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Reid SM, Byrne AMP, Lean FZX, Ross CS, Pascu A, Hepple R, Dominguez M, Frost S, Coward VJ, Núñez A, James J, Stephan L, Aegerter JN, Brown IH, Banyard AC. A multi-species, multi-pathogen avian viral disease outbreak event: Investigating potential for virus transmission at the wild bird - poultry interface. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2348521. [PMID: 38686548 PMCID: PMC11168234 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2348521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
A free-range organic broiler (Gallus gallus domesticus) premises in Staffordshire was infected by high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N8 during the 2020-2021 epizootic in the United Kingdom (UK). Following initial confirmation of the infection in poultry, multiple wild bird species were seen scavenging on chicken carcasses. Detected dead wild birds were subsequently demonstrated to have been infected and succumbed to HPAIV H5N8. Initially, scavenging species, magpie (Pica pica) and raven (Corvus corax) were found dead on the premises but over the following days, buzzards (Buteo buteo) were also found dead within the local area with positive detection of HPAIV in submitted carcasses. The subacute nature of microscopic lesions within a buzzard was consistent with the timeframe of infection. Finally, a considerable number of free-living pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) were also found dead in the surrounding area, with carcasses having higher viral antigen loads compared to infected chickens. Limited virus dissemination was observed in the carcasses of the magpie, raven, and buzzard. Further, an avirulent avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1) was detected within poultry samples as well as in the viscera of a magpie infected with HPAIV. Immunohistochemistry did not reveal colocalization of avian paramyxovirus antigens with lesions, supporting an avirulent APMV-1 infection. Overall, this case highlights scenarios in which bi-directional transmission of avian viral diseases between commercial and wild bird species may occur. It also underlines the importance of bio separation and reduced access when infection pressure from HPAIV is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M. Reid
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Alexander M. P. Byrne
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Fabian Z. X. Lean
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department, APHA Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Craig S. Ross
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Andrei Pascu
- APHA England Field Delivery, APHA Stafford, Stafford, UK
| | | | | | | | - Vivien J. Coward
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Alejandro Núñez
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department, APHA Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Joe James
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, APHA Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Levon Stephan
- Veterinary Exotic Notifiable Disease Unit (VENDU), London, UK
| | | | - Ian H. Brown
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, APHA Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, APHA Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
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2
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Hsueh CS, Fasina O, Piñeyro P, Ruden R, El-Gazzar MM, Sato Y. Histopathologic Features and Viral Antigen Distribution of H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Clade 2.3.4.4b from the 2022-2023 Outbreak in Iowa Wild Birds. Avian Dis 2024; 68:272-281. [PMID: 39400223 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-23-00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/15/2024]
Abstract
In 2022, a new epornitic of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus clade 2.3.4.4b emerged in U.S. domestic poultry with high prevalence in wild bird populations. We describe pathological findings of HPAI H5N1 in nine wild birds encompassing eight different species, including Accipitriformes (red-tailed hawk, bald eagle), Cathartiforme (turkey vulture), Falconiforme (peregrine falcon), Strigiforme (one adult great-horned owl, one juvenile great-horned owl), Pelecaniforme (American white pelican), and Anseriformes (American green-winged teal, trumpeter swan). All these birds died naturally (found dead, or died in transit to or within a rehabilitation center), except for the bald eagle and American green-winged teal, which were euthanized. Gross lesions were subtle, characterized by meningeal congestion observed in the turkey vulture, bald eagle, and adult great-horned owl. Histologically, encephalitis was observed in all cases (9/9, 100%). Leukocytoclastic and fibrinoid vasculitis with necrotizing encephalitis was observed in the red-tailed hawk, great-horned owls, and American white pelican (5/9, 55.6%), and perivascular lymphohistiocytic encephalitis was seen in the turkey vulture, peregrine falcon, green-winged teal, and bald eagle (4/9, 44.4%). Coagulative necrosis or lymphohistiocytic/lymphoplasmacytic inflammation was identified in the kidney (6/8, 75%), liver (6/9, 66.7%), heart (5/9, 55.6%), and lung (2/9, 22.2%). Immunopositive signals against Influenza virus A nucleoprotein were predominantly detected within the brain (9/9, 100%), air sac (7/9, 77.8%), lung (7/9, 77.8%), kidney (6/8, 75%), heart (6/9, 66.7%), and liver (5/9, 55.6%). Additionally, other organs, such as the pancreas, spleen, intestines, gonads, and adrenals occasionally exhibited positive viral protein signals. In these organs, in addition to parenchymal cells, viral protein signals were often identified in endothelial cells. Our results suggest that the 2022-2023 HPAIV H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b replicated systemically in all examined birds, with brain lesions being the most prevalent and associated with a subset of birds displaying clinical signs observed perimortem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Shun Hsueh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Olufemi Fasina
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Pablo Piñeyro
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Rachel Ruden
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
- Wildlife Bureau Iowa De artment of Natural Resources Ames IA 50011
| | - Mohamed Medhat El-Gazzar
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Yuko Sato
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011,
