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Elkhamary A, Gerner I, Bileck A, Oreff GL, Gerner C, Jenner F. Comparative proteomic profiling of the ovine and human PBMC inflammatory response. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14939. [PMID: 38942936 PMCID: PMC11213919 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of inflammation requires robust animal models. Sheep are commonly used in immune-related studies, yet the validity of sheep as animal models for immune and inflammatory diseases remains to be established. This cross-species comparative study analyzed the in vitro inflammatory response of ovine (oPBMCs) and human PBMCs (hPBMCs) using mass spectrometry, profiling the proteome of the secretome and whole cell lysate. Of the entire cell lysate proteome (oPBMCs: 4217, hPBMCs: 4574 proteins) 47.8% and in the secretome proteome (oPBMCs: 1913, hPBMCs: 1375 proteins) 32.8% were orthologous between species, among them 32 orthologous CD antigens, indicating the presence of six immune cell subsets. Following inflammatory stimulation, 71 proteins in oPBMCs and 176 in hPBMCs showed differential abundance, with only 7 overlapping. Network and Gene Ontology analyses identified 16 shared inflammatory-related terms and 17 canonical pathways with similar activation/inhibition patterns in both species, demonstrating significant conservation in specific immune and inflammatory responses. However, ovine PMBCs also contained a unique WC1+γδ T-cell subset, not detected in hPBMCs. Furthermore, differences in the activation/inhibition trends of seven canonical pathways and the sets of DAPs between sheep and humans, emphasize the need to consider interspecies differences in translational studies and inflammation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Elkhamary
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterm, University Equine Hospital, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department for Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - I Gerner
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterm, University Equine Hospital, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Bileck
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - G L Oreff
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterm, University Equine Hospital, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Gerner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - F Jenner
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterm, University Equine Hospital, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.
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2
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Zhao C, Yang Z, Li Y, Wen Z. Macrophages in tissue repair and regeneration: insights from zebrafish. CELL REGENERATION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 13:12. [PMID: 38861103 PMCID: PMC11166613 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-024-00195-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Macrophages play crucial and versatile roles in regulating tissue repair and regeneration upon injury. However, due to their complex compositional heterogeneity and functional plasticity, deciphering the nature of different macrophage subpopulations and unraveling their dynamics and precise roles during the repair process have been challenging. With its distinct advantages, zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged as an invaluable model for studying macrophage development and functions, especially in tissue repair and regeneration, providing valuable insights into our understanding of macrophage biology in health and diseases. In this review, we present the current knowledge and challenges associated with the role of macrophages in tissue repair and regeneration, highlighting the significant contributions made by zebrafish studies. We discuss the unique advantages of the zebrafish model, including its genetic tools, imaging techniques, and regenerative capacities, which have greatly facilitated the investigation of macrophages in these processes. Additionally, we outline the potential of zebrafish research in addressing the remaining challenges and advancing our understanding of the intricate interplay between macrophages and tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlong Zhao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhiyong Yang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Division of Life Science, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yunbo Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Division of Life Science, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zilong Wen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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3
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Legroux TM, Schymik HS, Gasparoni G, Mohammadi S, Walter J, Libert C, Diesel B, Hoppstädter J, Kiemer AK. Immunomodulation by glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper in macrophages: enhanced phagocytosis, protection from pyroptosis, and altered mitochondrial function. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1396827. [PMID: 38855102 PMCID: PMC11157436 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1396827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids, which have long served as fundamental therapeutics for diverse inflammatory conditions, are still widely used, despite associated side effects limiting their long-term use. Among their key mediators is glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ), recognized for its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. Here, we explore the immunomodulatory effects of GILZ in macrophages through transcriptomic analysis and functional assays. Bulk RNA sequencing of GILZ knockout and GILZ-overexpressing macrophages revealed significant alterations in gene expression profiles, particularly impacting pathways associated with the inflammatory response, phagocytosis, cell death, mitochondrial function, and extracellular structure organization activity. GILZ-overexpression enhances phagocytic and antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli, potentially mediated by increased nitric oxide production. In addition, GILZ protects macrophages from pyroptotic cell death, as indicated by a reduced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in GILZ transgenic macrophages. In contrast, GILZ KO macrophages produced more ROS, suggesting a regulatory role of GILZ in ROS-dependent pathways. Additionally, GILZ overexpression leads to decreased mitochondrial respiration and heightened matrix metalloproteinase activity, suggesting its involvement in tissue remodeling processes. These findings underscore the multifaceted role of GILZ in modulating macrophage functions and its potential as a therapeutic target for inflammatory disorders, offering insights into the development of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at optimizing the benefits of glucocorticoid therapy while minimizing adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry M. Legroux
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Hanna S. Schymik
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Gilles Gasparoni
- Department of Genetics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Saeed Mohammadi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Jörn Walter
- Department of Genetics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Claude Libert
- Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Britta Diesel
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jessica Hoppstädter
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Alexandra K. Kiemer
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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4
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Cavallazzi R, Ramirez JA. Definition, Epidemiology, and Pathogenesis of Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2024; 45:143-157. [PMID: 38330995 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1779016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The clinical presentation of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) can vary widely among patients. While many individuals with mild symptoms can be managed as outpatients with excellent outcomes, there is a distinct subgroup of patients who present with severe CAP. In these cases, the mortality rate can reach approximately 25% within 30 days and even up to 50% within a year. It is crucial to focus attention on these patients who are at higher risk. Among the various definitions of severe CAP found in the literature, one commonly used criterion is the requirement for admission to intensive care unit. Notable epidemiological characteristics of these patients include the impact of acute cardiovascular diseases on clinical outcomes and the enduring, independent effect of pneumonia on long-term outcomes. Factors such as pathogen virulence, the presence of comorbidities, and the host response are important contributors to the pathogenesis of severe CAP. In these patients, the host response may be dysregulated and compartmentalized. Gaining a better understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of severe CAP will provide a foundation for the development of new therapies for this condition. This manuscript aims to review the definition, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of severe CAP, shedding light on important aspects that can aid in the improvement of patient care and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Cavallazzi
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Sleep Disorders, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Julio A Ramirez
- Norton Infectious Diseases Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, Kentucky
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5
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Zargar AS, Borole K, Rai R. Correlation of polymorphism in Toll-Like Receptor (TLR1 and TLR2) genes with susceptibility of pulmonary tuberculosis in Doda region of India. Indian J Tuberc 2024; 71:41-47. [PMID: 38296390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2023.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary tuberculosis has emerged as one of the leading causes of deaths across the globe. The prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has also shown an increasing trend over the time which may be attributed to the increase in multidrug resistant strains and HIV epidemics. There are several factors like change in the gene structure and cellular activities of the host and the bacterium which may have changed the host response towards tuberculosis. Additionally, the recent reports have suggested that Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the activation of immune responses against various pathogens. Therefore, this study has been designed to investigate the possible correlation of TLR gene polymorphism and prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis. METHOD This study investigates 300 samples collected from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (150) and healthy controls (150) from the Doda region of Jammu, India. For analysis purpose, DNA from the collected samples were isolated and subjected to sequence specific PCR amplification of TLR-1 and TLR-2 genes. The amplicons of TLR-1 and TLR-2 were further digested with restriction enzymes PvuII and Xbal, respectively, and visualized on agarose gel, subsequently. RESULT The results suggest that frequency of TLR2 gene polymorphism (73.9%) is high in the patients below the age of 50 years, whereas, frequency of TLR-1 gene polymorphism is high (71%) in the patients above 50 years of age (p = 0.005). Further, the restriction digestion analysis of TLR1 genes has shown that nearly 78% of the confirmed normal cases exhibit homozygous normal conditions followed by 12% cases with heterozygous conditions and 10% cases of homozygous mutants. Similarly for TLR2 genes, nearly 78.6% of the confirmed normal cases have shown homozygous normal conditions followed heterozygous conditions (12.6%) and homozygous mutants (8.6%). CONCLUSION This study establishes a preliminary correlation between TLR polymorphism and tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhar Saleem Zargar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India; Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Doda, 182205, India
| | - Kumudini Borole
- Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Doda, 182205, India
| | - Rohit Rai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India.
