UK.
| | - Kurtis Mengham
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QG Brighton, UK
| | - Matthew C Spink
- Diamond Light Source, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Fermi Avenue, OX11 0DE Didcot, UK
| | - Lyra Vania
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QG Brighton, UK
| | - Hannah Jane Pollard
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QG Brighton, UK
| | - Michele C Darrow
- Diamond Light Source, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Fermi Avenue, OX11 0DE Didcot, UK
| | - Elizabeth Duke
- Diamond Light Source, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Fermi Avenue, OX11 0DE Didcot, UK
| | - Maria Harkiolaki
- Diamond Light Source, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Fermi Avenue, OX11 0DE Didcot, UK
| | - Louise C Serpell
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QG Brighton, UK.
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Yang HW, Kho AR, Lee SH, Kang BS, Park MK, Lee CJ, Park SW, Woo SY, Kim DY, Jung HH, Choi BY, Yang WI, Song HK, Choi HC, Park JK, Suh SW. A phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor, amlexanox, reduces neuroinflammation and neuronal death after pilocarpine-induced seizure. Neurotherapeutics 2024; 21:e00357. [PMID: 38631990 PMCID: PMC11067350 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurot.2024.e00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy, a complex neurological disorder, is characterized by recurrent seizures caused by aberrant electrical activity in the brain. Central to this study is the role of lysosomal dysfunction in epilepsy, which can lead to the accumulation of toxic substrates and impaired autophagy in neurons. Our focus is on phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4), an enzyme that plays a crucial role in regulating intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels by converting it into adenosine monophosphate (AMP). In pathological states, including epilepsy, increased PDE4 activity contributes to a decrease in cAMP levels, which may exacerbate neuroinflammatory responses. We hypothesized that amlexanox, an anti-inflammatory drug and non-selective PDE4 inhibitor, could offer neuroprotection by addressing lysosomal dysfunction and mitigating neuroinflammation, ultimately preventing neuronal death in epileptic conditions. Our research utilized a pilocarpine-induced epilepsy animal model to investigate amlexanox's potential benefits. Administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 100 mg/kg daily following the onset of a seizure, we monitored its effects on lysosomal function, inflammation, neuronal death, and cognitive performance in the brain. Tissue samples from various brain regions were collected at predetermined intervals for a comprehensive analysis. The study's results were significant. Amlexanox effectively improved lysosomal function, which we attribute to the modulation of zinc's influx into the lysosomes, subsequently enhancing autophagic processes and decreasing the release of inflammatory factors. Notably, this led to the attenuation of neuronal death in the hippocampal region. Additionally, cognitive function, assessed through the modified neurological severity score (mNSS) and the Barnes maze test, showed substantial improvements after treatment with amlexanox. These promising outcomes indicate that amlexanox has potential as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of epilepsy and related brain disorders. Its ability to combat lysosomal dysfunction and neuroinflammation positions it as a potential neuroprotective intervention. While these findings are encouraging, further research and clinical trials are essential to fully explore and validate the therapeutic efficacy of amlexanox in epilepsy management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Wook Yang
- Department of Physiology, Neurology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, 1-Okcheon Dong, 39 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon 200-708, Republic of Korea.
| | - A Ra Kho
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Song Hee Lee
- Department of Physiology, Neurology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, 1-Okcheon Dong, 39 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon 200-708, Republic of Korea.
| | - Beom Seok Kang
- Department of Physiology, Neurology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, 1-Okcheon Dong, 39 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon 200-708, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min Kyu Park
- Department of Physiology, Neurology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, 1-Okcheon Dong, 39 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon 200-708, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chang Jun Lee
- Department of Physiology, Neurology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, 1-Okcheon Dong, 39 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon 200-708, Republic of Korea.
| | - Se Wan Park
- Department of Physiology, Neurology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, 1-Okcheon Dong, 39 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon 200-708, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seo Young Woo
- Department of Physiology, Neurology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, 1-Okcheon Dong, 39 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon 200-708, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong Yeon Kim
- Department of Physiology, Neurology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, 1-Okcheon Dong, 39 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon 200-708, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun Ho Jung
- Department of Physiology, Neurology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, 1-Okcheon Dong, 39 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon 200-708, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bo Young Choi
- Department of Physical Education, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; Institute of Sport Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea.
| | - Won Il Yang
- Institute of Sport Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; Department of Sport Industry Studies, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hong Ki Song
- Neurology, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul 05355, Republic of Korea; Hallym Institute of Epilepsy Research, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hui Chul Choi
- Neurology, Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon 24253, Republic of Korea; Hallym Institute of Epilepsy Research, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin Kyu Park
- Department of Physiology, Neurology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, 1-Okcheon Dong, 39 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon 200-708, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Won Suh
- Department of Physiology, Neurology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, 1-Okcheon Dong, 39 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon 200-708, Republic of Korea; Hallym Institute of Epilepsy Research, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Shen L, Fan L, Luo H, Li W, Cao S, Yu S. Cow placenta extract ameliorates d-galactose-induced liver damage by regulating BAX/CASP3 and p53/p21/p16 pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 323:117685. [PMID: 38171467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Placenta is a kind of traditional Chinese medicine, known as "Ziheche", which has the function of tonifying qi and blood, nourishing liver and kidney. Placenta extract (PE) has been used for delaying organismal aging and treating various liver diseases. Cow placenta is a rich natural resource with large mass. Its composition is similar to that of human placenta, but it has not been effectively utilized. However, little is known about the effect of CPE on the liver of aging mice. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study is to explore the protective effect and mechanism of CPE on the liver of d-galactose (D-gal) induced aging mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Statistical methods were used to calculate mouse body weight and liver index. Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to detect the morphological structure of the liver. Automatic biochemical analyzer was used to measure serum biochemical indicators. Three special staining methods were used to observe hepatocytes apoptosis, senescence and proliferation respectively. Relative kits were used to detect oxidative, inflammatory, and aging markers in the liver. Finally, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western-blot were used to detect aging related signaling pathways. RESULTS CPE significantly improved the morphological damage and dysfunction of liver, restored the activities of liver enzymes in serum, and alleviated liver oxidative stress and inflammatory response in D-gal induced aging mice. Furthermore, CPE inhibited hepatocyte apoptosis and senescence, and promoted hepatocyte proliferation by regulating BAX/CASP3 and p53/p21/p16 signaling pathways, ultimately reduced the effects of aging on the liver. CONCLUSION CPE effectively ameliorated the impact of aging on the liver by inhibiting free radical production or scavenging excessive free radicals, and its mechanism is associated to the regulation of apoptosis and proliferation-related factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuhong Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, The Medical Research Center for Cow Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Lei Fan
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, The Medical Research Center for Cow Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Hao Luo
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, The Medical Research Center for Cow Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Weiyao Li
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, The Medical Research Center for Cow Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Suizhong Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, The Medical Research Center for Cow Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Shumin Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, The Medical Research Center for Cow Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
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Jadhav VS, Stair JG, Eck RJ, Smukowski SN, Currey HN, Toscano LG, Hincks JC, Latimer CS, Valdmanis PN, Kraemer BC, Liachko NF. Transcriptomic evaluation of tau and TDP-43 synergism shows tauopathy predominance and reveals potential modulating targets. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 193:106441. [PMID: 38378122 PMCID: PMC11059213 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common aging-associated neurodegenerative dementia disorder, is defined by the presence of amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau aggregates in the brain. However, more than half of patients also exhibit aggregates of the protein TDP-43 as a secondary pathology. The presence of TDP-43 pathology in AD is associated with increased tau neuropathology and worsened clinical outcomes in AD patients. Using C. elegans models of mixed pathology in AD, we have previously shown that TDP-43 specifically synergizes with tau but not Aβ, resulting in enhanced neuronal dysfunction, selective neurodegeneration, and increased accumulation of pathological tau. However, cellular responses to co-morbid tau and TDP-43 preceding neurodegeneration have not been characterized. In this study, we evaluate transcriptomic changes at time-points preceding frank neuronal loss using a C. elegans model of tau and TDP-43 co-expression (tau-TDP-43 Tg). We find significant differential expression and exon usage in genes enriched in multiple pathways including lipid metabolism and lysosomal degradation. We note that early changes in tau-TDP-43 Tg resemble changes with tau alone, but a unique expression signature emerges during aging. We test loss-of-function mutations in a subset of tau and TDP-43 responsive genes, identifying new modifiers of neurotoxicity. Characterizing early cellular responses to tau and TDP-43 co-pathology is critical for understanding protective and pathogenic responses to mixed proteinopathies, and an important step in developing therapeutic strategies protecting against pathological tau and TDP-43 in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi S Jadhav
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA; Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Jade G Stair
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Randall J Eck
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Samuel N Smukowski
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Heather N Currey
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Laura Garcia Toscano
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA; Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Joshua C Hincks
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Caitlin S Latimer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Paul N Valdmanis
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Brian C Kraemer
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA; Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nicole F Liachko
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA; Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA.
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Agha MM, Aziziyan F, Uversky VN. Each big journey starts with a first step: Importance of oligomerization. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2024; 206:111-141. [PMID: 38811079 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2024.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Protein oligomers, widely found in nature, have significant physiological and pathological functions. They are classified into three groups based on their function and toxicity. Significant advancements are being achieved in the development of functional oligomers, with a focus on various applications and their engineering. The antimicrobial peptides oligomers play roles in death of bacterial and cancer cells. The predominant pathogenic species in neurodegenerative disorders, as shown by recent results, are amyloid oligomers, which are the main subject of this chapter. They are generated throughout the aggregation process, serving as both intermediates in the subsequent aggregation pathways and ultimate products. Some of them may possess potent cytotoxic properties and through diverse mechanisms cause cellular impairment, and ultimately, the death of cells and disease progression. Information regarding their structure, formation mechanism, and toxicity is limited due to their inherent instability and structural variability. This chapter aims to provide a concise overview of the current knowledge regarding amyloid oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoureh Mirza Agha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Aziziyan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Pushchino, Moscow, Russia; Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United Staes.