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Bourke BP, Dusek RJ, Ergunay K, Linton YM, Drovetski SV. Viral pathogen detection in U.S. game-farm mallard ( Anas platyrhynchos) flags spillover risk to wild birds. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1396552. [PMID: 38860005 PMCID: PMC11163284 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1396552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The threat posed by emerging infectious diseases is a major concern for global public health, animal health and food security, and the role of birds in transmission is increasingly under scrutiny. Each year, millions of mass-reared game-farm birds are released into the wild, presenting a unique and a poorly understood risk to wild and susceptible bird populations, and to human health. In particular, the shedding of enteric pathogens through excrement into bodies of water at shared migratory stop-over sites, and breeding and wintering grounds, could facilitate multi-species long-distance pathogen dispersal and infection of high numbers of naive endemic birds annually. The Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is the most abundant of all duck species, migratory across much of its range, and an important game species for pen-rearing and release. Major recent population declines along the US Atlantic coast has been attributed to game-farm and wild mallard interbreeding and the introduction maladaptive traits into wild populations. However, pathogen transmission and zoonosis among game-farms Mallard may also impact these populations, as well as wildlife and human health. Here, we screened 16 game-farm Mallard from Wisconsin, United States, for enteric viral pathogens using metatranscriptomic data. Four families of viral pathogens were identified - Picobirnaviridae (Genogroup I), Caliciviridae (Duck Nacovirus), Picornaviridae (Duck Aalivirus) and Sedoreoviridae (Duck Rotavirus G). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Aalivirus in the Americas, and the first report of Calicivirus outside domestic chicken and turkey flocks in the United States. Our findings highlight the risk of viral pathogen spillover from peri-domestically reared game birds to naive wild bird populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P. Bourke
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Museum Support Center MRC-534, Smithsonian Institution, Suitland, MD, United States
- One Health Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution—National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Robert J. Dusek
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Koray Ergunay
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Museum Support Center MRC-534, Smithsonian Institution, Suitland, MD, United States
- One Health Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution—National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, United States
- Hacettepe University, Department of Medical Microbiology, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Yvonne-Marie Linton
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Museum Support Center MRC-534, Smithsonian Institution, Suitland, MD, United States
- One Health Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution—National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Sergei V. Drovetski
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center at the Patuxent Research Refuge, Laurel, MD, United States
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Lean FZX, Falchieri M, Furman N, Tyler G, Robinson C, Holmes P, Reid SM, Banyard AC, Brown IH, Man C, Núñez A. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 infection in skua and gulls in the United Kingdom, 2022. Vet Pathol 2024; 61:421-431. [PMID: 38140946 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231217224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The reemergence of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) subtype H5N1 in the United Kingdom in 2021-2022 has caused unprecedented epizootic events in wild birds and poultry. During the summer of 2022, there was a shift in virus transmission dynamics resulting in increased HPAIV infection in seabirds, and consequently, a profound impact on seabird populations. To understand the pathological impact of HPAIV in seabirds, we evaluated the virus antigen distribution and associated pathological changes in the tissues of great skua (Stercorarius skua, n = 8), long-tailed skua (Stercorarius longicaudus, n = 1), European herring gull (Larus argentatus, n = 5), and black-headed gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus, n = 4), which succumbed to natural infection of HPAIV during the summer of 2022. Cases were collected from Shetland, including Scatness (mainland), No Ness (mainland), Clumlie (mainland), Hermaness (island), Fair Isle (island), Noss (island), and the West Midlands, South East, and South West of England. Grossly, gizzard ulceration was observed in one great skua and pancreatic necrosis was observed in 4 herring gulls, with intralesional viral antigen detected subsequently. Microscopical analysis revealed neuro-, pneumo-, lymphoid-, and cardiomyotropism of HPAIV H5N1, with the most common virus-associated pathological changes being pancreatic and splenic necrosis. Examination of the reproductive tract of the great skua revealed HPAIV-associated oophoritis and salpingitis, and virus replication within the oviductal epithelium. The emergence of HPAIV in seabirds Stercorariidae and Laridae, particularly during summer 2022, has challenged the dogma of HPAIV dynamics, posing a significant threat to wild bird life with potential implications for the reproductive performance of seabirds of conservation importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Z X Lean
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, UK
- Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul Holmes
- APHA Shrewsbury Veterinary Investigation Centre, UK
| | | | | | - Ian H Brown
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, UK
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5
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Hall V, Cardona C, Mendoza K, Torchetti M, Lantz K, Bueno I, Franzen-Klein D. Surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) in a raptor rehabilitation center-2022. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299330. [PMID: 38683799 PMCID: PMC11057742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
An ongoing, severe outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI) A H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b has been circulating in wild and domestic bird populations throughout the world, reaching North America in 2021. This HPAI outbreak has exhibited unique characteristics when compared to previous outbreaks. The global distribution of disease, prolonged duration, extensive number of species and individual wild birds affected, and the large impact on the global poultry industry have all exceeded historical impacts of previous outbreaks in North America. In this study, we describe the results of HPAI surveillance conducted at The Raptor Center, a wildlife rehabilitation hospital at University of Minnesota (Saint Paul, MN, U.S.A.), from March 28th-December 31, 2022. All wild raptors admitted to the facility were tested for avian influenza viruses using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. All non-negative samples were submitted to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) National Veterinary Services Laboratories for confirmatory HPAI testing and genetic sequencing. During the study period, 996 individual birds representing 20 different species were tested for avian influenza, and 213 birds were confirmed HPAI positive. Highly pathogenic avian influenza surveillance conducted at The Raptor Center contributed 75% of the HPAI positive raptor detections within the state of Minnesota, located within the Mississippi flyway, significantly augmenting state wildlife surveillance efforts. The viral genotypes observed in birds sampled at The Raptor Center were representative of what was seen in wild bird surveillance within the Mississippi flyway during the same time frame. Wildlife rehabilitation centers provide an opportune situation to augment disease surveillance at the human, wildlife and domestic animal interface during ongoing infectious disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Hall
- The Raptor Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Carol Cardona
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Kristelle Mendoza
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Mia Torchetti