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Shanaka KASN, Jung S, Madushani KP, Kim MJ, Lee J. Viperin mutation is linked to immunity, immune cell dynamics, and metabolic alteration during VHSV infection in zebrafish. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1327749. [PMID: 38173722 PMCID: PMC10763233 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1327749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Viperin is a prominent antiviral protein found in animals. The primary function of Viperin is the production of 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-cytidine triphosphate (ddhCTP), an inhibitory nucleotide involved in viral RNA synthesis. Studies in mammalian models have suggested that ddhCTP interferes with metabolic proteins. However, this hypothesis has yet to be tested in teleost. In this study, the role of Viperin in regulating metabolic alterations during viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) infection was tested. When infected with VHSV, viperin -/- fish showed considerably higher mortality rates. VHSV copy number and the expression of the NP gene were significantly increased in viperin -/- fish. Metabolic gene analysis revealed significant differences in soda, hif1a, fasn, and acc expression, indicating their impact on metabolism. Cholesterol analysis in zebrafish larvae during VHSV infection showed significant upregulation of cholesterol production without Viperin. In vitro analysis of ZF4 cells suggested a considerable reduction in lipid production and a significant upregulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation with the overexpression of viperin. Neutrophil and macrophage recruitment were significantly modulated in viperin -/- fish compared to the wild-type (WT) fish. Thus, we have demonstrated that Viperin plays a role in interfering with metabolic alterations during VHSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. A. S. N. Shanaka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
- Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumi Jung
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
- Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - K. P. Madushani
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Jin Kim
- Bioresource Industrialization Center, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
- Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
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7
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Drab D, Santocki M, Opydo M, Kolaczkowska E. Impact of endogenous and exogenous nitrogen species on macrophage extracellular trap (MET) formation by bone marrow-derived macrophages. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 394:361-377. [PMID: 37789240 PMCID: PMC10638184 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03832-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage extracellular traps (METs) represent a novel defense mechanism in the antimicrobial arsenal of macrophages. However, mechanisms of MET formation are still poorly understood and this is at least partially due to the lack of reliable and reproducible models. Thus, we aimed at establishing a protocol of MET induction by bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) obtained from cryopreserved and then thawed bone marrow (BM) mouse cells. We report that BMDMs obtained in this way were morphologically (F4/80+) and functionally (expression of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase and NO production) differentiated and responded to various stimuli of bacterial (lipopolysaccharide, LPS), fungal (zymosan) and chemical (PMA) origin. Importantly, BMDMs were successfully casting METs composed of extracellular DNA (extDNA) serving as their backbone to which proteins such as H2A.X histones and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) were attached. In rendered 3D structure of METs, extDNA and protein components were embedded in each other. Since studies had shown the involvement of oxygen species in MET release, we aimed at studying if reactive nitrogen species (RNS) such as NO are also involved in MET formation. By application of NOS inhibitor - L-NAME or nitric oxide donor (SNAP), we studied the involvement of endogenous and exogenous RNS in traps release. We demonstrated that L-NAME halted MET formation upon stimulation with LPS while SNAP alone induced it. The latter phenomenon was further enhanced in the presence of LPS. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that BMDMs obtained from cryopreserved BM cells are capable of forming METs in an RNS-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Drab
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michal Santocki
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Opydo
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Kolaczkowska
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
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8
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Sebők C, Tráj P, Mackei M, Márton RA, Vörösházi J, Kemény Á, Neogrády Z, Mátis G. Modulation of the immune response by the host defense peptide IDR-1002 in chicken hepatic cell culture. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14530. [PMID: 37666888 PMCID: PMC10477227 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41707-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IDR-1002, a synthetic host defense peptide (HDP), appears to be a potential candidate for the treatment of bacterial infections and the consequent inflammatory response due to its potent immunomodulatory activity. This is of relevance to the emerging issue of antimicrobial resistance in the farming sector. In this study, the effects of IDR-1002 were investigated on a chicken hepatocyte‒non-parenchymal cell co-culture, and the results revealed that IDR-1002 had complex effects on the regulation of the hepatic innate immunity. IDR-1002 increased the levels of both RANTES (Regulated on Activation, Normal T cell Expressed and Secreted) and Macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), suggesting the peptide plays a role in the modulation of macrophage differentiation, also reflected by the reduced concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10. The pro-inflammatory cytokine release triggered by the bacterial cell wall component lipoteichoic acid (LTA) was ameliorated by the concomitantly applied IDR-1002 based on the levels of IL-6, chicken chemotactic and angiogenic factor (CXCLi2) and interferon (IFN)-γ. Moreover, the production of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), an essential transcription factor in the antioxidant defense pathway, was increased after IDR-1002 exposure, while protein carbonyl (PC) levels were also elevated. These findings suggest that IDR-1002 affects the interplay of the cellular immune response and redox homeostasis, thus the peptide represents a promising tool in the treatment of bacterially induced inflammation in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csilla Sebők
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, 1078, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Patrik Tráj
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, 1078, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Mackei
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, 1078, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rege Anna Márton
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, 1078, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Júlia Vörösházi
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, 1078, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Kemény
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti u. 12, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti u. 12, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Neogrády
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, 1078, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Mátis
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, 1078, Budapest, Hungary
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Dawit L, Lee V, Lehoang D, Furey C, Chowdhury A, Mai TA, Angajala V, Park JH, Khadarian K, She R, Vergara-Lluri M, Kahn J, Dodge JL, Saito T. Clinical Significance of Ascitic Fluid Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Percentage in Patients With Cirrhosis Without Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2023; 14:e00614. [PMID: 37436155 PMCID: PMC10522094 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Absolute polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) count (PMN-C) ≥250 cells/mm 3 in ascites is the diagnostic hallmark of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. However, the clinical significance of ascitic PMN percentage (PMN-%) and PMN-C in the absence of SBP as additional biomarkers for mortality and future incidence of SBP has not been determined. METHODS This retrospective cohort included adults with cirrhosis undergoing first-recorded paracentesis with initial PMN-C < 250 cells/mm 3 at 2 tertiary medical centers between 2015 and 2020. Patients with prior SBP were excluded. Outcomes were death and SBP development. Cox regression estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for risk of death and SBP development and Akaike information criterion to compare model fit. RESULTS Three hundred eighty-four adults (73% male, median age 58 years, 67% with alcohol-associated cirrhosis, median PMN-C 14 cells/mm 3 [interquartile range 5-34], and median PMN-% 10% [interquartile range 4-20]) were included in this study. Univariate risk of death increased 10% per 25-unit increase in PMN-C (95% confidence interval 1.01-1.21, P = 0.03) and 19% per 10-unit increase in PMN-% (95% confidence interval 1.06-1.33, P = 0.003) with PMN-% demonstrating better model fit in assessing mortality risk (Akaike information criterion: 1,044 vs 1,048, respectively). In models adjusted for age, chronic hepatitis C virus infection, and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease-Sodium, PMN-% was associated with risk of death (PMN-% 10%-29%, HR 1.17, P = 0.50; PMN-% ≥ 30% group, HR 1.94, P = 0.03; vs PMN-% < 10%) and SBP development (PMN-% 10%-29%, HR 1.68, P = 0.07; PMN-% ≥ 30%, HR 3.48, P < 0.001; vs PMN-% < 10%). DISCUSSION Our results suggest PMN-% at first paracentesis represents a better biomarker compared with PMN-C for assessing risk of death and future SBP development in patients with PMN-C < 250 cells/mm 3 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian Dawit
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Vivian Lee
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David Lehoang
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Cameron Furey
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Aneesa Chowdhury
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Thu Anne Mai
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Varun Angajala
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Joo Hye Park
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kevork Khadarian
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rosemary She
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Maria Vergara-Lluri
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey Kahn
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Dodge
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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10
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Ahamed F, Eppler N, Jones E, He L, Zhang Y. Small Heterodimer Partner Modulates Macrophage Differentiation during Innate Immune Response through the Regulation of Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase, and Nuclear Factor Kappa B Pathways. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2403. [PMID: 37760844 PMCID: PMC10525324 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic macrophages act as the liver's first line of defense against injury. Their differentiation into proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory subpopulations is a critical event that maintains a delicate balance between liver injury and repair. In our investigation, we explored the influence of the small heterodimer partner (SHP), a nuclear receptor primarily associated with metabolism, on macrophage differentiation during the innate immune response. During macrophage differentiation, we observed significant alterations in Shp mRNA expression. Deletion of Shp promoted M1 differentiation while interfering with M2 polarization. Conversely, overexpression of SHP resulted in increased expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (Pparg), a master regulator of anti-inflammatory macrophage differentiation, thereby inhibiting M1 differentiation. Upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection, there was a notable increase in the proinflammatory M1-like macrophages, accompanied by exacerbated infiltration of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) into the livers of Shp myeloid cell specific knockout (Shp-MKO). Concurrently, we observed significant induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha (Tnfa) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (Ccl2) expression in LPS-treated Shp-MKO livers. Additionally, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathways were activated in LPS-treated Shp-MKO livers. Consistently, both pathways were hindered in SHP overexpression macrophages. Finally, we demonstrated that SHP interacts with p65, thereby influencing macrophage immune repones. In summary, our study uncovered a previously unrecognized role of SHP in promoting anti-inflammatory macrophage differentiation during the innate immune response. This was achieved by SHP acting as a regulator for the Pparg, MAPK, and NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yuxia Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, MS 1018, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (F.A.); (N.E.); (E.J.); (L.H.)
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Moss CE, Phipps H, Wilson HL, Kiss-Toth E. Markers of the ageing macrophage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1222308. [PMID: 37520567 PMCID: PMC10373068 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1222308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ageing research is establishing macrophages as key immune system regulators that undergo functional decline. Due to heterogeneity between species and tissue populations, a plethora of data exist and the power of scientific conclusions can vary substantially. This meta-analysis by information content (MAIC) and systematic literature review (SLR) aims to determine overall changes in macrophage gene and protein expression, as well as function, with age. Methods PubMed was utilized to collate peer-reviewed literature relating to macrophage ageing. Primary studies comparing macrophages in at least two age groups were included. Data pertaining to gene or protein expression alongside method used were extracted for MAIC analysis. For SLR analysis, data included all macrophage-specific changes with age, as well as species, ontogeny and age of groups assessed. Results A total of 240 studies were included; 122 of which qualified for MAIC. The majority of papers focussed on changes in macrophage count/infiltration as a function of age, followed by gene and protein expression. The MAIC found iNOS and TNF to be the most commonly investigated entities, with 328 genes and 175 proteins showing consistent dysregulation with age across the literature. Overall findings indicate that cytokine secretion and phagocytosis are reduced and reactive oxygen species production is increased in the ageing macrophage. Discussion Collectively, our analysis identifies critical regulators in macrophage ageing that are consistently dysregulated, highlighting a plethora of targets for further investigation. Consistent functional changes with age found here can be used to confirm an ageing macrophage phenotype in specific studies and experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E. Moss
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Healthy Lifespan Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Hew Phipps
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Heather L. Wilson
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Healthy Lifespan Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Endre Kiss-Toth
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Healthy Lifespan Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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12
