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Sharma S, Kumar N, Rouse BT, Sharma K, Chaubey KK, Singh S, Kumar P, Kumar P. The role, relevance and management of immune exhaustion in bovine infectious diseases. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28663. [PMID: 38596123 PMCID: PMC11002068 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune exhaustion is a state of immune cell dysfunction that occurs most commonly following chronic exposure to an antigen which persists after the immune response fails to remove it. Exhaustion has been studied most thoroughly with several cancers, but has also been observed in several chronic infectious diseases. The topic has mainly been studied with CD8+ T cells, but it can also occur with CD4+ T cells and other immune cell types too. Exhaustion is characterized by a hierarchical loss of effector cell functions, up-regulation of immuno-inhibitory receptors, disruption of metabolic activities, and altered chromatin landscapes. Exhaustion has received minimal attention so far in diseases of veterinary significance and this review's purpose is to describe examples where immune exhaustion is occurring in several bovine disease situations. We also describe methodology to evaluate immune exhaustion as well as the prospects of controlling exhaustion and achieving a more suitable outcome of therapy in some chronic disease scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- National Center for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-NRC on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Barry T. Rouse
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0845, USA
| | - Khushbu Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Sanskriti University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281 401, India
| | - ShoorVir Singh
- Department of Bio-technology, GLA University, Post-Chaumuhan, Dist. Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281 406, India
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
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2
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Lucas CL. Human genetic errors of immunity illuminate an adaptive arsenal model of rapid defenses. Trends Immunol 2024; 45:113-126. [PMID: 38302340 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
New discoveries in the field of human monogenic immune diseases highlight critical genes and pathways governing immune responses. Here, I describe how the ~500 currently defined human inborn errors of immunity help shape what I propose is an 'adaptive arsenal model of rapid defenses', emphasizing the set of immunological defenses poised for rapid responses in the natural environment. This arsenal blurs the lines between innate and adaptive immunity and is established through molecular relays between cell types, often traversing from sensors (pathogen detection) to intermediates to executioners (pathogen clearance) via soluble factors. Predictions and missing information based on the adaptive arsenal model are discussed, as are emergent and outstanding questions fundamental to advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie L Lucas
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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3
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Okon EM, Okocha RC, Taiwo AB, Michael FB, Bolanle AM. Dynamics of co-infection in fish: A review of pathogen-host interaction and clinical outcome. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 4:100096. [PMID: 37250211 PMCID: PMC10213192 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Co-infections can affect the transmission of a pathogen within a population and the pathogen's virulence, ultimately affecting the disease's dynamics. In addition, co-infections can potentially affect the host's immunological responses, clinical outcomes, survival, and disease control efficacy. Co-infections significantly impact fish production and can change several fish diseases' progression and severity. However, the effect of co-infection has only recently garnered limited attention in aquatic animals such as fish, and there is currently a dearth of studies on this topic. This study, therefore, presents an in-depth summary of the dynamics of co-infection in fish. This study reviewed the co-infection of fish pathogens, the interaction of pathogens and fish, clinical outcomes and impacts on fish immune responses, and fish survival. Most studies described the prevalence of co-infections in fish, with various parameters influencing their outcomes. Bacterial co-infection increased fish mortality, ulcerative dermatitis, and intestinal haemorrhage. Viral co-infection resulted in osmoregulatory effects, increased mortality and cytopathic effect (CPE). More severe histological alterations and clinical symptoms were related to the co-infection of fish than in single-infected fish. In parasitic co-infection, there was increased mortality, high kidney swelling index, and severe necrotic alterations in the kidney, liver, and spleen. In other cases, there were more severe kidney lesions, cartilage destruction and displacement. There was a dearth of information on mitigating co-infections in fish. Therefore, further studies on the mitigation strategies of co-infections in fish will provide valuable insights into this research area. Also, more research on the immunology of co-infection specific to each fish pathogen class (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) is imperative. The findings from such studies would provide valuable information on the relationship between fish immune systems and targeted responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reuben Chukwuka Okocha
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Landmark University, P.M.B. 1001 Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
- Climate Action Research Group, Landmark University SDG 13, Nigeria
| | | | - Falana Babatunde Michael
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Landmark University, P.M.B. 1001 Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
- Life Below Water Research Group, Landmark University SDG 14, Nigeria
| | - Adeniran Moji Bolanle
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Landmark University, P.M.B. 1001 Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
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4
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Van Zandt AR, MacLean AG. Advances in HIV therapeutics and cure strategies: findings obtained through non-human primate studies. J Neurovirol 2023; 29:389-399. [PMID: 37635184 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01162-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the main contributor of the ongoing AIDS epidemic, remains one of the most challenging and complex viruses to target and eradicate due to frequent genome mutation and immune evasion. Despite the development of potent antiretroviral therapies, HIV remains an incurable infection as the virus persists in latent reservoirs throughout the body. To innovate a safe and effective cure strategy for HIV in humans, animal models are needed to better understand viral proliferation, disease progression, and therapeutic response. Nonhuman primates infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) provide an ideal model to study HIV infection and pathogenesis as they are closely related to humans genetically and express phenotypically similar immune systems. Examining the clinical outcomes of novel treatment strategies within nonhuman primates facilitates our understanding of HIV latency and advances the development of a true cure to HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison R Van Zandt
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Training Program, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Andrew G MacLean
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA.
- Biomedical Sciences Training Program, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
- Tulane Brain Institute, New Orleans, LA, USA.
- Tulane Center for Aging, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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5
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Adeoye B, Nakiyingi L, Moreau Y, Nankya E, Olson AJ, Zhang M, Jacobson KR, Gupta A, Manabe YC, Hosseinipour MC, Kumwenda J, Sagar M. Mycobacterium tuberculosis disease associates with higher HIV-1-specific antibody responses. iScience 2023; 26:106631. [PMID: 37168567 PMCID: PMC10165194 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the most common infection among people with HIV (PWH). Mtb disease-associated inflammation could affect HIV-directed immune responses in PWH. We show that HIV antibodies are broader and more potent in PWH in the presence as compared to the absence of Mtb disease. With co-existing Mtb disease, the virus in PWH also encounters unique antibody selection pressure. The Mtb-linked HIV antibody enhancement associates with specific mediators important for B cell and antibody development. This Mtb humoral augmentation does not occur due to cross-reactivity, a generalized increase in all antibodies, or differences in duration or amount of antigen exposure. We speculate that the co-localization of Mtb and HIV in lymphatic tissues leads to the emergence of potent HIV antibodies. PWH's Mtb disease status has implications for the future use of HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies as prophylaxis or treatment and the induction of better humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bukola Adeoye
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Lydia Nakiyingi
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Yvetane Moreau
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Ethel Nankya
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Alex J. Olson
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Mo Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Karen R. Jacobson
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Amita Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yukari C. Manabe
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Manish Sagar
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5274 (REMEMBER) Study Team
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
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6
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Opara NU, Nwagbara UI, Hlongwana KW. The COVID-19 Impact on the Trends in Yellow Fever and Lassa Fever Infections in Nigeria. Infect Dis Rep 2022; 14:932-941. [PMID: 36412749 PMCID: PMC9680345 DOI: 10.3390/idr14060091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa fever (LF) and yellow fever (YF) belong to a group of viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs). These viruses have common features and damages the organs and blood vessels; they also impair the body's homeostasis. Some VHFs cause mild disease, while some cause severe disease and death such as in the case of Ebola or Marburg. LF virus and YF virus are two of the most recent emerging viruses in Africa, resulting in severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. Lassa fever virus is continuously on the rise both in Nigeria and neighboring countries in West Africa, with an estimate of over 500,000 cases of LF, and 5000 deaths, annually. YF virus is endemic in temperate climate regions of Africa, Central America (Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador), and South America (such as Brazil, Argentina, Peru, and Chile) with an annual estimated cases of 200,000 and 30,000 deaths globally. This review examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the trend in epidemiology of these two VHFs to delineate responses that are associated with protective or pathogenic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nnennaya U. Opara
- Institute for Academic Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, WV 25304, USA
- Department of Health Administration, University of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85040, USA
- Correspondence: or
| | - Ugochinyere I. Nwagbara
- Department of Public Health Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Khumbulani W. Hlongwana
- Cancer and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research Unit (CIDERU), College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
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7
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Georgakilas GK, Galanopoulos AP, Tsinaris Z, Kyritsi M, Mouchtouri VA, Speletas M, Hadjichristodoulou C. Machine-Learning-Assisted Analysis of TCR Profiling Data Unveils Cross-Reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 and a Wide Spectrum of Pathogens and Other Diseases. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:1531. [PMID: 36290433 PMCID: PMC9598299 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
During the last two years, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has led to millions of deaths worldwide, with a devastating socio-economic impact on a global scale. The scientific community's focus has recently shifted towards the association of the T cell immunological repertoire with COVID-19 progression and severity, by utilising T cell receptor sequencing (TCR-Seq) assays. The Multiplexed Identification of T cell Receptor Antigen (MIRA) dataset, which is a subset of the immunoACCESS study, provides thousands of TCRs that can specifically recognise SARS-CoV-2 epitopes. Our study proposes a novel Machine Learning (ML)-assisted approach for analysing TCR-Seq data from the antigens' point of view, with the ability to unveil key antigens that can accurately distinguish between MIRA COVID-19-convalescent and healthy individuals based on differences in the triggered immune response. Some SARS-CoV-2 antigens were found to exhibit equal levels of recognition by MIRA TCRs in both convalescent and healthy cohorts, leading to the assumption of putative cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 and other infectious agents. This hypothesis was tested by combining MIRA with other public TCR profiling repositories that host assays and sequencing data concerning a plethora of pathogens. Our study provides evidence regarding putative cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 and a wide spectrum of pathogens and diseases, with M. tuberculosis and Influenza virus exhibiting the highest levels of cross-reactivity. These results can potentially shift the emphasis of immunological studies towards an increased application of TCR profiling assays that have the potential to uncover key mechanisms of cell-mediated immune response against pathogens and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios K. Georgakilas