- United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Kristina Lantz
- United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Irene Bueno
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, England
| | - Dana Franzen-Klein
- The Raptor Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
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6
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Lee SH, Jeong S, Cho AY, Kim TH, Choi YJ, Lee H, Song CS, Nahm SS, Swayne DE, Lee DH. Caught Right on the Spot: Isolation and Characterization of Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus from a Common Pochard ( Aythya ferina) Being Attacked by a Peregrine Falcon ( Falco peregrinus). Avian Dis 2024; 68:72-79. [PMID: 38687111 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-23-00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
We isolated a high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) virus from a common pochard (Aythya ferina) that was being attacked by a bird of prey in South Korea in December 2020. Genetic analyses indicated that the isolate was closely related to the clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 HPAI viruses found in South Korea and Japan during the winter season of 2020-2021. The histopathological examination revealed multifocal necrotizing inflammation in the liver, kidney, and spleen. Viral antigens were detected in the liver, kidney, spleen, trachea, intestine, and pancreas, indicating the HPAI virus caused a systemic infection. The presence of immunoreactivity for the viral antigen was observed in the cells involved in multifocal necrotic inflammation. Notably, epitheliotropic-positive patterns were identified in the epithelial cells of the trachea, mucosal epithelium of the intestine, and ductular epithelium of the pancreas. These findings provide direct evidence supporting the possibility of HPAI transmission from infected waterfowl to predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hak Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Jeong
- National Institute of Wildlife Disease Control and Prevention (NIWDC), 1, Songam-gil, Gwangsan-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrew Y Cho
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyeon Kim
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Jeong Choi
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesu Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Konkuk University Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Soep Nahm
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Konkuk University Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,
- Wildlife Health Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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7
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Bauer L, Benavides FFW, Veldhuis Kroeze EJB, de Wit E, van Riel D. The neuropathogenesis of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx viruses in mammalian species including humans. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:953-970. [PMID: 37684136 PMCID: PMC10591965 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Circulation of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5Nx viruses of the A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96 lineage in birds regularly causes infections of mammals, including humans. In many mammalian species, infections are associated with severe neurological disease, a unique feature of HPAI H5Nx viruses compared with other influenza A viruses. Here, we provide an overview of the neuropathogenesis of HPAI H5Nx virus infection in mammals, centered on three aspects: neuroinvasion, neurotropism, and neurovirulence. We focus on in vitro studies, as well as studies on naturally or experimentally infected mammals. Additionally, we discuss the contribution of viral factors to the neuropathogenesis of HPAI H5Nx virus infections and the efficacy of intervention strategies to prevent neuroinvasion or the development of neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Bauer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Emmie de Wit
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Debby van Riel
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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8
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Descriptive Epidemiology of and Response to the High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (H5N8) Epidemic in South African Coastal Seabirds, 2018. Transbound Emerg Dis 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/2708458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 virus was detected in coastal seabirds in late 2017 in South Africa, following a devastating epidemic in the commercial poultry and ostrich industries. By May 2018, the infection had been confirmed in fifteen seabird species at 31 sites along the southern coast, with the highest mortality recorded in terns (Family Laridae, Order Charadriiformes). Over 7,500 positive or suspected cases in seabirds were reported. Among those infected were three endangered species: African penguins (Spheniscus demersus Linnaeus, 1758), Cape cormorants (Phalacrocorax capensis Wahlberg, 1855), and Cape gannets (Morus capensis Lichtenstein, 1823). The scale and impact of this outbreak were unprecedented in southern African coastal seabirds and raised logistical challenges in resource allocation, risk mitigation, and outbreak response. It required the collaboration of multiple stakeholder groups, including a variety of government departments and nongovernmental organizations. With another HPAI outbreak in South African seabirds in 2021 and major incursions in seabird species in the northern hemisphere in 2022, it is vital to share and consolidate knowledge on the subject. We describe the epidemic, the lessons learned, and recommendations for developing contingency plans.
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Bald eagle mortality and nest failure due to clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza a virus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:191. [PMID: 36604450 PMCID: PMC9813463 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27446-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) is a culturally and ecologically vital species in North America that embodies conservation success but continues to face threats that include emerging pathogens. The introduction of A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 lineage highly pathogenic (HP) clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 influenza A virus (IAV) in North America in late 2021 resulted in high rates of mortality among bald eagles. Here we show an alarming rate of bald eagle nest failure and mortality attributed to HP IAV. We documented fatal, systemic HP IAV infection in breeding adult and nestling bald eagles along the southeastern U.S. coast. Concurrently, annual bald eagle nest surveys in Georgia and Florida revealed a precipitous drop in success in coastal counties compared with previous years, portending negative impacts on population recruitment. As an apex predator and efficient scavenger, it is likely that bald eagles become infected through consumption of infected waterfowl. These results and similar reports of raptor mortality in Europe, Asia, and Africa, indicate a clear threat to raptor health. The possible long-term persistence of HP H5N1 IAV in North America poses an impending threat to bald eagle populations not only related to direct mortality but also decreased recruitment and warrants continued efforts to understand these potential impacts.