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Cecotto L, Stapels DAC, van Kessel KPM, Croes M, Lourens Z, Vogely HC, van der Wal BCH, van Strijp JAG, Weinans H, Amin Yavari S. Evaluation of silver bio-functionality in a multicellular in vitro model: towards reduced animal usage in implant-associated infection research. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1186936. [PMID: 37342248 PMCID: PMC10277478 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1186936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the extensive use of silver ions or nanoparticles in research related to preventing implant-associated infections (IAI), their use in clinical practice has been debated. This is because the strong antibacterial properties of silver are counterbalanced by adverse effects on host cells. One of the reasons for this may be the lack of comprehensive in vitro models that are capable of analyzing host-bacteria and host-host interactions. Methods and results In this study, we tested silver efficacy through multicellular in vitro models involving macrophages (immune system), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs, bone cells), and S. aureus (pathogen). Our model showed to be capable of identifying each element of culture as well as tracking the intracellular survival of bacteria. Furthermore, the model enabled to find a therapeutic window for silver ions (AgNO3) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) where the viability of host cells was not compromised, and the antibacterial properties of silver were maintained. While AgNO3 between 0.00017 and 0.017 µg/mL retained antibacterial properties, host cell viability was not affected. The multicellular model, however, demonstrated that those concentrations had no effect on the survival of S. aureus, inside or outside host cells. Similarly, treatment with 20 nm AgNPs did not influence the phagocytic and killing capacity of macrophages or prevent S. aureus from invading MSCs. Moreover, exposure to 100 nm AgNPs elicited an inflammatory response by host cells as detected by the increased production of TNF-α and IL-6. This was visible only when macrophages and MSCs were cultured together. Conclusions Multicellular in vitro models such as the one used here that simulate complex in vivo scenarios can be used to screen other therapeutic compounds or antibacterial biomaterials without the need to use animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Cecotto
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Daphne A. C. Stapels
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Infection Biology Group, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Kok P. M. van Kessel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Michiel Croes
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Zeldali Lourens
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - H. Charles Vogely
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Jos A. G. van Strijp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Harrie Weinans
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Saber Amin Yavari
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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13
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Almeida FS, Vanderley SER, Comberlang FC, Andrade AGD, Cavalcante-Silva LHA, Silva EDS, Palmeira PHDS, Amaral IPGD, Keesen TSL. Leishmaniasis: Immune Cells Crosstalk in Macrophage Polarization. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8050276. [PMID: 37235324 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8050276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a complex infectious parasitic disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, belonging to a group of neglected tropical diseases. It establishes significant global health challenges, particularly in socio-economically disadvantaged regions. Macrophages, as innate immune cells, play a crucial role in initiating the inflammatory response against the pathogens responsible for this disease. Macrophage polarization, the process of differentiating macrophages into pro-inflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes, is essential for the immune response in leishmaniasis. The M1 phenotype is associated with resistance to Leishmania infection, while the M2 phenotype is predominant in susceptible environments. Notably, various immune cells, including T cells, play a significant role in modulating macrophage polarization by releasing cytokines that influence macrophage maturation and function. Furthermore, other immune cells can also impact macrophage polarization in a T-cell-independent manner. Therefore, this review comprehensively examines macrophage polarization's role in leishmaniasis and other immune cells' potential involvement in this intricate process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Silva Almeida
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Shayenne Eduarda Ramos Vanderley
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Fernando Cézar Comberlang
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Arthur Gomes de Andrade
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Agra Cavalcante-Silva
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Edson Dos Santos Silva
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique de Sousa Palmeira
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Ian P G do Amaral
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Tatjana S L Keesen
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
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14
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Vaillancourt M, Galdino ACM, Limsuwannarot SP, Celedonio D, Dimitrova E, Broerman M, Bresee C, Doi Y, Lee JS, Parks WC, Jorth P. A compensatory RNase E variation increases Iron Piracy and Virulence in multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa during Macrophage infection. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1010942. [PMID: 37027441 PMCID: PMC10115287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During chronic cystic fibrosis (CF) infections, evolved Pseudomonas aeruginosa antibiotic resistance is linked to increased pulmonary exacerbations, decreased lung function, and hospitalizations. However, the virulence mechanisms underlying worse outcomes caused by antibiotic resistant infections are poorly understood. Here, we investigated evolved aztreonam resistant P. aeruginosa virulence mechanisms. Using a macrophage infection model combined with genomic and transcriptomic analyses, we show that a compensatory mutation in the rne gene, encoding RNase E, increased pyoverdine and pyochelin siderophore gene expression, causing macrophage ferroptosis and lysis. We show that iron-bound pyochelin was sufficient to cause macrophage ferroptosis and lysis, however, apo-pyochelin, iron-bound pyoverdine, or apo-pyoverdine were insufficient to kill macrophages. Macrophage killing could be eliminated by treatment with the iron mimetic gallium. RNase E variants were abundant in clinical isolates, and CF sputum gene expression data show that clinical isolates phenocopied RNase E variant functions during macrophage infection. Together these data show how P. aeruginosa RNase E variants can cause host damage via increased siderophore production and host cell ferroptosis but may also be targets for gallium precision therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylene Vaillancourt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Anna Clara Milesi Galdino
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sam P. Limsuwannarot
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Diana Celedonio
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Dimitrova
- Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew Broerman
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Catherine Bresee
- Biostatistics Core, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yohei Doi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Janet S. Lee
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - William C. Parks
- Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Peter Jorth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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15
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Ramos E, Gil-Martín E, De Los Ríos C, Egea J, López-Muñoz F, Pita R, Juberías A, Torrado JJ, Serrano DR, Reiter RJ, Romero A. Melatonin as Modulator for Sulfur and Nitrogen Mustard-Induced Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage: Molecular Therapeutics. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020397. [PMID: 36829956 PMCID: PMC9952307 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfur and nitrogen mustards, bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide and tertiary bis(2-chloroethyl) amines, respectively, are vesicant warfare agents with alkylating activity. Moreover, oxidative/nitrosative stress, inflammatory response induction, metalloproteinases activation, DNA damage or calcium disruption are some of the toxicological mechanisms of sulfur and nitrogen mustard-induced injury that affects the cell integrity and function. In this review, we not only propose melatonin as a therapeutic option in order to counteract and modulate several pathways involved in physiopathological mechanisms activated after exposure to mustards, but also for the first time, we predict whether metabolites of melatonin, cyclic-3-hydroxymelatonin, N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine, and N1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine could be capable of exerting a scavenger action and neutralize the toxic damage induced by these blister agents. NLRP3 inflammasome is activated in response to a wide variety of infectious stimuli or cellular stressors, however, although the precise mechanisms leading to activation are not known, mustards are postulated as activators. In this regard, melatonin, through its anti-inflammatory action and NLRP3 inflammasome modulation could exert a protective effect in the pathophysiology and management of sulfur and nitrogen mustard-induced injury. The ability of melatonin to attenuate sulfur and nitrogen mustard-induced toxicity and its high safety profile make melatonin a suitable molecule to be a part of medical countermeasures against blister agents poisoning in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ramos
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Gil-Martín
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Cristóbal De Los Ríos
- Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Javier Egea
- Molecular Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Plasticity Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco López-Muñoz
- Faculty of Health, Camilo José Cela University of Madrid (UCJC), 28692 Madrid, Spain
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - René Pita
- Chemical Defense Department, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Defense School, Hoyo de Manzanares, 28240 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Juberías
- Dirección de Sanidad Ejército del Aire, Cuartel General Ejército del Aire, 28008 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J. Torrado
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores R. Serrano
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Alejandro Romero
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-913943970
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16
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Flores-Villalva S, Remot A, Carreras F, Winter N, Gordon SV, Meade KG. Vitamin D induced microbicidal activity against Mycobacterium bovis BCG is dependent on the synergistic activity of bovine peripheral blood cell populations. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 256:110536. [PMID: 36586390 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A growing appreciation is emerging of the beneficial role of vitamin D for health and resistance against infectious diseases, including tuberculosis. However, research has predominantly focused on murine and human species and functional data in bovines is limited. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the microbicidal activity and immunoregulatory effect of the vitamin D metabolite 1,25(OH)2D3 on bovine peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) in response to Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG) infection using a combination of functional assays and gene expression profiling. Blood from Holstein-Friesian bull calves with low circulating levels of 25(OH)D was stimulated with 1,25(OH)2D3 for 2 h, and then infected with M. bovis BCG. Results showed that 1,25(OH)2D3 supplementation significantly increased BCG killing by on average 16 %, although responses varied between 1 % and 38 % killing. Serial cell subset depletion was then performed on PBL prior to 1,25(OH)2D3 incubation and BCG infected as before to analyse the contribution of major cell types to mycobacterial growth control. Specific antibodies and either magnetic cell separation or density gradient centrifugation of monocytes, granulocytes, CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T lymphocytes were used to capture each cell subset. Results showed that depletion of granulocytes had the greatest impact on BCG growth, leading to a significant enhancement of bacterial colonies. In contrast, depletion of CD4+ or CD8+ T cells individually, or in combination (CD3+), had no impact on mycobacterial growth control. In agreement with our previous data, 1,25(OH)2D3 significantly increased bacterial killing in PBL, in monocyte depleted samples, and a similar trend was observed in the granulocyte depleted subset. In addition, specific analysis of sorted neutrophils treated with 1,25(OH)2D3 showed an enhanced microbicidal activity against both BCG and a virulent strain of M. bovis. Lastly, data showed that 1,25(OH)2D3 stimulation increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the expression of genes encoding host defence peptides (HDP) and pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), factors that play an important role in the microbicidal activity against mycobacteria. In conclusion, the vitamin D metabolite 1,25(OH)2D3 improves antimycobacterial killing in bovine PBLs via the synergistic activity of monocytes and granulocytes and enhanced activation of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Flores-Villalva
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; CENID Fisiología, INIFAP, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Aude Remot
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | | | | | - Stephen V Gordon
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kieran G Meade
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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17
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Pathogenesis of Anemia in Canine Babesiosis: Possible Contribution of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines-A Review. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020166. [PMID: 36839438 PMCID: PMC9962459 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine babesiosis is a tick-borne protozoan disease caused by intraerythrocytic parasites of the genus Babesia. The infection may lead to anemia in infected dogs. However, anemia is not directly caused by the pathogen. The parasite's developmental stages only have a marginal role in contributing to a decreased red blood cell (RBC) count. The main cause of anemia in affected dogs is the immune response to the infection. This response includes antibody production, erythrophagocytosis, oxidative damage of RBCs, complement activation, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Moreover, both infected and uninfected erythrocytes are retained in the spleen and sequestered in micro-vessels. All these actions are driven by pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, especially IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8. Additionally, imbalance between the actions of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines plays a role in patho-mechanisms leading to anemia in canine babesiosis. This article is a review of the studies on the pathogenesis of anemia in canine babesiosis and related diseases, such as bovine or murine babesiosis and human or murine malaria, and the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the mechanisms leading to anemia in infected dogs.
