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Wang T, Tyler RE, Ilaka O, Cooper D, Farokhnia M, Leggio L. The crosstalk between fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) system and substance use. iScience 2024; 27:110389. [PMID: 39055947 PMCID: PMC11269927 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Existing literature indicates that communication between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system is disrupted by substance use disorders (SUDs), including alcohol use disorder (AUD). Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a liver-brain axis hormone governing energy homeostasis, has been shown to modulate alcohol intake/preference and other substances. To further elucidate the relationship between FGF21, alcohol use, and other substance use, we conducted a scoping review to explore the association between FGF21 and SUDs. Increases in FGF21 reduce alcohol consumption while suppressing FGF21 increases alcohol consumption, demonstrating an inverse relationship. Alcohol elevates FGF21 levels primarily via the liver, subsequently promoting neuronal signals to curb alcohol intake. FGF21 activation engages molecular pathways that defend against alcohol-induced fat accumulation, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Considering the bidirectional association between FGF21 and alcohol, further studies on the FGF21 system as a potential pharmacotherapy for AUD and alcohol-associated liver disease are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy Wang
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine at Quinnipiac University, North Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ryan E. Tyler
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Oyenike Ilaka
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Diane Cooper
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mehdi Farokhnia
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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2
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Brinker EJ, Hardcastle MR, Dittmer KE, Graff EC. Endocrine fibroblast growth factors in domestic animals. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2024; 89:106872. [PMID: 39059301 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2024.106872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a group of structurally homologous yet functionally pleiotropic proteins. Canonical and intracellular FGFs have primarily autocrine or paracrine effects. However, the FGF19 subfamily, composed of FGF15/19, FGF21, and FGF23, act as endocrine hormones that regulate bile acid, metabolic, and phosphorus homeostasis, respectively. Current research in human and rodent models demonstrates the potential of these endocrine FGFs to target various diseases, including disorders of inherited hypophosphatemia, chronic liver disease, obesity, and insulin resistance. Many diseases targeted for therapeutic use in humans have pathophysiological overlaps in domestic animals. Despite the potential clinical and economic impact, little is known about endocrine FGFs and their signaling pathways in major domestic animal species compared with humans and laboratory animals. This review aims to describe the physiology of these endocrine FGFs, discuss their current therapeutic use, and summarize the contemporary literature regarding endocrine FGFs in domestic animals, focusing on potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Brinker
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, 166 Greene Hall, Auburn University, AL, USA 36849; Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, USA 01536
| | - Michael R Hardcastle
- IDEXX Laboratories Pty. Ltd., 20A Maui Street, Pukete, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
| | - Keren E Dittmer
- School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Emily C Graff
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, 166 Greene Hall, Auburn University, AL, USA 36849; Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Dr. Auburn University, 1265 HC Morgan, AL, USA 36849.
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3
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Lu H. Inflammatory liver diseases and susceptibility to sepsis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2024; 138:435-487. [PMID: 38571396 DOI: 10.1042/cs20230522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory liver diseases, particularly alcohol-associated liver disease and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), have higher incidence of infections and mortality rate due to sepsis. The current focus in the development of drugs for MAFLD is the resolution of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and prevention of progression to cirrhosis. In patients with cirrhosis or alcoholic hepatitis, sepsis is a major cause of death. As the metabolic center and a key immune tissue, liver is the guardian, modifier, and target of sepsis. Septic patients with liver dysfunction have the highest mortality rate compared with other organ dysfunctions. In addition to maintaining metabolic homeostasis, the liver produces and secretes hepatokines and acute phase proteins (APPs) essential in tissue protection, immunomodulation, and coagulation. Inflammatory liver diseases cause profound metabolic disorder and impairment of energy metabolism, liver regeneration, and production/secretion of APPs and hepatokines. Herein, the author reviews the roles of (1) disorders in the metabolism of glucose, fatty acids, ketone bodies, and amino acids as well as the clearance of ammonia and lactate in the pathogenesis of inflammatory liver diseases and sepsis; (2) cytokines/chemokines in inflammatory liver diseases and sepsis; (3) APPs and hepatokines in the protection against tissue injury and infections; and (4) major nuclear receptors/signaling pathways underlying the metabolic disorders and tissue injuries as well as the major drug targets for inflammatory liver diseases and sepsis. Approaches that focus on the liver dysfunction and regeneration will not only treat inflammatory liver diseases but also prevent the development of severe infections and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, U.S.A