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Fujimoto Y, Ogasawara K, Isoda N, Hatai H, Okuya K, Watanabe Y, Takada A, Sakoda Y, Saito K, Ozawa M. Experimental and natural infections of white-tailed sea eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) with high pathogenicity avian influenza virus of H5 subtype. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1007350. [PMID: 36262320 PMCID: PMC9574225 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1007350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
White-tailed sea eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla), a regionally rare species of raptor, is threatened in several countries. To assess the risk of H5 high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) viral infection in rare bird species, we performed experimental infections with a GS/GD96-lineage H5N6 HPAI virus of clade 2.3.4.4e in white-tailed sea eagles. Additionally, during the winter of 2020–2021 in Japan, we accidentally encountered a white-tailed sea eagle that had a fatal outcome due to natural infection with a GS/GD96-lineage H5N8 HPAI virus of clade 2.3.4.4b, allowing us to compare experimental and natural infections in the same rare raptor species. Our experiments demonstrated the susceptibility of white-tailed sea eagles to the GS/GD96-lineage H5 HPAI virus with efficient replication in systemic organs. The potential for the viruses to spread within the white-tailed sea eagle population through indirect transmission was also confirmed. Comprehensive comparisons of both viral distribution and histopathological observations between experimentally and naturally infected white-tailed sea eagles imply that viral replication in the brain is responsible for the disease severity and mortality in this species. These findings provide novel insights into the risk assessment of H5 HPAI viral infection in white-tailed sea eagles, proper diagnostic procedures, potential risks to artificially fed eagle populations and persons handling superficially healthy eagles, potential impact of intragastric infection on eagle outcomes, and possibility of severity of the disease being attributed to viral replication in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Fujimoto
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | | | - Norikazu Isoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hatai
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kosuke Okuya
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Saito
- Institute for Raptor Biomedicine Japan, Kushiro, Japan
| | - Makoto Ozawa
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- *Correspondence: Makoto Ozawa
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Isoda N, Onuma M, Hiono T, Sobolev I, Lim HY, Nabeshima K, Honjyo H, Yokoyama M, Shestopalov A, Sakoda Y. Detection of New H5N1 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses in Winter 2021-2022 in the Far East, Which Are Genetically Close to Those in Europe. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102168. [PMID: 36298722 PMCID: PMC9606862 DOI: 10.3390/v14102168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) cases in wild birds due to H5N1 HPAI virus (HPAIV) infection were reported in northern Japan in the winter of 2021-2022. To investigate the epidemiology of HPAIVs brought to Japan from surrounding areas, a genetic analysis of H5 HPAIVs isolated in northern Japan was performed, and the pathogenicity of the HPAIV in chickens was assessed by experimental infection. Based on the genetic analysis of the hemagglutinin gene, pathogenic viruses detected in northern Japan as well as one in Sakhalin, the eastern part of Russia, were classified into the same subgroup as viruses prevalent in Europe in the same season but distinct from those circulating in Asia in winter 2020-2021. High identities of all eight segment sequences of A/crow/Hokkaido/0103B065/2022 (H5N1) (Crow/Hok), the representative isolates in northern Japan in 2022, to European isolates in the same season could also certify the unlikeliness of causing gene reassortment between H5 HPAIVs and viruses locally circulating in Asia. According to intranasal challenge results in six-week-old chickens, 50% of the chicken-lethal dose of Crow/Hok was calculated as 104.5 times of the 50% egg-infectious dose. These results demonstrated that the currently prevalent H5 HPAIVs could spread widely from certain origins throughout the Eurasian continent, including Europe and the Far East, and implied a possibility that contagious viruses are gathered in lakes in the northern territory via bird migration. Active monitoring of wild birds at the global level is essential to estimate the geographical source and spread dynamics of HPAIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norikazu Isoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Manabu Onuma
- Ecological Risk Assessment and Control Section for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, Biology Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba 305-8506, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hiono
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ivan Sobolev
- Institute of Virology of the Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk State University, Bild 2, Timakova St., Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Hew Yik Lim
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kei Nabeshima
- Ecological Risk Assessment and Control Section for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, Biology Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba 305-8506, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hisako Honjyo
- Ecological Risk Assessment and Control Section for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, Biology Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba 305-8506, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Misako Yokoyama
- Ecological Risk Assessment and Control Section for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, Biology Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba 305-8506, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Alexander Shestopalov
- Institute of Virology of the Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk State University, Bild 2, Timakova St., Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (Y.S.); Tel./Fax: +7-383-335-9405 (A.S.); Tel.: +81-11-706-5207 (Y.S.); Fax: +81-11-706-5273 (Y.S.)
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (Y.S.); Tel./Fax: +7-383-335-9405 (A.S.); Tel.: +81-11-706-5207 (Y.S.); Fax: +81-11-706-5273 (Y.S.)
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12
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HIGHLY PATHOGENIC AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUS (H5N8) OUTBREAK IN A WILD BIRD RESCUE CENTER, THE NETHERLANDS: CONSEQUENCES AND RECOMMENDATIONS. J Zoo Wildl Med 2022; 53:41-49. [DOI: 10.1638/2021-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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13
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Caliendo V, Leijten L, van de Bildt M, Germeraad E, Fouchier RAM, Beerens N, Kuiken T. Tropism of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5 Viruses from the 2020/2021 Epizootic in Wild Ducks and Geese. Viruses 2022; 14:280. [PMID: 35215873 PMCID: PMC8880460 DOI: 10.3390/v14020280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks have become increasingly frequent in wild bird populations and have caused mass mortality in many wild bird species. The 2020/2021 epizootic was the largest and most deadly ever reported in Europe, and many new bird species tested positive for HPAI virus for the first time. This study investigated the tropism of HPAI virus in wild birds. We tested the pattern of virus attachment of 2020 H5N8 virus to intestinal and respiratory tissues of key bird species; and characterized pathology of naturally infected Eurasian wigeons (Mareca penelope) and barnacle geese (Branta leucopsis). This study determined that 2020 H5N8 virus had a high level of attachment to the intestinal epithelium (enterotropism) of dabbling ducks and geese and retained attachment to airway epithelium (respirotropism). Natural HPAI 2020 H5 virus infection in Eurasian wigeons and barnacle geese also showed a high level of neurotropism, as both species presented with brain lesions that co-localized with virus antigen expression. We concluded that the combination of respirotropism, neurotropism, and possibly enterotropism, contributed to the successful adaptation of 2020/2021 HPAI H5 viruses to wild waterbird populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Caliendo
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (L.L.); (M.v.d.B.); (R.A.M.F.); (T.K.)