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18
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Okamoto W, Hasegawa M, Kohyama N, Kobayashi T, Usui T, Onozawa H, Hashimoto R, Iwazaki M, Kohno M, Georgieva R, Bäumler H, Komatsu T. Core-Shell Structured Hemoglobin Nanoparticles as Artificial O 2 Carriers. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:5844-5853. [PMID: 36399036 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis and O2 binding properties of core-shell structured hemoglobin (Hb) nanoparticles (NPs), artificial O2 carriers of five types, as designed for use as red blood cell (RBC) substitutes. Human adult Hbs were polymerized using α-succinimidyl-ω-maleimide and dithiothreitol in spheroidal shapes to create parent particles. Subsequent covalent wrapping of the sphere with human serum albumin (HSA) yielded 100 nm-diameter Hb nanoparticles (HbNPs). The HbNP showed higher O2 affinity than that of RBC, but NPs prepared under a N2 atmosphere exhibited low O2 affinity. Entirely synthetic particles comprising recombinant human adult Hb and recombinant HSA were also fabricated. Using a recombinant Hb (rHb) variant in which Leu-β28 of the heme pocket had been replaced with Phe, we found somewhat low O2 affinity of rHb(βL28F)NP. Particles made of stroma-free Hb (SFHb) containing natural antioxidant enzyme catalase (SFHbNP) formed a very stable O2 complex, even in aqueous H2O2 solution. The SFHbNP showed good blood compatibility and did not affect the blood cell component functionality. The circulation half-life of SFHbNP in rats was considerably longer than that of naked Hb. All results indicate these Hb-based NPs as useful alternative materials for RBC and as a useful O2 therapeutic reagent in diverse medical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Okamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Mai Hasegawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Natsumi Kohyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Kobayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Tomone Usui
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroto Onozawa
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, School of Medicine, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Ryo Hashimoto
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, School of Medicine, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Masayuki Iwazaki
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, School of Medicine, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Mitsutomo Kohno
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, 1981 Kamoda, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8550, Japan
| | - Radostina Georgieva
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany.,Department of Medical Physics, Biophysics and Radiology, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, Stara Zagora 6000, Bulgaria
| | - Hans Bäumler
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Teruyuki Komatsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
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19
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Shokri‐Afra H, Moradi M, Musavi H, Moradi‐Sardareh H, Moradi poodeh B, Kazemi Veisari A, Oladi Z, Ebrahimi M. Serum calprotectin can indicate current and future severity of COVID-19. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 37:e24809. [PMID: 36525302 PMCID: PMC9833977 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predictive and prognostic biomarkers to guide 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) are critically evolving. Dysregulated immune responses are the pivotal cause of severity mainly mediated by neutrophil activation. Thus, we evaluated the association of calprotectin, neutrophil secretory protein, and other mediators of inflammation with the severity and outcomes of COVID-19. METHODS This two-center prospective study focused on PCR-proven COVID-19 patients (n = 76) with different clinical presentations and SARS-CoV-2 negative control subjects (n = 24). Serum calprotectin (SC) was compared with IL-6 and other laboratory parameters. RESULTS Median levels of SC were significantly higher in COVID-19 patients in comparison to the control group (3760 vs. 2100 ng/ml, p < 0.0001). Elevated SC was significantly respective of disease severity (3760 ng/ml in mild up to 5700 ng/ml in severe cases, p < 0.0001). Moreover, the significant positive and negative correlations of SC with disease severity and oxygenation status indicated disease progression and respiratory worsening, respectively. It was found that SC was high in severe patients during hospitalization and significantly declined to normal after recovery. The logistic analysis identified the independent predictive power of SC for respiratory status or clinical severity. Indeed, SC behaved as a better discriminator for both outcomes, as it exhibited the largest area under the curve (receiver operating curve analysis), with the highest specificity and sensitivity when the predictive value of inflammatory biomarkers was compared. CONCLUSION Calprotectin can be used as a reliable prognostic tool to predict the poor clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Shokri‐Afra
- Gut and Liver Research Center, Non‐communicable Diseases InstituteMazandaran University of Medical SciencesSariIran
| | - Mona Moradi
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Communicable Diseases InstituteMazandaran University of Medical SciencesSariIran
| | - Hadis Musavi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of MedicineBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
| | - Hemen Moradi‐Sardareh
- Department of Research and TechnologyAsadabad School of Medical ScienceAsadabadIran,Biomad companyOsloNorway
| | - Bahman Moradi poodeh
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Lahijan BranchIslamic Azad UniversityLahijanIran
| | - Arash Kazemi Veisari
- Gut and Liver Research Center, Non‐communicable Diseases InstituteMazandaran University of Medical SciencesSariIran
| | - Ziaeddin Oladi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Ghaem Shahr Razi HospitalMazandaran University of Medical SciencesSariIran
| | - Mahboobe Ebrahimi
- Gut and Liver Research Center, Non‐communicable Diseases InstituteMazandaran University of Medical SciencesSariIran
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Shi J, Wu J, Chen Q, Shen Y, Mi K, Yang H, Mu L. A Frog-Derived Cathelicidin Peptide with Dual Antimicrobial and Immunomodulatory Activities Effectively Ameliorates Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Peritonitis in Mice. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:2464-2479. [PMID: 36378028 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As antimicrobial resistance poses an increasing threat to public health, it is urgent to develop new antimicrobial agents. In this paper, we identify a novel 30-residue peptide (Nv-CATH, NCNFLCKVKQRLRSVSSTSHIGMAIPRPRG) from the skin of the frog Nanorana ventripunctata, which belongs to the cathelicidin family. Nv-CATH exhibited broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Nv-CATH significantly protected mice from lethal infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, the peptide suppressed excessive and harmful inflammatory responses by repressing the production of NO, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β. The NF-κB-NLRP3 and MAPK inflammatory signaling pathways were involved in the protection in vitro and in vivo. Nv-CATH also modulated macrophage/monocyte and neutrophil trafficking to the infection site by stimulating CXCL1, CXCL2, and CCL2 production in macrophages. Nv-CATH augmented immunocyte-mediated bacterial killing by modestly promoting neutrophils' phagocytosis and PMA-induced NET formation. Thus, Nv-CATH protects mice against bacterial infection by antimicrobial-immunomodulatory duality. The combination of these two characteristics makes Nv-CATH a promising molecule template for the development of novel antimicrobial and antibiotic-resistant agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shi
- Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Yan Shen
- Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Kai Mi
- Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Hailong Yang
- Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Lixian Mu
- Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
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Suthi S, Gopi D, Chaudhary A, Sarma PVGK. The Therapeutic Potential of 4-Methoxy-1-methyl-2-oxopyridine-3-carbamide (MMOXC) Derived from Ricinine on Macrophage Cell Lines Infected with Methicillin-Resistant Strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 195:2843-2862. [PMID: 36418711 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04269-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The incidences of methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and their survival inside the macrophages are the major attributes of the relapsed infections after antimicrobial therapy, and it is a global problem. In this context, we have previously demonstrated 4-methoxy-1-methyl-2-oxopyridine-3-carbamide (MMOXC), a Ricinine derivative exhibiting anti-S. aureus and anti-biofilm characteristics by competitively inhibiting uridine monophosphate kinase (UMPK), UDP-N-acetyl muramyl pentapeptide ligase (Mur-F), and peptidyl deformylase, (PDF). In the present study, the stability of this competitive inhibitor MMOXC was evaluated by showing its ability to remain bound to the active sites of UMPK, Mur-F, and PDF even after increasing the incubation time, temperature, pH, and substrate concentration. On growing MRSA in fewer concentrations of MMOXC, these strains could not attain resistance to MMOXC and at the same time distinct reductions in the expression of UMPK, Mur-F, and PDF genes were noted. In vitro, infective models were generated by infecting MRSA to RAW 264.7 and human monocyte-derived macrophage (hMDM) cell lines. In these infected cell lines, in spite of increased nitric oxide synthase (NOS), NADPH-P450 reductase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase activities, the MRSA survived. At 640 µM/ml, the concentration of MMOXC penetrated into these infected cells and obliterated MRSA. While treating uninfected macrophage cell lines with MMOXC, no appreciable effect was observed indicating that MMOXC is the most suitable drug for the treatment of infections caused by MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subbarayudu Suthi
- Microbial Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences and University, Alipiri Road, Andhra Pradesh, 517501, Tirupati, India
| | - Deepika Gopi
- Microbial Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences and University, Alipiri Road, Andhra Pradesh, 517501, Tirupati, India
| | - Abhijit Chaudhary
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, 517501, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Potukuchi Venkata Gurunadha Krishna Sarma
- Microbial Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences and University, Alipiri Road, Andhra Pradesh, 517501, Tirupati, India.
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22
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Joorabloo A, Liu T. Recent advances in nanomedicines for regulation of macrophages in wound healing. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:407. [PMID: 36085212 PMCID: PMC9463766 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01616-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are essential immune cells and play a major role in the immune response as pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory agents depending on their plasticity and functions. Infiltration and activation of macrophages are usually involved in wound healing. Herein, we first described macrophage polarization and their critical functions in wound healing process. It is addressed how macrophages collaborate with other immune cells in the wound microenvironment. Targeting macrophages by manipulating or re-educating macrophages in inflammation using nanomedicines is a novel and feasible strategy for wound management. We discussed the design and physicochemical properties of nanomaterials and their functions for macrophages activation and anti-inflammatory signaling during wound therapy. The mechanism of action of the strategies and appropriate examples are also summarized to highlight the pros and cons of those approaches. Finally, the potential of nanomedicines to modulate macrophage polarization for skin regeneration is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Joorabloo
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Tianqing Liu
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
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23
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Wang X, Liu Y. Offense and Defense in Granulomatous Inflammation Disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:797749. [PMID: 35846773 PMCID: PMC9277142 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.797749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulomatous inflammation (GI) diseases are a group of chronic inflammation disorders characterized by focal collections of multinucleated giant cells, epithelioid cells and macrophages, with or without necrosis. GI diseases are closely related to microbes, especially virulent intracellular bacterial infections are important factors in the progression of these diseases. They employ a range of strategies to survive the stresses imposed upon them and persist in host cells, becoming the initiator of the fighting. Microbe-host communication is essential to maintain functions of a healthy host, so defense capacity of hosts is another influence factor, which is thought to combine to determine the result of the fighting. With the development of gene research technology, many human genetic loci were identified to be involved in GI diseases susceptibility, providing more insights into and knowledge about GI diseases. The current review aims to provide an update on the most recent progress in the identification and characterization of bacteria in GI diseases in a variety of organ systems and clinical conditions, and examine the invasion and escape mechanisms of pathogens that have been demonstrated in previous studies, we also review the existing data on the predictive factors of the host, mainly on genetic findings. These strategies may improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying GI diseases, and open new avenues for the study of the associated conditions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Wang
- Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Medicine, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Histology and Pathology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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24
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Margaroli C, Horati H, Garratt LW, Giacalone VD, Schofield C, Dittrich AS, Rosenow T, Dobosh BS, Lim HS, Frey DL, Veltman M, Silva GL, Brown MR, Schultz C, Tiddens HAWM, Ranganathan S, Chandler JD, Qiu P, Peng L, Scholte BJ, Mall MA, Kicic A, Guglani L, Stick SM, Janssens HM, Tirouvanziam R. Macrophage PD-1 associates with neutrophilia and reduced bacterial killing in early cystic fibrosis airway disease. J Cyst Fibros 2022; 21:967-976. [PMID: 35732550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages are the major resident immune cells in human airways coordinating responses to infection and injury. In cystic fibrosis (CF), neutrophils are recruited to the airways shortly after birth, and actively exocytose damaging enzymes prior to chronic infection, suggesting a potential defect in macrophage immunomodulatory function. Signaling through the exhaustion marker programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) controls macrophage function in cancer, sepsis, and airway infection. Therefore, we sought to identify potential associations between macrophage PD-1 and markers of airway disease in children with CF. METHODS Blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were collected from 45 children with CF aged 3 to 62 months and structural lung damage was quantified by computed tomography. The phenotype of airway leukocytes was assessed by flow cytometry, while the release of enzymes and immunomodulatory mediators by molecular assays. RESULTS Airway macrophage PD-1 expression correlated positively with structural lung damage, neutrophilic inflammation, and infection. Interestingly, even in the absence of detectable infection, macrophage PD-1 expression was elevated and correlated with neutrophilic inflammation. In an in vitro model mimicking leukocyte recruitment into CF airways, soluble mediators derived from recruited neutrophils directly induced PD-1 expression on recruited monocytes/macrophages, suggesting a causal link between neutrophilic inflammation and macrophage PD-1 expression in CF. Finally, blockade of PD-1 in a short-term culture of CF BALF leukocytes resulted in improved pathogen clearance. CONCLUSION Taken together, these findings suggest that in early CF lung disease, PD-1 upregulation associates with airway macrophage exhaustion, neutrophil takeover, infection, and structural damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Margaroli
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for CF & Airways Disease Research, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, IMPEDE-CF Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Hamed Horati
- Department of Pediatrics, Div. of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, I-BALL program, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, University Hospital Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luke W Garratt
- AREST-CF Program, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Vincent D Giacalone
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for CF & Airways Disease Research, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, IMPEDE-CF Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Craig Schofield
- AREST-CF Program, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - A Susanne Dittrich
- Department of Translational Pulmonology, Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL) and Department of Pulmonology, and Critical Care Medicine, Thoraxklinik at the University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tim Rosenow
- AREST-CF Program, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Brian S Dobosh
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for CF & Airways Disease Research, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, IMPEDE-CF Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Hong S Lim
- Department of Biomedical engineering, The Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Dario L Frey
- Department of Translational Pulmonology, Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL) and Department of Pulmonology, and Critical Care Medicine, Thoraxklinik at the University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mieke Veltman
- Department of Pediatrics, Div. of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, I-BALL program, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, University Hospital Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - George L Silva
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for CF & Airways Disease Research, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, IMPEDE-CF Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Milton R Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for CF & Airways Disease Research, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, IMPEDE-CF Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Carsten Schultz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Harm A W M Tiddens
- Department of Pediatrics, Div. of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, I-BALL program, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, University Hospital Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarath Ranganathan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, and Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Joshua D Chandler
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for CF & Airways Disease Research, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, IMPEDE-CF Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Peng Qiu
- Department of Biomedical engineering, The Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Limin Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for CF & Airways Disease Research, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, IMPEDE-CF Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Department of Biostatistics, Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Bob J Scholte
- Department of Pediatrics, Div. of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, I-BALL program, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, University Hospital Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcus A Mall
- Department of Translational Pulmonology, Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL) and Department of Pulmonology, and Critical Care Medicine, Thoraxklinik at the University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Anthony Kicic
- AREST-CF Program, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; School of Public Heath, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lokesh Guglani
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for CF & Airways Disease Research, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, IMPEDE-CF Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Stephen M Stick
- AREST-CF Program, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hettie M Janssens
- Department of Pediatrics, Div. of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, I-BALL program, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, University Hospital Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rabindra Tirouvanziam
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for CF & Airways Disease Research, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, IMPEDE-CF Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America.