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larisa, Greece
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Achilleas P. Galanopoulos
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larisa, Greece
- Department of Immunology & Histocompatibility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larisa, Greece
| | - Zafeiris Tsinaris
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larisa, Greece
| | - Maria Kyritsi
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larisa, Greece
| | - Varvara A. Mouchtouri
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larisa, Greece
| | - Matthaios Speletas
- Department of Immunology & Histocompatibility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larisa, Greece
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8
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Makau DN, Lycett S, Michalska-Smith M, Paploski IAD, Cheeran MCJ, Craft ME, Kao RR, Schroeder DC, Doeschl-Wilson A, VanderWaal K. Ecological and evolutionary dynamics of multi-strain RNA viruses. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:1414-1422. [PMID: 36138206 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01860-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Potential interactions among co-circulating viral strains in host populations are often overlooked in the study of virus transmission. However, these interactions probably shape transmission dynamics by influencing host immune responses or altering the relative fitness among co-circulating strains. In this Review, we describe multi-strain dynamics from ecological and evolutionary perspectives, outline scales in which multi-strain dynamics occur and summarize important immunological, phylogenetic and mathematical modelling approaches used to quantify interactions among strains. We also discuss how host-pathogen interactions influence the co-circulation of pathogens. Finally, we highlight outstanding questions and knowledge gaps in the current theory and study of ecological and evolutionary dynamics of multi-strain viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis N Makau
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Igor A D Paploski
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Maxim C-J Cheeran
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Meggan E Craft
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Rowland R Kao
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Declan C Schroeder
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | | | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
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9
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Jones RP, Ponomarenko A. Roles for Pathogen Interference in Influenza Vaccination, with Implications to Vaccine Effectiveness (VE) and Attribution of Influenza Deaths. Infect Dis Rep 2022; 14:710-758. [PMID: 36286197 PMCID: PMC9602062 DOI: 10.3390/idr14050076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogen interference is the ability of one pathogen to alter the course and clinical outcomes of infection by another. With up to 3000 species of human pathogens the potential combinations are vast. These combinations operate within further immune complexity induced by infection with multiple persistent pathogens, and by the role which the human microbiome plays in maintaining health, immune function, and resistance to infection. All the above are further complicated by malnutrition in children and the elderly. Influenza vaccination offers a measure of protection for elderly individuals subsequently infected with influenza. However, all vaccines induce both specific and non-specific effects. The specific effects involve stimulation of humoral and cellular immunity, while the nonspecific effects are far more nuanced including changes in gene expression patterns and production of small RNAs which contribute to pathogen interference. Little is known about the outcomes of vaccinated elderly not subsequently infected with influenza but infected with multiple other non-influenza winter pathogens. In this review we propose that in certain years the specific antigen mix in the seasonal influenza vaccine inadvertently increases the risk of infection from other non-influenza pathogens. The possibility that vaccination could upset the pathogen balance, and that the timing of vaccination relative to the pathogen balance was critical to success, was proposed in 2010 but was seemingly ignored. Persons vaccinated early in the winter are more likely to experience higher pathogen interference. Implications to the estimation of vaccine effectiveness and influenza deaths are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney P Jones
- Healthcare Analysis and Forecasting, Wantage OX12 0NE, UK
| | - Andrey Ponomarenko
- Department of Biophysics, Informatics and Medical Instrumentation, Odessa National Medical University, Valikhovsky Lane 2, 65082 Odessa, Ukraine
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10
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Waqar K, Akhtar H, Khan MM, Umar M, Malik B, Faheem M. A case report of dengue shock syndrome complicated with multiorgan failure and hepatitis E virus superinfection. Future Virol 2022. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2021-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dengue fever is a vector borne viral disease. It is more prevalent in Southeast Asia. The main symptoms include myalgia, nausea, vomiting and rash, hence, subsequently lead to dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. In the current report, we are presenting a case of a 50-year-old female patient who was presented in hospital with the symptoms of fever, vomiting, abdominal pain, productive cough and sore throat. Her serology came positive for dengue NSP1, and she was shifted to intensive care unit because of her aggravating condition. On day 4, the hepatitis E virus infection also was detected and she died after developing hepatic shock and multiorgan failure. This report states the superinfection of hepatitis E and dengue virus and highlights the significance of its early detection for better clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinza Waqar
- Department of Multidisciplinary Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Hashaam Akhtar
- Yusra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yusra Medical & Dental College, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mujeeb Khan
- Department of infectious diseases, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Umar
- Department of infectious diseases, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Bisma Malik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology (UET) Lahore, Narowal Campus, Narowal, 51601, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Faheem
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, The Mall, 46000, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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Santos J, Calabrese DR, Greenland JR. Lymphocytic Airway Inflammation in Lung Allografts. Front Immunol 2022; 13:908693. [PMID: 35911676 PMCID: PMC9335886 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.908693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung transplant remains a key therapeutic option for patients with end stage lung disease but short- and long-term survival lag other solid organ transplants. Early ischemia-reperfusion injury in the form of primary graft dysfunction (PGD) and acute cellular rejection are risk factors for chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD), a syndrome of airway and parenchymal fibrosis that is the major barrier to long term survival. An increasing body of research suggests lymphocytic airway inflammation plays a significant role in these important clinical syndromes. Cytotoxic T cells are observed in airway rejection, and transcriptional analysis of airways reveal common cytotoxic gene patterns across solid organ transplant rejection. Natural killer (NK) cells have also been implicated in the early allograft damage response to PGD, acute rejection, cytomegalovirus, and CLAD. This review will examine the roles of lymphocytic airway inflammation across the lifespan of the allograft, including: 1) The contribution of innate lymphocytes to PGD and the impact of PGD on the adaptive immune response. 2) Acute cellular rejection pathologies and the limitations in identifying airway inflammation by transbronchial biopsy. 3) Potentiators of airway inflammation and heterologous immunity, such as respiratory infections, aspiration, and the airway microbiome. 4) Airway contributions to CLAD pathogenesis, including epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), club cell loss, and the evolution from constrictive bronchiolitis to parenchymal fibrosis. 5) Protective mechanisms of fibrosis involving regulatory T cells. In summary, this review will examine our current understanding of the complex interplay between the transplanted airway epithelium, lymphocytic airway infiltration, and rejection pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Santos
- Department of Medicine University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Daniel R. Calabrese
- Department of Medicine University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Daniel Calabrese, ; John R. Greenland,
| | - John R. Greenland
- Department of Medicine University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Daniel Calabrese, ; John R. Greenland,
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12
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Seo SU, Seong BL. Prospects on Repurposing a Live Attenuated Vaccine for the Control of Unrelated Infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:877845. [PMID: 35651619 PMCID: PMC9149153 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.877845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Live vaccines use attenuated microbes to acquire immunity against pathogens in a safe way. As live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) still maintain infectivity, the vaccination stimulates diverse immune responses by mimicking natural infection. Induction of pathogen-specific antibodies or cell-mediated cytotoxicity provides means of specific protection, but LAV can also elicit unintended off-target effects, termed non-specific effects. Such mechanisms as short-lived genetic interference and non-specific innate immune response or long-lasting trained immunity and heterologous immunity allow LAVs to develop resistance to subsequent microbial infections. Based on their safety and potential for interference, LAVs may be considered as an alternative for immediate mitigation and control of unexpected pandemic outbreaks before pathogen-specific therapeutic and prophylactic measures are deployed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Uk Seo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Baik-Lin Seong
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Vaccine Innovative Technology ALliance (VITAL)-Korea, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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13
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Sharma S, Gautam A, Singh S, Chaubey KK, Mehta R, Sharma M, Gupta S. Immunological and Hemato-biochemical alterations in diarrhoeic buffaloes screened for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection using ‘indigenous ELISA kit’. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 87:101833. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Transcriptomics of Acute DENV-Specific CD8+ T Cells Does Not Support Qualitative Differences as Drivers of Disease Severity. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10040612. [PMID: 35455361 PMCID: PMC9029181 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
While several lines of evidence suggest a protective role of T cells against disease associated with Dengue virus (DENV) infection, their potential contribution to immunopathology in the acute phase of DENV infection remains controversial, and it has been hypothesized that the more severe form of the disease (dengue hemorrhagic fever, DHF) is associated with altered T cell responses. To address this question, we determined the transcriptomic profiles of DENV-specific CD8+ T cells in a cohort of 40 hospitalized dengue patients with either a milder form of the disease (dengue fever, DF) or a more severe disease form (dengue hemorrhagic fever, DHF). We found multiple transcriptomic signatures, one associated with DENV-specific interferon-gamma responding cells and two other gene signatures, one specifically associated with the acute phase and the other with the early convalescent phase. Additionally, we found no differences in quantity and quality of DENV-specific CD8+ T cells based on disease severity. Taken together with previous findings that did not detect altered DENV-specific CD4 T cell responses, the current analysis argues against alteration in DENV-specific T cell responses as being a correlate of immunopathology.