| | - Lonneke Leijten
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (L.L.); (M.v.d.B.); (R.A.M.F.); (T.K.)
| | - Marco van de Bildt
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (L.L.); (M.v.d.B.); (R.A.M.F.); (T.K.)
| | - Evelien Germeraad
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands; (E.G.); (N.B.)
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (L.L.); (M.v.d.B.); (R.A.M.F.); (T.K.)
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands; (E.G.); (N.B.)
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (L.L.); (M.v.d.B.); (R.A.M.F.); (T.K.)
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14
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Caliendo V, Leijten L, van de Bildt MWG, Fouchier RAM, Rijks JM, Kuiken T. Pathology and virology of natural highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 infection in wild Common buzzards (Buteo buteo). Sci Rep 2022; 12:920. [PMID: 35042929 PMCID: PMC8766517 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-04896-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in wild birds is a major emerging disease, and a cause of increased mortality during outbreaks. The Common buzzard (Buteo buteo) has a considerable chance of acquiring the infection and therefore may function as bio-sentinel for the presence of virus in wildlife. This study aimed to determine the virus distribution and associated pathological changes in the tissues of Common buzzards that died with HPAI H5 virus infection during the 2020-2021 epizootic. Eleven freshly dead, HPAI H5 virus-positive Common buzzards were necropsied. Based on RT-PCR, all birds were systemically infected with HPAI H5N8 virus, as viral RNA was detected in cloacal and pharyngeal swabs and in all 10 selected tissues of the birds, with mean Ct values per tissue ranging from 22 for heart to 32 for jejunum. Based on histology and immunohistochemistry, the most common virus-associated pathological changes were necrotizing encephalitis (9/11 birds) and necrotizing myocarditis (7/11 birds). The proventriculus of two birds showed virus-associated necrosis, indicating tropism of this virus for the digestive tract. Our advice is to collect at least a miniset of samples including brain, heart, liver, and spleen, as these tissues were positive both by RT-PCR and for virus-antigen-associated lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Caliendo
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Lonneke Leijten
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jolianne M Rijks
- Dutch Wildlife Health Center, Utrecht University, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Landmann M, Scheibner D, Graaf A, Gischke M, Koethe S, Fatola OI, Raddatz B, Mettenleiter TC, Beer M, Grund C, Harder T, Abdelwhab EM, Ulrich R. A Semiquantitative Scoring System for Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Assessment of Lesions and Tissue Tropism in Avian Influenza. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050868. [PMID: 34065126 PMCID: PMC8151536 DOI: 10.3390/v13050868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The main findings of the post-mortem examination of poultry infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) include necrotizing inflammation and viral antigen in multiple organs. The lesion profile displays marked variability, depending on viral subtype, strain, and host species. Therefore, in this study, a semiquantitative scoring system was developed to compare histopathological findings across a wide range of study conditions. Briefly, the severity of necrotizing lesions in brain, heart, lung, liver, kidney, pancreas, and/or lymphocytic depletion in the spleen is scored on an ordinal four-step scale (0 = unchanged, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe), and the distribution of the viral antigen in parenchymal and endothelial cells is evaluated on a four-step scale (0 = none, 1 = focal, 2 = multifocal, 3 = diffuse). These scores are used for a meta-analysis of experimental infections with H7N7 and H5N8 (clade 2.3.4.4b) HPAIV in chickens, turkeys, and ducks. The meta-analysis highlights the rather unique endotheliotropism of these HPAIV in chickens and a more severe necrotizing encephalitis in H7N7-HPAIV-infected turkeys. In conclusion, the proposed scoring system can be used to condensate HPAIV-typical pathohistological findings into semiquantitative data, thus enabling systematic phenotyping of virus strains and their tissue tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Landmann
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.L.); (B.R.)
| | - David Scheibner
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (D.S.); (M.G.); (T.C.M.); (E.M.A.)
| | - Annika Graaf
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.G.); (S.K.); (M.B.); (C.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Marcel Gischke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (D.S.); (M.G.); (T.C.M.); (E.M.A.)
| | - Susanne Koethe
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.G.); (S.K.); (M.B.); (C.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Olanrewaju I. Fatola
- Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Barbara Raddatz
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.L.); (B.R.)
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (D.S.); (M.G.); (T.C.M.); (E.M.A.)
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.G.); (S.K.); (M.B.); (C.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Christian Grund
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.G.); (S.K.); (M.B.); (C.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.G.); (S.K.); (M.B.); (C.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Elsayed M. Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (D.S.); (M.G.); (T.C.M.); (E.M.A.)