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25
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Si W, Xie Y, Dong J, Wang C, Zhang F, Yue J, Jian S, Wei J, Liu S, Wang L, Zhang H. AMPK activation enhances neutrophil's fungicidal activity in vitro and improves the clinical outcome of Fusarium solani keratitis in vivo. Curr Eye Res 2022; 47:1131-1143. [PMID: 35575029 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2022.2078494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Juan Yue
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 450003, China.
| | - Shoujun Jian
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 450003, China.
| | - Jingjing Wei
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 450003, China.
| | - Susu Liu
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 450003, China.
| | - Liya Wang
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 450003, China.
| | - Hongmin Zhang
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 450003, China.
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26
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Wang B, Guo W, Qiu C, Sun Y, Zhao C, Wu C, Lai X, Feng X. Alveolar macrophage‐derived NRP2 curtails lung injury while boosting host defense in bacterial pneumonia. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:499-512. [PMID: 35435271 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4a1221-770r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Disease Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Tianjin China
| | - Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Disease Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Tianjin China
| | - Chen Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Disease Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Tianjin China
| | - Yunyan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Disease Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Tianjin China
- Department of Hematology, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University Yunnan Cancer Center Kunming China
| | - Chunxiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Disease Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Tianjin China
| | - Caihong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Disease Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Tianjin China
| | - Xun Lai
- Department of Hematology, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University Yunnan Cancer Center Kunming China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Disease Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Tianjin China
- Central Laboratory Fujian Medical University Union Hospital Fuzhou China
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27
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Milošević N, Rütter M, David A. Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecules- (un)Attainable Targets for Nanomedicines. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:846065. [PMID: 35463298 PMCID: PMC9021548 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2022.846065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell adhesion molecules have long been proposed as promising targets in many pathologies. Despite promising preclinical data, several efforts to develop small molecule inhibitors or monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) ended in clinical-stage failure. In parallel, many well-validated approaches for targeting CAMs with nanomedicine (NM) were reported over the years. A wide range of potential applications has been demonstrated in various preclinical studies, from drug delivery to the tumor vasculature, imaging of the inflamed endothelium, or blocking immune cells infiltration. However, no NM drug candidate emerged further into clinical development. In this review, we will summarize the most advanced examples of CAM-targeted NMs and juxtapose them with known traditional drugs against CAMs, in an attempt to identify important translational hurdles. Most importantly, we will summarize the proposed strategies to enhance endothelial CAM targeting by NMs, in an attempt to offer a catalog of tools for further development.
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Abstract
Introduction Neutrophilic granulocytes are short‐lived cells continuously circulating in the vascular system of vertebrates. They play a basic and decisive role in the innate immune defence of the hosts against all types of pathogenic microorganisms. Methods Based on a literature study, the functions of neutrophils and cells with similar functions are described. The study places special emphasis on organisms in the aquatic environment and the pathogens occurring in that particular environment. Results The evolutionary origin of this specific cell type is not clear, but its most basic traits (recognition of foreign elements, extracellular trap release, phagocytosis and elimination of ingested material) are found in phagocytes in members of evolutionary ancient invertebrate groups spanning from amoebae, sponges, sea‐anemones, mollusks (snails and mussels), arthropods (crustaceans and insects) to echinoderms (sea stars and sea urchins). Their functions as innate immune sentinels and effector cells in these groups are well described. Neutrophilic granulocytes with elongated and lobed nuclei (possibly allowing cell movements through narrow extracellular spaces and leaving space for phagosomes) occur in vertebrates including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals although the morphology of the nucleus, stainability of cytoplasmic granula, and the antimicrobial armament vary among groups. Following the pathogen invasion of a fish host, the neutrophils migrates from the vascular system into the infection focus. They apply their PRRs (including TLRs) to recognize the invader as non‐self, produce netosis by casting extracellular chromatin containing traps in the microenvironment. These nets assist the immobilization of invading microbes and prevents their further spread. The cells attach to and engulf the microbes by phagocytosis, whereafter they eliminate the pathogen in phagolysosomes equipped with a range of killing mechanisms and attract, by release of chemokines, additional immune cells (monocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes) to the site of invasion. Their role in innate immunity of fish hosts towards aquatic pathogens has been elucidated by in vivo and in vitro studies. Neutrophils interact with virus (e.g. IPNV and VHSV), bacteria (e.g. Aeromonas, Vibrio, Edwardsiella, Mycobacterium and Renibacterium) and parasites, including monogeneans (Gyrodactylus), cestodes (Diphyllobothrium), trematodes (Diplostomum) and ciliates (Ichthyophthirius and Philasterides). Despite the decisive function of neutrophils in innate immunity and early protection, the excessive production of ROS, RNS and NETs may lead to pathological disturbances in the host, which are exacerbated if the pathogens evolve immune evasion mechanisms. Conclusion Neutrophils in aquatic organisms play a central role in innate immunity but may serve as a toll and a support in acquired protection. The strong impact of the cellular reactions not only on pathogen but also on host tissues emphasizes that an optimal immune reaction is balanced, involves targeted and specific effector mechanisms, which leaves a minimum of collateral damage in host organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Buchmann
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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29
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Yang Y, Wu J, Li Q, Wang J, Mu L, Hui L, Li M, Xu W, Yang H, Wei L. A non-bactericidal cathelicidin provides prophylactic efficacy against bacterial infection by driving phagocyte influx. eLife 2022; 11:72849. [PMID: 35195067 PMCID: PMC8865851 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles of bactericidal cathelicidins against bacterial infection have been extensively studied. However, the antibacterial property and mechanism of action of non-bactericidal cathelicidins are rarely known. Herein, a novel naturally occurring cathelicidin (PopuCATH) from tree frog (Polypedates puerensis) did not show any direct anti-bacterial activity in vitro. Intriguingly, intraperitoneal injection of PopuCATH before bacterial inoculation significantly reduced the bacterial load in tree frogs and mice, and reduced the inflammatory response induced by bacterial inoculation in mice. PopuCATH pretreatment also increased the survival rates of septic mice induced by a lethal dose of bacterial inoculation or cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Intraperitoneal injection of PopuCATH significantly drove the leukocyte influx in both frogs and mice. In mice, PopuCATH rapidly drove neutrophil, monocyte/macrophage influx in mouse abdominal cavity and peripheral blood with a negligible impact on T and B lymphocytes, and neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, but not T and B lymphocytes, were required for the preventive efficacy of PopuCATH. PopuCATH did not directly act as chemoattractant for phagocytes, but PopuCATH obviously drove phagocyte migration when it was cultured with macrophages. PopuCATH significantly elicited chemokine/cytokine production in macrophages through activating p38/ERK mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and NF-κB p65. PopuCATH markedly enhanced neutrophil phagocytosis via promoting the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Additionally, PopuCATH showed low side effects both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, PopuCATH acts as a host-based immune defense regulator that provides prophylactic efficacy against bacterial infection without direct antimicrobial effects. Our findings reveal a non-bactericidal cathelicidin which possesses unique anti-bacterial action, and highlight the potential of PopuCATH to prevent bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Qiao Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lixian Mu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Li Hui
- The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Min Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hailong Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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30
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The possibility of using xenogeneic phagocytes in wound treatment. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263256. [PMID: 35100296 PMCID: PMC8803146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metamorphosis in the insect larva is associated with disintegration, engulf and digestion of larval tissues. These processes are accompanied by a significant shift in physiological parameters like high activity of hydrolytic enzymes and decrease of pH. In the way, the metamorphosing larva resembles the processes occurring in the wound at the stage of inflammation. Based on this thesis, we put forward the idea of the possibility of using insect phagocytes in the wound treatment. The search for a suitable insect cell line and the study of its properties were the purpose of the work. The abilities of insect phagocytes to retain viability and functional activity under conditions physiological for humans were also investigated. We found that blue blowfly Calliphora vicina larvae had histolysocytes, a specialized population of professional phagocytes involved in the histolysis. In vitro, histolysocytes possess high phagocytic activity to fragments of vertebrate soft tissues and debris. These cells retain viability and functional activity for a long time under conditions that are physiological for vertebrate cells. Moreover histolysocytes can realize the humoral control over the bacteria through the synthesis of antimicrobial peptides. So histolysocytes have the potential to be used as xenogeneic phagocytes in the wound treatment. The data obtained allow proceeding to experiments on laboratory animals for studying the effect of such therapy on the wound healing process.