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9
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Libberecht K, Dirkx N, Vangansewinkel T, Vandendries W, Lambrichts I, Wolfs E. The Influence of Lysosomal Stress on Dental Pulp Stem Cell-Derived Schwann Cells. Biomolecules 2024; 14:405. [PMID: 38672423 PMCID: PMC11048368 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulation of the endo-lysosomal-autophagy pathway has been identified as a critical factor in the pathology of various demyelinating neurodegenerative diseases, including peripheral neuropathies. This pathway plays a crucial role in transporting newly synthesized myelin proteins to the plasma membrane in myelinating Schwann cells, making these cells susceptible to lysosome-related dysfunctions. Nevertheless, the specific impact of lysosomal dysfunction in Schwann cells and its contribution to neurodegeneration remain poorly understood. METHODS We aim to mimic lysosomal dysfunction in Schwann cells using chloroquine, a lysosomal dysfunction inducer, and to monitor lysosomal leakiness, Schwann cell viability, and apoptosis over time. Additionally, due to the ethical and experimental issues associated with cell isolation and the culturing of human Schwann cells, we use human dental pulp stem cell-derived Schwann cells (DPSC-SCs) as a model in our study. RESULTS Chloroquine incubation boosts lysosomal presence as demonstrated by an increased Lysotracker signal. Further in-depth lysosomal analysis demonstrated an increased lysosomal size and permeability as illustrated by a TEM analysis and GAL3-LAMP1 staining. Moreover, an Alamar blue assay and Caspase-3 staining demonstrates a reduced viability and increased apoptosis, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that prolonged lysosomal dysfunction leads to lysosomal permeability, reduced viability, and eventually apoptosis in human DPSC-SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Libberecht
- Laboratory for Functional Imaging & Research on Stem Cells, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (K.L.); (N.D.)
- VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Dirkx
- Laboratory for Functional Imaging & Research on Stem Cells, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (K.L.); (N.D.)
| | - Tim Vangansewinkel
- Laboratory for Functional Imaging & Research on Stem Cells, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (K.L.); (N.D.)
- VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Histology and Regeneration, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium;
| | - Wendy Vandendries
- Laboratory for Functional Imaging & Research on Stem Cells, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (K.L.); (N.D.)
| | - Ivo Lambrichts
- Laboratory for Histology and Regeneration, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium;
| | - Esther Wolfs
- Laboratory for Functional Imaging & Research on Stem Cells, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (K.L.); (N.D.)
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10
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Joshi CS, Salazar AM, Wang C, Ligon MM, Chappidi RR, Fashemi BE, Felder PA, Mora A, Grimm SL, Coarfa C, Mysorekar IU. D-Mannose reduces cellular senescence and NLRP3/GasderminD/IL-1β-driven pyroptotic uroepithelial cell shedding in the murine bladder. Dev Cell 2024; 59:33-47.e5. [PMID: 38101412 PMCID: PMC10872954 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a risk factor for disease via increased susceptibility to infection, decreased ability to maintain homeostasis, inefficiency in combating stress, and decreased regenerative capacity. Multiple diseases, including urinary tract infection (UTI), are more prevalent with age; however, the mechanisms underlying the impact of aging on the urinary tract mucosa and the correlation between aging and disease remain poorly understood. Here, we show that, relative to young (8-12 weeks) mice, the urothelium of aged (18-24 months) female mice accumulates large lysosomes with reduced acid phosphatase activity and decreased overall autophagic flux in the aged urothelium, indicative of compromised cellular homeostasis. Aged bladders also exhibit basal accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a dampened redox response, implying heightened oxidative stress. Furthermore, we identify a canonical senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) in the aged urothelium, along with continuous NLRP3-inflammasome- and Gasdermin-D-dependent pyroptotic cell death. Consequently, aged mice chronically exfoliate urothelial cells, further exacerbating age-related urothelial dysfunction. Upon infection with uropathogenic E. coli, aged mice harbor increased bacterial reservoirs and are more prone to spontaneous recurrent UTI. Finally, we discover that treatment with D-mannose, a natural bioactive monosaccharide, rescues autophagy flux, reverses the SASP, and mitigates ROS and NLRP3/Gasdermin/interleukin (IL)-1β-driven pyroptotic epithelial cell shedding in aged mice. Collectively, our results demonstrate that normal aging affects bladder physiology, with aging alone increasing baseline cellular stress and susceptibility to infection, and suggest that mannose supplementation could serve as a senotherapeutic to counter age-associated urothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetanchandra S Joshi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Arnold M Salazar
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Caihong Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marianne M Ligon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rayvanth R Chappidi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bisiayo E Fashemi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Paul A Felder
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Amy Mora
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sandra L Grimm
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Indira U Mysorekar
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Huffington Center of Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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11
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Quick JD, Silva C, Wong JH, Lim KL, Reynolds R, Barron AM, Zeng J, Lo CH. Lysosomal acidification dysfunction in microglia: an emerging pathogenic mechanism of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:185. [PMID: 37543564 PMCID: PMC10403868 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02866-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident innate immune cells in the brain with a major role in orchestrating immune responses. They also provide a frontline of host defense in the central nervous system (CNS) through their active phagocytic capability. Being a professional phagocyte, microglia participate in phagocytic and autophagic clearance of cellular waste and debris as well as toxic protein aggregates, which relies on optimal lysosomal acidification and function. Defective microglial lysosomal acidification leads to impaired phagocytic and autophagic functions which result in the perpetuation of neuroinflammation and progression of neurodegeneration. Reacidification of impaired lysosomes in microglia has been shown to reverse neurodegenerative pathology in Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we summarize key factors and mechanisms contributing to lysosomal acidification impairment and the associated phagocytic and autophagic dysfunction in microglia, and how these defects contribute to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. We further discuss techniques to monitor lysosomal pH and therapeutic agents that can reacidify impaired lysosomes in microglia under disease conditions. Finally, we propose future directions to investigate the role of microglial lysosomal acidification in lysosome-mitochondria crosstalk and in neuron-glia interaction for more comprehensive understanding of its broader CNS physiological and pathological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Quick
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Cristian Silva
- Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Jia Hui Wong
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kah Leong Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Richard Reynolds
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anna M Barron
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jialiu Zeng
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Chih Hung Lo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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12
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Kim SH, Cho YS, Kim Y, Park J, Yoo SM, Gwak J, Kim Y, Gwon Y, Kam TI, Jung YK. Endolysosomal impairment by binding of amyloid beta or MAPT/Tau to V-ATPase and rescue via the HYAL-CD44 axis in Alzheimer disease. Autophagy 2023; 19:2318-2337. [PMID: 36843263 PMCID: PMC10351450 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2181614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired activities and abnormally enlarged structures of endolysosomes are frequently observed in Alzheimer disease (AD) brains. However, little is known about whether and how endolysosomal dysregulation is triggered and associated with AD. Here, we show that vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) is a hub that mediates proteopathy of oligomeric amyloid beta (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated MAPT/Tau (p-MAPT/Tau). Endolysosomal integrity was largely destroyed in Aβ-overloaded or p-MAPT/Tau-positive neurons in culture and AD brains, which was a necessary step for triggering neurotoxicity, and treatments with acidic nanoparticles or endocytosis inhibitors rescued the endolysosomal impairment and neurotoxicity. Interestingly, we found that the lumenal ATP6V0C and cytosolic ATP6V1B2 subunits of the V-ATPase complex bound to the internalized Aβ and cytosolic PHF-1-reactive MAPT/Tau, respectively. Their interactions disrupted V-ATPase activity and accompanying endolysosomal activity in vitro and induced neurodegeneration. Using a genome-wide functional screen, we isolated a suppressor, HYAL (hyaluronidase), which reversed the endolysosomal dysfunction and proteopathy and alleviated the memory impairment in 3xTg-AD mice. Further, we found that its metabolite hyaluronic acid (HA) and HA receptor CD44 attenuated neurotoxicity in affected neurons via V-ATPase. We propose that endolysosomal V-ATPase is a bona fide proteotoxic receptor that binds to pathogenic proteins and deteriorates endolysosomal function in AD, leading to neurodegeneration in proteopathy.Abbreviations: AAV, adeno-associated virus; Aβ, amyloid beta; AD, Alzheimer disease; APP, amyloid beta precursor protein; ATP6V0C, ATPase H+ transporting V0 subunit c; ATP6V1A, ATPase H+ transporting V1 subunit A; ATP6V1B2, ATPase H+ transporting V1 subunit B2; CD44.Fc, CD44-mouse immunoglobulin Fc fusion construct; Co-IP, co-immunoprecipitation; CTSD, cathepsin D; HA, hyaluronic acid; HMWHA, high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid; HYAL, hyaluronidase; i.c.v, intracerebroventricular; LMWHA, low-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid; NPs, nanoparticles; p-MAPT/Tau, hyperphosphorylated microtubule associated protein tau; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; V-ATPase, vacuolar-type H+-translocating ATPase; WT, wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Hyun Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Sin Cho
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youbin Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jisu Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Min Yoo
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jimin Gwak
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngwon Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngdae Gwon
- School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Tae-in Kam
- Department of Neurology and Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yong-Keun Jung
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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13
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Yusuf IH, Charbel Issa P, Ahn SJ. Hydroxychloroquine-induced Retinal Toxicity. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1196783. [PMID: 37324471 PMCID: PMC10267834 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1196783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term use of hydroxychloroquine can cause retinopathy, which may result in severe and progressive visual loss. In the past decade, hydroxychloroquine use has markedly increased and modern retinal imaging techniques have enabled the detection of early, pre-symptomatic disease. As a consequence, the prevalence of retinal toxicity in long-term hydroxychloroquine users is known to be higher than was previously estimated. The pathophysiology of the retinopathy is incompletely characterised, although significant advances have been made in understanding the disease from clinical imaging studies. Hydroxychloroquine retinopathy elicits sufficient public health concern to justify the implementation of retinopathy screening programs for patients at risk. Here, we describe the historical background of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy and summarize its current understanding. We review the utility and limitations of each of the mainstream diagnostic tests used to detect hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. The key considerations towards a consensus on the definition of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy are outlined in the context of what is known of the natural history of the disease. We compare the current screening recommendations for hydroxychloroquine retinopathy, identifying where additional evidence is required, and the management of proven cases of toxicity. Finally, we highlight the areas for further investigation, which may further reduce the risk of visual loss in hydroxychloroquine users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran H. Yusuf
