1
|
Fadaee A, Mohammadi FS, Ariaee N, Ahmadi Ghezeldasht S, Valizadeh N, Kheradmand F, Boostani R, Rafatpanah H, Rezaee SA. Cannabinoid receptors as new targets for HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (HAM/TSP) treatment. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2024; 87:105659. [PMID: 38704874 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2024.105659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The roles of endocannabinoids are described in immune modulation and neuroprotection. HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM/TSP) is an inflammatory neurodegenerative disease. Therefore, in this study, the interactions of HTLV-1 regulatory factors and host cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) were evaluated in HAM/TSP. METHODS Nineteen HAM/TSPs, 22 asymptomatic carriers (ACs), and 18 healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled. RNA was extracted from PBMCs and then reverse-transcribed to cDNA. The gene expression of CB1R and CB2R, as well as HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL), Tax and HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ) were assessed by RT-qPCR. RESULTS The mean expression of CB1R in ACs (8.51 ± 2.76) was significantly higher than HAMTSPs (1.593 ± 0.74, p = 0.05) and also HCs (0.10 ± 0.039, p = 0.001). The CB2R gene expression level in ACs (2.62±0.44) was significantly higher than HAM/TSPs (0.59 ± 0.15, p = 0.001) and HCs (1.00 ± 0.2, p = 0.006). Meanwhile there was a strong correlation between CB1R and CB2R gene expression levels in the HCs and HAM/TSPs (p = 0.001). HTLV-1-Tax expression in HAM/TSPs (386 ± 104) was higher than ACs (75 ± 32) and statistically significant (p = 0.003). While HTLV-1-HBZ was only expressed in three AC subjects and five HAM/TSPs, thus it cannot be analyzed. CONCLUSION The up-regulation of CB2R has immunomodulatory effects in inflammatory reactions. While CB1R as a neuroprotective agent may suppress inflammatory reactions in ACs, preventing HAM/TSP. It seems that, like multiple sclerosis (MS), cannabinoid medications are beneficial in HAM/TSP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afsane Fadaee
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Azadi-Square, Medical Campus, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran; HTLV-1 Foundation, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Ahmad Abad Bolv., Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadat Mohammadi
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Azadi-Square, Medical Campus, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
| | - Nazila Ariaee
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Azadi-Square, Medical Campus, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
| | - Sanaz Ahmadi Ghezeldasht
- Blood Borne Infections Research Center, Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Razavi Khorasan, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Narges Valizadeh
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Azadi-Square, Medical Campus, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Kheradmand
- Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Boostani
- HTLV-1 Foundation, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Ahmad Abad Bolv., Mashhad, Iran
| | - Houshang Rafatpanah
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Azadi-Square, Medical Campus, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran; HTLV-1 Foundation, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Ahmad Abad Bolv., Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Azadi-Square, Medical Campus, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran; HTLV-1 Foundation, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Ahmad Abad Bolv., Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vitarelli da Silva T, Bernardes D, Oliveira-Lima OC, Fernandes Pinto B, Limborço Filho M, Fraga Faraco CC, Juliano MA, Esteves Arantes RM, A Moreira F, Carvalho-Tavares J. Cannabidiol Attenuates In Vivo Leukocyte Recruitment to the Spinal Cord Microvasculature at Peak Disease of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2024; 9:537-546. [PMID: 36745386 DOI: 10.1089/can.2022.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by neuroinflammation leading to demyelination. The associated symptoms lead to a devastating decrease in quality of life. The cannabinoids and their derivatives have emerged as an encouraging alternative due to their management of symptom in MS. Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the mechanism of action of cannabidiol (CBD), a nonpsychoactive cannabinoid, on molecular and cellular events associated with leukocyte recruitment induced by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Materials and Methods: C57BL/6 female mice were randomly assigned to the four experimental groups: C (control group), CBD (cannabidiol-treated group, 5 mg/kg i.p.; 14 days), EAE (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-induced group), and EAE+CBD (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-induced plus cannabidiol-treated group). Results: The results indicated that 5 mg/kg of CBD injected intraperitoneally between the 1st and 14th days of EAE could reduce the leukocyte rolling and adhesion into the spinal cord microvasculature as well cellular tissue infiltration. These results were supported by a decreased mRNA expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in the spinal cord. Conclusion: Purified CBD reduces in vivo VCAM and ICAM-mediated leukocyte recruitment to the spinal cord microvasculature at EAE peak disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Vitarelli da Silva
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas:Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Danielle Bernardes
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas:Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Onésia Cristina Oliveira-Lima
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas:Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Fernandes Pinto
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas:Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Limborço Filho
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas:Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Camila Cristina Fraga Faraco
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas:Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Juliano
- Enzimas proteolíticas e Síntese de peptídeos, Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosa Maria Esteves Arantes
- Neuroimunopatologia Experimental, Departamento de Patologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabrício A Moreira
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Juliana Carvalho-Tavares
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas:Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Núcleo de Educação e Comunicação em Ciências da Vida e da Saúde (NEDUCOM), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xiao J, Zhou Y, Sun L, Wang H. Role of integrating cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system in neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1152167. [PMID: 37122621 PMCID: PMC10130673 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1152167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic events, which can result in long-term neurological impairments or even cell death, are among the most significant causes of brain injury during neurodevelopment. The complexity of neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic pathophysiology and cellular pathways make it difficult to treat brain damage; hence, the development of new neuroprotective medicines is of great interest. Recently, numerous neuroprotective medicines have been developed to treat brain injuries and improve long-term outcomes based on comprehensive knowledge of the mechanisms that underlie neuronal plasticity following hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury. In this context, understanding of the medicinal potential of cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system has recently increased. The endocannabinoid system plays a vital neuromodulatory role in numerous brain regions, ensuring appropriate control of neuronal activity. Its natural neuroprotection against adult brain injury or acute brain injury also clearly demonstrate the role of endocannabinoid signalling in modulating neuronal activity in the adult brain. The goal of this review is to examine how cannabinoid-derived compounds can be used to treat neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury and to assess the critical function of the endocannabinoid system and its potential for use as a new neuroprotective treatment for neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Xindu District People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Luqiang Sun
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Haichuan Wang
- Department of Paediatrics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Haichuan Wang,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tudorancea IM, Ciorpac M, Stanciu GD, Caratașu C, Săcărescu A, Ignat B, Burlui A, Rezuș E, Creangă I, Alexa-Stratulat T, Tudorancea I, Tamba BI. The Therapeutic Potential of the Endocannabinoid System in Age-Related Diseases. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2492. [PMID: 36289755 PMCID: PMC9599275 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) dynamically regulates many aspects of mammalian physiology. ECS has gained substantial interest since growing evidence suggests that it also plays a major role in several pathophysiological conditions due to its ability to modulate various underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, cannabinoids, as components of the cannabinoid system (CS), have proven beneficial effects such as anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, neuromodulatory, antioxidative, and cardioprotective effects. In this comprehensive review, we aimed to describe the complex interaction between CS and most common age-related diseases such as neuro-degenerative, oncological, skeletal, and cardiovascular disorders, together with the potential of various cannabinoids to ameliorate the progression of these disorders. Since chronic inflammation is postulated as the pillar of all the above-mentioned medical conditions, we also discuss in this paper the potential of CS to ameliorate aging-associated immune system dysregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Maria Tudorancea
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Mitică Ciorpac
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Gabriela Dumitrița Stanciu
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Cătălin Caratașu
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Alina Săcărescu
- Department of Medical Specialties II, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității, 700115 Iași, Romania
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 14 Pantelimon Halipa, 700661 Iași, Romania
| | - Bogdan Ignat
- Department of Neurology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Alexandra Burlui
- Department of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iași, Romania
| | - Elena Rezuș
- Department of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iași, Romania
| | - Ioana Creangă
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iași, Romania
- Oncology Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Teodora Alexa-Stratulat
- Oncology Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
- Oncology Department, Regional Institute of Oncology, 700483 Iași, Romania
| | - Ionuț Tudorancea
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Discipline of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
- Cardiology Clinic “St. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iași, Romania
| | - Bogdan Ionel Tamba
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iași, Romania
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Algesiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iași, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vasincu A, Rusu RN, Ababei DC, Larion M, Bild W, Stanciu GD, Solcan C, Bild V. Endocannabinoid Modulation in Neurodegenerative Diseases: In Pursuit of Certainty. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11030440. [PMID: 35336814 PMCID: PMC8945712 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Neurodegenerative diseases represent an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Existing therapeutic options are limited and focus mostly on improving symptoms and reducing exacerbations. The endocannabinoid system is involved in the pathophysiology of such disorders, an idea which has been highlighted by recent scientific work. The current work focusses its attention on the importance and implications of this system and its synthetic and natural ligands in disorders such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s and multiple sclerosis. Abstract Neurodegenerative diseases are an increasing cause of global morbidity and mortality. They occur in the central nervous system (CNS) and lead to functional and mental impairment due to loss of neurons. Recent evidence highlights the link between neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases of the CNS. These are typically associated with several neurological disorders. These diseases have fundamental differences regarding their underlying physiology and clinical manifestations, although there are aspects that overlap. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is comprised of receptors (type-1 (CB1R) and type-2 (CB2R) cannabinoid-receptors, as well as transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1)), endogenous ligands and enzymes that synthesize and degrade endocannabinoids (ECBs). Recent studies revealed the involvement of the ECS in different pathological aspects of these neurodegenerative disorders. The present review will explore the roles of cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) and pharmacological agents that modulate CBRs or ECS activity with reference to Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), Parkinson’s Disease (PD), Huntington’s Disease (HD) and multiple sclerosis (MS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Vasincu
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, “Grigore T Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.V.); (D.-C.A.); (V.B.)
| | - Răzvan-Nicolae Rusu
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, “Grigore T Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.V.); (D.-C.A.); (V.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Daniela-Carmen Ababei
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, “Grigore T Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.V.); (D.-C.A.); (V.B.)
| | - Mădălina Larion
- Department of Anaesthesiology Intensive Therapy, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology “Prof. Dr. Octavian Fodor”, 19 Croitorilor Street, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Department of Anaesthetics, Midland Regional Hospital, Longford Road, Mullingar, N91 NA43 Co. Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Walther Bild
- Department of Physiology, “Grigore T Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
- Center of Biomedical Research of the Romanian Academy, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Gabriela Dumitrița Stanciu
- Center for Advanced Research and Development in Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Carmen Solcan
- Preclinics Department, “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Life Sciences, 8 M. Sadoveanu Alley, 700489 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Veronica Bild
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, “Grigore T Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.V.); (D.-C.A.); (V.B.)