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The Role of NRF2 in Mycobacterial Infection. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121861. [PMID: 34942964 PMCID: PMC8699052 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection is increasing worldwide, and its clinical outcomes with current chemotherapies are unsatisfactory. The incidence of tuberculosis (TB) is still high in Africa, and the existence of drug-resistant tuberculosis is also an important issue for treatment. To discover and develop new efficacious anti-mycobacterial treatments, it is important to understand the host-defense mechanisms against mycobacterial infection. Nuclear erythroid 2 p45-related factor-2 (NRF2) is known to be a major regulator of various antioxidant response element (ARE)-driven cytoprotective gene expressions, and its protective role has been demonstrated in infections. However, there are not many papers or reviews regarding the role of NRF2 in mycobacterial infectious disease. Therefore, this review focuses on the role of NRF2 in the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium infection.
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Lucia Appleton S, Navarro-Orcajada S, Martínez-Navarro FJ, Caldera F, López-Nicolás JM, Trotta F, Matencio A. Cyclodextrins as Anti-inflammatory Agents: Basis, Drugs and Perspectives. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091384. [PMID: 34572597 PMCID: PMC8472668 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a biological response of the immune system to harmful stimuli. Importantly, inflammation is also a hallmark of several human diseases such as cancer or diabetes. Novel drugs to treat this response are constantly researched, but the formulation is usually forgotten. Cyclodextrins (CDs) are a well-known excipient for complexing and drug delivery. Anti-inflammatory drugs and bioactive compounds with similar activities have been favored from these CD processes. CDs also illustrate anti-inflammatory activity per se. This review tried to describe the capacities of CDs in this field, and is divided into two parts: Firstly, a short description of the inflammation disease (causes, symptoms, treatment) is explained; secondly, the effects of different CDs alone or forming inclusion complexes with drugs or bioactive compounds are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Lucia Appleton
- Dip. Di Chimica, Università di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; (S.L.A.); (F.C.); (F.T.)
| | - Silvia Navarro-Orcajada
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (S.N.-O.); (J.M.L.-N.)
| | - Francisco Juan Martínez-Navarro
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Medicine (Hepatology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Correspondence: (F.J.M.-N.); or (A.M.)
| | - Fabrizio Caldera
- Dip. Di Chimica, Università di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; (S.L.A.); (F.C.); (F.T.)
| | - José Manuel López-Nicolás
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (S.N.-O.); (J.M.L.-N.)
| | - Francesco Trotta
- Dip. Di Chimica, Università di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; (S.L.A.); (F.C.); (F.T.)
| | - Adrián Matencio
- Dip. Di Chimica, Università di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; (S.L.A.); (F.C.); (F.T.)
- Correspondence: (F.J.M.-N.); or (A.M.)
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Torregrossa M, Kakpenova A, Simon JC, Franz S. Modulation of macrophage functions by ECM-inspired wound dressings - a promising therapeutic approach for chronic wounds. Biol Chem 2021; 402:1289-1307. [PMID: 34390641 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nonhealing chronic wounds are among the most common skin disorders with increasing incidence worldwide. However, their treatment is still dissatisfying, that is why novel therapeutic concepts targeting the sustained inflammatory process have emerged. Increasing understanding of chronic wound pathologies has put macrophages in the spotlight of such approaches. Herein, we review current concepts and perspectives of therapeutic macrophage control by ECM-inspired wound dressing materials. We provide an overview of the current understanding of macrophage diversity with particular view on their roles in skin and in physiological and disturbed wound healing processes. Based on this we discuss strategies for their modulation in chronic wounds and how such strategies can be tailored in ECM-inspired wound dressing. The latter utilize and mimic general principles of ECM-mediated cell control, such as binding and delivery of signaling molecules and direct signaling to cells specifically adapted for macrophage regulation in wounds. In this review, we present examples of most recent approaches and discuss ideas for their further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Torregrossa
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Max Bürger Research Centre, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ainur Kakpenova
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Max Bürger Research Centre, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan C Simon
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Max Bürger Research Centre, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sandra Franz
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Max Bürger Research Centre, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Archacka K, Grabowska I, Mierzejewski B, Graffstein J, Górzyńska A, Krawczyk M, Różycka AM, Kalaszczyńska I, Muras G, Stremińska W, Jańczyk-Ilach K, Walczak P, Janowski M, Ciemerych MA, Brzoska E. Hypoxia preconditioned bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells enhance myoblast fusion and skeletal muscle regeneration. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:448. [PMID: 34372911 PMCID: PMC8351116 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02530-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The skeletal muscle reconstruction occurs thanks to unipotent stem cells, i.e., satellite cells. The satellite cells remain quiescent and localized between myofiber sarcolemma and basal lamina. They are activated in response to muscle injury, proliferate, differentiate into myoblasts, and recreate myofibers. The stem and progenitor cells support skeletal muscle regeneration, which could be disturbed by extensive damage, sarcopenia, cachexia, or genetic diseases like dystrophy. Many lines of evidence showed that the level of oxygen regulates the course of cell proliferation and differentiation. Methods In the present study, we analyzed hypoxia impact on human and pig bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) and mouse myoblast proliferation, differentiation, and fusion. Moreover, the influence of the transplantation of human bone marrow-derived MSCs cultured under hypoxic conditions on skeletal muscle regeneration was studied. Results We showed that bone marrow-derived MSCs increased VEGF expression and improved myogenesis under hypoxic conditions in vitro. Transplantation of hypoxia preconditioned bone marrow-derived MSCs into injured muscles resulted in the improved cell engraftment and formation of new vessels. Conclusions We suggested that SDF-1 and VEGF secreted by hypoxia preconditioned bone marrow-derived MSCs played an essential role in cell engraftment and angiogenesis. Importantly, hypoxia preconditioned bone marrow-derived MSCs more efficiently engrafted injured muscles; however, they did not undergo myogenic differentiation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02530-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Archacka
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1 St, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Grabowska
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1 St, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Mierzejewski
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1 St, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Graffstein
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1 St, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Górzyńska
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1 St, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Krawczyk
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1 St, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna M Różycka
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1 St, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ilona Kalaszczyńska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004, Warsaw, Poland.,Laboratory for Cell Research and Application, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gabriela Muras
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1 St, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Władysława Stremińska
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1 St, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Jańczyk-Ilach
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1 St, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Walczak
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, Warszawska 30 St, 10-082, Olsztyn, Poland.,Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Mirosław Janowski
- Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5 St, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria A Ciemerych
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1 St, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edyta Brzoska
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1 St, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.
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Gopar-Cuevas Y, Duarte-Jurado AP, Diaz-Perez RN, Saucedo-Cardenas O, Loera-Arias MJ, Montes-de-Oca-Luna R, Rodriguez-Rocha H, Garcia-Garcia A. Pursuing Multiple Biomarkers for Early Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease Diagnosis. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:5517-5532. [PMID: 34350555 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02500-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) ranks first in the world as a neurodegenerative movement disorder and occurs most commonly in an idiopathic form. PD patients may have motor symptoms, non-motor symptoms, including cognitive and behavioral changes, and symptoms related to autonomic nervous system (ANS) failures, such as gastrointestinal, urinary, and cardiovascular symptoms. Unfortunately, the diagnostic accuracy of PD by general neurologists is relatively low. Currently, there is no objective molecular or biochemical test for PD; its diagnosis is based on clinical criteria, mainly by cardinal motor symptoms, which manifest when patients have lost about 60-80% of dopaminergic neurons. Therefore, it is urgent to establish a panel of biomarkers for the early and accurate diagnosis of PD. Once the disease is accurately diagnosed, it may be easier to unravel idiopathic PD's pathogenesis, and ultimately, finding a cure. This review discusses several biomarkers' potential to set a panel for early idiopathic PD diagnosis and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yareth Gopar-Cuevas
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 64460, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Ana P Duarte-Jurado
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 64460, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Rosa N Diaz-Perez
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 64460, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Odila Saucedo-Cardenas
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 64460, Monterrey, Mexico.,Departamento de Genética Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Delegación Nuevo León, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Maria J Loera-Arias
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 64460, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Roberto Montes-de-Oca-Luna
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 64460, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Humberto Rodriguez-Rocha
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 64460, Monterrey, Mexico.
| | - Aracely Garcia-Garcia
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 64460, Monterrey, Mexico.
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36
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Host-pathogen interaction between macrophage co-cultures with Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 40:2563-2574. [PMID: 34312744 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-021-04306-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability of Staphylococcus aureus to form biofilms is an important virulence factor. During the infectious process, the interaction between biofilms and immune cells is determinant; however, the properties that make biofilms resistant to the immune system are not well characterized. In order to better understand this, we evaluated the in vitro interaction of macrophages during the early stages of S. aureus biofilm formation. Biofilm formation was evaluated by crystal violet staining, light microscopy, and confocal scanning laser microscopy. Furthermore, different activation on L-arginine pathways such as nitric oxide (NO•) release and the arginase, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the total oxidative stress response (OSR), and levels of cytokine liberation, were determined. Our findings show that the interaction between biofilms and macrophages results in stimuli for catabolism of L-arginine via arginase, but not for NO•, an increase of ROS production, and activation of the non-enzymatic OSR. We also observed the production of IL-6, but not of TNFα o IL-10 in these co-cultures. These results contribute to a better understanding of host-pathogen interactions and suggest that biofilms increase resistance against immune cell mechanisms, a phenomenon that could contribute to the ability of S. aureus biofilms to establish mature biofilms.