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Prabhu SR, Ware AP, Saadi AV, Brand A, Ghosh SK, Kamath A, Satyamoorthy K. Malaria Epidemiology and COVID-19 Pandemic: Are They Interrelated? OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2022; 26:179-188. [PMID: 35404686 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2021.0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a systemic disease, impacting multiple organs in the human body. But COVID-19 also impacts other diseases of relevance to public and planetary health. To understand and respond to the COVID-19 pandemic, we need an intersectional conceptual lens and systems thinking. For example, the strain on health care systems due to COVID-19 has adversely impacted global malaria elimination programs. With many epidemiological, clinical, and biological parallels documented, we examined in this study the scenario of malaria and COVID-19 syndemic in India. The disruptive influence of COVID-19 on the National Framework for Malaria Elimination (NFME), impact of unintended chemoprophylaxis, population genetic influences, and the shifting patterns of epidemiology are compared. Importantly, a time series analysis forecasted the burden of malaria increasing in the upcoming years. Although reported malaria cases showed a decline in 2020 compared to the previous years, an increase in cases was documented in 2021, with nine states reporting an increase up to July 2021. Pandemics often cause crosscutting disruptions in health care. Reshaping the priorities of the malaria elimination program and a diligent implementation of the priorities in the NFME would, therefore, be well-advised: (1) vector control, (2) antimalarial therapy recommendations, (3) monitoring drug resistance, (4) prevention of the spread of asymptomatic disease-causing low-density transmission, and (5) large-scale testing measures. In conclusion, the findings from the present study inform future comparative studies in other world regions to better understand the broader, systemic, temporal, and spatial impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on existing and future diseases across public health systems and services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya R Prabhu
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Akshay P Ware
- Department of Bioinformatics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Abdul Vahab Saadi
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Angela Brand
- United Nations University-Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT), Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Public Health Genomics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
- Department of International Health, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Susanta K Ghosh
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Asha Kamath
- Department of Data Science, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Kapaettu Satyamoorthy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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Lymphatic filariasis and visceral leishmaniasis coinfection: A review on their epidemiology, therapeutic, and immune responses. Acta Trop 2021; 224:106117. [PMID: 34464587 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Coinfection is less commonly observed in individuals around the world, yet it is more common than the single infection. Around 800 million people worldwide are infected with helminths as a result of various diseases. Lymphatic filariasis (LF) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) are chronic, deadly, crippling, and debilitating neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) that are endemic in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Due to poor hygienic conditions, poverty, and genetic predisposition, those living in endemic areas are more likely to develop both leishmaniasis and filariasis. One of the key challenges in the management of LF/VL coinfection is the development of an effective therapeutic strategy that not only treats the first episode of VL but also prevents LF. However, there is a scarcity of knowledge and data on the relationship between LF and VL coinfection. While reviewing it was apparent that only a few studies relevant to LF/VL coinfections have been reported from southeastern Spain, Sudan, and the Indian subcontinents, highlighting the need for greater research in the most affected areas. We also looked at LF and VL as a single disease and also as a coinfection. Some features of the immune response evolved in mammalian hosts against LF and VL alone or against coinfection are also discussed, including epidemiology, therapeutic regimens, and vaccines. In addition to being potentially useful in clinical research, our findings imply the need for improved diagnostic methodology and therapeutics, which could accelerate the deployment of more specific and effective diagnosis for treatments to lessen the impact of VL/LF coinfections in the population.
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Sharma S, Gautam AK, Singh SV, Chaubey KK, Rose MK, Bangar Y, Gururaj K. In vivo kinetics of peripheral cellular immune responses in Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) infected and vaccinated goats. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 79:101710. [PMID: 34610556 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis (ParaTB) also known as Johne's disease (JD) in ruminants, which is characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation. A similar counterpart has been observed in the form of Crohn's disease in humans. The present study is the first trail in goats to understand the peripheral cellular immune responses following experimental MAP infection and vaccination. Fifteen apparently healthy male kids (3-6 months old) of Barbari breed were included in this study. In the experimental study, 5 kids were infected with 'S 5' strain of MAP ("Indian Bison Type"), 5 were vaccinated (Indigenous Vaccine) against MAP infection (Singh et al., 2007) and the remaining 5 kids were uninfected and non-vaccinated controls. Kids were observed for a period of 180 days post exposure (infection and vaccination) and were tested for development of infection. Cellular immune responses (in blood) were recorded post-exposure by three assays. We measured the frequencies of CD4 and CD8T cells, estimated plasma IFNγ and TNα and in the third assay, in vitro cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from vaccinated, infected and controls were examined in response to polyclonal stimulation. The frequencies of peripheral CD4 and CD8T cells were comparable in control, infected and vaccinated animals except around day 49 post-infection where MAP infected animals showed a trend towards significantly reduced frequencies of CD4 T cells compared to apparently healthy controls. Significantly reduced plasma TNFα levels were also observed in infected animals compared to vaccinated animals,during the course of infection. Diminished levels (although non significant) of TNFα were observed in the supernatants from polyclonally stimulated PBMCs at around day 49 post infection. It is conceivable that the diminished cellular immune responses may coincide with an impairment (immune exhaustion) of perhaps antigen-specific CD4T cells that might, in the course of infection, contribute to the progressive nature of caprine paratuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar 125004, Haryana, India; Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar 125004, Haryana, India.
| | - Ajay Kumar Gautam
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- Department of Bio-technology, GLA University, Post-Chaumuhan, Dist. Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281 406, India
| | - Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- Department of Bio-technology, GLA University, Post-Chaumuhan, Dist. Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281 406, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Rose
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Yogesh Bangar
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar 125004, Haryana, India
| | - K Gururaj
- Division of Animal Health, Central institute for Research on Goats (CIRG), Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura, UP 281122, India
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Meyerholz DK, Perlman S. Does common cold coronavirus infection protect against severe SARS-CoV-2 disease? J Clin Invest 2021; 131:144807. [PMID: 33216734 DOI: 10.1172/jci144807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to cause morbidity and mortality. Since SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified as the cause for COVID-19, some have questioned whether exposure to seasonal common cold coronaviruses (CCCs) could provide tangible protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection or disease. In this issue of the JCI, Sagar et al. examined SARS-CoV-2 infections and outcomes of patients who had previously tested positive or negative for CCC infection (CCC+ or CCC-) by a comprehensive respiratory panel using PCR. No differences were seen between groups in terms of susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, hospitalized patients with a documented history of CCC infection had lower rates of intensive care unit (ICU) admissions and higher rates of survival than hospitalized CCC- patients. While these findings are associative and not causative, they highlight evidence suggesting that previous CCC infection may influence the disease course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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19
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Carro B. SARS-CoV-2 mechanisms of action and impact on human organism, risk factors and potential treatments. An exhaustive survey. ALL LIFE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2021.1977186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Belén Carro
- Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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20
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HIV and Human Coronavirus Coinfections: A Historical Perspective. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090937. [PMID: 32858801 PMCID: PMC7552070 DOI: 10.3390/v12090937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Seven human coronaviruses (hCoVs) are known to infect humans. The most recent one, SARS-CoV-2, was isolated and identified in January 2020 from a patient presenting with severe respiratory illness in Wuhan, China. Even though viral coinfections have the potential to influence the resultant disease pattern in the host, very few studies have looked at the disease outcomes in patients infected with both HIV and hCoVs. Groups are now reporting that even though HIV-positive patients can be infected with hCoVs, the likelihood of developing severe CoV-related diseases in these patients is often similar to what is seen in the general population. This review aimed to summarize the current knowledge of coinfections reported for HIV and hCoVs. Moreover, based on the available data, this review aimed to theorize why HIV-positive patients do not frequently develop severe CoV-related diseases.