- Center of Biomedical Research of the Romanian Academy, 700506 Iasi, Romania
- Center for Advanced Research and Development in Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Longoria V, Parcel H, Toma B, Minhas A, Zeine R. Neurological Benefits, Clinical Challenges, and Neuropathologic Promise of Medical Marijuana: A Systematic Review of Cannabinoid Effects in Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Models of Demyelination. Biomedicines 2022; 10:539. [PMID: 35327341 PMCID: PMC8945692 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite current therapeutic strategies for immunomodulation and relief of symptoms in multiple sclerosis (MS), remyelination falls short due to dynamic neuropathologic deterioration and relapses, leading to accrual of disability and associated patient dissatisfaction. The potential of cannabinoids includes add-on immunosuppressive, analgesic, neuroprotective, and remyelinative effects. This study evaluates the efficacy of medical marijuana in MS and its experimental animal models. A systematic review was conducted by a literature search through PubMed, ProQuest, and EBSCO electronic databases for studies reported since 2007 on the use of cannabidiol (CBD) and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in MS and in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD), and toxin-induced demyelination models. Study selection and data extraction were performed by 3 reviewers, and 28 studies were selected for inclusion. The certainty of evidence was appraised using the Cochrane GRADE approach. In clinical studies, there was low- and moderate-quality evidence that treatment with ~1:1 CBD/THC mixtures as a nabiximols (Sativex®) oromucosal spray reduced numerical rating scale (NRS) scores for spasticity, pain, and sleep disturbance, diminished bladder overactivity, and decreased proinflammatory cytokine and transcription factor expression levels. Preclinical studies demonstrated decreases in disease severity, hindlimb stiffness, motor function, neuroinflammation, and demyelination. Other experimental systems showed the capacity of cannabinoids to promote remyelination in vitro and by electron microscopy. Modest short-term benefits were realized in MS responders to adjunctive therapy with CBD/THC mixtures. Future studies are recommended to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of cannabinoid effects on MS lesions and to evaluate whether medical marijuana can accelerate remyelination and retard the accrual of disability over the long term.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Longoria
- Basic Medical Sciences, St. Vincent Campus, Saint James School of Medicine, 1480 Renaissance Drive, Park Ridge, IL 60068, USA; (V.L.); (H.P.); (B.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Hannah Parcel
- Basic Medical Sciences, St. Vincent Campus, Saint James School of Medicine, 1480 Renaissance Drive, Park Ridge, IL 60068, USA; (V.L.); (H.P.); (B.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Bameelia Toma
- Basic Medical Sciences, St. Vincent Campus, Saint James School of Medicine, 1480 Renaissance Drive, Park Ridge, IL 60068, USA; (V.L.); (H.P.); (B.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Annu Minhas
- Basic Medical Sciences, St. Vincent Campus, Saint James School of Medicine, 1480 Renaissance Drive, Park Ridge, IL 60068, USA; (V.L.); (H.P.); (B.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Rana Zeine
- School of Natural Sciences, Kean University, 1000 Morris Ave., Union, NJ 07083, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jayarajan S, Meissler JJ, Adler MW, Eisenstein TK. A Cannabinoid 2-Selective Agonist Inhibits Allogeneic Skin Graft Rejection In Vivo. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:804950. [PMID: 35185546 PMCID: PMC8850832 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.804950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work from our laboratory showed that a CB2 selective agonist, O-1966, blocked the proliferative response of C57BL/6 mouse spleen cells exposed to spleen cells of C3HeB/FeJ mice in vitro in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). The MLR is widely accepted as an in vitro correlate of in vivo grant rejection. Mechanisms of the immunosuppression induced by the cannabinoid were explored, and it was shown that O-1966 in this in vitro assay induced CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells and IL-10, as well as down-regulated mRNA for CD40 and the nuclear form of the transcription factors NF-κB and NFAT in T-cells. The current studies tested the efficacy of O-1966 in prolonging skin grafts in vivo. Full thickness flank skin patches (1-cm2) from C3HeB/FeJ mice were grafted by suturing onto the back of C57BL/6 mice. O-1966 or vehicle was injected intraperitoneally into treated or control groups of animals beginning 1 h pre-op, and then every other day until 14 days post-op. Graft survival was scored based on necrosis and rejection. Treatment with 5 mg/kg of O-1966 prolonged mean graft survival time from 9 to 11 days. Spleens harvested from O-1966 treated mice were significantly smaller than those of vehicle control animals based on weight. Flow cytometry analysis of CD4+ spleen cells showed that O-1966 treated animals had almost a 3-fold increase in CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells compared to controls. When dissociated spleen cells were placed in culture ex vivo and stimulated with C3HeB/FeJ cells in an MLR, the cells from the O-1966 treated mice were significantly suppressed in their proliferative response to the allogeneic cells. These results support CB2 selective agonists as a new class of compounds to prolong graft survival in transplant patients.
Collapse
|
8
|
Tran BN, Maass M, Musial G, Stern ME, Gehlsen U, Steven P. Topical application of cannabinoid-ligands ameliorates experimental dry-eye disease. Ocul Surf 2021; 23:131-139. [PMID: 34922011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disease, with limitations regarding efficacy and tolerability of applied substances. Among several candidates, the endocannabinoid system with its receptors (CB1R and CB2R) were reported to modulate inflammation, wound healing and pain, which are also core DED pathomechanisms. This study is to investigate the therapeutic responses of Δ-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (a non-selective agonist) and two selective antagonists, SR141716A (CB1R antagonist) and SR144528 (CB2R antagonist), as a topical application using a DED mouse model. METHOD Experimental DED was induced in naïve C57BL/6 mice. Expression of CBR at the ocular surface of naïve and DED mice was determined by qPCR and in-situ hybridization. Either THC or CBR antagonists were compounded in an aqueous solution and dosed during the induction of DED. Tear production, cornea sensitivity, and cornea fluorescence staining were tested. At the end of each experiment, corneas were stained with β3-tubulin for analysis of corneal nerve morphology. Conjunctiva was analyzed for CD4+ and CD8+ infiltration. RESULTS CB1R and CB2R are present at the ocular surface, and desiccating stress increased CBR expressions (p < 0.05). After 10 days of DED induction, treated groups demonstrated a reduced CBR expression in the cornea, which was concurrent with improvements in the DED phenotype including fluorescence staining & inflammation. Applying THC protected corneal nerve morphology, thus maintained corneal sensitivity and reduced CD4+ T-cell infiltration. The CB1R antagonist maintained cornea sensitivity without changing nerve morphology. CONCLUSIONS Endocannabinoid receptor modulation presents a potential multi-functional therapeutic approach for DED.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bao N Tran
- Division of Dry-Eye and Ocular GVHD, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martina Maass
- Division of Dry-Eye and Ocular GVHD, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gwen Musial
- Division of Dry-Eye and Ocular GVHD, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael E Stern
- Division of Dry-Eye and Ocular GVHD, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; ImmunEyez LLC, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Uta Gehlsen
- Division of Dry-Eye and Ocular GVHD, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Steven
- Division of Dry-Eye and Ocular GVHD, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhou J, Kamali K, Lafreniere JD, Lehmann C. Real-Time Imaging of Immune Modulation by Cannabinoids Using Intravital Fluorescence Microscopy. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2021; 6:221-232. [PMID: 34042507 PMCID: PMC8266559 DOI: 10.1089/can.2020.0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is an endogenous regulatory system involved in a wide range of physiologic and disease processes. Study of ECS regulation provides novel drug targets for disease treatment. Intravital microscopy (IVM), a microscopy-based imaging method that allows the observation of cells and cell-cell interactions within various tissues and organs in vivo, has been utilized to study tissues and cells in their physiologic microenvironment. This article reviews the current state of the IVM techniques used in ECS-related inflammation research. Methodological Aspects of IVM: IVM with focus on conventional fluorescent microscope has been introduced in investigation of microcirculatory function and the behavior of individual circulating cells in an in vivo environment. Experimental setting, tissue protection under physiologic condition, and microscopical observation are described. Application of IVM in Experimental Inflammatory Disorders: Using IVM to investigate the effects of immune modulation by cannabinoids is extensively reviewed. The inflammatory disorders include sepsis, arthritis, diabetes, interstitial cystitis, and inflammatory conditions in the central nervous system and eyes. Conclusion: IVM is a critical tool in cannabinoid and immunology research. It has been applied to investigate the role of the ECS in physiologic and disease processes. This review demonstrates that the IVM technique provides a unique means in understanding ECS regulation on immune responses in diseases under their physical conditions, which could not be achieved by other methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Kiyana Kamali
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | | | - Christian Lehmann
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yokubaitis CG, Jessani HN, Li H, Amodea AK, Ward SJ. Effects of Cannabidiol and Beta-Caryophyllene Alone or in Combination in a Mouse Model of Permanent Ischemia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2866. [PMID: 33799861 PMCID: PMC7999270 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current treatments for stroke, which account for 6.5 million global deaths annually, remain insufficient for treatment of disability and mortality. One targetable hallmark of stroke is the inflammatory response following infarct, which leads to significant damage post-infarct. Cannabinoids and their endogenous targets within the CNS have emerged as potential treatments for neuroinflammatory indications. We and others have previously shown that synthetic agonists of the cannabinoid CB2 receptor reduce infarct size and microglial activation in rodent models of stroke. The non-cannabinoid receptor mediated effects of the phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) have also shown effectiveness in these models. The present aim was to determine the single and combined effects of the cannabis-derived sesquiterpene and putative CB2 receptor agonist β-caryophyllene (BCP) and CBD on permanent ischemia without reperfusion using a mouse model of photothrombosis. Because BCP and CBD likely work through different sites of action but share common mechanisms of action, we sought to determine whether combinations of BCP and CBD were more potent than either compound alone. Therefore we determined the effect of BCP (3-30 mg/kg IP) and CBD (3-30 mg/kg IP), given alone or in combination (30:3, 30:10, and 30:30 BCP:CBD), on infarct size, microglial activation, and motor performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sara Jane Ward