- Oxford Eye Hospital and Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Charbel Issa
- Oxford Eye Hospital and Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Seong Joon Ahn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hanyang University Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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14
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Kawaguchi K, Watanabe M, Furukawa S, Koga K, Kanamori H, Ikemoto MJ, Takashima S, Maeda M, Oh-Hashi K, Hirata Y, Furuta K, Takemori H. Intermittent inhibition of FYVE finger-containing phosphoinositide kinase induces melanosome degradation in B16F10 melanoma cells. Mol Biol Rep 2023:10.1007/s11033-023-08536-9. [PMID: 37248430 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08536-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanosomes are lysosome-related organelles that contain melanogenic factors and synthesize melanin as they mature. FYVE finger-containing phosphoinositide kinase (PIKfyve) regulates late endosome and lysosome morphology, vesicle trafficking, and autophagy. In melanocytes, PIKfyve inhibition has been reported to induce hypopigmentation due to impairments in the metabolism of early-stage melanosomes. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we report a new type of melanosome metabolism: post-PIKfyve inhibition, which was found during the characterization of the endosome/lysosome fluoroprobe GIF-2250. In B16F10 mouse melanoma cells, GIF-2250 highlighted vesicles positive for lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (lysosome marker) and other endosome/lysosome markers (CD63 and Rab7/9). When cells were continuously treated with PIKfyve inhibitors, intracellular vacuoles formed, while GIF-2250 fluorescence signals diminished and were diffusely distributed in the vacuoles. After removal of the PIKfyve inhibitors, the GIF-2250 signal intensity was restored, and some GIF-2250-positive vesicles wrapped the melanosomes, which spun at high speed. In addition, intermittent PIKfyve inhibition caused melanin diffusion in the vacuoles and possible leakage into the cytoplasmic compartments, and melanosome degradation was detected by a transmission electron microscope. Melanosome degradation was accompanied by decreased levels of melanin synthesis enzymes and increased levels of the autophagosome maker LC3BII, which is also associated with early melanosomes. However, the protein levels of p62, which is degraded during autophagy, were increased, suggesting an impairment in autophagy flux during intermittent PIKfyve inhibition. Moreover, the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine does not affect these protein levels, suggesting that the melanosome degradation by the intermittent inhibition of PIKfyve is not mediated by canonical autophagy. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, disturbance of PIKfyve activity induces melanosome degradation in a canonical autophagy-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoka Kawaguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Miyu Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Saho Furukawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kenichi Koga
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Kanamori
- Department of Cardiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Mitsushi J Ikemoto
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, 305-8566, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, 274-8510, Chiba, Japan
- Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8574, Japan
| | - Shigeo Takashima
- Institute for Glycocore Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences of Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Miwa Maeda
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kentaro Oh-Hashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences of Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yoko Hirata
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences of Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kyoji Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences of Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takemori
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
- The United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences of Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
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15
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Riederer P, Nagatsu T, Youdim MBH, Wulf M, Dijkstra JM, Sian-Huelsmann J. Lewy bodies, iron, inflammation and neuromelanin: pathological aspects underlying Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2023; 130:627-646. [PMID: 37062012 PMCID: PMC10121516 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02630-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Since the description of some peculiar symptoms by James Parkinson in 1817, attempts have been made to define its cause or at least to enlighten the pathology of "Parkinson's disease (PD)." The vast majority of PD subtypes and most cases of sporadic PD share Lewy bodies (LBs) as a characteristic pathological hallmark. However, the processes underlying LBs generation and its causal triggers are still unknown. ɑ-Synuclein (ɑ-syn, encoded by the SNCA gene) is a major component of LBs, and SNCA missense mutations or duplications/triplications are causal for rare hereditary forms of PD. Thus, it is imperative to study ɑ-syn protein and its pathology, including oligomerization, fibril formation, aggregation, and spreading mechanisms. Furthermore, there are synergistic effects in the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of PD, and multiple factors-contributing with different ratios-appear to be causal pathological triggers and progression factors. For example, oxidative stress, reduced antioxidative capacity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and proteasomal disturbances have each been suggested to be causal for ɑ-syn fibril formation and aggregation and to contribute to neuroinflammation and neural cell death. Aging is also a major risk factor for PD. Iron, as well as neuromelanin (NM), show age-dependent increases, and iron is significantly increased in the Parkinsonian substantia nigra (SN). Iron-induced pathological mechanisms include changes of the molecular structure of ɑ-syn. However, more recent PD research demonstrates that (i) LBs are detected not only in dopaminergic neurons and glia but in various neurotransmitter systems, (ii) sympathetic nerve fibres degenerate first, and (iii) at least in "brain-first" cases dopaminergic deficiency is evident before pathology induced by iron and NM. These recent findings support that the ɑ-syn/LBs pathology as well as iron- and NM-induced pathology in "brain-first" cases are important facts of PD pathology and via their interaction potentiate the disease process in the SN. As such, multifactorial toxic processes posted on a personal genetic risk are assumed to be causal for the neurodegenerative processes underlying PD. Differences in ratios of multiple factors and their spatiotemporal development, and the fact that common triggers of PD are hard to identify, imply the existence of several phenotypical subtypes, which is supported by arguments from both the "bottom-up/dual-hit" and "brain-first" models. Therapeutic strategies are necessary to avoid single initiation triggers leading to PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Riederer
- Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Southern Denmark Odense, J.B. Winslows Vey 18, 5000, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Toshiharu Nagatsu
- Center for Research Promotion and Support, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | | | - Max Wulf
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
- Medical Proteome Analysis, Center for Protein Diagnostics (PRODI), Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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16
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Halcrow PW, Kumar N, Hao E, Khan N, Meucci O, Geiger JD. Mu opioid receptor-mediated release of endolysosome iron increases levels of mitochondrial iron, reactive oxygen species, and cell death. NEUROIMMUNE PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS 2023; 2:19-35. [PMID: 37027339 PMCID: PMC10070011 DOI: 10.1515/nipt-2022-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Opioids including morphine and DAMGO activate mu-opioid receptors (MOR), increase intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and induce cell death. Ferrous iron (Fe2+) through Fenton-like chemistry increases ROS levels and endolysosomes are "master regulators of iron metabolism" and contain readily-releasable Fe2+ stores. However, mechanisms underlying opioid-induced changes in endolysosome iron homeostasis and downstream-signaling events remain unclear. Methods We used SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, flow cytometry, and confocal microscopy to measure Fe2+ and ROS levels and cell death. Results Morphine and DAMGO de-acidified endolysosomes, decreased endolysosome Fe2+ levels, increased cytosol and mitochondria Fe2+ and ROS levels, depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential, and induced cell death; effects blocked by the nonselective MOR antagonist naloxone and the selective MOR antagonist β-funaltrexamine (β-FNA). Deferoxamine, an endolysosome-iron chelator, inhibited opioid agonist-induced increases in cytosolic and mitochondrial Fe2+ and ROS. Opioid-induced efflux of endolysosome Fe2+ and subsequent Fe2+ accumulation in mitochondria were blocked by the endolysosome-resident two-pore channel inhibitor NED-19 and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore inhibitor TRO. Conclusions Opioid agonist-induced increases in cytosolic and mitochondrial Fe2+ and ROS as well as cell death appear downstream of endolysosome de-acidification and Fe2+ efflux from the endolysosome iron pool that is sufficient to affect other organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W. Halcrow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Nirmal Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Emily Hao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Nabab Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Olimpia Meucci
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Geiger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
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17
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Laili IN, Nasir MHM, Jufri NF, Ibrahim FW, Hamid A. Lysosomal dysfunction induced cytosolic vacuolation and increased intracellular amyloid-beta 42 (Aβ42) in human brain endothelial cells (HBEC-5i). Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114501. [PMID: 36931027 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosome is a primary degradative organelle and is crucial in cellular homeostasis. A reduction in its function due to ageing has been associated with the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a common neurodegenerative disorder characterised by the deposition of neurotoxic amyloid plaque in the brain and cerebral vessel walls. The breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of AD. However, the impact of lysosomal dysfunction on brain endothelial cells, the key component of the BBB, in the disease progression is yet to be fully understood. In this study, human brain endothelial cells (HBEC-5i) were exposed to a lysosomotropic compound, chloroquine (CQ) for 24 h. Cell viability was assessed with the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)- 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to determine the inhibitory concentration (IC) at IC10 (17.5 µM), IC25 (70.5 µM), and IC50 (125 µM). The morphological changes observed include vacuoles arrested in the cytosols and cell shrinkage that were more prominent at IC25 and IC50. Lysosomal dysfunction was evaluated by measuring the lysosomal-associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP-1) and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3-II (LC3-II) using the capillary-based immunoassay. LC3-II was significantly increased at IC25 and IC50 (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively). The concentration of intracellular and extracellular Aβ42 was quantitated using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, which demonstrated a significant increase (p < 0.05) in intracellular Aβ42 at IC25. This study showed that perturbation of lysosomal function impairs autophagy that leads to intracellular increment of Aβ, indicating the important roles of lysosomes in endothelial cells homeostasis and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iffah Nadiah Laili
- Centre for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, ̥Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Hamzah Mohd Nasir
- Department of Biotechnology, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University of Malaysia (IIUM) Kuantan Campus, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia.