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21
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Matson CA, Singh NJ. Manipulating the TCR signaling network for cellular immunotherapy: Challenges & opportunities. Mol Immunol 2020; 123:64-73. [PMID: 32422416 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
T cells can help confer protective immunity by eliminating infections and tumors or drive immunopathology by damaging host cells. Both outcomes require a series of steps from the activation of naïve T cells to their clonal expansion, differentiation and migration to tissue sites. In addition to specific recognition of the antigen via the T cell receptor (TCR), multiple accessory signals from costimulatory molecules, cytokines and metabolites also influence each step along the progression of the T cell response. Current efforts to modify effector T cell function in many clinical contexts focus on the latter - which encompass antigen-independent and broad, contextual regulators. Not surprisingly, such approaches are often accompanied by adverse events, as they also affect T cells not relevant to the specific treatment. In contrast, fine tuning T cell responses by precisely targeting antigen-specific TCR signals has the potential to radically alter therapeutic strategies in a focused manner. Development of such approaches, however, requires a better understanding of functioning of the TCR and the biochemical signaling network coupled to it. In this article, we review some of the recent advances which highlight important roles of TCR signals throughout the activation and differentiation of T cells during an immune response. We discuss how, an appreciation of specific signaling modalities and variant ligands that influence the function of the TCR has the potential to influence design principles for the next generation of pharmacologic and cellular therapies, especially in the context of tumor immunotherapies involving adoptive cell transfers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A Matson
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W Baltimore St, HSF1, Room 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Nevil J Singh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W Baltimore St, HSF1, Room 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
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Mosedale M, Watkins PB. Understanding Idiosyncratic Toxicity: Lessons Learned from Drug-Induced Liver Injury. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6436-6461. [PMID: 32037821 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (IADRs) encompass a diverse group of toxicities that can vary by drug and patient. The complex and unpredictable nature of IADRs combined with the fact that they are rare makes them particularly difficult to predict, diagnose, and treat. Common clinical characteristics, the identification of human leukocyte antigen risk alleles, and drug-induced proliferation of lymphocytes isolated from patients support a role for the adaptive immune system in the pathogenesis of IADRs. Significant evidence also suggests a requirement for direct, drug-induced stress, neoantigen formation, and stimulation of an innate response, which can be influenced by properties intrinsic to both the drug and the patient. This Perspective will provide an overview of the clinical profile, mechanisms, and risk factors underlying IADRs as well as new approaches to study these reactions, focusing on idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merrie Mosedale
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences and Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Paul B Watkins
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences and Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Habarugira G, Moran J, Colmant AM, Davis SS, O’Brien CA, Hall-Mendelin S, McMahon J, Hewitson G, Nair N, Barcelon J, Suen WW, Melville L, Hobson-Peters J, Hall RA, Isberg SR, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H. Mosquito-Independent Transmission of West Nile virus in Farmed Saltwater Crocodiles ( Crocodylus porosus). Viruses 2020; 12:v12020198. [PMID: 32054016 PMCID: PMC7077242 DOI: 10.3390/v12020198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus, Kunjin strain (WNVKUN) is endemic in Northern Australia, but rarely causes clinical disease in humans and horses. Recently, WNVKUN genomic material was detected in cutaneous lesions of farmed saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus), but live virus could not be isolated, begging the question of the pathogenesis of these lesions. Crocodile hatchlings were experimentally infected with either 105 (n = 10) or 104 (n = 11) TCID50-doses of WNVKUN and each group co-housed with six uninfected hatchlings in a mosquito-free facility. Seven hatchlings were mock-infected and housed separately. Each crocodile was rotationally examined and blood-sampled every third day over a 3-week period. Eleven animals, including three crocodiles developing typical skin lesions, were culled and sampled 21 days post-infection (dpi). The remaining hatchlings were blood-sampled fortnightly until experimental endpoint 87 dpi. All hatchlings remained free of overt clinical disease, apart from skin lesions, throughout the experiment. Viremia was detected by qRT-PCR in infected animals during 2–17 dpi and in-contact animals 11–21 dpi, indicating horizontal mosquito-independent transmission. Detection of viral genome in tank-water as well as oral and cloacal swabs, collected on multiple days, suggests that shedding into pen-water and subsequent mucosal infection is the most likely route. All inoculated animals and some in-contact animals developed virus-neutralizing antibodies detectable from 17 dpi. Virus-neutralizing antibody titers continued to increase in exposed animals until the experimental endpoint, suggestive of persisting viral antigen. However, no viral antigen was detected by immunohistochemistry in any tissue sample, including from skin and intestine. While this study confirmed that infection of saltwater crocodiles with WNVKUN was associated with the formation of skin lesions, we were unable to elucidate the pathogenesis of these lesions or the nidus of viral persistence. Our results nevertheless suggest that prevention of WNVKUN infection and induction of skin lesions in farmed crocodiles may require management of both mosquito-borne and water-borne viral transmission in addition to vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gervais Habarugira
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia;
| | - Jasmin Moran
- Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, NT 0837, Australia;
| | - Agathe M.G. Colmant
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia (C.A.O.); (W.W.S.); (J.H.-P.)
- Australian Infectious Diseases Centre, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Steven S. Davis
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, NT 0828, Australia; (S.S.D.); (L.M.)
| | - Caitlin A. O’Brien
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia (C.A.O.); (W.W.S.); (J.H.-P.)
- Australian Infectious Diseases Centre, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Sonja Hall-Mendelin
- Queensland Health, Forensic and Scientific Services, Public Health Virology, Coopers Plains, Qld 4108, Australia; (S.H.-M.); (J.M.); (G.H.); (N.N.); (J.B.)
| | - Jamie McMahon
- Queensland Health, Forensic and Scientific Services, Public Health Virology, Coopers Plains, Qld 4108, Australia; (S.H.-M.); (J.M.); (G.H.); (N.N.); (J.B.)
| | - Glen Hewitson
- Queensland Health, Forensic and Scientific Services, Public Health Virology, Coopers Plains, Qld 4108, Australia; (S.H.-M.); (J.M.); (G.H.); (N.N.); (J.B.)
| | - Neelima Nair
- Queensland Health, Forensic and Scientific Services, Public Health Virology, Coopers Plains, Qld 4108, Australia; (S.H.-M.); (J.M.); (G.H.); (N.N.); (J.B.)
| | - Jean Barcelon
- Queensland Health, Forensic and Scientific Services, Public Health Virology, Coopers Plains, Qld 4108, Australia; (S.H.-M.); (J.M.); (G.H.); (N.N.); (J.B.)
| | - Willy W. Suen
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia (C.A.O.); (W.W.S.); (J.H.-P.)
| | - Lorna Melville
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, NT 0828, Australia; (S.S.D.); (L.M.)
| | - Jody Hobson-Peters
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia (C.A.O.); (W.W.S.); (J.H.-P.)
- Australian Infectious Diseases Centre, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Roy A. Hall
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia (C.A.O.); (W.W.S.); (J.H.-P.)
- Australian Infectious Diseases Centre, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia
- Correspondence: (R.A.H.); (S.R.I.); (H.B.-O.)
| | - Sally R. Isberg
- Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, NT 0837, Australia;
- Correspondence: (R.A.H.); (S.R.I.); (H.B.-O.)
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia;
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia (C.A.O.); (W.W.S.); (J.H.-P.)
- Australian Infectious Diseases Centre, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia
- Correspondence: (R.A.H.); (S.R.I.); (H.B.-O.)
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SHARMA SHALINI, SINGH SHOORVIR, GAUTAM AJAYKUMAR, MISHRA SUMITRANJAN, GUPTA SAURABH, CHAUBEY KUNDANKUMAR, SANGWAN NIRMAL. Assessment of lipid profile and acute phase protein in Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infected and healthy goats. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v89i12.96621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Present study is based on 24 goats that were located in goat herds endemically infected with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) infection. Objective of the study was to access the variations in the lipid profile and acute phase proteins in the serum samples driven from non-infected (negative and physically healthy) and infected (positive and physically weak) goats with MAP infection, cause of incurable Johne’s disease (JD) in domestic livestock. Infected goats had significantly higher cholesterol and albumin levels and significantly ‘reduced level’ of high density lipoprotein (HDL) and ‘reduced level’ of the density of lipoproteins (LDL) in comparison to non-infected goats. Lipid profile and acute phase proteins could be further explored for their significance in pathogenesis and diagnosis of JD in domestic livestock including goats.