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (C.G.Y.); (H.N.J.); (H.L.); (A.K.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sultana S, Burkovskiy I, Zhou J, Kelly MM, Lehmann C. Effect of Cannabinoid 2 Receptor Modulation on the Peripheral Immune Response in Central Nervous System Injury-Induced Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2021; 6:327-339. [PMID: 33998888 DOI: 10.1089/can.2020.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Acute central nervous system (CNS) injury, such as stroke, spinal cord injury, or traumatic brain injury can result in dysregulated immune response, and the condition is known as CNS injury-induced immunodeficiency syndrome (CIDS). The endocannabinoid system is an important homeostatic regulator in the CNS and immune system. Activation of cannabinoid 2 receptors (CB2R) on immune cells has been reported to dampen inflammation, suggesting a potential role of CB2R in the peripheral immune response following CNS injury. In this study, we have investigated the effect of CB2R modulation on the peripheral immune response during CIDS. Materials and Methods: Experimental CNS injury was induced in C57BL/6 mice through intracerebral injection of the vasopressor peptide, endothelin-1. A selective CB2R agonist (HU308) was used as an early treatment before the onset of CIDS and AM630, a selective CB2R antagonist, was administered as a later-phase therapy to combat the systemic immunodeficiency following the CNS injury. The peripheral immune response to endotoxin was studied 24 h after the CNS injury using intravital microscopy to examine leukocyte activation within the intestinal microcirculation in mice. Brain infarct size, and plasma levels of cytokines and soluble adhesion molecules were measured as additional parameters for the assessment of treatment outcomes. Results: Our results showed that early CB2R activation with HU308 reduced brain injury size and restored leukocyte response to endotoxin in the peripheral microcirculation. Late CB2R inhibition with AM630 also improved the peripheral leukocyte response to endotoxin and did not exacerbate the extent of brain injury. Discussion: CB2R activation has the potential to mitigate CNS injury as an early treatment by limiting neuroinflammation and preventing the development of CIDS. At the later stage with already-established CIDS, treatment may require dampening CB2R activation to improve the patient's outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saki Sultana
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Ian Burkovskiy
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Juan Zhou
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Melanie M Kelly
- Department of Pharmacology, and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Christian Lehmann
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Haspula D, Clark MA. Cannabinoid Receptors: An Update on Cell Signaling, Pathophysiological Roles and Therapeutic Opportunities in Neurological, Cardiovascular, and Inflammatory Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7693. [PMID: 33080916 PMCID: PMC7590033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of the human cannabinoid receptors and their roles in health and disease, has been one of the most significant biochemical and pharmacological advancements to have occurred in the past few decades. In spite of the major strides made in furthering endocannabinoid research, therapeutic exploitation of the endocannabinoid system has often been a challenging task. An impaired endocannabinoid tone often manifests as changes in expression and/or functions of type 1 and/or type 2 cannabinoid receptors. It becomes important to understand how alterations in cannabinoid receptor cellular signaling can lead to disruptions in major physiological and biological functions, as they are often associated with the pathogenesis of several neurological, cardiovascular, metabolic, and inflammatory diseases. This review focusses mostly on the pathophysiological roles of type 1 and type 2 cannabinoid receptors, and it attempts to integrate both cellular and physiological functions of the cannabinoid receptors. Apart from an updated review of pre-clinical and clinical studies, the adequacy/inadequacy of cannabinoid-based therapeutics in various pathological conditions is also highlighted. Finally, alternative strategies to modulate endocannabinoid tone, and future directions are also emphasized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhanush Haspula
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Michelle A. Clark
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mecha M, Carrillo-Salinas FJ, Feliú A, Mestre L, Guaza C. Perspectives on Cannabis-Based Therapy of Multiple Sclerosis: A Mini-Review. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:34. [PMID: 32140100 PMCID: PMC7042204 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The consistency, efficacy, and safety of cannabis-based medicines have been demonstrated in humans, leading to the approval of the first cannabis-based therapy to alleviate spasticity and pain associated with multiple sclerosis (MS). Indeed, the evidence supporting the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids for the management of pathological events related to this disease is ever increasing. Different mechanisms of action have been proposed for cannabis-based treatments in mouse models of demyelination, such as Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) and Theiler’s Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus-Induced Demyelinating Disease (TMEV-IDD). Cells in the immune and nervous system express the machinery to synthesize and degrade endocannabinoids, as well as their CB1 and CB2 receptors, each mediating different intracellular pathways upon activation. Hence, the effects of cannabinoids on cells of the immune system, on the blood-brain barrier (BBB), microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and neurons, potentially open the way for a plethora of therapeutic actions on different targets that could aid the management of MS. As such, cannabinoids could have an important impact on the outcome of MS in terms of the resolution of inflammation or the potentiation of endogenous repair in the central nervous system (CNS), as witnessed in the EAE, TMEV-IDD and toxic demyelination models, and through other in vitro approaches. In this mini review article, we summarize what is currently known about the peripheral and central effects of cannabinoids in relation to the neuroinflammation coupled to MS. We pay special attention to their effects on remyelination and axon preservation within the CNS, considering the major questions raised in the field and future research directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Mecha
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Grupo de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ana Feliú
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Grupo de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leyre Mestre
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Grupo de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Guaza
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Grupo de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rodrigues RS, Lourenço DM, Paulo SL, Mateus JM, Ferreira MF, Mouro FM, Moreira JB, Ribeiro FF, Sebastião AM, Xapelli S. Cannabinoid Actions on Neural Stem Cells: Implications for Pathophysiology. Molecules 2019; 24:E1350. [PMID: 30959794 PMCID: PMC6480122 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increase of life expectancy, neurodegenerative disorders are becoming not only a health but also a social burden worldwide. However, due to the multitude of pathophysiological disease states, current treatments fail to meet the desired outcomes. Therefore, there is a need for new therapeutic strategies focusing on more integrated, personalized and effective approaches. The prospect of using neural stem cells (NSC) as regenerative therapies is very promising, however several issues still need to be addressed. In particular, the potential actions of pharmacological agents used to modulate NSC activity are highly relevant. With the ongoing discussion of cannabinoid usage for medical purposes and reports drawing attention to the effects of cannabinoids on NSC regulation, there is an enormous, and yet, uncovered potential for cannabinoids as treatment options for several neurological disorders, specifically when combined with stem cell therapy. In this manuscript, we review in detail how cannabinoids act as potent regulators of NSC biology and their potential to modulate several neurogenic features in the context of pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui S Rodrigues
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Diogo M Lourenço
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Sara L Paulo
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Joana M Mateus
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Miguel F Ferreira
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Francisco M Mouro
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - João B Moreira
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Filipa F Ribeiro
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Ana M Sebastião
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Sara Xapelli
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gorzkiewicz A, Szemraj J. Brain endocannabinoid signaling exhibits remarkable complexity. Brain Res Bull 2018; 142:33-46. [PMID: 29953913 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling system is one of the most extensive of the mammalian brain. Despite the involvement of only few specific ligands and receptors, the system encompasses a vast diversity of triggered mechanisms and driven effects. It mediates a wide range of phenomena, including the regulation of transmitter release, neural excitability, synaptic plasticity, impulse spread, long-term neuronal potentiation, neurogenesis, cell death, lineage segregation, cell migration, inflammation, oxidative stress, nociception and the sleep cycle. It is also known to be involved in the processes of learning and memory formation. This extensive scope of action is attained by combining numerous variables. In a properly functioning brain, the correlations of these variables are kept in a strictly controlled balance; however, this balance is disrupted in many pathological conditions. However, while this balance is known to be disrupted by drugs in the case of addicts, the stimuli and mechanisms influencing the neurodegenerating brain remain elusive. This review examines the multiple factors and phenomena affecting the eCB signaling system in the brain. It evaluates techniques of controlling the eCB system to identify the obstacles in their applications and highlights the crucial interdependent variables that may influence biomedical research outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gorzkiewicz
- Medical University of Lodz, ul.Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Janusz Szemraj
- Medical University of Lodz, ul.Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215, Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kho DT, Glass M, Graham ES. Is the Cannabinoid CB 2 Receptor a Major Regulator of the Neuroinflammatory Axis of the Neurovascular Unit in Humans? CANNABINOID PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 80:367-396. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
17
|
Annunziata P, Cioni C, Mugnaini C, Corelli F. Potent immunomodulatory activity of a highly selective cannabinoid CB2 agonist on immune cells from healthy subjects and patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 303:66-74. [PMID: 28041663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
COR167, a novel CB2-selective high affinity agonist, was found to significantly inhibit, in a dose-dependent manner, the proliferation of both peripheral blood mononuclear cells and myelin basic protein-reactive T cell lines from normal healthy subjects and patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). In MS, a significantly higher inhibition was observed in patients on treatment with disease modifying drugs compared to those naive to treatment. The inhibitory activity of COR167 was exerted through a mixed mechanism involving atypical and incomplete shift of Th1 phenotype towards Th2 phenotype associated with slight reduction of IL-4 and IL-5 as well as strongly reduced levels of Th17-related cytokines. COR167 was also able to reduce in vitro migration of stimulated immunocompetent cells through human brain endothelium associated with a significant reduction of levels of several chemokines. These findings demonstrate that COR167 exerts potent immunomodulatory effects and confirm the cannabinoid CB2 receptor as a novel pharmacological target to counteract neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Annunziata
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | - Chiara Cioni
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Claudia Mugnaini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Federico Corelli