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4
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Zhou C, Ruiz HH, Ling L, Maurizi G, Sakamoto K, Liberini CG, Wang L, Stanley A, Egritag HE, Sanz SM, Lindtner C, Butera MA, Buettner C. Sympathetic overdrive and unrestrained adipose lipolysis drive alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis in rodents. Mol Metab 2023; 78:101813. [PMID: 37777008 PMCID: PMC10590866 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hepatic steatosis is a key initiating event in the pathogenesis of alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), the most detrimental organ damage resulting from alcohol use disorder. However, the mechanisms by which alcohol induces steatosis remain incompletely understood. We have previously found that alcohol binging impairs brain insulin action, resulting in increased adipose tissue lipolysis by unrestraining sympathetic nervous system (SNS) outflow. Here, we examined whether an impaired brain-SNS-adipose tissue axis drives hepatic steatosis through unrestrained adipose tissue lipolysis and increased lipid flux to the liver. METHODS We examined the role of lipolysis, and the brain-SNS-adipose tissue axis and stress in alcohol induced hepatic triglyceride accumulation in a series of rodent models: pharmacological inhibition of the negative regulator of insulin signaling protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1β (PTP1b) in the rat brain, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) knockout mice as a pharmacogenetic model of sympathectomy, adipocyte specific adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) knockout mice, wildtype (WT) mice treated with β3 adrenergic agonist or undergoing restraint stress. RESULTS Intracerebral administration of a PTP1b inhibitor, inhibition of adipose tissue lipolysis and reduction of sympathetic outflow ameliorated alcohol induced steatosis. Conversely, induction of adipose tissue lipolysis through β3 adrenergic agonism or by restraint stress worsened alcohol induced steatosis. CONCLUSIONS Brain insulin resistance through upregulation of PTP1b, increased sympathetic activity, and unrestrained adipose tissue lipolysis are key drivers of alcoholic steatosis. Targeting these drivers of steatosis may provide effective therapeutic strategies to ameliorate ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxue Zhou
- Department of Medicine and Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Henry H Ruiz
- Department of Medicine and Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Li Ling
- Department of Medicine and Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giulia Maurizi
- Department of Medicine and Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kenichi Sakamoto
- Department of Medicine and Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Claudia G Liberini
- Department of Medicine and Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Medicine and Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adrien Stanley
- Department of Medicine and Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hale E Egritag
- Department of Medicine and Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sofia M Sanz
- Department of Medicine and Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Claudia Lindtner
- Department of Medicine and Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary A Butera
- Department of Medicine and Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Christoph Buettner
- Department of Medicine and Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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5
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Subramaiyam N. Insights of mitochondrial involvement in alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:2175-2190. [PMID: 37642259 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a global concern affecting most of the population and leading to the development of end-stage liver disease. Metabolic alterations due to increased alcohol consumption surge the hepatic accumulation of lipids and develop into a severe form of alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH), depending on age and the consumption rate. The mitochondria in the hepatocyte actively regulate metabolic homeostasis and are disrupted in ALD pathogenesis. The increased NADH upon ethanol metabolism inhibits the mitochondrial oxidation of fatty acids, alters oxidative phosphorylation, and favors de novo lipogenesis. The higher mitochondrial respiration in early ALD increases free radical generation, whereas mitochondrial respiration is uncoupled in chronic ALD, affecting the cellular energy status. The defective glutathione importer due to excessive cholesterol loading and low adenosine triphosphate accounts for additional oxidative stress leading to hepatocyte apoptosis. The defective mitochondrial transcription machinery and sirtuins function in ALD affect mitochondrial function and biogenesis. The metabolites of ethanol metabolism epigenetically alter the gene expression profile of hepatic cell populations by modulating the promoters and sirtuins, aiding hepatic fibrosis and inflammation. The defect in mitophagy increases the accumulation of megamitochondria in hepatocytes and attracts immune cells by releasing mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns to initiate hepatic inflammation and ASH progression. Thus, maintaining mitochondrial lipid homeostasis and antioxidant capacity pharmacologically could provide a better outcome for ALD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithyananthan Subramaiyam