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Stranavova L, Pelak O, Svaton M, Hruba P, Fronkova E, Slavcev A, Osickova K, Maluskova J, Hubacek P, Fronek J, Reinke P, Volk HD, Kalina T, Viklicky O. Heterologous Cytomegalovirus and Allo-Reactivity by Shared T Cell Receptor Repertoire in Kidney Transplantation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2549. [PMID: 31736968 PMCID: PMC6834532 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is associated with allograft rejection but the mechanisms behind are poorly defined yet. Although cross-reactivity of T cells to alloantigen and CMV has been hypothesized, direct evidence in patients is lacking. In this observational cohort study, we tested the pre-transplant effector/memory T cell response to CMV peptide pools and alloantigen in 78 living donor/recipient pairs using the interferon-gamma Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSpot (ELISPOT) assay. To prove the hypothesis of cross-reactivity, we analyzed by applying next-generation sequencing the T cell receptor ß (TCR- ß) repertoire of CMV- and alloantigen-reactive T cells enriched from peripheral pre-transplant blood of 11 CMV-seropositive and HLA class I mismatched patients. Moreover, the TCR-repertoire was also analyzed in the allograft biopsies of those patients. There was a significant association between the presence of pre-transplant CMV immediate-early protein 1 (IE-1)-specific effector/memory T cells and acute renal allograft rejection and function (p = 0.01). Most importantly, we revealed shared TCR-ß sequences between CMV-IE1 and donor alloantigen-reactive T cells in all pre-transplant peripheral blood samples analyzed in CMV-seropositive patients who received HLA class I mismatched grafts. Identical TCR sequences were also found in particular in post-transplant allograft biopsies of patients with concomitant CMV infection and rejection. Our data show the presence of functional, cross-reactive T cells and their clonotypes in peripheral blood and in kidney allograft tissue. It is therefore likely that CMV-donor cross-reactivity as well as CMV specific T cell elicited inflammation is involved in the processes that affect allograft outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Stranavova
- Transplant Laboratory, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ondrej Pelak
- CLIP - Childhood Leukaemia Investigation Prague, Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Michael Svaton
- CLIP - Childhood Leukaemia Investigation Prague, Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petra Hruba
- Transplant Laboratory, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czechia
| | - Eva Fronkova
- CLIP - Childhood Leukaemia Investigation Prague, Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Antonij Slavcev
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czechia
| | - Klara Osickova
- Department of Nephrology, Transplant Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jana Maluskova
- Department of Transplant Pathology, Transplant Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petr Hubacek
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiri Fronek
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petra Reinke
- BIH Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Centre for Advanced Therapies, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Volk
- BIH Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Centre for Advanced Therapies, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomas Kalina
- CLIP - Childhood Leukaemia Investigation Prague, Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ondrej Viklicky
- Transplant Laboratory, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Nephrology, Transplant Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czechia
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Agrawal B, Gupta N, Vedi S, Singh S, Li W, Garg S, Li J, Kumar R. Heterologous Immunity between Adenoviruses and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV): Recombinant Adenovirus Vaccine Vectors Containing Antigens from Unrelated Pathogens Induce Cross-Reactive Immunity Against HCV Antigens. Cells 2019; 8:E507. [PMID: 31130710 PMCID: PMC6562520 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Host immune responses play an important role in the outcome of infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV). They can lead to viral clearance and a positive outcome, or progression and severity of chronic disease. Extensive research in the past >25 years into understanding the immune responses against HCV have still resulted in many unanswered questions implicating a role for unknown factors and events. In our earlier studies, we made a surprising discovery that peptides derived from structural and non-structural proteins of HCV have substantial amino acid sequence homologies with various proteins of adenoviruses and that immunizing mice with a non-replicating, non-recombinant adenovirus vector leads to induction of a robust cross-reactive cellular and humoral response against various HCV antigens. In this work, we further demonstrate antibody cross-reactivity between Ad and HCV in vivo. We also extend this observation to show that recombinant adenoviruses containing antigens from unrelated pathogens also possess the ability to induce cross-reactive immune responses against HCV antigens along with the induction of transgene antigen-specific immunity. This cross-reactive immunity can (a) accommodate the making of dual-pathogen vaccines, (b) play an important role in the natural course of HCV infection and (c) provide a plausible answer to many unexplained questions regarding immunity to HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babita Agrawal
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2S2, Canada.
| | - Nancy Gupta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2S2, Canada.
| | - Satish Vedi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2S2, Canada.
| | - Shakti Singh
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2S2, Canada.
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2S2, Canada.
| | - Saurabh Garg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2S2, Canada.
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2S2, Canada.
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2S2, Canada.
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Jiang Q, Zhao T, Zheng W, Zhou J, Wang H, Dong H, Chen Y, Tang X, Liu C, Ye L, Mao Q, Wang C, Han J, Shang X, Wu Y. Patient-shared TCRβ-CDR3 clonotypes correlate with favorable prognosis in chronic hepatitis B. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1539-1549. [PMID: 29856484 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The presence of shared T-cell clonotypes was found in several different diseases, but its relationship with the progression of disease remains unclear. By sequencing the complementary determining region 3 of T-cell receptor (TCR) β chains from the purified antigen-experienced CD8+ T cells, we characterized the T-cell repertoire in a prospective cohort study among 75 patients with chronic hepatitis B in China, as well as a healthy control and a validation cohort. We found that most T-cell clones from patients harbored the "patient-specific" TCR sequences. However, "patient-shared" TCR clonotypes were also widely found, which correlated with the favorable turnover of disease. Interestingly, the frequency of the "patient-shared" clonotypes can serve as a biomarker for favorable prognosis. Based on the clonotypes in those patients with favorable outcomes, we created a database including several clusters of protective anti-HBV CD8+ T-cell clonotypes that might be a reasonable target for therapeutic vaccine development or adoptive cell transfer therapy. These findings were validated in an additional independent cohort of patients. These results suggest that the "patient-shared" TCR clonotypes may serve as a valuable prognostic tool in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B and possibly other chronic viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Jiang
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Wenhong Zheng
- Department of Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Jijun Zhou
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Haoliang Wang
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Hui Dong
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yongwen Chen
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Tang
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Cong Liu
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Lilin Ye
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Qing Mao
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jian Han
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Shang
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yuzhang Wu
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
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Abstract
Coinfections involving viruses are being recognized to influence the disease pattern that occurs relative to that with single infection. Classically, we usually think of a clinical syndrome as the consequence of infection by a single virus that is isolated from clinical specimens. However, this biased laboratory approach omits detection of additional agents that could be contributing to the clinical outcome, including novel agents not usually considered pathogens. The presence of an additional agent may also interfere with the targeted isolation of a known virus. Viral interference, a phenomenon where one virus competitively suppresses replication of other coinfecting viruses, is the most common outcome of viral coinfections. In addition, coinfections can modulate virus virulence and cell death, thereby altering disease severity and epidemiology. Immunity to primary virus infection can also modulate immune responses to subsequent secondary infections. In this review, various virological mechanisms that determine viral persistence/exclusion during coinfections are discussed, and insights into the isolation/detection of multiple viruses are provided. We also discuss features of heterologous infections that impact the pattern of immune responsiveness that develops.
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Rowntree LC, Nguyen THO, Halim H, Purcell AW, Rossjohn J, Gras S, Kotsimbos TC, Mifsud NA. Inability To Detect Cross-Reactive Memory T Cells Challenges the Frequency of Heterologous Immunity among Common Viruses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3993-4003. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Díaz FE, Abarca K, Kalergis AM. An Update on Host-Pathogen Interplay and Modulation of Immune Responses during Orientia tsutsugamushi Infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2018; 31:e00076-17. [PMID: 29386235 PMCID: PMC5967693 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00076-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The obligate intracellular bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi is the causative agent of scrub typhus in humans, a serious mite-borne disease present in a widespread area of endemicity, which affects an estimated 1 million people every year. This disease may exhibit a broad range of presentations, ranging from asymptomatic to fatal conditions, with the latter being due to disseminated endothelial infection and organ injury. Unique characteristics of the biology and host-pathogen interactions of O. tsutsugamushi, including the high antigenic diversity among strains and the highly variable, short-lived memory responses developed by the host, underlie difficulties faced in the pursuit of an effective vaccine, which is an imperative need. Other factors that have hindered scientific progress relative to the infectious mechanisms of and the immune response triggered by this bacterium in vertebrate hosts include the limited number of mechanistic studies performed on animal models and the lack of genetic tools currently available for this pathogen. However, recent advances in animal model development are promising to improve our understanding of host-pathogen interactions. Here, we comprehensively discuss the recent advances in and future perspectives on host-pathogen interactions and the modulation of immune responses related to this reemerging disease, highlighting the role of animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián E Díaz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Katia Abarca
- Departamento en Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátricas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Severity of Acute Infectious Mononucleosis Correlates with Cross-Reactive Influenza CD8 T-Cell Receptor Repertoires. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.01841-17. [PMID: 29208744 PMCID: PMC5717389 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01841-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifty years after the discovery of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), it remains unclear how primary infection with this virus leads to massive CD8 T-cell expansion and acute infectious mononucleosis (AIM) in young adults. AIM can vary greatly in severity, from a mild transient influenza-like illness to a prolonged severe syndrome. We questioned whether expansion of a unique HLA-A2.01-restricted, cross-reactive CD8 T-cell response between influenza virus A-M158 (IAV-M1) and EBV BMLF1280 (EBV-BM) could modulate the immune response to EBV and play a role in determining the severity of AIM in 32 college students. Only ex vivo total IAV-M1 and IAV-M1+EBV-BM cross-reactive tetramer+ frequencies directly correlated with AIM severity and were predictive of severe disease. Expansion of specific cross-reactive memory IAV-M1 T-cell receptor (TCR) Vβ repertoires correlated with levels of disease severity. There were unique profiles of qualitatively different functional responses in the cross-reactive and EBV-specific CD8 T-cell responses in each of the three groups studied, severe-AIM patients, mild-AIM patients, and seropositive persistently EBV-infected healthy donors, that may result from differences in TCR repertoire use. IAV-M1 tetramer+ cells were functionally cross-reactive in short-term cultures, were associated with the highest disease severity in AIM, and displayed enhanced production of gamma interferon, a cytokine that greatly amplifies immune responses, thus frequently contributing to induction of immunopathology. Altogether, these data link heterologous immunity via CD8 T-cell cross-reactivity to CD8 T-cell repertoire selection, function, and resultant disease severity in a common and important human infection. In particular, it highlights for the first time a direct link between the TCR repertoire with pathogenesis and the diversity of outcomes upon pathogen encounter. The pathogenic impact of immune responses that by chance cross-react to unrelated viruses has not been established in human infections. Here, we demonstrate that the severity of acute infectious mononucleosis (AIM), an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced disease prevalent in young adults but not children, is associated with increased frequencies of T cells cross-reactive to EBV and the commonly acquired influenza A virus (IAV). The T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire and functions of these cross-reactive T cells differed between mild- and severe-AIM patients, most likely because these two groups of patients had selected different memory TCR repertoires in response to IAV infections encountered earlier. This heterologous immunity may explain variability in disease outcome and why young adults with more-developed IAV-specific memory T-cell pools have more-severe disease than children, who have less-developed memory pools. This study provides a new framework for understanding the role of heterologous immunity in human health and disease and highlights an important developing field examining the role of T-cell repertoires in the mediation of immunopathology.