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Toguri JT, Moxsom R, Szczesniak AM, Zhou J, Kelly MEM, Lehmann C. Cannabinoid 2 receptor activation reduces leukocyte adhesion and improves capillary perfusion in the iridial microvasculature during systemic inflammation. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2016; 61:237-49. [PMID: 26410875 DOI: 10.3233/ch-151996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium and decreased microvascular blood flow causing microcirculatory dysfunction are hallmarks of systemic inflammation. We studied the impact of cannabinoid receptor activation on the iridial microcirculation, which is accessible non-invasively in vivo, in systemic inflammation induced by endotoxin challenge. METHODS 40 Lewis rats were used in the experiments. Endotoxemia was induced by 2 mg/kg i.v. lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) were stimulated by i.v. administration of WIN 55212-2 (WIN; 1 mg/kg). CB1R antagonist (AM281; 2.5 mg/kg i.v.) or CB2R antagonist (AM630; 2.5 mg/kg i.v.) treatment prior to WIN was applied to identify the anti-inflammatory effects underlying each CBR subtype. Leukocyte-endothelial interactions were examined in rat iridial microvas culature by intravital microscopy at baseline and 1 and 2 h post-LPS. Additionally, systemic (mean arterial pressure, heart rate) and local (laser Doppler flow) hemodynamic variables were measured prior to and during cannabinoid treatments. RESULTS Endotoxemia resulted in severe inflammation as shown by significantly increased numbers of adherent leukocytes at 1 and 2 h observation time post-LPS challenge and decreased microcirculatory blood flow at 2 h within the iridial microcirculation. WIN treatment significantly reduced leukocyte adhesion in iridial microvessels with a diameter greater and less than 25 μm during endotoxemia (p < 0.05). Pre-treatment of animals by CB1R antagonist, AM281, did not affect WIN effects on LPS-induced leukocyte adhesion. When pre-treated with the CB2R antagonist, AM630, a reversal of the WIN-induced reduction in leukocyte adhesion was noticed in vessels with a diameter of less than 25 μm (p < 0.05). Cannabinoid treatment significantly increased the local iridial microcirculatory blood flow 2 hours after systemic LPS administration (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Systemic administration of the CBR agonist, WIN, decreased leukocyte-adhesion and improved iridial microvascular blood flow. This effect is most likely mediated by CB2R activation. Our findings indicate that the iris microvasculature can serve as a model to study the microcirculation during systemic inflammation and help to identify potential therapies to treat microcirculatory dysfunction in diseases such as sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J T Toguri
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Anesthesia, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - R Moxsom
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - A M Szczesniak
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - J Zhou
- Department of Anesthesia, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - M E M Kelly
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Anesthesia, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - C Lehmann
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Anesthesia, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Synthesis and biological evaluation of (3',5'-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-biphenyl-4-yl)-aryl/alkyl-methanone selective CB2 inverse agonist. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5390-401. [PMID: 26275680 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) selective agonists and inverse agonists possess significant potential as therapeutic agents for regulating inflammation and immune function. Although CB2 agonists have received the greatest attention, it is emerging that inverse agonists also manifest anti-inflammatory activity. In process of designing new cannabinoid ligands we discovered that the 2,6-dihydroxy-biphenyl-aryl methanone scaffold imparts inverse agonist activity at CB2 receptor without functional activity at CB1. To further explore the scaffold we synthesized a series of (3',5'-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-biphenyl-4-yl)-aryl/alkyl-methanone analogs and evaluated the CB1 and CB2 affinity, potency, and efficacy. The studies reveal that an aromatic C ring is required for inverse agonist activity and that substitution at the 4 position is optimum. The resorcinol moiety is required for optimum CB2 inverse agonist activity and selectivity. Antagonist studies against CP 55,940 demonstrate that the compounds 41 and 45 are noncompetitive antagonists at CB2.
Collapse
|
20
|
Robinson RH, Meissler JJ, Fan X, Yu D, Adler MW, Eisenstein TK. A CB2-Selective Cannabinoid Suppresses T-Cell Activities and Increases Tregs and IL-10. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2015; 10:318-32. [PMID: 25980325 PMCID: PMC4528965 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-015-9611-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that agonists selective for the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), including O-1966, inhibit the Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction (MLR), an in vitro correlate of organ graft rejection, predominantly through effects on T-cells. Current studies explored the mechanism of this immunosuppression by O-1966 using mouse spleen cells. Treatment with O-1966 dose-relatedly decreased levels of the active nuclear forms of the transcription factors NF-κB and NFAT in wild-type T-cells, but not T-cells from CB2 knockout (CB2R k/o) mice. Additionally, a gene expression profile of purified T-cells from MLR cultures generated using a PCR T-cell activation array showed that O-1966 decreased mRNA expression of CD40 ligand and CyclinD3, and increased mRNA expression of Src-like-adaptor 2 (SLA2), Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 5 (SOCS5), and IL-10. The increase in IL-10 was confirmed by measuring IL-10 protein levels in MLR culture supernatants. Further, an increase in the percentage of regulatory T-cells (Tregs) was observed in MLR cultures. Pretreatment with anti-IL-10 resulted in a partial reversal of the inhibition of proliferation and blocked the increase of Tregs. Additionally, O-1966 treatment caused a dose-related decrease in the expression of CD4 in MLR cultures from wild-type, but not CB2R k/o, mice. These data support the potential of CB2-selective agonists as useful therapeutic agents to prolong graft survival in transplant patients, and strengthens their potential as a new class of immunosuppressive agents with broader applicability.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anisoles/pharmacology
- Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Coculture Techniques
- Cyclohexanols
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca H. Robinson
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Joseph J. Meissler
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Xiaoxuan Fan
- Manager, Flow Cytometry Facility, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Daohai Yu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Martin W. Adler
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Toby K. Eisenstein
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Rahimi A, Faizi M, Talebi F, Noorbakhsh F, Kahrizi F, Naderi N. Interaction between the protective effects of cannabidiol and palmitoylethanolamide in experimental model of multiple sclerosis in C57BL/6 mice. Neuroscience 2015; 290:279-87. [PMID: 25637488 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoids (CBs) have recently been approved to exert broad anti-inflammatory activities in experimental models of multiple sclerosis (MS). It has been demonstrated that these compounds could also have effects on neurodegeneration, demyelination, and autoimmune processes occurring in the pathology of MS. However, the clinical use of CBs is limited by their psychoactive effects. Among cannabinoid compounds, cannabidiol (CBD) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) have no psychotropic activities. We induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of MS, by injecting myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) to C57BL/6 mice. We assessed the effects of CBD, PEA, and co-administration of CBD and PEA on neurobehavioral scores, immune cell infiltration, demyelination, axonal injury, and the expression of inflammatory cytokines by using histochemistry methods and real-time RT-PCR. Treatment with either CBD (5mg/kg) or PEA (5mg/kg) during disease onset reduced the severity of the neurobehavioral scores of EAE. This effect of CBD and PEA was accompanied by diminished inflammation, demyelination, axonal damage and inflammatory cytokine expression while concurrent administration of CBD (5mg/kg) and PEA (5mg/kg) was not as effective as treatment with either drug per se. These results suggest that, CBD and PEA, non-psychoactive CBs, attenuate neurobehavioral deficits, histological damage, and inflammatory cytokine expression in MOG-immunized animals. However, there is an antagonistic interaction between CBD and PEA in protection against MOG-induced disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Rahimi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Faizi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - F Talebi
- Khatam-Al-Anbia Hospital, Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - F Noorbakhsh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - F Kahrizi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - N Naderi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Schmitz K, Barthelmes J, Stolz L, Beyer S, Diehl O, Tegeder I. "Disease modifying nutricals" for multiple sclerosis. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 148:85-113. [PMID: 25435020 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The association between vitamin D and multiple sclerosis has (re)-opened new interest in nutrition and natural compounds in the prevention and treatment of this neuroinflammatory disease. The dietary amount and type of fat, probiotics and biologicals, salmon proteoglycans, phytoestrogens and protease inhibitor of soy, sodium chloride and trace elements, and fat soluble vitamins including D, A and E were all considered as disease-modifying nutraceuticals. Studies in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice suggest that poly-unsaturated fatty acids and their 'inflammation-resolving' metabolites and the gut microflora may reduce auto-aggressive immune cells and reduce progression or risk of relapse, and infection with whipworm eggs may positively change the gut-brain communication. Encouraged by the recent interest in multiple sclerosis-nutrition nature's pharmacy has been searched for novel compounds with anti-inflammatory, immune-modifying and antioxidative properties, the most interesting being the scorpion toxins that inhibit specific potassium channels of T cells and antioxidative compounds including the green tea flavonoid epigallocatechin-3-gallate, curcumin and the mustard oil glycoside from e.g. broccoli and sulforaphane. They mostly also inhibit pro-inflammatory signaling through NF-κB or toll-like receptors and stabilize the blood brain barrier. Disease modifying functions may also complement analgesic and anti-spastic effects of cannabis, its constituents, and of 'endocannabinoid enhancing' drugs or nutricals like inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase. Nutricals will not solve multiple sclerosis therapeutic challenges but possibly support pharmacological interventions or unearth novel structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Schmitz
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Julia Barthelmes
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Leonie Stolz
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Susanne Beyer
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Olaf Diehl
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Krustev E, Reid A, McDougall JJ. Tapping into the endocannabinoid system to ameliorate acute inflammatory flares and associated pain in mouse knee joints. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:437. [PMID: 25260980 PMCID: PMC4201700 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-014-0437-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction During the progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), there are frequent but intermittent flares in which the joint becomes acutely inflamed and painful. Although a number of drug therapies are currently used to treat RA, their effectiveness is variable and side effects are common. Endocannabinoids have the potential to ameliorate joint pain and inflammation, but these beneficial effects are limited by their rapid degradation. One enzyme responsible for endocannabinoid breakdown is fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). The present study examined whether URB597, a potent and selective FAAH inhibitor, could alter inflammation and pain in a mouse model of acute synovitis. Methods Acute joint inflammation was induced in male C57BL/6 mice by intra-articular injection of 2% kaolin/2% carrageenan. After 24 hr, articular leukocyte kinetics and blood flow were used as measures of inflammation, while hindlimb weight bearing and von Frey hair algesiometry were used as measures of joint pain. The effects of local URB597 administration were then determined in the presence or absence of either the cannabinoid (CB)1 receptor antagonist AM251, or the CB2 receptor antagonist AM630. Results URB597 decreased leukocyte rolling and adhesion, as well as inflammation-induced hyperaemia. However, these effects were only apparent at low doses and the effects of URB597 were absent at higher doses. In addition to the anti-inflammatory effects of URB597, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibition improved both hindlimb weight bearing and von Frey hair withdrawal thresholds. The anti-inflammatory effects of URB597 on leukocyte rolling and vascular perfusion were blocked by both CB1 and CB2 antagonism, while the effect on leukocyte adherence was independent of cannabinoid receptor activation. The analgesic effects of URB597 were CB1 mediated. Conclusions These results suggest that the endocannabinoid system of the joint can be harnessed to decrease acute inflammatory reactions and the concomitant pain associated with these episodes.