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.L.); (B.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-341-973-8270
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16
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A Review of Avian Influenza A Virus Associations in Synanthropic Birds. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111209. [PMID: 33114239 PMCID: PMC7690888 DOI: 10.3390/v12111209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza A viruses (IAV) have received significant attention due to the threat they pose to human, livestock, and wildlife health. In this review, we focus on what is known about IAV dynamics in less common avian species that may play a role in trafficking IAVs to poultry operations. Specifically, we focus on synanthropic bird species. Synanthropic species, otherwise known as peridomestic, are species that are ecologically associated with humans and anthropogenically modified landscapes, such as agricultural and urban areas. Aquatic birds such as waterfowl and shorebirds are the species most commonly associated with avian IAVs, and are generally considered the reservoir or maintenance hosts in the natural ecology of these viruses. Waterfowl and shorebirds are occasionally associated with poultry facilities, but are uncommon or absent in many areas, especially large commercial operations. In these cases, spillover hosts that share resources with both maintenance hosts and target hosts such as poultry may play an important role in introducing wild bird viruses onto farms. Consequently, our focus here is on what is known about IAV dynamics in synanthropic hosts that are commonly found on both farms and in nearby habitats, such as fields, lakes, wetlands, or riparian areas occupied by waterfowl or shorebirds.
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17
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Xiang L, Hu X, Zhang J, She J, Li M, Zhou T. Immunodepression induced by influenza A virus (H1N1) in lymphoid organs functions as a pathogenic mechanism. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 47:1664-1673. [PMID: 32496586 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the frequency of influenza epidemics around the world has posed a great threat to the lives of people, especially those in developing countries. However, it is unclear which organs are the targets of influenza A viruses (IAVs) and what histopathology is caused by IAVs. In this study, BALB/c female mice were infected with H1N1 by nasal inoculation for 5 days. After euthanasia, the brain, heart, lungs, thymus, liver, spleen, hilar lymph nodes, pancreas, kidneys, and adrenal glands were collected. Among these organs, only the lungs, thymus, spleen, and hilar lymph nodes showed lesions. Lung histopathology was characterized by widening of the septum, lymphocyte infiltration, alveolar effusion, and alveolar hyaline membrane formation. The thymus and spleen exhibited atrophy due to the apoptosis of numerous lymphocytes. Although the hilar lymph nodes were enlarged, lymphocyte apoptosis still occurred. The nucleocapsid protein (NP) of IAVs was present not only in the lungs but also in the thymus, spleen, and hilar lymph nodes. In peripheral blood, CD19+ B lymphocyte levels clearly decreased whileCD3+ CD8+ T and CD3+ CD4+ T lymphocyte levels temporarily decreased but subsequently increased. These results demonstrate that H1N1 in the lungs could reach lymphoid organs, induce the depletion of B and T lymphocytes in peripheral blood and lymphoid organs, and suppress adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiang
- Department of pathogenic biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Hu
- Department of pathogenic biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jinping Zhang
- Department of pathogenic biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Junping She
- Department of pathogenic biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Mingyuan Li
- Department of Microbiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tiejun Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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18
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Uno Y, Soda K, Tomioka Y, Ito T, Usui T, Yamaguchi T. Pathogenicity of clade 2.3.2.1 H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in American kestrel ( Falco sparverius). Avian Pathol 2020; 49:515-525. [PMID: 32619103 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2020.1787337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Birds of prey, including endangered species, have been infected with H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) in several countries. In this present study, we assessed the pathogenicity of the clade 2.3.2.1 H5N1 HPAIV in American kestrels (Falco sparverius) with a view to preventing future outbreaks in raptors. The kestrels were intranasally inoculated with the virus or fed the meat of chicks that had died from viral infection. Kestrels in both groups initially had reduced food intake, showed clinical signs such as depression and neurologic manifestations, and succumbed to the infection within 6 days. The kestrels primarily shed the virus orally from 1 day post-inoculation until death, with an average titre of 104.5-5.7 EID50/ml, which is comparable to the inoculum titre. The viruses replicated in almost all tested tissues; notably, the feather calamuses also contained infectious virions and/or viral genes. Pancreatic lesions were present in several infected birds, as shown in previous cases of HPAIV infection in raptors. These results indicate that kestrels are highly susceptible to infection by clade 2.3.2.1 H5 HPAIVs, which readily occurs through the consumption of infected bird carcasses. Early detection and removal of HPAIV infected carcasses in the field is essential for preventing outbreaks in raptors. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Clade 2.3.2.1 H5 HPAIV caused lethal infection in American kestrels. Kestrels with the HPAIV showed neurologic signs and eye disorders. The HPAIV replicated in systemic tissues of kestrels, and was orally shed. The HPAIV was recovered from feather calamus of kestrels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Uno
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kosuke Soda
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yukiko Tomioka
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Tatsufumi Usui
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamaguchi
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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Brouwer A, Gonzales J, Huneau A, Mulatti P, Kuiken T, Staubach C, Stegeman A, Antoniou SE, Baldinelli F, Van der Stede Y, Aznar I. Annual Report on surveillance for avian influenza in poultry and wild birds in Member States of the European Union in 2018. EFSA J 2019; 17:e05945. [PMID: 32626213 PMCID: PMC7008901 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) is a viral infectious disease that affects all species of domestic and wild birds. The viruses causing this disease can be of high (HPAI) or low (LPAI) pathogenicity and represent a continuous threat to poultry in Europe. Council Directive 2005/94/EC requests EU Member States (MSs) to carry out surveillance in poultry and wild birds and notify the results to the responsible authority. Therefore, MSs and Switzerland have implemented surveillance programmes to yearly monitor incursions of AI viruses in poultry and wild birds. EFSA received a mandate from the European Commission, to collate, validate, analyse and summarise in an annual report the data resulting from the avian influenza surveillance programmes. This is the first report produced under this mandate summarising the results of the surveillance activities carried out in poultry and wild birds in 2018. Overall 18,596 poultry establishments were sampled, of which 43 were seropositive for H5 AI and two for H7 AI. Seropositive establishments were found in 11 MSs, with the highest percentage of seropositive establishments being found in waterfowl gamebird, and geese and duck breeding establishments. A total of 9,145 dead/moribund wild birds were sampled, with 163 birds testing positive to HPAI virus H5N6. The infected birds were reported by eight MSs and were mostly found between January and April 2018. In this report, the wild bird species affected with HPAI are described and the strategy of targeted sampling is assessed. The crude odds ratio of HPAI detection as a function of the target species (species belonging to the list of target species versus species not belonging to the target list) is presented. The surveillance findings for poultry and wild birds for 2018 are also discussed in relation to findings from previous years and current knowledge on the epidemiology of AI in Europe.