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Prior Dengue Virus Exposure Shapes T Cell Immunity to Zika Virus in Humans. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01469-17. [PMID: 28978707 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01469-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
While progress has been made in characterizing humoral immunity to Zika virus (ZIKV) in humans, little is known regarding the corresponding T cell responses to ZIKV. Here, we investigate the kinetics and viral epitopes targeted by T cells responding to ZIKV and address the critical question of whether preexisting dengue virus (DENV) T cell immunity modulates these responses. We find that memory T cell responses elicited by prior infection with DENV or vaccination with tetravalent dengue attenuated vaccines (TDLAV) recognize ZIKV-derived peptides. This cross-reactivity is explained by the sequence similarity of the two viruses, as the ZIKV peptides recognized by DENV-elicited memory T cells are identical or highly conserved in DENV and ZIKV. DENV exposure prior to ZIKV infection also influences the timing and magnitude of the T cell response. ZIKV-reactive T cells in the acute phase of infection are detected earlier and in greater magnitude in DENV-immune patients. Conversely, the frequency of ZIKV-reactive T cells continues to rise in the convalescent phase in DENV-naive donors but declines in DENV-preexposed donors, compatible with more efficient control of ZIKV replication and/or clearance of ZIKV antigen. The quality of responses is also influenced by previous DENV exposure, and ZIKV-specific CD8 T cells from DENV-preexposed donors selectively upregulated granzyme B and PD1, unlike DENV-naive donors. Finally, we discovered that ZIKV structural proteins (E, prM, and C) are major targets of both the CD4 and CD8 T cell responses, whereas DENV T cell epitopes are found primarily in nonstructural proteins.IMPORTANCE The issue of potential ZIKV and DENV cross-reactivity and how preexisting DENV T cell immunity modulates Zika T cell responses is of great relevance, as the two viruses often cocirculate and Zika virus has been spreading in geographical regions where DENV is endemic or hyperendemic. Our data show that memory T cell responses elicited by prior infection with DENV recognize ZIKV-derived peptides and that DENV exposure prior to ZIKV infection influences the timing, magnitude, and quality of the T cell response. Additionally, we show that ZIKV-specific responses target different proteins than DENV-specific responses, pointing toward important implications for vaccine design against this global threat.
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The nonspecific face of adaptive immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 48:38-43. [PMID: 28823577 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Memory T cells generated by infection or immunization persist in the organism and mediate specific protection upon rechallenge with microbial pathogens expressing the same molecular structures. However, multiple lines of evidence indicate that previously encountered or persisting pathogens influence the immune response to unrelated pathogens. We describe the acquisition of non-antigen specific memory features by both innate and adaptive immune cells explaining these phenomena. We also focus on the different mechanisms (homeostatic or inflammatory cytokine-driven) that lead to acquisition of memory phenotype and functions by antigen-inexperienced T lymphocytes. We discuss the implications of these new concepts for host defense, auto-immunity and vaccination strategies.
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Sorci G, Lippens C, Léchenault C, Faivre B. Benefits of immune protection versus immunopathology costs: A synthesis from cytokine KO models. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 54:491-495. [PMID: 28818622 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory response can produce damage to host tissues and in several infectious diseases the most severe symptoms are due to immunopathology rather than a direct effect of pathogen multiplication. One hypothesis for the persistence of inflammatory damage posits that the benefits of protection towards infection outweigh the costs. We used data on knocked-out (KO) cytokine models [and the corresponding wild-type (WT) controls] to test this hypothesis. We computed differences in pathogen load and host survival between WT and KO and divided them by the WT values. Using this ratio provides an internal control for variation in pathogen species, host strain, pathogen dose, and inoculation route. We predicted that i) if mortality is essentially due to immunopathology, there should be a loose association between pathogen load and host survival; ii) if mortality is essentially due to pathogen proliferation, we expect a tight association between pathogen load and host survival. The results provide strong support to this latter hypothesis. In 85% of WT - KO comparisons (n=126), an increase in pathogen load was associated with an increase in host mortality, and a decrease in pathogen load was associated with a decrease in host mortality. Overall, these findings are in agreement with the idea that immunopathology persists because immune protection confers immediate benefits in terms of infection clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sorci
- Biogéosciences, CNRS UMR 6282, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Cédric Lippens
- Biogéosciences, CNRS UMR 6282, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Clothilde Léchenault
- Biogéosciences, CNRS UMR 6282, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Bruno Faivre
- Biogéosciences, CNRS UMR 6282, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
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Alloimmunity But Not Viral Immunity Promotes Allograft Loss in a Mouse Model of Polyomavirus-Associated Allograft Injury. Transplant Direct 2017; 3:e161. [PMID: 28620645 PMCID: PMC5464780 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000000677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The interplay between viral infection and alloimmunity is known to influence the fate of transplanted organs. Clarifying how local virus-associated inflammation/injury and antiviral immunity can alter host alloimmune responses in transplantation remains a critical question. Methods We used a mouse model of polyomavirus (PyV) infection and kidney transplantation to investigate the roles of direct viral pathology, the antiviral immune response, and alloimmunity in the pathogenesis of PyV-associated allograft injury. We have previously shown that an effective primary T cell response is required in PyV-associated graft injury. Results Here we show that the transfer of primed antidonor, but not antiviral, T cells results in PyV-associated allograft injury. In further studies, we use a surrogate minor antigen model (ovalbumin) and show that only antidonor specific T cells and not antiviral specific T cells are sufficient to mediate injury. Lastly, we demonstrate that local but not systemic virus-mediated inflammation and injury within the graft itself are required. Conclusions These data suggest that in this mouse model, the predominant mechanism of allograft injury in PyV-associated injury is due to an augmented alloimmune T cell response driven by virus-induced inflammation/injury within the graft. These studies highlight the important interplay between viral infection and alloimmunity in a model system.
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van Aalst S, Ludwig IS, van der Zee R, van Eden W, Broere F. Bystander activation of irrelevant CD4+ T cells following antigen-specific vaccination occurs in the presence and absence of adjuvant. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177365. [PMID: 28489886 PMCID: PMC5425230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune and other chronic inflammatory diseases (AID) are prevalent diseases which can severely impact the quality of life of those that suffer from the disease. In most cases, the etiology of these conditions have remained unclear. Immune responses that take place e.g. during natural infection or after vaccination are often linked with the development or exacerbation of AID. It is highly debated if vaccines induce or aggravate AID and in particular adjuvants are mentioned as potential cause. Since vaccines are given on a large scale to healthy individuals but also to elderly and immunocompromised individuals, more research is warranted. Non-specific induction of naïve or memory autoreactive T cells via bystander activation is one of the proposed mechanisms of how vaccination might be involved in AID. During bystander activation, T cells unrelated to the antigen presented can be activated without (strong) T cell receptor (TCR) ligation, but via signals derived from the ongoing response directed against the vaccine-antigen or adjuvant at hand. In this study we have set up a TCR transgenic T cell transfer mouse model by which we were able to measure local bystander activation of transferred and labeled CD4+ T cells. Intramuscular injection with the highly immunogenic Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) led to local in vivo proliferation and activation of intravenously transferred CD4+ T cells in the iliac lymph node. This local bystander activation was also observed after CFA prime and Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant (IFA) boost injection. Furthermore, we showed that an antigen specific response is sufficient for the induction of a bystander activation response and the general, immune stimulating effect of CFA or IFA does not appear to increase this effect. In other words, no evidence was obtained that adjuvation of antigen specific responses is essential for bystander activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan van Aalst
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Irene S. Ludwig
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruurd van der Zee
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Willem van Eden
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Femke Broere
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Kaye S, Wang W, Miller C, McLuckie A, Beatty JA, Grant CK, VandeWoude S, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H. Role of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus in Lymphomagenesis--Going Alone or Colluding? ILAR J 2017; 57:24-33. [PMID: 27034392 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilv047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a naturally occurring lentivirus of domestic and nondomestic feline species. Infection in domestic cats leads to immune dysfunction via mechanisms similar to those caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and, as such, is a valuable natural animal model for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans. An association between FIV and an increased incidence of neoplasia has long been recognized, with frequencies of up to 20% in FIV-positive cats recorded in some studies. This is similar to the rate of neoplasia seen in HIV-positive individuals, and in both species neoplasia typically requires several years to arise. The most frequently reported type of neoplasia associated with FIV infection is lymphoma. Here we review the possible mechanisms involved in FIV lymphomagenesis, including the possible involvement of coinfections, notably those with gamma-herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kaye
- Sarah Kaye, BVSc, is a small animal clinician with the Animal Welfare League Qld Inc. in The Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Wenqi Wang, BVSc, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow affiliated with the School of Veterinary Science at University of Queensland at Gatton in Australia. Craig Miller, DVM, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University in FortCollins, Colorado. Alicia McLuckie, BVSc, is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia, Julia A. Beatty, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, FANZCVs (feline med), is a professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Chris K. Grant, PhD, DSc, is founder and CEO of Custom Monoclonals International Corp. in West Sacramento, California. Sue VandeWoude, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, DVM, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland at Gatton, an affiliate senior lecturer in the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, and an investigator at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Wenqi Wang