Collapse
|
24
|
Suárez-Pinilla P, López-Gil J, Crespo-Facorro B. Immune system: a possible nexus between cannabinoids and psychosis. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 40:269-82. [PMID: 24509089 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocannabinoid system is involved in the regulation of the brain-immune axis. Cannabis consumption is related with the development, course, and severity of psychosis. The epidemiological evidence for increased occurrence of immunological alterations in patients with psychosis has not been sufficiently addressed. The aim of this review is to establish whether there is any scientific evidence of the influence of cannabinoids on aspects of immunity that affect susceptibility to psychotic disorder induction. METHODS A comprehensive search of PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE and ISI Web of Knowledge was performed using combinations of key terms distributed into three blocks: "immune", "cannabinoid", and "endocannabinoid receptor". Studies were considered to be eligible for the review if they were original articles, they reported a quantitative or qualitative relation between cannabinoid ligands, their receptors, and immune system, and they were carried out in vitro or in mammals, included humans. All the information was systematically extracted and evaluated. RESULTS We identified 122 articles from 446 references. Overall, endocannabinoids enhanced immune response, whereas exogenous cannabinoids had immunosuppressant effects. A general change in the immune response from Th1 to Th2 was also demonstrated for cannabinoid action. Endogenous and synthetic cannabinoids also modulated microglia function and neurotransmitter secretion. CONCLUSION The actions of cannabinoids through the immune system are quite regular and predictable in the peripheral but remain fuzzy in the central nervous system. Despite this uncertainty, it may be hypothesized that exposure to exocannabinoids, in particular during adolescence might prompt immunological dysfunctions that potentially cause a latent vulnerability to psychosis. Further investigations are warranted to clarify the relationship between the immunological effects of cannabis and psychosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Suárez-Pinilla
- University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; CIBERSAM, Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health Area, Madrid, Spain; IDIVAL, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute, Santander, Spain.
| | - José López-Gil
- University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; CIBERSAM, Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health Area, Madrid, Spain; IDIVAL, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute, Santander, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
In vitro and in vivo characterization of the new analgesic combination Beta-caryophyllene and docosahexaenoic Acid. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:596312. [PMID: 25097659 PMCID: PMC4109702 DOI: 10.1155/2014/596312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Beta-caryophyllene (BCP) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are components of several plants with documented anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in animal pain models. In the present study, in vitro and in vivo tests were carried out to evaluate their effects, alone or in combination, during long-lasting administration in a model of persistent pain. IR spectra of the two compounds were obtained to determine their chemical stability and then in vitro toxicity was evaluated in fibroblasts and astrocytes. In the in vivo tests, the analgesic effects of BCP and BCP+DHA were determined in male rats subjected to a model of persistent recurrent pain (three repetitions of the formalin test once a week) to mimic recurrent pain. Both substances were administered per os in almond oil for 2 weeks. Gonadal hormones were determined at the end of the tests to evaluate treatment-induced effects on their levels. BCP changed fibroblast and astrocyte survival in a dose-dependent manner and the effect was counteracted by DHA coadministration. In the in vivo tests, pain responses were significantly decreased in the BCP and BCP+DHA groups with respect to OIL after 1 and 2 weeks of treatment. Estradiol and testosterone levels were increased only in the BCP group. In conclusion, BCP alone or at lower concentration in combination with DHA was efficacious in modulating pain, showing a clear analgesic activity.
Collapse
|
26
|
Vendel E, de Lange ECM. Functions of the CB1 and CB 2 receptors in neuroprotection at the level of the blood-brain barrier. Neuromolecular Med 2014; 16:620-42. [PMID: 24929655 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-014-8314-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The cannabinoid (CB) receptors are the main targets of the cannabinoids, which include plant cannabinoids, endocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids. Over the last few years, accumulated evidence has suggested a role of the CB receptors in neuroprotection. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an important brain structure that is essential for neuroprotection. A link between the CB receptors and the BBB is thus likely, but this possible connection has only recently gained attention. Cannabinoids and the BBB share the same mechanisms of neuroprotection and both protect against excitotoxicity (CB1), cell death (CB1), inflammation (CB2) and oxidative stress (possibly CB independent)-all processes that also damage the BBB. Several examples of CB-mediated protection of the BBB have been found, such as inhibition of leukocyte influx and induction of amyloid beta efflux across the BBB. Moreover, the CB receptors were shown to improve BBB integrity, particularly by restoring the tightness of the tight junctions. This review demonstrated that both CB receptors are able to restore the BBB and neuroprotection, but much uncertainty about the underlying signaling cascades still exists and further investigation is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esmée Vendel
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fujii M, Sherchan P, Krafft PR, Rolland WB, Soejima Y, Zhang JH. Cannabinoid type 2 receptor stimulation attenuates brain edema by reducing cerebral leukocyte infiltration following subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. J Neurol Sci 2014; 342:101-6. [PMID: 24819918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Early brain injury (EBI), following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), comprises blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and consequent edema formation. Peripheral leukocytes can infiltrate the injured brain, thereby aggravating BBB leakage and neuroinflammation. Thus, anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapies may ameliorate EBI and provide neuroprotection after SAH. Cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2R) agonism has been shown to reduce neuroinflammation; however, the precise protective mechanisms remain to be elucidated. This study aimed to evaluate whether the selective CB2R agonist, JWH133 can ameliorate EBI by reducing brain-infiltrated leukocytes after SAH. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: sham-operated, SAH with vehicle, SAH with JWH133 (1.0mg/kg), or SAH with a co-administration of JWH133 and selective CB2R antagonist SR144528 (3.0mg/kg). SAH was induced by endovascular perforation, and JWH133 was administered 1h after surgery. Neurological deficits, brain water content, Evans blue dye extravasation, and Western blot assays were evaluated at 24h after surgery. JWH133 improved neurological scores and reduced brain water content; however, SR144528 reversed these treatment effects. JWH133 reduced Evans blue dye extravasation after SAH. Furthermore, JWH133 treatment significantly increased TGF-β1 expression and prevented an SAH-induced increase in E-selectin and myeloperoxidase. Lastly, SAH resulted in a decreased expression of the tight junction protein zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1); however, JWH133 treatment increased the ZO-1 expression. We suggest that CB2R stimulation attenuates neurological outcome and brain edema, by suppressing leukocyte infiltration into the brain through TGF-β1 up-regulation and E-selectin reduction, resulting in protection of the BBB after SAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mutsumi Fujii
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Prativa Sherchan
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Paul R Krafft
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - William B Rolland
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Yoshiteru Soejima
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cabral GA, Jamerson M. Marijuana use and brain immune mechanisms. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 118:199-230. [PMID: 25175866 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801284-0.00008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The recreational smoking of marijuana, or Cannabis sativa, has become widespread, including among adolescents. Marijuana contains a class of compounds known as phytocannabinoids that include cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). THC is the major psychoactive component in marijuana, but also exhibits immunosuppressive activity. CBD, while not psychotropic, also modulates immune function, but its mechanism of action appears to differ from that of THC. Since both compounds are highly lipophilic, they readily passage the blood-brain barrier and access the central nervous system. Since CBD is not psychotropic, it has been considered as a candidate therapeutic compound for ablating neuropathological processes characterized by hyperinflammation. However, an unresolved question centers around the impact of these compounds on immune-competent cells within the CNS in relation to susceptibility to infection. There are accumulating data indicating that THC inhibits the migratory capability of macrophage-like cells resident in the CNS, such as microglia, toward nodes of microbial invasion. Furthermore, phytocannabinoids have been reported to exert developmental and long-term effects on the immune system suggesting that exposure to these substances during an early stage in life has the potential to alter the fundamental neuroimmune response to select microbial agents in the adult.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guy A Cabral
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
| | - Melissa Jamerson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Robinson RH, Meissler JJ, Breslow-Deckman JM, Gaughan J, Adler MW, Eisenstein TK. Cannabinoids inhibit T-cells via cannabinoid receptor 2 in an in vitro assay for graft rejection, the mixed lymphocyte reaction. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 8:1239-50. [PMID: 23824763 PMCID: PMC3864984 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9485-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids are known to have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) is expressed mainly on leukocytes and is the receptor implicated in mediating many of the effects of cannabinoids on immune processes. This study tested the capacity of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC) and of two CB2-selective agonists to inhibit the murine Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction (MLR), an in vitro correlate of graft rejection following skin and organ transplantation. Both CB2-selective agonists and Δ(9)-THC significantly suppressed the MLR in a dose dependent fashion. The inhibition was via CB2, as suppression could be blocked by pretreatment with a CB2-selective antagonist, but not by a CB1 antagonist, and none of the compounds suppressed the MLR when splenocytes from CB2 deficient mice were used. The CB2 agonists were shown to act directly on T-cells, as exposure of CD3(+) cells to these compounds completely inhibited their action in a reconstituted MLR. Further, the CB2-selective agonists completely inhibited proliferation of purified T-cells activated by anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies. T-cell function was decreased by the CB2 agonists, as an ELISA of MLR culture supernatants revealed IL-2 release was significantly decreased in the cannabinoid treated cells. Together, these data support the potential of this class of compounds as useful therapies to prolong graft survival in transplant patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Hartzell Robinson