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37
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Provenzano F, Deleidi M. Reassessing neurodegenerative disease: immune protection pathways and antagonistic pleiotropy. Trends Neurosci 2021; 44:771-780. [PMID: 34284880 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The antagonistic pleiotropy (AP) theory posits that adaptive evolutionary changes, which facilitate reproduction and individual fitness early in life, can enhance detrimental aging-related processes. Several genes associated with human brain diseases play a protective role in infection, suggesting the relevance of AP in the context of brain aging and neurodegeneration. Relatedly, genetic variants that confer immune protection against pathogens may lead to uncontrolled brain inflammation later in life. Here, we propose a conceptual framework suggesting that the pleiotropic roles of genes in infections and host-pathogen interactions should be considered when studying neurological illnesses. We reinterpret recent findings regarding the impact of neurological disease-associated genetic traits on infections and chronic inflammatory diseases. Identifying the AP pathways shared among these seemingly unrelated conditions might provide further insights into the detrimental role of the immune system in brain disease as well as the mechanisms involved in chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Provenzano
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michela Deleidi
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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38
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Yang Y, Han X, Chen Y, Wu J, Li M, Yang H, Xu W, Wei L. EGCG Induces Pro-inflammatory Response in Macrophages to Prevent Bacterial Infection through the 67LR/p38/JNK Signaling Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:5638-5651. [PMID: 33993695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Extensive studies focused on the therapeutic efficacy of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) against bacterial infection. However, little is known about its prophylactic efficacy against bacterial infection. Herein, we found that EGCG showed an effective prophylactic efficacy against bacterial infection with a broad spectrum, including Gram-negative, Gram-positive, and drug-resistant bacteria. Pretreatment with EGCG through intraperitoneal injection, intravenous injection, or intragastric administration significantly reduced the bacterial load, inflammatory response, and mortality in mouse abdominal infection models induced by bacterial inoculation or cecal ligation and puncture. Pretreatment with EGCG by intraperitoneal injection significantly increased the numbers of neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages in the abdominal cavity and peripheral blood of mice, and depletion of neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages by specific antibodies or chemical drugs obviously increased the bacterial load in mice. Of note, EGCG did not directly induce neutrophil and macrophage migration, and it just induced phagocyte migration in the presence of macrophages in a co-cultured system, implying that EGCG-induced phagocyte migration relies on its immunoregulatory effects on macrophages. EGCG markedly induced the production of cytokines and chemokines in macrophages and mouse peritoneal lavage, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 β (IL-1β), IL-6, CXC chemokine ligands 1 and 2 (CXCL1 and 2), and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1). EGCG significantly induced the phosphorylation of p38 and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in macrophages, and inhibition of p38 and JNK MAPKs markedly reduced EGCG-induced chemokine and cytokine production. Anti-67-kDa laminin receptor (67LR) antibody treatment significantly reduced EGCG-induced chemokine production and p38 and JNK phosphorylation in macrophages. Together, EGCG showed an obvious prophylactic efficacy against bacterial infection by inducing a pro-inflammatory response in macrophages through the 67LR/p38/JNK signaling pathway, supporting the further development of EGCG as a potent prophylaxis for bacterial infection and providing new clues to understand the healthcare function of green tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoyang Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Min Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hailong Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
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Trac N, Chung EJ. Overcoming physiological barriers by nanoparticles for intravenous drug delivery to the lymph nodes. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:2358-2371. [PMID: 33957802 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211010762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymph nodes are major sites of cancer metastasis and immune activity, and thus represent important clinical targets. Although not as well-studied compared to subcutaneous administration, intravenous drug delivery is advantageous for lymph node delivery as it is commonly practiced in the clinic and has the potential to deliver therapeutics systemically to all lymph nodes. However, rapid clearance by the mononuclear phagocyte system, tight junctions of the blood vascular endothelium, and the collagenous matrix of the interstitium can limit the efficiency of lymph node drug delivery, which has prompted research into the design of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems. In this mini review, we describe the physiological and biological barriers to lymph node targeting, how they inform nanoparticle design, and discuss the future outlook of lymph node targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Trac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Eun Ji Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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40
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Zha X, Yang S, Niu W, Tan L, Xu Y, Zeng J, Tang Y, Sun L, Pang G, Qiao S, Zhang H, Liu T, Zhao H, Zheng N, Zhang Y, Bai H. IL-27/IL-27R Mediates Protective Immunity against Chlamydial Infection by Suppressing Excessive Th17 Responses and Reducing Neutrophil Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2160-2169. [PMID: 33863788 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
IL-27, a heterodimeric cytokine of the IL-12 family, has diverse influences on the development of multiple inflammatory diseases. In this study, we identified the protective role of IL-27/IL-27R in host defense against Chlamydia muridarum respiratory infection and further investigated the immunological mechanism. Our results showed that IL-27 was involved in C. muridarum infection and that IL-27R knockout mice (WSX-1-/- mice) suffered more severe disease, with greater body weight loss, higher chlamydial loads, and more severe inflammatory reactions in the lungs than C57BL/6 wild-type mice. There were excessive IL-17-producing CD4+ T cells and many more neutrophils, neutrophil-related proteins, cytokines, and chemokines in the lungs of WSX-1-/- mice than in wild-type mice following C. muridarum infection. In addition, IL-17/IL-17A-blocking Ab treatment improved disease after C. muridarum infection in WSX-1-/- mice. Overall, we conclude that IL-27/IL-27R mediates protective immunity during chlamydial respiratory infection in mice by suppressing excessive Th17 responses and reducing neutrophil inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zha
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaini Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhao Niu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Tan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueyue Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Zeng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Tang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lida Sun
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaoju Pang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Sai Qiao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Tengli Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Huili Zhao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningbo Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongci Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Bai
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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Ladero-Auñon I, Molina E, Holder A, Kolakowski J, Harris H, Urkitza A, Anguita J, Werling D, Elguezabal N. Bovine Neutrophils Release Extracellular Traps and Cooperate With Macrophages in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis clearance In Vitro. Front Immunol 2021; 12:645304. [PMID: 33815401 PMCID: PMC8010319 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.645304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) is the underlying pathogen causing bovine paratuberculosis (PTB), an enteric granulomatous disease that mainly affects ruminants and for which an effective treatment is needed. Macrophages are the primary target cells for Map, which survives and replicates intracellularly by inhibiting phagosome maturation. Neutrophils are present at disease sites during the early stages of the infection, but seem to be absent in the late stage, in contrast to healthy tissue. Although neutrophil activity has been reported to be impaired following Map infection, their role in PTB pathogenesis has not been fully defined. Neutrophils are capable of releasing extracellular traps consisting of extruded DNA and proteins that immobilize and kill microorganisms, but this mechanism has not been evaluated against Map. Our main objective was to study the interaction of neutrophils with macrophages during an in vitro mycobacterial infection. For this purpose, neutrophils and macrophages from the same animal were cultured alone or together in the presence of Map or Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus-Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Extracellular trap release, mycobacteria killing as well as IL-1β and IL-8 release were assessed. Neutrophils released extracellular traps against mycobacteria when cultured alone and in the presence of macrophages without direct cell contact, but resulted inhibited in direct contact. Macrophages were extremely efficient at killing BCG, but ineffective at killing Map. In contrast, neutrophils showed similar killing rates for both mycobacteria. Co-cultures infected with Map showed the expected killing effect of combining both cell types, whereas co-cultures infected with BCG showed a potentiated killing effect beyond the expected one, indicating a potential synergistic cooperation. In both cases, IL-1β and IL-8 levels were lower in co-cultures, suggestive of a reduced inflammatory reaction. These data indicate that cooperation of both cell types can be beneficial in terms of decreasing the inflammatory reaction while the effective elimination of Map can be compromised. These results suggest that neutrophils are effective at Map killing and can exert protective mechanisms against Map that seem to fail during PTB disease after the arrival of macrophages at the infection site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraia Ladero-Auñon
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development-Basque Research and Technology Allianca (BRTA), Derio, Spain.,Food Quality and Safety Department, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Elena Molina
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development-Basque Research and Technology Allianca (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Angela Holder
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Jeannine Kolakowski
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Harris
- Food Quality and Safety Department, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | | | - Juan Anguita
- Inflammation and Macrophage Plasticity Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Cooperativas (CIC) bioGUNE-Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain.,Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Dirk Werling
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Elguezabal
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development-Basque Research and Technology Allianca (BRTA), Derio, Spain
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42
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Gagnon KB, Delpire E. Sodium Transporters in Human Health and Disease. Front Physiol 2021; 11:588664. [PMID: 33716756 PMCID: PMC7947867 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.588664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium (Na+) electrochemical gradients established by Na+/K+ ATPase activity drives the transport of ions, minerals, and sugars in both excitable and non-excitable cells. Na+-dependent transporters can move these solutes in the same direction (cotransport) or in opposite directions (exchanger) across both the apical and basolateral plasma membranes of polarized epithelia. In addition to maintaining physiological homeostasis of these solutes, increases and decreases in sodium may also initiate, directly or indirectly, signaling cascades that regulate a variety of intracellular post-translational events. In this review, we will describe how the Na+/K+ ATPase maintains a Na+ gradient utilized by multiple sodium-dependent transport mechanisms to regulate glucose uptake, excitatory neurotransmitters, calcium signaling, acid-base balance, salt-wasting disorders, fluid volume, and magnesium transport. We will discuss how several Na+-dependent cotransporters and Na+-dependent exchangers have significant roles in human health and disease. Finally, we will discuss how each of these Na+-dependent transport mechanisms have either been shown or have the potential to use Na+ in a secondary role as a signaling molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth B. Gagnon
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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43
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Trevino SR, Dankmeyer JL, Fetterer DP, Klimko CP, Raymond JLW, Moreau AM, Soffler C, Waag DM, Worsham PL, Amemiya K, Ruiz SI, Cote CK, Krakauer T. Comparative virulence of three different strains of Burkholderia pseudomallei in an aerosol non-human primate model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009125. [PMID: 33571211 PMCID: PMC7904162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis, caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a major cause of sepsis and mortality in endemic regions of Southeast Asia and Northern Australia. B. pseudomallei is a potential bioterrorism agent due to its high infectivity, especially via inhalation, and its inherent resistance to antimicrobials. There is currently no vaccine for melioidosis and antibiotic treatment can fail due to innate drug resistance, delayed diagnosis and treatment, or insufficient duration of treatment. A well-characterized animal model that mimics human melioidosis is needed for the development of new medical countermeasures. This study first characterized the disease progression of melioidosis in the African green monkey (AGM) and rhesus macaque (RM) for non-human primate model down-selection. All AGMs developed acute lethal disease similar to that described in human acute infection following exposure to aerosolized B. pseudomallei strain HBPUB10134a. Only 20% of RMs succumbed to acute disease. Disease progression, immune response and pathology of two other strains of B. pseudomallei, K96243 and MSHR5855, were also compared using AGMs. These three B. pseudomallei strains represent a highly virulent strain from Thailand (HBPUB101034a), a highly virulent strains from Australia (MSHR5855), and a commonly used laboratory strains originating from Thailand (K96243). Animals were observed for clinical signs of infection and blood samples were analyzed for cytokine responses, blood chemistry and leukocyte changes in order to characterize bacterial infection. AGMs experienced fever after exposure to aerosolized B. pseudomallei at the onset of acute disease. Inflammation, abscesses and/or pyogranulomas were observed in lung with all three strains of B. pseudomallei. Inflammation, abscesses and/or pyogranulomas were observed in lymph nodes, spleen, liver and/or kidney with B. pseudomallei, HBPUB10134a and K96243. Additionally, the Australian strain MSHR5855 induced brain lesions in one AGM similar to clinical cases of melioidosis seen in Australia. Elevated serum levels of IL-1β, IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-6, MCP-1, G-CSF, HGF, IFNγ, MIG, I-TAC, and MIP-1β at terminal end points can be significantly correlated with non-survivors with B. pseudomallei infection in AGM. The AGM model represents an acute model of B. pseudomallei infection for all three strains from two geographical locations and will be useful for efficacy testing of vaccines and therapeutics against melioidosis. In summary, a dysregulated immune response leading to excessive persistent inflammation and inflammatory cell death is the key driver of acute melioidosis. Early intervention in these pathways will be necessary to counter B. pseudomallei and mitigate the pathological consequences of melioidosis. Melioidosis, caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, is endemic in tropical regions globally and is an emerging threat in non-tropical areas worldwide. Its mortality rate is high in endemic areas due to its high infectivity, antimicrobial resistance, lack of available vaccines and limited treatment options. Animal model development and pathogenicity studies of various isolates are critical for the development of countermeasures against this pathogen. In this study, we compared the virulence of three different isolates of B. pseudomallei from two geographical locations in an aerosol non-human primate model. We found that early elevations of both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators, as well as the persistence of these mediators in the terminal phase of bacterial infection correlate with mortality. Histopathological analysis showed that the severity of lesions in various organs also correlates with the virulence of the B. pseudomallei strains, HBPUB10134a, MSHR5855 and K96243. Thus, a dysregulated immune response leading to excessive IL-1β and IL-6 at terminal end points and necrosis are key drivers of acute melioidosis. Development of drugs targeting these host response processes will be necessary to counter B. pseudomallei and mitigate the pathological consequences of melioidosis. This non-human primate model will facilitate the screening of vaccines and novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia R. Trevino