- Sarah Kaye, BVSc, is a small animal clinician with the Animal Welfare League Qld Inc. in The Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Wenqi Wang, BVSc, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow affiliated with the School of Veterinary Science at University of Queensland at Gatton in Australia. Craig Miller, DVM, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University in FortCollins, Colorado. Alicia McLuckie, BVSc, is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia, Julia A. Beatty, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, FANZCVs (feline med), is a professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Chris K. Grant, PhD, DSc, is founder and CEO of Custom Monoclonals International Corp. in West Sacramento, California. Sue VandeWoude, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, DVM, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland at Gatton, an affiliate senior lecturer in the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, and an investigator at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Craig Miller
- Sarah Kaye, BVSc, is a small animal clinician with the Animal Welfare League Qld Inc. in The Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Wenqi Wang, BVSc, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow affiliated with the School of Veterinary Science at University of Queensland at Gatton in Australia. Craig Miller, DVM, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University in FortCollins, Colorado. Alicia McLuckie, BVSc, is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia, Julia A. Beatty, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, FANZCVs (feline med), is a professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Chris K. Grant, PhD, DSc, is founder and CEO of Custom Monoclonals International Corp. in West Sacramento, California. Sue VandeWoude, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, DVM, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland at Gatton, an affiliate senior lecturer in the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, and an investigator at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Alicia McLuckie
- Sarah Kaye, BVSc, is a small animal clinician with the Animal Welfare League Qld Inc. in The Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Wenqi Wang, BVSc, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow affiliated with the School of Veterinary Science at University of Queensland at Gatton in Australia. Craig Miller, DVM, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University in FortCollins, Colorado. Alicia McLuckie, BVSc, is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia, Julia A. Beatty, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, FANZCVs (feline med), is a professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Chris K. Grant, PhD, DSc, is founder and CEO of Custom Monoclonals International Corp. in West Sacramento, California. Sue VandeWoude, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, DVM, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland at Gatton, an affiliate senior lecturer in the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, and an investigator at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Julia A Beatty
- Sarah Kaye, BVSc, is a small animal clinician with the Animal Welfare League Qld Inc. in The Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Wenqi Wang, BVSc, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow affiliated with the School of Veterinary Science at University of Queensland at Gatton in Australia. Craig Miller, DVM, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University in FortCollins, Colorado. Alicia McLuckie, BVSc, is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia, Julia A. Beatty, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, FANZCVs (feline med), is a professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Chris K. Grant, PhD, DSc, is founder and CEO of Custom Monoclonals International Corp. in West Sacramento, California. Sue VandeWoude, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, DVM, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland at Gatton, an affiliate senior lecturer in the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, and an investigator at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Chris K Grant
- Sarah Kaye, BVSc, is a small animal clinician with the Animal Welfare League Qld Inc. in The Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Wenqi Wang, BVSc, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow affiliated with the School of Veterinary Science at University of Queensland at Gatton in Australia. Craig Miller, DVM, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University in FortCollins, Colorado. Alicia McLuckie, BVSc, is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia, Julia A. Beatty, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, FANZCVs (feline med), is a professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Chris K. Grant, PhD, DSc, is founder and CEO of Custom Monoclonals International Corp. in West Sacramento, California. Sue VandeWoude, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, DVM, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland at Gatton, an affiliate senior lecturer in the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, and an investigator at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- Sarah Kaye, BVSc, is a small animal clinician with the Animal Welfare League Qld Inc. in The Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Wenqi Wang, BVSc, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow affiliated with the School of Veterinary Science at University of Queensland at Gatton in Australia. Craig Miller, DVM, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University in FortCollins, Colorado. Alicia McLuckie, BVSc, is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia, Julia A. Beatty, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, FANZCVs (feline med), is a professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Chris K. Grant, PhD, DSc, is founder and CEO of Custom Monoclonals International Corp. in West Sacramento, California. Sue VandeWoude, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, DVM, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland at Gatton, an affiliate senior lecturer in the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, and an investigator at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- Sarah Kaye, BVSc, is a small animal clinician with the Animal Welfare League Qld Inc. in The Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Wenqi Wang, BVSc, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow affiliated with the School of Veterinary Science at University of Queensland at Gatton in Australia. Craig Miller, DVM, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University in FortCollins, Colorado. Alicia McLuckie, BVSc, is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia, Julia A. Beatty, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, FANZCVs (feline med), is a professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Chris K. Grant, PhD, DSc, is founder and CEO of Custom Monoclonals International Corp. in West Sacramento, California. Sue VandeWoude, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, DVM, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland at Gatton, an affiliate senior lecturer in the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, and an investigator at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia
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Abstract
Neuroimmune communications are facilitated by the production of neurotransmitters by immune cells and the generation of immune mediators by immune cells, which form a functional entity called the "neuroimmune synapse." There are several mechanisms that further facilitate neuroimmune interactions including the anatomic proximity between immune cells and nerves, the expression of receptors for neurotransmitters on immune cells and for immune mediators on nerves, and the receptor-mediated activation of intracellular signaling pathways that modulate nerve and immune phenotype and function. The bidirectional communication between nerves and immune cells is implicated in allostasis, a process that describes the continuous adaptation to an ever-changing environment. Neuroimmune interactions are amplified during inflammation by the influx of activated immune cells that significantly alter the microenvironment. In this context, the types of neurotransmitters released by activated neurons or immune cells can exert pro- or anti-inflammatory effects. Dysregulation of the enteric nervous system control of gastrointestinal functions, such as epithelial permeability and secretion as well as smooth muscle contractility, also contribute to the chronicity of inflammation. Persistent active inflammation in the gut leads to neuroimmune plasticity, which is a structural and functional remodeling in both the neural and immune systems. The importance of neuroimmune interactions has made them an emerging target in the development of novel therapies for GI pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terez Shea-Donohue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, DTRS, MSTF Rm 700C, 10 Pine Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Joseph F Urban
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
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Hassouneh F, Campos C, López-Sejas N, Alonso C, Tarazona R, Solana R, Pera A. Effect of age and latent CMV infection on CD8+ CD56+ T cells (NKT-like) frequency and functionality. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 158:38-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Toward the Clonotype Analysis of Alopecia Areata-Specific, Intralesional Human CD8+ T Lymphocytes. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2016; 17:9-12. [PMID: 26551936 DOI: 10.1038/jidsymp.2015.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) is an organ-restricted autoimmune disease that mainly affects the hair follicle (HF). Several findings support a key primary effector role of CD8+ T cells in the disease pathogenesis. Autoreactive CD8+ T cells are not only present in the characteristic peribulbar inflammatory cell infiltrate of lesional AA HFs but are also found to be infiltrating in lesional HF epithelium where they are thought to recognize major histocompatibility complex class I-presented (auto-)antigens. However, the latter still remain unidentified. Therefore, one key aim in AA research is to identify the clonotypes of autoaggressive, intralesional CD8+ T cells. Therapeutically, this is important (a) so that these lymphocytes can be selectively eliminated or inhibited, (b) to identify the-as yet elusive-key (auto-)antigens in AA, and/or (c) to induce peripheral tolerance against the latter. Therefore, we have recently embarked on a National Alopecia Areata Foundation-supported project that attempts to isolate disease-specific, intralesional CD8+ T cells from AA skin in order to determine their TCR clonotype, using two complementary strategies. The first method is based on the enzymatic skin digestion from lesional AA skin, followed by either MACS technology and single-cell picking or FACS cell sorting, while the second method on laser microdissection. The identification of disease-specific TCRs can serve as a basis for specific AA immunotherapy along the lines sketched above and may possibly also provide prognostic biomarkers. If successful, this research strategy promises to permit, at long last, the causal therapy of AA.