| | - Nurul Farhana Jufri
- Centre for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, ̥Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Farah Wahida Ibrahim
- Centre for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, ̥Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Asmah Hamid
- Centre for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, ̥Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Amaral O, Martins M, Oliveira AR, Duarte AJ, Mondragão-Rodrigues I, Macedo MF. The Biology of Lysosomes: From Order to Disorder. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11010213. [PMID: 36672721 PMCID: PMC9856021 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1955, the understanding of the lysosome has continuously increased. Once considered a mere waste removal system, the lysosome is now recognised as a highly crucial cellular component for signalling and energy metabolism. This notable evolution raises the need for a summarized review of the lysosome's biology. As such, throughout this article, we will be compiling the current knowledge regarding the lysosome's biogenesis and functions. The comprehension of this organelle's inner mechanisms is crucial to perceive how its impairment can give rise to lysosomal disease (LD). In this review, we highlight some examples of LD fine-tuned mechanisms that are already established, as well as others, which are still under investigation. Even though the understanding of the lysosome and its pathologies has expanded through the years, some of its intrinsic molecular aspects remain unknown. In order to illustrate the complexity of the lysosomal diseases we provide a few examples that have challenged the established single gene-single genetic disorder model. As such, we believe there is a strong need for further investigation of the exact abnormalities in the pathological pathways in lysosomal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Amaral
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Unidade de Investigação e Desenvolvimento, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Ricardo Jorge (INSA), 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA, ICETA), Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mariana Martins
- Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Agra do Crasto, Edifício 30, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Agra do Crasto, Edifício 30, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Joana Duarte
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Unidade de Investigação e Desenvolvimento, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Ricardo Jorge (INSA), 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA, ICETA), Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Mondragão-Rodrigues
- Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Agra do Crasto, Edifício 30, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- CAGE, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - M. Fátima Macedo
- Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Agra do Crasto, Edifício 30, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- CAGE, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Krishna G, Santhoshkumar R, Sivakumar PT, Alladi S, Mahadevan A, Dahale AB, Arshad F, Subramanian S. Pathological (Dis)Similarities in Neuronal Exosome-Derived Synaptic and Organellar Marker Levels Between Alzheimer's Disease and Frontotemporal Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:S387-S397. [PMID: 36336935 PMCID: PMC10473137 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are pathologically distinct neurodegenerative disorders with certain overlap in cognitive and behavioral symptoms. Both AD and FTD are characterized by synaptic loss and accumulation of misfolded proteins, albeit, in different regions of the brain. OBJECTIVE To investigate the synaptic and organellar markers in AD and FTD through assessment of the levels of synaptic protein, neurogranin (Ng) and organellar proteins, mitofusin-2 (MFN-2), lysosomal associated membrane protein-2 (LAMP-2), and golgin A4 from neuronal exosomes. METHODS Exosomes isolated from the plasma of healthy controls (HC), AD and FTD subjects were characterized using transmission electron microscopy. Neurodegenerative status was assessed by measurement of neurofilament light chain (NfL) using Simoa. The pooled exosomal extracts from each group were analyzed for Ng, MFN-2, LAMP-2, and golgin A4 by western blot analysis using enhanced chemiluminescence method of detection. RESULTS The densitometric analysis of immunoreactive bands demonstrated a 65% reduction of Ng in AD and 53% in FTD. Mitochondrial protein MFN-2 showed a significant reduction by 32% in AD and 46% in FTD. Lysosomal LAMP-2 and Golgi complex associated golgin A4 were considerably increased in both AD and FTD. CONCLUSION Changes in Ng may reflect the ongoing synaptic degeneration that are linked to cognitive disturbances in AD and FTD. Importantly, the rate of synaptic degeneration was more pronounced in AD. Changes to a similar extent in both the dementia groups in organellar proteins indicates shared mechanisms of protein accumulation/degradation common to both AD and FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geethu Krishna
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Rashmi Santhoshkumar
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Suvarna Alladi
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Anita Mahadevan
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Ajit B. Dahale
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Faheem Arshad
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sarada Subramanian
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
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20
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Xu W, Hu Z, Tang Y, Zhang J, Xu S, Niu Q. Excessive Lysosomal Stress Response and Consequently Impaired Autophagy Contribute to Fluoride-Induced Developmental Neurotoxicity. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022:10.1007/s12011-022-03511-0. [PMID: 36464725 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03511-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fluoride can cause developmental neurotoxicity; however, the precise mechanism has yet to be determined. We aimed to explore the possible role and mechanism of fluoride-induced developmental neurotoxicity, specifically the significance of the lysosomal stress response. As an in vivo model, Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to sodium fluoride (NaF) from embryo to 2 months of age. We found that NaF caused autophagic flux blockage and apoptosis in the rat hippocampus. These results were validated in human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells in vitro. In addition, in SH-SY5Y cells, NaF hindered autophagosome-lysosome fusion, decreased lysosomal degradation, and elevated lysosomal pH, which is the most prominent hallmark of a lysosomal stress response. Interestingly, rapamycin promoted autophagosome-lysosome fusion, effectively restoring autophagic flux and reducing apoptosis. Notably, bafilomycin A1, a lysosomal lumen alkalizer, unsurprisingly exacerbated the NaF-induced increase in lysosomal pH and decreased lysosomal degradability, as well as enhanced apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells. In conclusion, our results suggest that NaF exposure initiates excessive lysosomal stress response, resulting in elevated lysosomal pH, decreased lysosomal degradation, and blocked autophagic flux, which leads to neuronal apoptosis. Thus, the lysosomal stress response may be a promising target for the prevention and treatment of fluoride-induced developmental neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjing Xu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, North 2nd Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases (First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University), Shihezi, China
| | - Zeyu Hu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, North 2nd Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases (First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University), Shihezi, China
| | - Yanling Tang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, North 2nd Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases (First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University), Shihezi, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, North 2nd Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases (First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University), Shihezi, China
| | - Shangzhi Xu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, North 2nd Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases (First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University), Shihezi, China.
| | - Qiang Niu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, North 2nd Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases (First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University), Shihezi, China.
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Cell-imaging studies of highly substituted oxazole derivatives as organelle targeting fluorophores (OTFPs). Sci Rep 2022; 12:16555. [PMID: 36192545 PMCID: PMC9530160 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20112-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of biomedical science has progressed enormously in the past decade. With the advent of newer diagnostic tools for imaging and detection, identification of root cause of a disease is now remarkably accurate and specific. Small organic fluorophores in these connections are in great demand currently for cellular organelle sensing and detecting, due to their non-invasiveness, excellent accuracy and bio-sensitivity. Small molecule fluorescence probes offer most potent area for biological sensing with diagnostic imaging ability. These organelle targetable fluorescent probes are produced through synthetic manipulations to get the desired, decent fluorescence properties. When a suitable organelle specific functional group is installed within these highly fluorescent scaffolds, then these molecules turn out to be as lysotracker, mitotracker and cytoplasm-stainer in mammalian cells with high efficiencies (high Pearson co-efficient factors). The present work demonstrated an environmentally benign (green) one-pot, sp3 C–H functionalization of highly substituted oxazole derivatives with excellent photophysical properties. These molecules were further modified by installing organelle specific targetable groups (sensors/detectors) which selectively localize in specific intra-cellular organelles.
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22
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Kim KR, Park SE, Hong JY, Koh JY, Cho DH, Hwang JJ, Kim YH. Zinc enhances autophagic flux and lysosomal function through transcription factor EB activation and V-ATPase assembly. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:895750. [PMID: 36246521 PMCID: PMC9558701 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.895750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The stimulation of autophagy or lysosomes has been considered therapeutic for neurodegenerative disorders because the accumulation of misfolded proteins is commonly observed in the brains of individuals with these diseases. Although zinc is known to play critical roles in the functions of lysosomes and autophagy, the mechanism behind this regulatory relationship remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, we examined which mechanism is involved in zinc-mediated activation of autophagy and lysosome. Exposure to zinc at a sub-lethal concentration activated autophagy in a concentration-dependent manner in mRFP-GFP-LC3-expressing H4 glioma cells. Zinc also rescued the blocking of autophagic flux arrested by pharmaceutical de-acidification. Co-treatment with zinc attenuated the chloroquine (CQ)-induced increase in the number and size of mRFP-GFP-LC3 puncta in H4 cells and accumulation of p62 by CQ or ammonium chloride in both H4 and mouse cerebrocortical cultures. Zinc rapidly induced the expression of cathepsin B (CTSB) and cathepsin D (CTSD), representative lysosomal proteases in neurons, which appeared likely to be mediated by transcription factor EB (TFEB). We observed the translocation of TFEB from neurite to nucleus and the dephosphorylation of TFEB by zinc. The addition of cycloheximide, a chemical inhibitor of protein synthesis, inhibited the activity of CTSB and CTSD at 8 h after zinc exposure but not at 1 h, indicating that only late lysosomal activation was dependent on the synthesis of CTSB and CTSD proteins. At the very early time point, the activation of cathepsins was mediated by an increased assembly of V-ATPase on lysosomes and resultant lysosomal acidification. Finally, considering that P301L mutation in tau protein causes frontotemporal dementia through aggressive tau accumulation, we investigated whether zinc reduces the accumulation of protein aggregates in SK-N-BE(2)-C neuroblastoma cells expressing wild-type tau or mutant P301L-tau. Zinc markedly attenuated the levels of phosphorylated tau and total tau as well as p62 in both wild-type and mutant tau-overexpressing cells. We also observed that zinc was more effective than rapamycin at inducing TFEB-dependent CTSB and CTSD expression and V-ATPase-dependent lysosomal acidification and CTSB/CTSD activation. These results suggest that the regulation of zinc homeostasis could be a new approach for developing treatments for neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Ryeong Kim
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Eun Park
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Ye Hong
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Young Koh
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Neuronal Injury Lab, Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hyung Cho
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jung Jin Hwang
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
- Jung Jin Hwang,
| | - Yang-Hee Kim
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Yang-Hee Kim,
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23
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Teil M, Doudnikoff E, Thiolat ML, Bohic S, Bezard E, Dehay B. The Zinc Ionophore Clioquinol Reduces Parkinson's Disease Patient-Derived Brain Extracts-Induced Neurodegeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:6245-6259. [PMID: 35915387 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02974-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is pathologically characterized by intracellular α-synuclein-rich protein aggregates, named Lewy bodies (LB), and by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Several heavy metals, including zinc (Zn), have been suggested to play a role in PD progression, although the exact role of Zn in neurodegeneration remains to be fully elucidated. To address this gap, we investigated the effects of Zn modulation on the progression of degeneration in mice injected with PD patient-derived LB-extracts carrying toxic α-synuclein aggregates. Zn modulation was achieved using either a clioquinol-enriched diet, a Zn ionophore that redistributes cellular Zn, or a Zn-enriched diet that increases Zn levels. Clioquinol treatment significantly prevented dopaminergic neurodegeneration and reduced α-synuclein-associated pathology in LB-injected mice, while no differences were observed with Zn supplementation. Biochemical analyses further demonstrate that the expression levels of vesicle-specific Zn transporter ZnT3 in the striatum of LB-injected mice treated with clioquinol were decreased, suggesting an intracellular redistribution of Zn. Additionally, we found that clioquinol modulates the autophagy-lysosomal pathway by enhancing lysosomal redistribution within the neuronal compartments. Collectively, we found that in vivo pharmacological chelation of Zn, by dampening Zn-mediated cytotoxicity, can result in an overall attenuation of PD-linked lysosomal alterations and dopaminergic neurodegeneration. The results support zinc chelation as a disease-modifying strategy for treating PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Teil
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | - Sylvain Bohic
- Synchrotron Radiation for Biomedicine (STROBE), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, UA7, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Erwan Bezard
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Benjamin Dehay
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5293, Centre Broca Nouvelle-Aquitaine, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux cedex, France.