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Selective CB2 receptor activation ameliorates EAE by reducing Th17 differentiation and immune cell accumulation in the CNS. Cell Immunol 2013; 287:1-17. [PMID: 24342422 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CB2, the cannabinoid receptor expressed primarily on hematopoietic cells and activated microglia, mediates the immunoregulatory functions of cannabinoids. The involvement of CB2 in EAE has been demonstrated by using both endogenous and exogenous ligands. We showed previously that CB2 selective agonists inhibit leukocyte rolling and adhesion to CNS microvasculature and ameliorate clinical symptom in both chronic and remitting-relapsing EAE models. Here we showed that Gp1a, a highly selective CB2 agonist, with a four log higher affinity for CB2 than CB1, reduced clinical scores and facilitated recovery in EAE in conjunction with long term reduction in demyelination and axonal loss. We also established that Gp1a affected EAE through at least two different mechanisms, i.e. an early effect on Th1/Th17 differentiation in peripheral immune organs, and a later effect on the accumulation of pathogenic immune cells in the CNS, associated with reductions in the expression of CNS and T cell chemokine receptors, chemokines and adhesion molecules. This is the first report on the in vivo CB2-mediated Gp1a inhibition of Th17/Th1 differentiation. We also confirmed the Gp1a-induced inhibition of Th17/Th1 differentiation in vitro, both in non-polarizing and polarizing conditions. The CB2-induced inhibition of Th17 differentiation is highly relevant in view of recent studies emphasizing the importance of pathogenic self-reactive Th17 cells in EAE/MS. In addition, the combined effect on Th17 differentiation and immune cell accumulation into the CNS, emphasize the relevance of CB2 selective ligands as potential therapeutic agents in neuroinflammation.
Collapse
|
31
|
Han S, Thatte J, Buzard DJ, Jones RM. Therapeutic Utility of Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 (CB2) Selective Agonists. J Med Chem 2013; 56:8224-56. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4005626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sangdon Han
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Arena Pharmaceuticals, 6166 Nancy Ridge Drive, San
Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jayant Thatte
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Arena Pharmaceuticals, 6166 Nancy Ridge Drive, San
Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Daniel J. Buzard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Arena Pharmaceuticals, 6166 Nancy Ridge Drive, San
Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Robert M. Jones
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Arena Pharmaceuticals, 6166 Nancy Ridge Drive, San
Diego, California 92121, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yoo JM, Sok DE, Kim MR. Effect of endocannabinoids on IgE-mediated allergic response in RBL-2H3 cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:123-31. [PMID: 23731947 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, some endocannabinoids were reported to show anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activities. In this respect, various arachidonoyl endocannabinoids were screened for the inhibition of allergic response in IgE-activated RBL-2H3 cells. Among arachidonoyl endocannabinoids with a low cytotoxicity, only NA-5HT remarkably inhibited the release of β-hexosaminidase (IC(50), 13.58 μM), a marker of degranulation, and tumor necrosis factor-α (IC(50), 12.52 μM), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, in IgE-activated RBL-2H3 cells. Additionally, NA-5HT markedly suppressed the formation of prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)) with IC(50) value of 1.27 μM and leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) with IC(50) value of 1.20 μM, and slightly LTC4. When effect of NA-5HT on early stage of FcεRI cascade was investigated, it significantly inhibited phosphorylation of Syk, but not Lyn. Furthermore, NA-5HT suppressed phosphorylation of PLCγ1/2 and PKCδ, related to degranulation process, as well as phosphorylation of LAT, ERK1/2, p38, JNK, Gab2, PI3K and Akt, implicated in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Relative to its effect on the late stage, NA-5HT slightly reduced phosphorylation of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Additionally, NA-5HT significantly reduced the level of p40(phox), and partially inhibited the expression of p47(phox) and p67(phox). From these results, it is suggested that NA-5HT expresses anti-allergic action by suppressing the activation of Syk, LAT, p38, JNK, PI3K and Akt, as well as the expression of ERK1/2 and NADPH oxidase subunits. Further, a strong inhibition of PGD(2) or LTB(4) biosynthesis by NA-5HT may be an additional mechanism for its anti-allergic action. Such anti-allergic actions of NA-5HT may contribute to further information about its biological functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Myung Yoo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Liu YJ, Fan HB, Jin Y, Ren CG, Jia XE, Wang L, Chen Y, Dong M, Zhu KY, Dong ZW, Ye BX, Zhong Z, Deng M, Liu TX, Ren R. Cannabinoid receptor 2 suppresses leukocyte inflammatory migration by modulating the JNK/c-Jun/Alox5 pathway. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:13551-62. [PMID: 23539630 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.453811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of cannabinoid receptor type 2 (Cnr2) in regulating immune function had been widely investigated, but the mechanism is not fully understood. RESULTS Cnr2 activation down-regulates 5-lipoxygenase (Alox5) expression by suppressing the JNK/c-Jun activation. CONCLUSION The Cnr2-JNK-Alox5 axis modulates leukocyte inflammatory migration. SIGNIFICANCE Linking two important regulators in leukocyte inflammatory migration and providing a potential therapeutic strategy for treating human inflammation-associated diseases. Inflammatory migration of immune cells is involved in many human diseases. Identification of molecular pathways and modulators controlling inflammatory migration could lead to therapeutic strategies for treating human inflammation-associated diseases. The role of cannabinoid receptor type 2 (Cnr2) in regulating immune function had been widely investigated, but the mechanism is not fully understood. Through a chemical genetic screen using a zebrafish model for leukocyte migration, we found that both an agonist of the Cnr2 and inhibitor of the 5-lipoxygenase (Alox5, encoded by alox5) inhibit leukocyte migration in response to acute injury. These agents have a similar effect on migration of human myeloid cells. Consistent with these results, we found that inactivation of Cnr2 by zinc finger nuclease-mediated mutagenesis enhances leukocyte migration, while inactivation of Alox5 blocks leukocyte migration. Further investigation indicates that there is a signaling link between Cnr2 and Alox5 and that alox5 is a target of c-Jun. Cnr2 activation down-regulates alox5 expression by suppressing the JNK/c-Jun activation. These studies demonstrate that Cnr2, JNK, and Alox5 constitute a pathway regulating leukocyte migration. The cooperative effect between the Cnr2 agonist and Alox5 inhibitor also provides a potential therapeutic strategy for treating human inflammation-associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lara-Celador I, Goñi-de-Cerio F, Alvarez A, Hilario E. Using the endocannabinoid system as a neuroprotective strategy in perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Neural Regen Res 2013; 8:731-44. [PMID: 25206720 PMCID: PMC4146074 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most important causes of brain injury in the neonatal period is a perinatal hypoxic-ischemic event. This devastating condition can lead to long-term neurological deficits or even death. After hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, a variety of specific cellular mechanisms are set in motion, triggering cell damage and finally producing cell death. Effective therapeutic treatments against this phenomenon are still unavailable because of complex molecular mechanisms underlying hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. After a thorough understanding of the mechanism underlying neural plasticity following hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, various neuroprotective therapies have been developed for alleviating brain injury and improving long-term outcomes. Among them, the endocannabinoid system emerges as a natural system of neuroprotection. The endocannabinoid system modulates a wide range of physiological processes in mammals and has demonstrated neuroprotective effects in different paradigms of acute brain injury, acting as a natural neuroprotectant. The aim of this review is to study the use of different therapies to induce long-term therapeutic effects after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, and analyze the important role of the endocannabinoid system as a new neuroprotective strategy against perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I. Lara-Celador
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country, Leioa 48949, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - F. Goñi-de-Cerio
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Building 202, Zamudio 48170, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Antonia Alvarez
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country, Leioa 48949, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Enrique Hilario
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country, Leioa 48949, Bizkaia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Steffens S, Pacher P. Targeting cannabinoid receptor CB(2) in cardiovascular disorders: promises and controversies. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:313-23. [PMID: 22612332 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, which can be largely attributed to atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammation of the arteries characterized by lesions containing immune and smooth muscle cells, lipids and extracellular matrix. In recent years, the lipid endocannabinoid system has emerged as a new therapeutic target in variety of disorders associated with inflammation and tissue injury, including those of the cardiovascular system. The discovery that Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), the main active constituent of marijuana, inhibited atherosclerotic plaque progression via a cannabinoid 2 (CB(2) ) receptor-dependent anti-inflammatory mechanism, and that certain natural and synthetic cannabinoid ligands could modulate the myocardial or cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion-induced tissue damage, have stimulated impetus for a growing number of studies investigating the implication of CB(2) receptors in atherosclerosis, restenosis, stroke, myocardial infarction and heart failure. The aim of this review is to update on recent findings and controversies on the role of CB(2) receptors in cardiovascular disease. Particular emphasis will be placed on novel insights in the potential cellular targets of CB(2) stimulation in cardiovascular system (e.g. endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells, cardiomyocytes, infiltrating and/or resident monocytes/macrophages and leukocytes, etc.), their interplay and intracellular signalling mechanisms identified, as well as on experimental and clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Steffens