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Kumar N, Barua S, Riyesh T, Chaubey KK, Rawat KD, Khandelwal N, Mishra AK, Sharma N, Chandel SS, Sharma S, Singh MK, Sharma DK, Singh SV, Tripathi BN. Complexities in Isolation and Purification of Multiple Viruses from Mixed Viral Infections: Viral Interference, Persistence and Exclusion. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156110. [PMID: 27227480 PMCID: PMC4881941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful purification of multiple viruses from mixed infections remains a challenge. In this study, we investigated peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) mixed infection in goats. Rather than in a single cell type, cytopathic effect (CPE) of the virus was observed in cocultured Vero/BHK-21 cells at 6th blind passage (BP). PPRV, but not FMDV could be purified from the virus mixture by plaque assay. Viral RNA (mixture) transfection in BHK-21 cells produced FMDV but not PPRV virions, a strategy which we have successfully employed for the first time to eliminate the negative-stranded RNA virus from the virus mixture. FMDV phenotypes, such as replication competent but noncytolytic, cytolytic but defective in plaque formation and, cytolytic but defective in both plaque formation and standard FMDV genome were observed respectively, at passage level BP8, BP15 and BP19 and hence complicated virus isolation in the cell culture system. Mixed infection was not found to induce any significant antigenic and genetic diversity in both PPRV and FMDV. Further, we for the first time demonstrated the viral interference between PPRV and FMDV. Prior transfection of PPRV RNA, but not Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and rotavirus RNA resulted in reduced FMDV replication in BHK-21 cells suggesting that the PPRV RNA-induced interference was specifically directed against FMDV. On long-term coinfection of some acute pathogenic viruses (all possible combinations of PPRV, FMDV, NDV and buffalopox virus) in Vero cells, in most cases, one of the coinfecting viruses was excluded at passage level 5 suggesting that the long-term coinfection may modify viral persistence. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented evidence describing a natural mixed infection of FMDV and PPRV. The study not only provides simple and reliable methodologies for isolation and purification of two epidemiologically and economically important groups of viruses, but could also help in establishing better guidelines for trading animals that could transmit further infections and epidemics in disease free nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collections, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Sanjay Barua
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collections, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Thachamvally Riyesh
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collections, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Kundan K. Chaubey
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India
| | - Krishan Dutt Rawat
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collections, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Nitin Khandelwal
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collections, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Anil K. Mishra
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India
| | - Nitika Sharma
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India
| | - Surender S. Chandel
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collections, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Shalini Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Manoj K. Singh
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India
| | - Dinesh K. Sharma
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India
| | - Shoor V. Singh
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India
| | - Bhupendra N. Tripathi
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collections, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
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Sridhar S. Heterosubtypic T-Cell Immunity to Influenza in Humans: Challenges for Universal T-Cell Influenza Vaccines. Front Immunol 2016; 7:195. [PMID: 27242800 PMCID: PMC4871858 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) remains a significant global health issue causing annual epidemics, pandemics, and sporadic human infections with highly pathogenic avian or swine influenza viruses. Current inactivated and live vaccines are the mainstay of the public health response to influenza, although vaccine efficacy is lower against antigenically distinct viral strains. The first pandemic of the twenty-first century underlined the urgent need to develop new vaccines capable of protecting against a broad range of influenza strains. Such “universal” influenza vaccines are based on the idea of heterosubtypic immunity, wherein immune responses to epitopes conserved across IAV strains can confer protection against subsequent infection and disease. T-cells recognizing conserved antigens are a key contributor in reducing viral load and limiting disease severity during heterosubtypic infection in animal models. Recent studies undertaken during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic provided key insights into the role of cross-reactive T-cells in mediating heterosubtypic protection in humans. This review focuses on human influenza to discuss the epidemiological observations that underpin cross-protective immunity, the role of T-cells as key players in mediating heterosubtypic immunity including recent data from natural history cohort studies and the ongoing clinical development of T-cell-inducing universal influenza vaccines. The challenges and knowledge gaps for developing vaccines to generate long-lived protective T-cell responses is discussed.
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Moise L, Beseme S, Tassone R, Liu R, Kibria F, Terry F, Martin W, De Groot AS. T cell epitope redundancy: cross-conservation of the TCR face between pathogens and self and its implications for vaccines and autoimmunity. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:607-17. [PMID: 26588466 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1123098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
T cells are extensively trained on 'self' in the thymus and then move to the periphery, where they seek out and destroy infections and regulate immune response to self-antigens. T cell receptors (TCRs) on T cells' surface recognize T cell epitopes, short linear strings of amino acids presented by antigen-presenting cells. Some of these epitopes activate T effectors, while others activate regulatory T cells. It was recently discovered that T cell epitopes that are highly conserved on their TCR face with human genome sequences are often associated with T cells that regulate immune response. These TCR-cross-conserved or 'redundant epitopes' are more common in proteins found in pathogens that have co-evolved with humans than in other non-commensal pathogens. Epitope redundancy might be the link between pathogens and autoimmune disease. This article reviews recently published data and addresses epitope redundancy, the "elephant in the room" for vaccine developers and T cell immunologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Moise
- a EpiVax, Inc ., Providence , RI , USA.,b Institute for Immunology and Informatics , University of Rhode Island , Providence , RI , USA
| | | | - Ryan Tassone
- b Institute for Immunology and Informatics , University of Rhode Island , Providence , RI , USA
| | - Rui Liu
- b Institute for Immunology and Informatics , University of Rhode Island , Providence , RI , USA
| | | | | | | | - Anne S De Groot
- a EpiVax, Inc ., Providence , RI , USA.,b Institute for Immunology and Informatics , University of Rhode Island , Providence , RI , USA
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Woolhouse MEJ, Thumbi SM, Jennings A, Chase-Topping M, Callaby R, Kiara H, Oosthuizen MC, Mbole-Kariuki MN, Conradie I, Handel IG, Poole EJ, Njiiri E, Collins NE, Murray G, Tapio M, Auguet OT, Weir W, Morrison WI, Kruuk LEB, Bronsvoort BMDC, Hanotte O, Coetzer K, Toye PG. Co-infections determine patterns of mortality in a population exposed to parasite infection. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2015; 1:e1400026. [PMID: 26601143 PMCID: PMC4643819 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1400026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Many individual hosts are infected with multiple parasite species, and this may increase or decrease the pathogenicity of the infections. This phenomenon is termed heterologous reactivity and is potentially an important determinant of both patterns of morbidity and mortality and of the impact of disease control measures at the population level. Using infections with Theileria parva (a tick-borne protozoan, related to Plasmodium) in indigenous African cattle [where it causes East Coast fever (ECF)] as a model system, we obtain the first quantitative estimate of the effects of heterologous reactivity for any parasitic disease. In individual calves, concurrent co-infection with less pathogenic species of Theileria resulted in an 89% reduction in mortality associated with T. parva infection. Across our study population, this corresponds to a net reduction in mortality due to ECF of greater than 40%. Using a mathematical model, we demonstrate that this degree of heterologous protection provides a unifying explanation for apparently disparate epidemiological patterns: variable disease-induced mortality rates, age-mortality profiles, weak correlations between the incidence of infection and disease (known as endemic stability), and poor efficacy of interventions that reduce exposure to multiple parasite species. These findings can be generalized to many other infectious diseases, including human malaria, and illustrate how co-infections can play a key role in determining population-level patterns of morbidity and mortality due to parasite infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. J. Woolhouse
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Samuel M. Thumbi
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164–7090, USA
| | - Amy Jennings
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, The Roslin Building, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, The Roslin Building, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Margo Chase-Topping
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Rebecca Callaby
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Henry Kiara
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Marinda C. Oosthuizen
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Mary N. Mbole-Kariuki
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Ilana Conradie
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Ian G. Handel
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, The Roslin Building, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, The Roslin Building, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - E. Jane Poole
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Evalyne Njiiri
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Nicola E. Collins
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Gemma Murray
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Miika Tapio
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Green technology, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Olga Tosas Auguet
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Willie Weir
- Henry Wellcome Building, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Garscube Campus, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - W. Ivan Morrison
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, The Roslin Building, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, The Roslin Building, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Loeske E. B. Kruuk
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
- Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - B. Mark de C. Bronsvoort
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, The Roslin Building, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, The Roslin Building, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Olivier Hanotte
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Koos Coetzer
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Philip G. Toye
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
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Mishra S, Losikoff PT, Self AA, Terry F, Ardito MT, Tassone R, Martin WD, De Groot AS, Gregory SH. Peptide-pulsed dendritic cells induce the hepatitis C viral epitope-specific responses of naïve human T cells. Vaccine 2014; 32:3285-92. [PMID: 24721533 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of liver disease. Spontaneous resolution of infection is associated with broad, MHC class I- (CD8(+)) and class II-restricted (CD4(+)) T cell responses to multiple viral epitopes. Only 20% of patients clear infection spontaneously, however, most develop chronic disease. The response to chemotherapy varies; therapeutic vaccination offers an additional treatment strategy. To date, therapeutic vaccines have demonstrated only limited success in clinical trials. Vector-mediated vaccination with multi-epitope-expressing DNA constructs provides an improved approach. Highly-conserved, HLA-A2-restricted HCV epitopes and HLA-DRB1-restricted immunogenic consensus sequences (ICS, each composed of multiple overlapping and highly conserved epitopes) were predicted using bioinformatics tools and synthesized as peptides. HLA binding activity was determined in competitive binding assays. Immunogenicity and the ability of each peptide to stimulate naïve human T cell recognition and IFN-γ production were assessed in cultures of total PBMCs and in co-cultures composed of peptide-pulsed dendritic cells (DCs) and purified T lymphocytes, cell populations derived from normal blood donors. Essentially all predicted HLA-A2-restricted epitopes and HLA-DRB1-restricted ICS exhibited HLA binding activity and the ability to elicit immune recognition and IFN-γ production by naïve human T cells. The ability of DCs pulsed with these highly-conserved HLA-A2- and -DRB1-restricted peptides to induce naïve human T cell reactivity and IFN-γ production ex vivo demonstrates the potential efficacy of a multi-epitope-based HCV vaccine targeted to dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasmita Mishra
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 432 Pierre M. Galletti Building, 55 Claverick Street, Providence, RI 02903, United States
| | - Phyllis T Losikoff
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 432 Pierre M. Galletti Building, 55 Claverick Street, Providence, RI 02903, United States
| | - Alyssa A Self
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 432 Pierre M. Galletti Building, 55 Claverick Street, Providence, RI 02903, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Anne S De Groot
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI, United States; Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Stephen H Gregory
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 432 Pierre M. Galletti Building, 55 Claverick Street, Providence, RI 02903, United States.
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