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Adlhoch C, Fusaro A, Kuiken T, Monne I, Smietanka K, Staubach C, Muñoz Guajardo I, Baldinelli F. Avian influenza overview February- August 2019. EFSA J 2019; 17:e05843. [PMID: 32626437 PMCID: PMC7009306 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Between 16 February and 15 August 2019, five HPAI A(H5N8) outbreaks at poultry establishments in Bulgaria, two low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) A(H5N1) outbreaks in poultry in Denmark and one in captive birds in Germany, one LPAI A(H7N3) outbreak in poultry in Italy and one LPAI A(H7N7) outbreak in poultry in Denmark were reported in Europe. Genetic characterisation reveals that viruses from Denmark cluster with viruses previously identified in wild birds and poultry in Europe; while the Italian isolate clusters with LPAI viruses circulating in wild birds in Central Asia. No avian influenza outbreaks in wild birds were notified in Europe in the relevant period for this report. A decreased number of outbreaks in poultry and wild birds in Asia, Africa and the Middle East was reported during the time period for this report, particularly during the last three months. Furthermore, only six affected wild birds were reported in the relevant time period of this report. Currently there is no evidence of a new HPAI virus incursion from Asia into Europe. However, passive surveillance systems may not be sensitive for early detection if the prevalence or case fatality in wild birds is very low. Therefore, it is important to encourage and maintain passive surveillance in Europe encouraging a search for carcasses of wild bird species that are in the revised list of target species in order to detect any incursion of HPAI virus early and initiate warning. No human infections due to HPAI viruses - detected in wild birds and poultry outbreaks in Europe - have been reported during the last years and the risk of zoonotic transmission to the general public in Europe is considered very low.
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21
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Adlhoch C, Kuiken T, Monne I, Mulatti P, Smietanka K, Staubach C, Guajardo IM, Baldinelli F. Avian influenza overview November 2018 - February 2019. EFSA J 2019; 17:e05664. [PMID: 32626274 PMCID: PMC7009136 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
No human infections due to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N8) or A(H5N6) viruses ‐ detected in wild birds and poultry outbreaks in Europe ‐ have been reported so far and the risk of zoonotic transmission to the general public in Europe is considered very low. Between 16 November 2018 and 15 February 2019, two HPAI A(H5N8) outbreaks in poultry establishments in Bulgaria, two HPAI A(H5N6) outbreaks in wild birds in Denmark and one low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) A(H5N3) in captive birds in the Netherlands were reported in the European Union (EU). Genetic characterisation of the HPAI A(H5N6) viruses reveals that they cluster with the A(H5N6) viruses that have been circulating in Europe since December 2017. The wild bird species involved were birds of prey and were likely infected due to hunting or scavenging infected wild waterfowl. However, HPAI virus was not detected in other wild birds during this period. Outside the EU, two HPAI outbreaks were reported in poultry during the reporting period from western Russia. Sequence information on an HPAI A(H5N6) virus found in a common gull in western Russia in October 2018 suggests that the virus clusters within clade 2.3.4.4c and is closely related to viruses that transmitted zoonotically in China. An increasing number of outbreaks in poultry and wild birds in Asia, Africa and the Middle East was observed during the time period for this report. Currently there is no evidence of a new HPAI virus incursion from Asia into Europe. However, passive surveillance systems may not be sensitive enough if the prevalence or case fatality in wild birds is very low. Nevertheless, it is important to encourage and maintain a certain level of passive surveillance in Europe testing single sick or dead wild birds and birds of prey as they may be sensitive sentinel species for the presence of HPAI virus in the environment. A well‐targeted active surveillance might complement passive surveillance to collect information on HPAI infectious status of apparently healthy wild bird populations.