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Jain A, Sahu RP, Goswami C. Olmsted syndrome causing point mutants of TRPV3 (G568C and G568D) show defects in intracellular Ca2+-mobilization and induce lysosomal defects. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 628:32-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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25
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Lang M, Pramstaller PP, Pichler I. Crosstalk of organelles in Parkinson's disease - MiT family transcription factors as central players in signaling pathways connecting mitochondria and lysosomes. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:50. [PMID: 35842725 PMCID: PMC9288732 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Living organisms constantly need to adapt to their surrounding environment and have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to deal with stress. Mitochondria and lysosomes are central organelles in the response to energy and nutrient availability within a cell and act through interconnected mechanisms. However, when such processes become overwhelmed, it can lead to pathologies. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder (NDD) characterized by proteinaceous intracellular inclusions and progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons, which causes motor and non-motor symptoms. Genetic and environmental factors may contribute to the disease etiology. Mitochondrial dysfunction has long been recognized as a hallmark of PD pathogenesis, and several aspects of mitochondrial biology are impaired in PD patients and models. In addition, defects of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway have extensively been observed in cell and animal models as well as PD patients' brains, where constitutive autophagy is indispensable for adaptation to stress and energy deficiency. Genetic and molecular studies have shown that the functions of mitochondria and lysosomal compartments are tightly linked and influence each other. Connections between these organelles are constituted among others by mitophagy, organellar dynamics and cellular signaling cascades, such as calcium (Ca2+) and mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling and the activation of transcription factors. Members of the Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor family (MiT), including MITF, TFE3 and TFEB, play a central role in regulating cellular homeostasis in response to metabolic pressure and are considered master regulators of lysosomal biogenesis. As such, they are part of the interconnection between mitochondria and lysosome functions and therefore represent attractive targets for therapeutic approaches against NDD, including PD. The activation of MiT transcription factors through genetic and pharmacological approaches have shown encouraging results at ameliorating PD-related phenotypes in in vitro and in vivo models. In this review, we summarize the relationship between mitochondrial and autophagy-lysosomal functions in the context of PD etiology and focus on the role of the MiT pathway and its potential as pharmacological target against PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lang
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Peter P Pramstaller
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Irene Pichler
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
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The encephalomyocarditis virus Leader promotes the release of virions inside extracellular vesicles via the induction of secretory autophagy. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3625. [PMID: 35750662 PMCID: PMC9232559 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31181-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Naked viruses can escape host cells before the induction of lysis via release in extracellular vesicles (EVs). These nanosized EVs cloak the secreted virus particles in a host-derived membrane, which alters virus-host interactions that affect infection efficiency and antiviral immunity. Currently, little is known about the viral and host factors regulating this form of virus release. Here, we assessed the role of the encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) Leader protein, a 'viral security protein' that subverts the host antiviral response. EV release upon infection with wildtype virus or a Leader-deficient mutant was characterized at the single particle level using high-resolution flow cytometry. Inactivation of the Leader abolished EV induction during infection and strongly reduced EV-enclosed virus release. We demonstrate that the Leader promotes the release of virions within EVs by stimulating a secretory arm of autophagy. This newly discovered role of the EMCV Leader adds to the variety of mechanisms via which this protein affects virus-host interactions. Moreover, these data provide first evidence for a crucial role of a non-structural viral protein in the non-lytic release of picornaviruses via packaging in EVs.
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Baker J, Putnam N, Kozlowski RE, Anderson M, Bird Z, Chmielewski J, Meske J, Steinshouer N, Kozlowski MR. Effects of chronic, daily exposures to low intensity blue light on human retinal pigment epithelial cells: Implications for the use of personal electronic devices. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2022.100118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Histone macroH2A1 is a stronger regulator of hippocampal transcription and memory than macroH2A2 in mice. Commun Biol 2022; 5:482. [PMID: 35590030 PMCID: PMC9120515 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone variants H2A.Z and H3.3 are epigenetic regulators of memory, but roles of other variants are not well characterized. macroH2A (mH2A) is a structurally unique histone that contains a globular macrodomain connected to the histone region by an unstructured linker. Here we assessed if mH2A regulates memory and if this role varies for the two mH2A-encoding genes, H2afy (mH2A1) and H2afy2 (mH2A2). We show that fear memory is impaired in mH2A1, but not in mH2A2-deficient mice, whereas both groups were impaired in a non-aversive spatial memory task. However, impairment was larger for mH2A1- deficient mice, indicating a preferential role for mH2A1 over mH2A2 in memory. Accordingly, mH2A1 depletion in the mouse hippocampus resulted in more extensive transcriptional de-repression compared to mH2A2 depletion. mH2A1-depleted mice failed to induce a normal transcriptional response to fear conditioning, suggesting that mH2A1 depletion impairs memory by altering transcription. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing, we found that both mH2A proteins are enriched on transcriptionally repressed genes, but only mH2A1 occupancy was dynamically modified during learning, displaying reduced occupancy on upregulated genes after training. These data identify mH2A as a regulator of memory and suggest that mH2A1 supports memory by repressing spurious transcription and promoting learning-induced transcriptional activation.
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Chin MY, Ang KH, Davies J, Alquezar C, Garda VG, Rooney B, Leng K, Kampmann M, Arkin MR, Kao AW. Phenotypic Screening Using High-Content Imaging to Identify Lysosomal pH Modulators in a Neuronal Cell Model. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1505-1516. [PMID: 35522480 PMCID: PMC9121341 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are intracellular organelles responsible for the degradation of diverse macromolecules in a cell. A highly acidic pH is required for the optimal functioning of lysosomal enzymes. Loss of lysosomal intralumenal acidity can disrupt cellular protein homeostasis and is linked to age-related diseases such as neurodegeneration. Using a new robust lysosomal pH biosensor (FIRE-pHLy), we developed a cell-based fluorescence assay for high-throughput screening (HTS) and applied it to differentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. The goal of this study was twofold: (1) to screen for small molecules that acidify lysosomal pH and (2) to identify molecular targets and pathways that regulate lysosomal pH. We conducted a screen of 1835 bioactive compounds with annotated target information to identify lysosomal pH modulators (both acidifiers and alkalinizers). Forty-five compounds passed the initial hit selection criteria, using a combined analysis approach of population-based and object-based data. Twenty-three compounds were retested in dose-response assays and two compounds, OSI-027 and PP242, were identified as top acidifying hits. Overall, data from this phenotypic HTS screen may be used to explore novel regulatory pathways of lysosomal pH regulation. Additionally, OSI-027 and PP242 may serve as useful tool compounds to enable mechanistic studies of autophagy activation and lysosomal acidification as potential therapeutic pathways for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Y. Chin
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, California 94158, United States
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Kean-Hooi Ang
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Julia Davies
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Carolina Alquezar
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, California 94158, United States
| | - Virginia G. Garda
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, California 94158, United States
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Brendan Rooney
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Kun Leng
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Martin Kampmann
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Michelle R. Arkin
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Aimee W. Kao
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, California 94158, United States
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Halcrow PW, Kumar N, Afghah Z, Fischer JP, Khan N, Chen X, Meucci O, Geiger JD. Heterogeneity of ferrous iron-containing endolysosomes and effects of endolysosome iron on endolysosome numbers, sizes, and localization patterns. J Neurochem 2022; 161:69-83. [PMID: 35124818 PMCID: PMC9587899 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Endolysosomes are key regulators of iron metabolism and are central to iron trafficking and redox signaling. Iron homeostasis is linked to endolysosome acidity and inhibition of endolysosome acidity triggers iron dysregulation. Because of the physiological importance and pathological relevance of ferrous iron (Fe2+ ), we determined levels of Fe2+ specifically and quantitatively in endolysosomes as well as the effects of Fe2+ on endolysosome morphology, distribution patterns, and function. The fluorescence dye FeRhoNox-1 was specific for Fe2+ and localized to endolysosomes in U87MG astrocytoma cells and primary rat cortical neurons; in U87MG cells the endolysosome concentration of Fe2+ ([Fe2+ ]el ) was 50.4 μM in control cells, 73.6 μM in ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) treated cells, and 12.4 μM in cells treated with the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO). Under control conditions, in primary rat cortical neurons, [Fe2+ ]el was 32.7 μM. Endolysosomes containing the highest levels of Fe2+ were located perinuclearly. Treatment of cells with FAC resulted in endolysosomes that were less acidic, increased in numbers and sizes, and located further from the nucleus; opposite effects were observed for treatments with DFO. Thus, FeRhoNox-1 is a useful probe for the study of endolysosome Fe2+ , and much more work is needed to understand better the physiological significance and pathological relevance of endolysosomes classified according to their heterogeneous iron content Cover Image for this issue: https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15396.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W. Halcrow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Nirmal Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Zahra Afghah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Jalyn P. Fischer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Nabab Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Xuesong Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Olimpia Meucci
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Geiger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
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31
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Martucci LL, Cancela JM. Neurophysiological functions and pharmacological tools of acidic and non-acidic Ca2+ stores. Cell Calcium 2022; 104:102582. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2022.102582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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32
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Moskalev A, Guvatova Z, Lopes IDA, Beckett CW, Kennedy BK, De Magalhaes JP, Makarov AA. Targeting aging mechanisms: pharmacological perspectives. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2022; 33:266-280. [PMID: 35183431 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Geroprotectors slow down aging and promote healthy longevity in model animals. Although hundreds of compounds have been shown to extend the life of laboratory model organisms, clinical studies on potential geroprotectors are exceedingly rare, especially in healthy elders. This review aims to classify potential geroprotectors based on the mechanisms by which they influence aging. These pharmacological interventions can be classified into the following groups: those that prevent oxidation; proteostasis regulators; suppressors of genomic instability; epigenetic drugs; those that preserve mitochondrial function; inhibitors of aging-associated signaling pathways; hormetins; senolytics/senostatics; anti-inflammatory drugs; antifibrotic agents; neurotrophic factors; factors preventing the impairment of barrier function; immunomodulators; and prebiotics, metabiotics, and enterosorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Moskalev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia; Institute of Biology of the Federal Research Center of Komi Science Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Kommunisticheskaya Street, Syktyvkar 167982, Russia.