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Foundation for Medical Researches, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lehmann C, Kianian M, Zhou J, Küster I, Kuschnereit R, Whynot S, Hung O, Shukla R, Johnston B, Cerny V, Pavlovic D, Spassov A, Kelly ME. Cannabinoid receptor 2 activation reduces intestinal leukocyte recruitment and systemic inflammatory mediator release in acute experimental sepsis. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2012; 16:R47. [PMID: 22420504 PMCID: PMC3681373 DOI: 10.1186/cc11248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R) expression is upregulated during sepsis. However, there are conflicting results regarding the effects of CB2R modulation in the hyperinflammatory phase of the disease. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the effects of CB2R manipulation on leukocyte activation within the intestinal microcirculation in two acute experimental sepsis models. METHODS In the endotoxemia model we studied four groups of Lewis rats: controls, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS + CB2R agonist HU308 (2.5 mg/kg), and LPS + CB2R antagonist AM630 (2.5 mg/kg). In the colon ascendens stent peritonitis (CASP)-induced sepsis model we also studied four groups: sham group, CASP and CASP + CB2R agonist (HU308, 2.5 or 10 mg/kg). Intravital microscopy was performed 2 hours following LPS/placebo administration or 16 hours following CASP/sham surgery to quantify intestinal leukocyte recruitment. Additionally, hemodynamic monitoring, histological examinations and measurements of inflammatory mediators were performed. RESULTS HU308 administration significantly reduced intestinal leukocyte adhesion in both acute sepsis models. The systemic levels of inflammatory mediators were significantly reduced by 10 mg/kg HU308 treatment in CASP animals. CONCLUSION CB2R activation reduces leukocyte activation and systemic release of inflammatory mediators in acute experimental sepsis. Drugs targeting the CB2R pathway may have therapeutic potential in sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lehmann
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 2Y9.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Signaling through cannabinoid receptor 2 suppresses murine dendritic cell migration by inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression. Blood 2012; 120:3741-9. [PMID: 22972984 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-06-435362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R) agonists in inflammatory and autoimmune disease and CNS injury models results in significant attenuation of clinical disease, and reduction of inflammatory mediators. Previous studies reported that CB2R signaling also reduces leukocyte migration. Migration of dendritic cells (DCs) to various sites is required for their activation and for the initiation of adaptive immune responses. Here, we report for the first time that CB2R signaling affects DC migration in vitro and in vivo, primarily through the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) expression. Reduced MMP-9 production by DCs results in decreased migration to draining lymph nodes in vivo and in vitro in the matrigel migration assay. The effect on Mmp-9 expression is mediated through CB2R, resulting in reduction in cAMP levels, subsequent decrease in ERK activation, and reduced binding of c-Fos and c-Jun to Mmp-9 promoter activator protein 1 sites. We postulate that, by dampening production of MMP-9 and subsequent MMP-9-dependent DC migration, cannabinoids contribute to resolve acute inflammation and to reestablish homeostasis. Selective CB2R agonists might be valuable future therapeutic agents for the treatment of chronic inflammatory conditions by targeting activated immune cells, including DCs.
Collapse
|
38
|
Du C, Xie X. G protein-coupled receptors as therapeutic targets for multiple sclerosis. Cell Res 2012; 22:1108-28. [PMID: 22664908 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2012.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate most of our physiological responses to hormones, neurotransmitters and environmental stimulants. They are considered as the most successful therapeutic targets for a broad spectrum of diseases. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease that is characterized by immune-mediated demyelination and degeneration of the central nervous system (CNS). It is the leading cause of non-traumatic disability in young adults. Great progress has been made over the past few decades in understanding the pathogenesis of MS. Numerous data from animal and clinical studies indicate that many GPCRs are critically involved in various aspects of MS pathogenesis, including antigen presentation, cytokine production, T-cell differentiation, T-cell proliferation, T-cell invasion, etc. In this review, we summarize the recent findings regarding the expression or functional changes of GPCRs in MS patients or animal models, and the influences of GPCRs on disease severity upon genetic or pharmacological manipulations. Hopefully some of these findings will lead to the development of novel therapies for MS in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changsheng Du
- Laboratory of Receptor-Based BioMedicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Differential migratory properties of monocytes isolated from human subjects naïve and non-naïve to Cannabis. Inflammopharmacology 2012; 21:253-9. [PMID: 22492174 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-012-0133-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates the migratory potential of monocytes isolated from two groups of human subjects: naïve and non-naïve to Cannabis. Phytocannabinoids (pCB), the bioactive agents produced by the plant Cannabis, regulate the phenotype and function of immune cells by interacting with CB1 and CB2 receptors. It has been shown that agents influencing the phenotype of circulating monocytes influence the phenotype of macrophages and the outcome of immune responses. To date, nothing is known about the acute and long-term effects of pCB on human circulating monocytes. Healthy subjects were recruited for a single blood draw. Monocytes were isolated, fluorescently labeled and their migration quantified using a validated assay that employs near infrared fluorescence and modified Boyden chambers. CB1 and CB2 receptor mRNA expression was quantified by qPCR. Monocytes from all subjects (n = 10) responded to chemokine (c-c motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) and human serum stimuli. Acute application of pCB significantly inhibited both the basal and CCL2-stimulated migration of monocytes, but only in subjects non-naïve to Cannabis. qPCR analysis indicates that monocytes from subjects non-naïve to Cannabis express significantly more CB1 mRNA. The phenotype of monocytes isolated from subjects non-naïve to Cannabis is significantly different from monocytes isolated from subjects naïve to Cannabis. Only monocytes from subjects non-naïve to Cannabis respond to acute exposure to pCB by reducing their overall migratory capacity. Our study suggests that chronic exposure to Cannabis affects the phenotype of circulating monocytes and accordingly could influence outcome of inflammatory responses occurring in injured tissues.
Collapse
|
40
|
Update on the role of cannabinoid receptors after ischemic stroke. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:824093. [PMID: 22577257 PMCID: PMC3337695 DOI: 10.1155/2012/824093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids are considered as key mediators in the pathophysiology of inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis. In particular, they have been shown to reduce the ischemic injury after acute cardiovascular events, such as acute myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. These protective and anti-inflammatory properties on peripheral tissues and circulating inflammatory have been demonstrated to involve their binding with both selective cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) and type 2 (CB2) transmembrane receptors. On the other hands, the recent discoveries of novel different classes of cannabinoids and receptors have increased the complexity of this system in atherosclerosis. Although only preliminary data have been reported on the activities of novel cannabinoid receptors, several studies have already investigated the role of CB1 and CB2 receptors in ischemic stroke. While CB1 receptor activation has been shown to directly reduce atherosclerotic plaque inflammation, controversial data have been shown on neurotransmission and neuroprotection after stroke. Given its potent anti-inflammatory activities on circulating leukocytes, the CB2 activation has been proven to produce protective effects against acute poststroke inflammation. In this paper, we will update evidence on different cannabinoid-triggered avenues to reduce inflammation and neuronal injury in acute ischemic stroke.
Collapse
|
41
|
Constantinescu CS, Farooqi N, O'Brien K, Gran B. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as a model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:1079-106. [PMID: 21371012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 994] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most commonly used experimental model for the human inflammatory demyelinating disease, multiple sclerosis (MS). EAE is a complex condition in which the interaction between a variety of immunopathological and neuropathological mechanisms leads to an approximation of the key pathological features of MS: inflammation, demyelination, axonal loss and gliosis. The counter-regulatory mechanisms of resolution of inflammation and remyelination also occur in EAE, which, therefore can also serve as a model for these processes. Moreover, EAE is often used as a model of cell-mediated organ-specific autoimmune conditions in general. EAE has a complex neuropharmacology, and many of the drugs that are in current or imminent use in MS have been developed, tested or validated on the basis of EAE studies. There is great heterogeneity in the susceptibility to the induction, the method of induction and the response to various immunological or neuropharmacological interventions, many of which are reviewed here. This makes EAE a very versatile system to use in translational neuro- and immunopharmacology, but the model needs to be tailored to the scientific question being asked. While creating difficulties and underscoring the inherent weaknesses of this model of MS in straightforward translation from EAE to the human disease, this variability also creates an opportunity to explore multiple facets of the immune and neural mechanisms of immune-mediated neuroinflammation and demyelination as well as intrinsic protective mechanisms. This allows the eventual development and preclinical testing of a wide range of potential therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cris S Constantinescu
- Division of Clinical Neurology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
The endocannabinoid system: a revolving plate in neuro-immune interaction in health and disease. Amino Acids 2012; 45:95-112. [PMID: 22367605 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1252-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the last 40 years have brought to light an important physiological network, the endocannabinoid system. Endogenous and exogenous cannabinoids mediate their effects through activation of specific cannabinoid receptors. This modulatory homoeostatic system operates in the regulation of brain function and also in the periphery. The cannabinoid system has been shown to be involved in regulating the immune system. Studies examining the effect of cannabinoid-based drugs on immunity have shown that many cellular and cytokine mechanisms are modulated by these agents, thus raising the hypothesis that these compounds may be of value in the management of chronic inflammatory diseases. The special properties of endocannabinoids as neurotransmitters, their pleiotropic effects and the impact on immune function show that the endocannabinoid system represents a revolving plate of neural and immune interactions. In this paper, we outline current information on immune effects of cannabinoids in health and disease.