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Bosco-Lauth AM, Marlenee NL, Hartwig AE, Bowen RA, Root JJ. Shedding of clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8 and H5N2 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in peridomestic wild birds in the U.S. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1301-1305. [PMID: 30740920 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), house sparrows (Passer domesticus) and rock pigeons (Columba livia) are all wild birds commonly found in large numbers in and around human dwellings and domestic livestock operations. This study evaluated the susceptibility of these species to three strains of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HP AIV) clade 2.3.4.4 isolated in the U.S.. Experimental infection of European starlings and rock pigeons did not result in any overt signs attributable to AIV infection and no virus shedding was detected from the oral and cloacal routes. House sparrows shed by the oral route and exhibited limited mortality. Individuals from all three species seroconverted following infection. These data suggest that none of these birds are a likely potential bridge host for future HP AIV outbreaks but that their seroconversion may be a useful surveillance tool for detection of circulating H5 HP AIV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - J Jeffrey Root
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado
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23
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Lethal Infection of Wild Raptors with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N8 and H5N2 Viruses in the USA, 2014–15. J Wildl Dis 2019; 55:164-168. [DOI: 10.7589/2017-11-289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Krone O, Globig A, Ulrich R, Harder T, Schinköthe J, Herrmann C, Gerst S, Conraths FJ, Beer M. White-Tailed Sea Eagle ( Haliaeetus albicilla) Die-Off Due to Infection with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus, Subtype H5N8, in Germany. Viruses 2018; 10:v10090478. [PMID: 30205456 PMCID: PMC6163648 DOI: 10.3390/v10090478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to previous incursions of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAIV) H5 viruses, H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses caused numerous cases of lethal infections in white-tailed sea eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) affecting mainly young eagles (younger than five years of age) in Germany during winter 2016/2017. Until April 2017, 17 HPAIV H5N8-positive white-tailed sea eagles had been detected (three found alive and 14 carcasses) by real-time RT-PCR and partial nucleotide sequence analyses. Severe neurological clinical signs were noticed which were corroborated by immunohistopathology revealing mild to moderate, oligo- to multifocal necrotizing virus-induced polioencephalitis. Lethal lead (Pb) concentrations, a main factor of mortality in sea eagles in previous years, could be ruled out by atomic absorption spectrometry. HPAIV H5 clade 2.3.4.4b reportedly is the first highly pathogenic influenza virus known to induce fatal disease in European white-tailed see eagles. This virus strain may become a new health threat to a highly protected species across its distribution range in Eurasia. Positive cloacal swabs suggest that eagles can spread the virus with their faeces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Krone
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, 10315 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Anja Globig
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Timm Harder
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Jan Schinköthe
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Christof Herrmann
- Agency for Environment, Nature Conservation, and Geology Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, 18273 Güstrow, Germany.
| | - Sascha Gerst
- Department of Diagnostic Investigation of Epizootics (LALLF), State Office for Agriculture, Food Safety, and Fishery, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Franz J Conraths
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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More S, Bicout D, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Breed A, Brouwer A, Guillemain M, Harder T, Monne I, Roberts H, Baldinelli F, Barrucci F, Fabris C, Martino L, Mosbach-Schulz O, Verdonck F, Morgado J, Stegeman JA. Avian influenza. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04991. [PMID: 32625288 PMCID: PMC7009867 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous introductions of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) to the EU were most likely via migratory wild birds. A mathematical model has been developed which indicated that virus amplification and spread may take place when wild bird populations of sufficient size within EU become infected. Low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) may reach similar maximum prevalence levels in wild bird populations to HPAIV but the risk of LPAIV infection of a poultry holding was estimated to be lower than that of HPAIV. Only few non-wild bird pathways were identified having a non-negligible risk of AI introduction. The transmission rate between animals within a flock is assessed to be higher for HPAIV than LPAIV. In very few cases, it could be proven that HPAI outbreaks were caused by intrinsic mutation of LPAIV to HPAIV but current knowledge does not allow a prediction as to if, and when this could occur. In gallinaceous poultry, passive surveillance through notification of suspicious clinical signs/mortality was identified as the most effective method for early detection of HPAI outbreaks. For effective surveillance in anseriform poultry, passive surveillance through notification of suspicious clinical signs/mortality needs to be accompanied by serological surveillance and/or a virological surveillance programme of birds found dead (bucket sampling). Serosurveillance is unfit for early warning of LPAI outbreaks at the individual holding level but could be effective in tracing clusters of LPAIV-infected holdings. In wild birds, passive surveillance is an appropriate method for HPAIV surveillance if the HPAIV infections are associated with mortality whereas active wild bird surveillance has a very low efficiency for detecting HPAIV. Experts estimated and emphasised the effect of implementing specific biosecurity measures on reducing the probability of AIV entering into a poultry holding. Human diligence is pivotal to select, implement and maintain specific, effective biosecurity measures.
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Velkers FC, Blokhuis SJ, Veldhuis Kroeze EJB, Burt SA. The role of rodents in avian influenza outbreaks in poultry farms: a review. Vet Q 2017; 37:182-194. [DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2017.1325537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francisca C. Velkers
- Department of Farm Animal Health – Epidemiology, Infectiology and Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Simon J. Blokhuis
- Department of Farm Animal Health – Epidemiology, Infectiology and Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sara A. Burt
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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27
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Short KR, Richard M, Verhagen JH, van Riel D, Schrauwen EJA, van den Brand JMA, Mänz B, Bodewes R, Herfst S. One health, multiple challenges: The inter-species transmission of influenza A virus. One Health 2015; 1:1-13. [PMID: 26309905 PMCID: PMC4542011 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses are amongst the most challenging viruses that threaten both human and animal health. Influenza A viruses are unique in many ways. Firstly, they are unique in the diversity of host species that they infect. This includes waterfowl (the original reservoir), terrestrial and aquatic poultry, swine, humans, horses, dog, cats, whales, seals and several other mammalian species. Secondly, they are unique in their capacity to evolve and adapt, following crossing the species barrier, in order to replicate and spread to other individuals within the new species. Finally, they are unique in the frequency of inter-species transmission events that occur. Indeed, the consequences of novel influenza virus strain in an immunologically naïve population can be devastating. The problems that influenza A viruses present for human and animal health are numerous. For example, influenza A viruses in humans represent a major economic and disease burden, whilst the poultry industry has suffered colossal damage due to repeated outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of influenza A viruses by shedding light on interspecies virus transmission and summarising the current knowledge regarding how influenza viruses can adapt to a new host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty R Short
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, the Netherlands ; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | | | - Debby van Riel
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Benjamin Mänz
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Rogier Bodewes
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, the Netherlands
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