| | - Zulfiya Guvatova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Ines De Almeida Lopes
- Integrative Genomics of Ageing Group, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Charles W Beckett
- Integrative Genomics of Ageing Group, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Brian K Kennedy
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Centre for Healthy Longevity, National University Health System, Singapore; Singapore Institute of Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Joao Pedro De Magalhaes
- Integrative Genomics of Ageing Group, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK.
| | - Alexander A Makarov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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Small molecule C381 targets the lysosome to reduce inflammation and ameliorate disease in models of neurodegeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2121609119. [PMID: 35259016 PMCID: PMC8931323 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2121609119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are poorly understood and difficult to treat. One common hallmark is lysosomal dysfunction leading to the accumulation of aggregates and other undegradable materials, which cause damage to brain resident cells. Lysosomes are acidic organelles responsible for breaking down biomolecules and recycling their constitutive parts. In this work, we find that the antiinflammatory and neuroprotective compound, discovered via a phenotypic screen, imparts its beneficial effects by targeting the lysosome and restoring its function. This is established using a genome-wide CRISPRi target identification screen and then confirmed using a variety of lysosome-targeted studies. The resulting small molecule from this study represents a potential treatment for neurodegenerative diseases as well as a research tool for the study of lysosomes in disease. Neurodegenerative diseases affect a rapidly growing number of the aging population globally. These conditions have proven extremely difficult to treat due to our limited understanding of their mechanisms, but they are characterized by protein aggregation, inflammation, lysosomal dysfunction, and neuronal death. Phenotypic drug screens promise to deliver “target agnostic” therapies without being hypothesis limited as with target-based screens. Here, we describe our work to develop and characterize small molecule C381. The compound is a benzyl urea derivative containing a piperidine ring. It is brain penetrant with a ClogP of 3.3 and an oral bioavailability of 48%. We tested the compound in Progranulin−/− mice (a model of lysosomal storage disease and frontotemporal dementia) and the chronic 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of Parkinson’s disease (PD) where it showed prominent antiinflammatory and neuroprotective effects. In the PD model, C381 restored cognitive function and rescued dopaminergic neuron loss. To identify the target, we performed a genome-wide CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) drug target identification screen, which implicated the lysosome. After validating the screen results with individual knockdown cell lines, follow-up functional studies revealed that C381 physically targets the lysosome, promotes lysosomal acidification, increases breakdown of lysosomal cargo, and improves lysosome resilience to damage. As a first-in-class compound capable of restoring lysosomal function, C381 has the potential both as a therapeutic and as a research compound to better understand lysosomal contributions to disease progression. Together, our work has produced a promising drug candidate for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases marked by lysosomal dysfunction.
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Zhao Y, Ding M, Yang N, Huang Y, Sun C, Shi W. Zinc Accumulation Aggravates Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Through Inducing Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:1419-1428. [PMID: 35129772 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03536-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is highly enriched in the central nervous system. Numerous evidences suggest that high concentration of zinc acts as a critical mediator of neuronal death in the ischemic brain, however, the possible mechanisms of neurotoxicity of zinc during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) remain elusive. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a storage location of intracellular zinc. ER stress related genes were up-regulated during zinc-induced neuronal death in vascular-type senile dementia. In the present study, we investigated whether intracellular accumulated zinc aggravates I/R injury through ER stress and ER stress-associated apoptosis. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 90 min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and received either vehicle or zinc chelator TPEN 15 mg/kg. The expression of ER stress related factors glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (p-eIF2α), ER stress related apoptotic proteins CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) and caspase-12, as well as anti-apoptotic factor B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) were assessed 24 h after reperfusion. Our results showed that the levels of GRP78 and p-eIF2α, as well as CHOP and caspase-12, were increased in ischemic brain, indicating that cerebral I/R triggers ER stress. Furthermore, GRP78, CHOP and caspase-12 were all colocalized with the zinc-specific dyes NG, suggesting that there is certain relationship between cytosolic labile zinc and ER stress following cerebral ischemia. Chelating zinc with TPEN reversed the expression of GRP78, p-eIF2α in ischemic rats. Moreover, CHOP and NeuN double staining positive cells, as well as caspase-12 and TUNEL double staining positive cells were also decreased after TPEN treatment, indicating that chelating zinc might inhibit ER stress and decreased ER stress associated neuronal apoptosis. In addition, TPEN treatment reversed the downregulated level of Bcl-2, which localized in the ER membrane and involved in the dysfunction of ER, confirming that the anti-apoptosis effects of chelating zinc following I/R are exerted via inhibition of the ER stress. Taken together, this study demonstrated that excessive zinc activates ER stress and zinc induced neuronal cell death is at least partially due to ER stress specific neuronal apoptosis in ischemic penumbra, which may provide an important mechanism of cerebral I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Zhao
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China. .,Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Mao Ding
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China.,Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Nan Yang
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China.,Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yuyou Huang
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Chengjiao Sun
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Wenjuan Shi
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China.,Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing, 100053, China
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35
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Kim Y, Kim J, Son M, Lee J, Yeo I, Choi KY, Kim H, Kim BC, Lee KH, Kim Y. Plasma protein biomarker model for screening Alzheimer disease using multiple reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1282. [PMID: 35075217 PMCID: PMC8786819 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05384-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a leading cause of dementia that has gained prominence in our aging society. Yet, the complexity of diagnosing AD and measuring its invasiveness poses an obstacle. To this end, blood-based biomarkers could mitigate the inconveniences that impede an accurate diagnosis. We developed models to diagnose AD and measure the severity of neurocognitive impairment using blood protein biomarkers. Multiple reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry, a highly selective and sensitive approach for quantifying targeted proteins in samples, was used to analyze blood samples from 4 AD groups: cognitive normal control, asymptomatic AD, prodromal AD), and AD dementia. Multimarker models were developed using 10 protein biomarkers and apolipoprotein E genotypes for amyloid beta and 10 biomarkers with Korean Mini-Mental Status Examination (K-MMSE) score for predicting Alzheimer disease progression. The accuracies for the AD classification model and AD progression monitoring model were 84.9% (95% CI 82.8 to 87.0) and 79.1% (95% CI 77.8 to 80.5), respectively. The models were more accurate in diagnosing AD, compared with single APOE genotypes and the K-MMSE score. Our study demonstrates the possibility of predicting AD with high accuracy by blood biomarker analysis as an alternative method of screening for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeongshin Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program of Bioengineering, Seoul National University College of Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaenyeon Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program of Bioengineering, Seoul National University College of Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsoo Son
- Interdisciplinary Program of Bioengineering, Seoul National University College of Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyeon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-Dong, Chongno-Ku, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Injoon Yeo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-Dong, Chongno-Ku, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Yeong Choi
- Gwangju Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementia Cohort Research Center and Department of Biomedical Science, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoowon Kim
- Gwangju Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementia Cohort Research Center and Department of Biomedical Science, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurology, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong C Kim
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun Ho Lee
- Gwangju Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementia Cohort Research Center and Department of Biomedical Science, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Science, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea.
- Aging Neuroscience Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program of Bioengineering, Seoul National University College of Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-Dong, Chongno-Ku, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea.
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36
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Linders PTA, Ioannidis M, ter Beest M, van den Bogaart G. Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging of pH along the Secretory Pathway. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:240-251. [PMID: 35000377 PMCID: PMC8787756 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Many cellular processes
are dependent on correct pH levels, and
this is especially important for the secretory pathway. Defects in
pH homeostasis in distinct organelles cause a wide range of diseases,
including disorders of glycosylation and lysosomal storage diseases.