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Dankmeyer
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David P. Fetterer
- Biostatistics Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christopher P. Klimko
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jo Lynne W. Raymond
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alicia M. Moreau
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Carl Soffler
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David M. Waag
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Patricia L. Worsham
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kei Amemiya
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sara I. Ruiz
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christopher K. Cote
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CKC); (TK)
| | - Teresa Krakauer
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CKC); (TK)
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Miccoli A, Picchietti S, Fausto AM, Scapigliati G. Evolution of immune defence responses as incremental layers among Metazoa. EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2020.1849435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Miccoli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università Snc, Viterbo, Italy
| | - S. Picchietti
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università Snc, Viterbo, Italy
| | - A. M. Fausto
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università Snc, Viterbo, Italy
| | - G. Scapigliati
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università Snc, Viterbo, Italy
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45
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Bhattacharyya A, Herta T, Conrad C, Frey D, García P, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S, Zahlten J. Induction of Krüppel-Like Factor 4 Mediates Polymorphonuclear Neutrophil Activation in Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:582070. [PMID: 33613460 PMCID: PMC7887292 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.582070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The recruitment and activation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are of central importance for the elimination of pathogens in bacterial infections. We investigated the Streptococcus pneumoniae-dependent induction of the transcription factor Krüppel-like factor (KLF) 4 in PMNs as a potential regulator of PMN activation. We found that KLF4 expression is induced in human blood-derived PMNs in a time- and dose-dependent manner by wild-type S. pneumoniae and capsule knockout mutants. Unencapsulated knockout mutants induced stronger KLF4 expression than encapsulated wild types. The presence of autolysin LytA-competent (thus viable) pneumococci and LytA-mediated bacterial autolysis were required for KLF4 induction in human and murine PMNs. LyzMcre-mediated knockdown of KLF4 in murine blood-derived PMNs revealed that KLF4 influences pneumococci killing and increases the release of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α and keratinocyte chemoattractant and decreases the release of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10. Thus, S. pneumoniae induces KLF4 expression in PMNs, which contributes to PMN activation in S. pneumoniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritra Bhattacharyya
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Toni Herta
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Conrad
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Doris Frey
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pedro García
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hippenstiel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Zahlten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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46
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Heme Oxygenase-1 as a Pharmacological Target for Host-Directed Therapy to Limit Tuberculosis Associated Immunopathology. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020177. [PMID: 33530574 PMCID: PMC7911872 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive inflammation and tissue damage are pathological hallmarks of chronic pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Despite decades of research, host regulation of these clinical consequences is poorly understood. A sustained effort has been made to understand the contribution of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) to this process. HO-1 is an essential cytoprotective enzyme in the host that controls inflammation and oxidative stress in many pathological conditions. While HO-1 levels are upregulated in animals and patients infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), how it regulates host responses and disease pathology during TB remains unclear. This lack of clarity is due in part to contradictory studies arguing that HO-1 induction contributes to both host resistance as well as disease progression. In this review, we discuss these conflicting studies and the role of HO-1 in modulating myeloid cell functions during Mtb disease progression. We argue that HO-1 is a promising target for host-directed therapy to improve TB immunopathology.
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47
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Yaparla A, Koubourli DV, Popovic M, Grayfer L. Exploring the relationships between amphibian (Xenopus laevis) myeloid cell subsets. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 113:103798. [PMID: 32745480 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The differentiation of distinct leukocyte subsets is governed by lineage-specific growth factors that elicit disparate expression of transcription factors and markers by the developing cell populations. For example, macrophages (Mφs) and granulocytes (Grns) arise from common granulocyte-macrophage progenitors in response to distinct myeloid growth factors. In turn, myelopoiesis of the Xenopus laevis anuran amphibian appears to be unique to other studied vertebrates in several respects while the functional differentiation of amphibian Mφs and Grns from their progenitor cells remains poorly understood. Notably, the expression of colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) or CSF-3R on granulocyte-macrophage progenitors marks their commitment to Mφ- or Grn-lineages, respectively. CSF-1R is activated by the colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and interleukin (IL-34) cytokines, resulting in morphologically and functionally distinct Mφ cell types. Conversely, CSF-3R is ligated by CSF-3 in a process indispensable for granulopoiesis. Presently, we explore the relationships between X. laevis CSF-1-Mφs, IL-34-Mφs and CSF-3-Grns by examining their expression of key lineage-specific transcription factor and myeloid marker genes as well as their enzymology. Our findings suggest that while the CSF-1- and IL-34-Mφs share some commonalities, the IL-34-Mφs possess transcriptional patterns more akin to the CSF-3-Grns. IL-34-Mφs also possess robust expression of dendritic cell-associated transcription factors and surface marker genes, further underlining the difference between this cell type and the CSF-1-derived frog Mφ subset. Moreover, the three myeloid populations differ in their respective tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, specific- and non-specific esterase activity. Together, this work grants new insights into the developmental relatedness of these three frog myeloid subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amulya Yaparla
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Daphne V Koubourli
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.
| | - Milan Popovic
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.
| | - Leon Grayfer
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.
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48
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Tatara Y, Shimada R, Kibayashi K. Effects of Preexisting Diabetes Mellitus on the Severity of Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 38:886-902. [PMID: 32998635 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Falls and traffic accidents can cause traumatic brain injury (TBI). Assessment of the injury severity is essential to determine the prognosis or the cause of death. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common preexisting disease in elderly adults. We hypothesized that preexisting DM exacerbates TBI secondary to prolonged inflammation. In this study, we investigated TBI-induced changes in nerve function and inflammatory cell migration to the injury site, and the extent of brain contusion in KK-Ay (DM) and C57BL/6J (non-DM) mice. A controlled cortical impact device was used to induce TBI in each mouse. The brain contusion volume was measured using magnetic resonance imaging. Nerve function changes were assessed using the following animal behavior tasks: neurological severity score (NSS), Morris water maze, forced swim test, and beam walking. Immunohistochemical examinations of brain sections were performed to assess the infiltration of neutrophils, astrocytes, microglia, and macrophages, and to detect apoptosis. These experiments were performed on post-injury days 1-90 (over five experiments/time-points in each group). Compared with non-DM mice, DM mice showed significantly greater brain contusion volume, greater deterioration in the NSS, and a higher number of neutrophils, macrophages, and apoptotic cells in the brain tissue specimens. This study indicates that the prognosis of normal mice and DM mice differs, even if they acquire a TBI of the same severity. Therefore, it is important to evaluate patients with TBI for DM and other preexisting diseases in order to provide adequate treatment or to determine the correct cause of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Tatara
- Department of Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Shimada
- Department of Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kibayashi
- Department of Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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49
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Sahoo BR. Structure of fish Toll-like receptors (TLR) and NOD-like receptors (NLR). Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 161:1602-1617. [PMID: 32755705 PMCID: PMC7396143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity driven by pattern recognition receptor (PRR) protects the host from invading pathogens. Aquatic animals like fish where the adaptive immunity is poorly developed majorly rely on their innate immunity modulated by PRRs like toll-like receptors (TLR) and NOD-like receptors (NLR). However, current development to improve the fish immunity via TLR/NLR signaling is affected by a poor understanding of its mechanistic and structural features. This review discusses the structure of fish TLRs/NLRs and its interaction with pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and downstream signaling molecules. Over the past one decade, significant progress has been done in studying the structure of TLRs/NLRs in higher eukaryotes; however, structural studies on fish innate immune receptors are undermined. Several novel TLR genes are identified in fish that are absent in higher eukaryotes, but the function is still poorly understood. Unlike the fundamental progress achieved in developing antagonist/agonist to modulate human innate immunity, analogous studies in fish are nearly lacking due to structural inadequacy. This underlies the importance of exploring the structural and mechanistic details of fish TLRs/NLRs at an atomic and molecular level. This review outlined the mechanistic and structural basis of fish TLR and NLR activation.
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50
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Kumar V. Toll-like receptors in sepsis-associated cytokine storm and their endogenous negative regulators as future immunomodulatory targets. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 89:107087. [PMID: 33075714 PMCID: PMC7550173 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis infects more than 48.9 million people world-wide, with 19.7 million deaths. Cytokine storm plays a significant role in sepsis, along with severe COVID-19. TLR signaling pathways plays a crucial role in generating the cytokine storm. Endogenous negative regulators of TLR signaling are crucial to regulate cytokine storm.
Cytokine storm generates during various systemic acute infections, including sepsis and current pandemic called COVID-19 (severe) causing devastating inflammatory conditions, which include multi-organ failure or multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and death of the patient. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one of the major pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed by immune cells as well as non-immune cells, including neurons, which play a crucial role in generating cytokine storm. They recognize microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs, expressed by pathogens) and damage or death-associate molecular patterns (DAMPs; released and/expressed by damaged/killed host cells). Upon recognition of MAMPs and DAMPs, TLRs activate downstream signaling pathways releasing several pro-inflammatory mediators [cytokines, chemokines, interferons, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS or RNS)], which cause acute inflammation meant to control the pathogen and repair the damage. Induction of an exaggerated response due to genetic makeup of the host and/or persistence of the pathogen due to its evasion mechanisms may lead to severe systemic inflammatory condition called sepsis in response to the generation of cytokine storm and organ dysfunction. The activation of TLR-induced inflammatory response is hardwired to the induction of several negative feedback mechanisms that come into play to conclude the response and maintain immune homeostasis. This state-of-the-art review describes the importance of TLR signaling in the onset of the sepsis-associated cytokine storm and discusses various host-derived endogenous negative regulators of TLR signaling pathways. The subject is very important as there is a vast array of genes and processes implicated in these negative feedback mechanisms. These molecules and mechanisms can be targeted for developing novel therapeutic drugs for cytokine storm-associated diseases, including sepsis, severe COVID-19, and other inflammatory diseases, where TLR-signaling plays a significant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kumar
- Children Health Clinical Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4078, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4078, Australia.
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