Collapse
|
43
|
Basu S, Dittel BN. Unraveling the complexities of cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) immune regulation in health and disease. Immunol Res 2012; 51:26-38. [PMID: 21626285 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-011-8210-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It has become clear that the endocannabinoid system is a potent regulator of immune responses, with the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) as the key component due to its high expression by all immune subtypes. CB2 has been shown to regulate immunity by a number of mechanisms including development, migration, proliferation, and effector functions. In addition, CB2 has been shown to modulate the function of all immune cell types examined to date. CB2 is a G(i)-protein-coupled receptor and thus exhibits a complex pharmacology allowing both stimulatory and inhibitory signaling that depends on receptor expression levels, ligand concentration, and cell lineage specificities. Here, we discuss both in vitro and in vivo experimental evidence that CB2 is a potent regulator of immune responses making it a prime target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sreemanti Basu
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Sánchez A, García-Merino A. Neuroprotective agents: Cannabinoids. Clin Immunol 2012; 142:57-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
45
|
Alonso-Alconada D, Alvarez A, Hilario E. Cannabinoid as a neuroprotective strategy in perinatal hypoxic-ischemic injury. Neurosci Bull 2011; 27:275-85. [PMID: 21788999 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-011-1008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxia-ischemia remains the single most important cause of brain injury in the newborn, leading to death or lifelong sequelae. Because of the fact that there is still no specific treatment for perinatal brain lesions due to the complexity of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic pathophysiology, the search of new neuroprotective therapies is of great interest. In this regard, therapeutic possibilities of the endocannabinoid system have grown lately. The endocannabinoid system modulates a wide range of physiological processes in mammals and has demonstrated neuroprotective effects in different paradigms of acute brain injury, acting as a natural neuroprotectant. Concerning perinatal asphyxia, the neuroprotective role of this endogenous system is emerging these years. The present review mainly focused on the current knowledge of the cannabinoids as a new neuroprotective strategy against perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Alonso-Alconada
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lou ZY, Chen C, He Q, Zhao CB, Xiao BG. Targeting CB(2) receptor as a neuroinflammatory modulator in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Mol Immunol 2011; 49:453-61. [PMID: 22024414 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 09/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
During immune mediated demyelinating lesions, the endocannabinoid system is involved in the pathogenesis of both neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration through different mechanisms. Here, we explored the cellular distribution of cannabinoid 2 receptor (CB(2)R) in the central nervous system (CNS) and detected the level of CB(2)R expression during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by RT-PCR, Western blot and immunostaining. Our results show that CB(2)R was expressed in neurons, microglia and astrocytes. During EAE, the expression of CB(2)R in spinal cord rose slowly at days 9 and 17 post immunization (p.i.), and elevated rapidly at day 28 p.i., while the expression of CB(2)R in spleen elevated rapidly and got a plateau at days 17 and 28 p.i. Only the increase of CB(2)R expression in spinal cord demonstrated a significant difference when compared to control mice immunized with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). The selective CB(2)R antagonist (SR144528) exacerbated EAE clinical severity accompanied by weight loss. SR144528 inhibited the expression of CB(2)R, but increased the expression of CB(1)R in brain, spinal cord and spleen. The administration of SR144528 declined interferon-γ, IL-17, IL-4, IL-10, IL-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, but increased CX3CL1 in brain and/or spinal cord. In contrast, IL-17 and MCP-1 were increased, while CX3CL1 was decreased in splenic mononuclear cells as compared to vehicle controls. These results indicate that manipulation of CB(2)R may have therapeutic value in MS, but its complexity remains to be considered and studied for further clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yin Lou
- Institute of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lou ZY, Zhao CB, Xiao BG. Immunoregulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by the selective CB1 receptor antagonist. J Neurosci Res 2011; 90:84-95. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
48
|
Mestre L, Iñigo PM, Mecha M, Correa FG, Hernangómez-Herrero M, Loría F, Docagne F, Borrell J, Guaza C. Anandamide inhibits Theiler's virus induced VCAM-1 in brain endothelial cells and reduces leukocyte transmigration in a model of blood brain barrier by activation of CB(1) receptors. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:102. [PMID: 21851608 PMCID: PMC3173342 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background VCAM-1 represents one of the most important adhesion molecule involved in the transmigration of blood leukocytes across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that is an essential step in the pathogenesis of MS. Several evidences have suggested the potential therapeutic value of cannabinoids (CBs) in the treatment of MS and their experimental models. However, the effects of endocannabinoids on VCAM-1 regulation are poorly understood. In the present study we investigated the effects of anandamide (AEA) in the regulation of VCAM-1 expression induced by Theiler's virus (TMEV) infection of brain endothelial cells using in vitro and in vivo approaches. Methods i) in vitro: VCAM-1 was measured by ELISA in supernatants of brain endothelial cells infected with TMEV and subjected to AEA and/or cannabinoid receptors antagonist treatment. To evaluate the functional effect of VCAM-1 modulation we developed a blood brain barrier model based on a system of astrocytes and brain endothelial cells co-culture. ii) in vivo: CB1 receptor deficient mice (Cnr1-/-) infected with TMEV were treated with the AEA uptake inhibitor UCM-707 for three days. VCAM-1 expression and microglial reactivity were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Results Anandamide-induced inhibition of VCAM-1 expression in brain endothelial cell cultures was mediated by activation of CB1 receptors. The study of leukocyte transmigration confirmed the functional relevance of VCAM-1 inhibition by AEA. In vivo approaches also showed that the inhibition of AEA uptake reduced the expression of brain VCAM-1 in response to TMEV infection. Although a decreased expression of VCAM-1 by UCM-707 was observed in both, wild type and CB1 receptor deficient mice (Cnr1-/-), the magnitude of VCAM-1 inhibition was significantly higher in the wild type mice. Interestingly, Cnr1-/- mice showed enhanced microglial reactivity and VCAM-1 expression following TMEV infection, indicating that the lack of CB1 receptor exacerbated neuroinflammation. Conclusions Our results suggest that CB1 receptor dependent VCAM-1 inhibition is a novel mechanism for AEA-reduced leukocyte transmigration and contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the beneficial role of endocannabinoid system in the Theiler's virus model of MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leyre Mestre
- Neuroimmunology Group, Functional and Systems Neurobiology Department, Cajal Institute, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Zhang H, Hilton DA, Hanemann CO, Zajicek J. Cannabinoid receptor and N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D--evidence for altered expression in multiple sclerosis. Brain Pathol 2011; 21:544-57. [PMID: 21251115 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2011.00477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids have been shown to have a beneficial effect in both animal models of multiple sclerosis (MS) and human disease, although the mechanisms of action are unclear. We examined expression of the major cannabinoid receptors [(CBRs) cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2)] and a key enzyme involved in synthesis of the endocannabinoid anandamide [N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD)] in autopsy brain samples from patients with MS. CB1 was expressed in neurons, injured axons, oligodendrocytes, macrophages/microglia, some astrocytes, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and pericytes. CB2 and NAPE-PLD were localized to cerebral endothelial cells, pericytes, smooth muscle cells, astrocytes and macrophages/microglia. NAPE-PLD immunoreactivity was also seen in neurons. Endothelial CB2 expression was greatest in chronic inactive plaques, and in areas was seen in segments of endothelium where the endothelial expression of adhesion molecules (VCAM-1 and ICAM-1) was focally undetectable, and was often expressed in areas of blood-brain barrier damage. Vascular density was increased in chronic active plaques and normal-appearing white matter compared with controls. These data support findings from animal models which suggest a role for the endocannabinoid system in the MS, particularly in the regulation of endothelial leukocyte adhesion and the cellular response to injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- Clinical Neurobiology, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Downer EJ, Clifford E, Gran B, Nel HJ, Fallon PG, Moynagh PN. Identification of the synthetic cannabinoid R(+)WIN55,212-2 as a novel regulator of IFN regulatory factor 3 activation and IFN-beta expression: relevance to therapeutic effects in models of multiple sclerosis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:10316-28. [PMID: 21245146 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.188599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Interferons (IFN-βs) represent one of the first line treatments for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, slowing disease progression while reducing the frequency of relapses. Despite this, more effective, well tolerated therapeutic strategies are needed. Cannabinoids palliate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) symptoms and have therapeutic potential in MS patients although the precise molecular mechanism for these effects is not understood. Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling controls innate immune responses and TLRs are implicated in MS. Here we demonstrate that the synthetic cannabinoid R(+)WIN55,212-2 is a novel regulator of TLR3 and TLR4 signaling by inhibiting the pro-inflammatory signaling axis triggered by TLR3 and TLR4, whereas selectively augmenting TLR3-induced activation of IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and expression of IFN-β. We present evidence that R(+)WIN55,212-2 strongly promotes the nuclear localization of IRF3. The potentiation of IFN-β expression by R(+)WIN55,212-2 is critical for manifesting its protective effects in the murine MS model EAE as evidenced by its reduced therapeutic efficacy in the presence of an anti-IFN-β antibody. R(+)WIN55,212-2 also induces IFN-β expression in MS patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells, whereas down-regulating inflammatory signaling in these cells. These findings identify R(+)WIN55,212-2 as a novel regulator of TLR3 signaling to IRF3 activation and IFN-β expression and highlights a new mechanism that may be open to exploitation in the development of new therapeutics for the treatment of MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Downer
- Institute of Immunology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|