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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6
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Ganjayi MS, Brown AM, Baumann CW. Longitudinal assessment of strength and body composition in a mouse model of chronic alcohol-related myopathy. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 47:1653-1664. [PMID: 37431705 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive, chronic alcohol consumption can result in muscle atrophy and weakness (i.e., alcoholic myopathy) that impairs the quality of life. However, the precise mechanisms responsible for ethanol's detrimental impact on skeletal muscle have not been fully elucidated, in part due because the time course of disease development and progression are not well established. Therefore, we examined muscle strength and body composition longitudinally using an established preclinical mouse model of chronic alcoholic myopathy. METHODS To establish a time course of chronic alcoholic myopathy, we fed High Drinking in the Dark (HDID) female mice (n = 7) 20% ethanol for ~32 weeks (following a 2-week ethanol ramping period). We assessed in vivo isometric contractility of the left ankle dorsiflexor and lean mass via NMR every 4 weeks. Outcomes were compared with age-matched control HDID mice that did not consume ethanol (n = 8). RESULTS At study completion, mice who consumed ethanol were 12% weaker than control mice (p = 0.015). Compared to baseline, consuming ethanol resulted in an acute transient reduction in dorsiflexion torque at Week 4 (p = 0.032) that was followed by a second, more sustained reduction at Week 20 (p < 0.001). Changes in lean mass paralleled those of dorsiflexor torque, with ~40% of the variance in dorsiflexor torque being explained by the variance in lean mass of the ethanol group (p < 0.001). Dorsiflexor torque normalized to lean mass (mN·m/g lean mass) did not differ between the ethanol and control groups from Weeks 4 to 32 (p ≥ 0.498). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that reductions in muscle mass and strength due to chronic, excessive ethanol intake are dynamic, not necessarily linear, processes. Moreover, the findings confirm that ethanol-induced weakness is primarily driven by muscle atrophy (i.e., loss of muscle quantity). Future studies should consider how chronic alcoholic myopathy develops and progresses rather than identifying changes after it has been diagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muni Swamy Ganjayi
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Austin M Brown
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Honors Tutorial College, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Cory W Baumann
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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7
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Li Q, Wang O, Ji B, Zhao L, Zhao L. Alcohol, White Adipose Tissue, and Brown Adipose Tissue: Mechanistic Links to Lipogenesis and Lipolysis. Nutrients 2023; 15:2953. [PMID: 37447280 PMCID: PMC10346806 DOI: 10.3390/nu15132953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
According to data from the World Health Organization, there were about 3 million deaths caused by alcohol consumption worldwide in 2016, of which about 50% were related to liver disease. Alcohol consumption interfering with the normal function of adipocytes has an important impact on the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease. There has been increasing recognition of the crucial role of adipose tissue in regulating systemic metabolism, far beyond that of an inert energy storage organ in recent years. The endocrine function of adipose tissue is widely recognized, and the significance of the proteins it produces and releases is still being investigated. Alcohol consumption may affect white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT), which interact with surrounding tissues such as the liver and intestines. This review briefly introduces the basic concept and classification of adipose tissue and summarizes the mechanism of alcohol affecting lipolysis and lipogenesis in WAT and BAT. The adipose tissue-liver axis is crucial in maintaining lipid homeostasis within the body. Therefore, this review also demonstrates the effects of alcohol consumption on the adipose tissue-liver axis to explore the role of alcohol consumption in the crosstalk between adipose tissue and the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China;
| | - Ou Wang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China;
| | - Baoping Ji
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Liang Zhao
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China;
| | - Lei Zhao
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