Ratiometric imaging of the pH-sensitive mutant of green fluorescent
protein, pHLuorin, has allowed for targeted pH measurements in various
organelles, but the required sequential image acquisition is intrinsically
slow and therefore the temporal resolution is unsuitable to follow
the rapid transit of cargo between organelles. Therefore, we applied
fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) to measure intraorganellar
pH with just a single excitation wavelength. We first validated this
method by confirming the pH in multiple compartments along the secretory
pathway and compared the pH values obtained by the FLIM-based measurements
with those obtained by conventional ratiometric imaging. Then, we
analyzed the dynamic pH changes within cells treated with Bafilomycin
A1, to block the vesicular ATPase, and Brefeldin A, to block endoplasmic
reticulum (ER)–Golgi trafficking. Finally, we followed the
pH changes of newly synthesized molecules of the inflammatory cytokine
tumor necrosis factor-α while they were in transit from the
ER via the Golgi to the plasma membrane. The toolbox we present here
can be applied to measure intracellular pH with high spatial and temporal
resolution and can be used to assess organellar pH in disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T. A. Linders
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Melina Ioannidis
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Martin ter Beest
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert van den Bogaart
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, Netherlands
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Rai SN, Tiwari N, Singh P, Mishra D, Singh AK, Hooshmandi E, Vamanu E, Singh MP. Therapeutic Potential of Vital Transcription Factors in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease With Particular Emphasis on Transcription Factor EB Mediated Autophagy. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:777347. [PMID: 34970114 PMCID: PMC8712758 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.777347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an important cellular self-digestion and recycling pathway that helps in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Dysregulation at various steps of the autophagic and endolysosomal pathway has been reported in several neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington disease (HD) and is cited as a critically important feature for central nervous system (CNS) proteostasis. Recently, another molecular target, namely transcription factor EB (TFEB) has been explored globally to treat neurodegenerative disorders. This TFEB, is a key regulator of autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis pathway. Multiple research studies suggested therapeutic potential by targeting TFEB to treat human diseases involving autophagy-lysosomal dysfunction, especially neurodegenerative disorders. A common observation involving all neurodegenerative disorders is their poor efficacy in clearing and recycle toxic aggregated proteins and damaged cellular organelles due to impairment in the autophagy pathway. This dysfunction in autophagy characterized by the accumulation of toxic protein aggregates leads to a progressive loss in structural integrity/functionality of neurons and may even result in neuronal death. In recent years TFEB, a key regulator of autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis, has received considerable attention. It has emerged as a potential therapeutic target in numerous neurodegenerative disorders like AD and PD. In various neurobiology studies involving animal models, TFEB has been found to ameliorate neurotoxicity and rescue neurodegeneration. Since TFEB is a master transcriptional regulator of autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis pathway and plays a crucial role in defining autophagy activation. Studies have been done to understand the mechanisms for TFEB dysfunction, which may yield insights into how TFEB might be targeted and used for the therapeutic strategy to develop a treatment process with extensive application to neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we explore the role of different transcription factor-based targeted therapy by some natural compounds for AD and PD with special emphasis on TFEB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neeraj Tiwari
- Faculty of Biosciences, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki, India
| | - Payal Singh
- Department of Zoology, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Divya Mishra
- Centre of Bioinformatics, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Anurag Kumar Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Etrat Hooshmandi
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Emanuel Vamanu
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Agronomic Science and Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mohan P Singh
- Centre of Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
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Deng Z, Dong Y, Zhou X, Lu JH, Yue Z. Pharmacological modulation of autophagy for Alzheimer’s disease therapy: Opportunities and obstacles. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 12:1688-1706. [PMID: 35847516 PMCID: PMC9279633 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent and deleterious neurodegenerative disorder characterized by an irreversible and progressive impairment of cognitive abilities as well as the formation of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain. By far, the precise mechanisms of AD are not fully understood and no interventions are available to effectively slow down progression of the disease. Autophagy is a conserved degradation pathway that is crucial to maintain cellular homeostasis by targeting damaged organelles, pathogens, and disease-prone protein aggregates to lysosome for degradation. Emerging evidence suggests dysfunctional autophagy clearance pathway as a potential cellular mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of AD in affected neurons. Here we summarize the current evidence for autophagy dysfunction in the pathophysiology of AD and discuss the role of autophagy in the regulation of AD-related protein degradation and neuroinflammation in neurons and glial cells. Finally, we review the autophagy modulators reported in the treatment of AD models and discuss the obstacles and opportunities for potential clinical application of the novel autophagy activators for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Yu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Xiaoting Zhou
- Department of Neurology, the Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Jia-Hong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Zhenyu Yue
- Department of Neurology, the Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Corresponding authors.
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Mahapatra KK, Mishra SR, Behera BP, Patil S, Gewirtz DA, Bhutia SK. The lysosome as an imperative regulator of autophagy and cell death. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7435-7449. [PMID: 34716768 PMCID: PMC11071813 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03988-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes are single membrane-bound organelles containing acid hydrolases responsible for the degradation of cellular cargo and maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Lysosomes could originate from pre-existing endolysosomes or autolysosomes, acting as a critical juncture between autophagy and endocytosis. Stress that triggers lysosomal membrane permeabilization can be altered by ESCRT complexes; however, irreparable damage to the membrane results in the induction of a selective lysosomal degradation pathway, specifically lysophagy. Lysosomes play an indispensable role in different types of autophagy, including microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy, and various cell death pathways such as lysosomal cell death, apoptotic cell death, and autophagic cell death. In this review, we discuss lysosomal reformation, maintenance, and degradation pathways following the involvement of the lysosome in autophagy and cell death, which are related to several pathophysiological conditions observed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewal Kumar Mahapatra
- Department of Life Science, Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Soumya Ranjan Mishra
- Department of Life Science, Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Bishnu Prasad Behera
- Department of Life Science, Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - David A Gewirtz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | - Sujit Kumar Bhutia
- Department of Life Science, Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India.
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Lambeth T, Julian RR. Proteolysis of Amyloid β by Lysosomal Enzymes as a Function of Fibril Morphology. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:31520-31527. [PMID: 34869978 PMCID: PMC8637590 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) into extracellular plaques is a well-known hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Similarly, autophagic vacuoles, autophagosomes, and other residual bodies within dystrophic neurites, though more difficult to detect, are characteristic features of AD. To explore the potential intersection between these observations, we conducted experiments to assess whether Aβ fibril formation disrupts proteolysis by lysosomal enzymes. Fibrils constituted by either Aβ 1-40 or Aβ 1-42 were grown under both neutral and acidic pH. The extent of proteolysis by individual cathepsins (L, D, B, and H) was monitored by both thioflavin T fluorescence and liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. The results show that all Aβ fibril morphologies are resistant to cathepsin digestion, with significant amounts of the undigested material remaining for samples grown in either neutral or acidic pH. Further analysis revealed that the neutral-grown fibrils are proteolytically resistant throughout the sequence, while the acid-grown fibrils prevented digestion primarily in the C-terminal portion of the sequence. Fibrils grown from Aβ 1-42 are generally more resistant to degradation compared to Aβ 1-40. Overall, the results indicate that Aβ fibrils formed in the neutral pH environments found in intracellular or extracellular spaces may pose the greatest difficulty for complete digestion by the lysosome, particularly when the fibrils are comprised of Aβ 1-42.
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Mahalakshmi K, Parimalanandhini D, Sangeetha R, Livya Catherene M, Beulaja M, Thiagarajan R, Arumugam M, Janarthanan S, Manikandan R. Influential role of 7-Ketocholesterol in the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2021; 156:106582. [PMID: 34273491 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2021.106582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Millions of people are affected by neurodegenerative diseases worldwide. They occur due to the loss of brain functions or peripheral nervous system dysfunction. If untreated, prolonged condition ultimately leads to death. Mostly they are associated with stress, altered cholesterol metabolism, inflammation and organelle dysfunction. Endogenous cholesterol and phospholipids in brain undergo auto-oxidation by enzymatic as well as non-enzymatic modes leading to the formation of by-products such as 4-hydroxynonenal and oxysterols. Among various oxysterols, 7-ketocholesterol (7KCh) is one of the major toxic components involved in altering neuronal lipid metabolism, contributing to inflammation and nerve cell damage. More evidently 7KCh is proven to induce oxidative stress and affects membrane permeability. Loss in mitochondrial membrane potential affects metabolism of cell organelles such as lysosomes and peroxisomes which are involved in lipid and protein homeostasis. This in turn could affect amyloidogenesis, tau protein phosphorylation and accumulation in pathological conditions of neurodegenerative diseases. Lipid alterations and the consequent pathogenic protein accumulation, results in the damage of cell organelles and microglial cells. This could be a reason behind disease progression and predominantly reported characteristics of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. This review focuses on the role of 7KCh mediated neurodegenerative Alzheimer's disease with emphasis on alterations in the lipid raft microdomain. In addition, current trends in the significant therapies related to 7KCh inhibition are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mahalakshmi
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600 025, India
| | - D Parimalanandhini
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600 025, India
| | - R Sangeetha
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600 025, India
| | - M Livya Catherene
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600 025, India
| | - M Beulaja
- Department of Biochemistry, Annai Veilankanni's College for Women, Chennai, 600 015, India
| | - R Thiagarajan
- Department of Advanced Zoology and Biotechnology, Ramakrishna Mission, Vivekananda College, Chennai, 600 004, India
| | - M Arumugam
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600 025, India
| | - S Janarthanan
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600 025, India
| | - R Manikandan
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600 025, India.
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Shyam R, Ogando DG, Choi M, Liton PB, Bonanno JA. Mitochondrial ROS Induced Lysosomal Dysfunction and Autophagy Impairment in an Animal Model of Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:15. [PMID: 34533563 PMCID: PMC8458782 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.12.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The Slc4a11 knock out (KO) mouse model recapitulates the human disease phenotype associated with congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED). Increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the Slc4a11 KO mouse model is a major cause of edema and endothelial cell loss. Here, we asked if autophagy was activated by ROS in the KO mice. Methods Immortalized cell lines and mouse corneal endothelia were used to measure autophagy and lysosome associated protein expressions using Protein Simple Wes immunoassay. Autophagy and lysosome functions were examined in wild type (WT) and KO cells as well as animals treated with the mitochondrial ROS quencher MitoQ. Results Even though autophagy activation was evident, autophagy flux was aberrant in Slc4a11 KO cells and corneal endothelium. Expression of lysosomal proteins and lysosomal mass were decreased along with reduced nuclear translocation of lysosomal master regulator, transcription factor EB (TFEB). MitoQ reversed aberrant lysosomal functions and TFEB nuclear localization in KO cells. MitoQ injections in KO animals reduced corneal edema and decreased the rate of endothelial cell loss. Conclusions Mitochondrial ROS disrupts TFEB signaling causing lysosomal dysfunction with impairment of autophagy in Slc4a11 KO corneal endothelium. Our study is the first to identify the presence as well as cause of lysosomal dysfunction in an animal model of CHED, and to identify a potential therapeutic approach.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anion Transport Proteins/genetics
- Autophagy/physiology
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cathepsin L/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Corneal Dystrophies, Hereditary/genetics
- Corneal Dystrophies, Hereditary/metabolism
- Corneal Dystrophies, Hereditary/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelium, Corneal/drug effects
- Endothelium, Corneal/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Immunohistochemistry
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Lysosomes/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Organophosphorus Compounds/pharmacology
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Symporters/genetics
- Transfection
- Ubiquinone/analogs & derivatives
- Ubiquinone/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajalekshmy Shyam
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Diego G. Ogando
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Moonjung Choi
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Paloma B. Liton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Joseph A. Bonanno
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
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Brouillard M, Barthélémy P, Dehay B, Crauste-Manciet S, Desvergnes V. Nucleolipid Acid-Based Nanocarriers Restore Neuronal Lysosomal Acidification Defects. Front Chem 2021; 9:736554. [PMID: 34490217 PMCID: PMC8417785 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.736554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that lysosomal dysfunction has a pathogenic role in neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, an increase in lysosomal pH has been reported in different cellular models of Parkinson's disease. Thus, targeting lysosomes has emerged as a promising approach. More specifically, regulating its pH could play a central role against the neurodegeneration process. To date, only a few agents specifically targeting lysosomal pH are reported in the literature, partly due to the challenge of crossing the Blood-Brain-Barrier (BBB), preventing drug penetration into the central nervous system (CNS). To develop chronic treatments for neurodegenerative diseases, crossing the BBB is crucial. We report herein the conception and synthesis of an innovative DNA derivative-based nanocarrier. Nucleolipids, carrying a biocompatible organic acid as an active ingredient, were designed and synthesized as prodrugs. They were successfully incorporated into an oil-in-water nanoemulsion vehicle to cross biological membranes and then release effectively biocompatible acidic components to restore the functional lysosomal pH of neuronal cells. Biological assays on a genetic cell model of Parkinson's disease highlighted the non-toxicity of such nucleolipids after cellular uptake and their ability (at c = 40 µM) to fully restore lysosomal acidity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Benjamin Dehay
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sylvie Crauste-Manciet
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM U1212, UMR CNRS 5320, Bordeaux, France
- University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
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Lai SSM, Ng KY, Koh RY, Chok KC, Chye SM. Endosomal-lysosomal dysfunctions in Alzheimer's disease: Pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1087-1100. [PMID: 33881723 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00737-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The endosomal-lysosomal system mediates the process of protein degradation through endocytic pathway. This system consists of early endosomes, late endosomes, recycling endosomes and lysosomes. Each component in the endosomal-lysosomal system plays individual crucial role and they work concordantly to ensure protein degradation can be carried out functionally. Dysregulation in the endosomal-lysosomal system can contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). In AD endosomal-lysosomal abnormalities are the earliest pathological features to note and hence it is important to understand the involvement of endosomal-lysosomal dysfunction in the pathogenesis of AD. In-depth understanding of this dysfunction can allow development of new therapeutic intervention to prevent and treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shereen Shi Min Lai
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khuen Yen Ng
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rhun Yian Koh
- Division of Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kian Chung Chok
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Soi Moi Chye
- Division of Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Tkachenko H, Kurhaluk N, Hetmański T, Włodarkiewicz A, Tomin V. Changes in energetic metabolism and lysosomal destruction in the skeletal muscle and cardiac tissues of pigeons (Columba livia f. urbana) from urban areas of the northern Pomeranian region (Poland). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 30:1170-1185. [PMID: 34076799 PMCID: PMC8295091 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-021-02423-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the biochemical responses of the skeletal muscle and cardiac tissues of the urban pigeon as a bioindicator organism tested in diverse environments (Szpęgawa as a rural environment and Słupsk as an urban environment, Pomeranian Voivodeship, northern Poland), resulting in changes in the level of lipid peroxidation at the initial and final stages of this process and the activities of Krebs cycle enzymes (succinate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and alfa-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase). Szpęgawa village was chosen due to the intensive use of the European motorway A1 with significant traffic and pollution levels. The concentration of Pb was higher in the soil and feathers of pigeons nesting in the polluted areas (Szpęgawa). Our studies have shown that the presence of lead in soil and feathers of the pigeons resulted in the activation of lipid peroxidation, destabilization and increased activity of lysosomal membranes, and activation of mitochondrial enzymes of the Krebs cycle with energy deficiency (reduction of ATP levels) in cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halyna Tkachenko
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Słupsk, Poland
| | - Natalia Kurhaluk
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Słupsk, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Hetmański
- Department of Earth Sciences, Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Słupsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Włodarkiewicz
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science and Technology, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Słupsk, Poland
| | - Vladimir Tomin
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science and Technology, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Słupsk, Poland
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Singh A, Dawson TM, Kulkarni S. Neurodegenerative disorders and gut-brain interactions. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e143775. [PMID: 34196307 DOI: 10.1172/jci143775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) affect essential functions not only in the CNS, but also cause persistent gut dysfunctions, suggesting that they have an impact on both CNS and gut-innervating neurons. Although the CNS biology of NDs continues to be well studied, how gut-innervating neurons, including those that connect the gut to the brain, are affected by or involved in the etiology of these debilitating and progressive disorders has been understudied. Studies in recent years have shown how CNS and gut biology, aided by the gut-brain connecting neurons, modulate each other's functions. These studies underscore the importance of exploring the gut-innervating and gut-brain connecting neurons of the CNS and gut function in health, as well as the etiology and progression of dysfunction in NDs. In this Review, we discuss our current understanding of how the various gut-innervating neurons and gut physiology are involved in the etiology of NDs, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, to cause progressive CNS and persistent gut dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpana Singh
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering.,Department of Neurology.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, and.,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Subhash Kulkarni
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine
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47
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Blignaut M, Harries S, Lochner A, Huisamen B. Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Protein Kinase: A Potential Master Puppeteer of Oxidative Stress-Induced Metabolic Recycling. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8850708. [PMID: 33868575 PMCID: PMC8032526 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8850708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated protein kinase (ATM) has recently come to the fore as a regulatory protein fulfilling many roles in the fine balancing act of metabolic homeostasis. Best known for its role as a transducer of DNA damage repair, the activity of ATM in the cytosol is enjoying increasing attention, where it plays a central role in general cellular recycling (macroautophagy) as well as the targeted clearance (selective autophagy) of damaged mitochondria and peroxisomes in response to oxidative stress, independently of the DNA damage response. The importance of ATM activation by oxidative stress has also recently been highlighted in the clearance of protein aggregates, where the expression of a functional ATM construct that cannot be activated by oxidative stress resulted in widespread accumulation of protein aggregates. This review will discuss the role of ATM in general autophagy, mitophagy, and pexophagy as well as aggrephagy and crosstalk between oxidative stress as an activator of ATM and its potential role as a master regulator of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite Blignaut
- Centre for Cardio-Metabolic Research in Africa (CARMA), Division of Medical Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Sarah Harries
- Centre for Cardio-Metabolic Research in Africa (CARMA), Division of Medical Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Amanda Lochner
- Centre for Cardio-Metabolic Research in Africa (CARMA), Division of Medical Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Barbara Huisamen
- Centre for Cardio-Metabolic Research in Africa (CARMA), Division of Medical Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
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Huang X, Wong G. An old weapon with a new function: PIWI-interacting RNAs in neurodegenerative diseases. Transl Neurodegener 2021; 10:9. [PMID: 33685517 PMCID: PMC7938595 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-021-00233-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are small non-coding transcripts that are highly conserved across species and regulate gene expression through pre- and post-transcriptional processes. piRNAs were originally discovered in germline cells and protect against transposable element expression to promote and maintain genome stability. In the recent decade, emerging roles of piRNAs have been revealed, including the roles in sterility, tumorigenesis, metabolic homeostasis, neurodevelopment, and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we summarize piRNA biogenesis in C. elegans, Drosophila, and mice, and further elaborate upon how piRNAs mitigate the harmful effects of transposons. Lastly, the most recent findings on piRNA participation in neurological diseases are highlighted. We speculate on the mechanisms of piRNA action in the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding the roles of piRNAs in neurological diseases may facilitate their applications in diagnostic and therapeutic practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Huang
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, S.A.R., China
| | - Garry Wong
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, S.A.R., China.
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Pang W, Hu F. Cellular and physiological functions of C9ORF72 and implications for ALS/FTD. J Neurochem 2020; 157:334-350. [PMID: 33259633 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The hexanucleotide repeat expansion (HRE) in the C9ORF72 gene is the main cause of two tightly linked neurodegenerative diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). HRE leads to not only a gain of toxicity from RNA repeats and dipeptide repeats but also reduced levels of C9ORF72 protein. However, the cellular and physiological functions of C9ORF72 were unknown until recently. Through proteomic analysis, Smith-Magenis chromosome regions 8 (SMCR8) and WD repeat-containing protein (WDR41) were identified as binding partners of C9ORF72. These three proteins have been shown to form a tight complex, but the exact functions of this complex remain to be characterized. Both C9ORF72 and SMCR8 contain a DENN domain, which has been shown to regulate the activities of small GTPases. The C9ORF72 complex has been implicated in many cellular processes, including vesicle trafficking, lysosome homeostasis, mTORC1 signaling , and autophagy. C9ORF72 deficiency in mice results in exaggerated inflammatory responses and human patients with C9ORF72 mutations have neuroinflammation phenotype. Recent studies indicate that C9ORF72 regulates trafficking and lysosomal degradation of inflammatory mediators, including toll-like receptors (TLRs) and STING, to affect inflammatory outputs. Further exploration of cellular and physiological functions of C9ORF72 will help dissect the pathological mechanism of ALS/FTD caused by C9ORF72 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilun Pang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Fenghua Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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50
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Eaton AF, Merkulova M, Brown D. The H +-ATPase (V-ATPase): from proton pump to signaling complex in health and disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 320:C392-C414. [PMID: 33326313 PMCID: PMC8294626 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00442.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A primary function of the H+-ATPase (or V-ATPase) is to create an electrochemical proton gradient across eukaryotic cell membranes, which energizes fundamental cellular processes. Its activity allows for the acidification of intracellular vesicles and organelles, which is necessary for many essential cell biological events to occur. In addition, many specialized cell types in various organ systems such as the kidney, bone, male reproductive tract, inner ear, olfactory mucosa, and more, use plasma membrane V-ATPases to perform specific activities that depend on extracellular acidification. It is, however, increasingly apparent that V-ATPases are central players in many normal and pathophysiological processes that directly influence human health in many different and sometimes unexpected ways. These include cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, and sensory perception, as well as energy and nutrient-sensing functions within cells. This review first covers the well-established role of the V-ATPase as a transmembrane proton pump in the plasma membrane and intracellular vesicles and outlines factors contributing to its physiological regulation in different cell types. This is followed by a discussion of the more recently emerging unconventional roles for the V-ATPase, such as its role as a protein interaction hub involved in cell signaling, and the (patho)physiological implications of these interactions. Finally, the central importance of endosomal acidification and V-ATPase activity on viral infection will be discussed in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amity F Eaton
- Program in Membrane Biology and Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maria Merkulova
- Program in Membrane Biology and Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dennis Brown
- Program in Membrane Biology and Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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