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Pokhrel S, Dilts M, Stahl Z, Boehme S, Frame G, Chiang JY, Ferrell JM. Tgr5-/- mice are protected from ethanol-induced metabolic alterations through enhanced leptin and Fgf21 signaling. Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:e0138. [PMID: 37185802 PMCID: PMC10145946 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is caused by chronic use of alcohol and ranges from hepatic steatosis to fibrosis and cirrhosis. Bile acids are physiological detergents that also regulate hepatic glucose and lipid homeostasis by binding to several receptors. One such receptor, Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5), may represent a therapeutic target for ALD. Here, we used a chronic 10-day + binge ethanol-feeding model in mice to study the role of TGR5 in alcohol-induced liver injury. METHODS Female C57BL/6J wild-type mice and Tgr5-/- mice were pair-fed Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet with ethanol (5% v/v) or isocaloric control diet for 10 days followed by a gavage of 5% ethanol or isocaloric maltose control, respectively, to represent a binge-drinking episode. Tissues were harvested 9 hours following the binge, and metabolic phenotypes were characterized through examination of liver, adipose, and brain mechanistic pathways. RESULTS Tgr5-/- mice were protected from alcohol-induced accumulation of hepatic triglycerides. Interestingly, liver and serum levels of Fgf21 were significantly increased during ethanol feeding in Tgr5-/- mice, as was phosphorylation of Stat3. Parallel to Fgf21 levels, increased leptin gene expression in white adipose tissue and increased leptin receptor in liver were detected in Tgr5-/- mice fed ethanol diet. Adipocyte lipase gene expression was significantly increased in Tgr5-/- mice regardless of diet, whereas adipose browning markers were also increased in ethanol-fed Tgr5-/- mice, indicating potential for enhanced white adipose metabolism. Lastly, hypothalamic mRNA targets of leptin, involved in the regulation of food intake, were significantly increased in Tgr5-/- mice fed ethanol diet. CONCLUSIONS Tgr5-/- mice are protected from ethanol-induced liver damage and lipid accumulation. Alterations in lipid uptake and Fgf21 signaling, and enhanced metabolic activity of white adipose tissue, may mediate these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabita Pokhrel
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew Dilts
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Zachary Stahl
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Shannon Boehme
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Gabrielle Frame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - John Y.L. Chiang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Jessica M. Ferrell
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
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Liu L, Li F, Shao T, Zhang L, Lee J, Dryden G, McClain CJ, Zhao C, Feng W. FGF21 Depletion Attenuates Colitis through Intestinal Epithelial IL-22-STAT3 Activation in Mice. Nutrients 2023; 15:2086. [PMID: 37432218 PMCID: PMC10181108 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a glucose and lipid metabolic regulator. Recent research revealed that FGF21 was also induced by inflammatory stimuli. Its role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has not been investigated. In this study, an experimental IBD model was established in FGF21 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice by adding 2.5% (wt/vol) dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to their drinking water for 7 days. The severity of the colitis and the inflammation of the mouse colon tissues were analyzed. In WT mice, acute DSS treatment induced an elevation in plasma FGF21 and a significant loss of body weight in a time-dependent manner. Surprisingly, the loss of body weight and the severity of the colitis induced by DSS treatment in WT mice were significantly attenuated in FGF21 KO mice. Colon and circulating pro-inflammatory factors were significantly lower in the FGF21 KO mice compared to the WT mice. As shown by BrdU staining, the FGF21 KO mice demonstrated increased colonic epithelial cell proliferation. DSS treatment reduced intestinal Paneth cell and goblet cell numbers in the WT mice, and this effect was attenuated in the FGF21 KO mice. Mechanistically, FGF21 deficiency significantly increased the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3 activation in intestinal epithelial cells and increased the expression of IL-22. Further study showed that the expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling-2/3 (SOCS 2/3), a known feedback inhibitor of STAT3, was significantly inhibited in the DSS-treated FGF2 KO mice compared to the WT mice. We conclude that FGF21 deficiency attenuated the severity of DSS-induced acute colitis, which is likely mediated by enhancing the activation of the IL-22-STAT3 signaling pathway in intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, China
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Fengyuan Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Tuo Shao
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Jiyeon Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Gerald Dryden
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Craig J. McClain
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40206, USA
| | - Cuiqing Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, China
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Wenke Feng
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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10
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Farokhnia M, Wang T, Jourdan T, Godlewski G, Farinelli LA, Kunos G, Leggio L. A human laboratory study on the link between alcohol administration and circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in individuals with alcohol use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 245:109809. [PMID: 36822122 PMCID: PMC10084703 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that the crosstalk between the central nervous system and the periphery plays an important role in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric conditions, including addictive disorders. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is part of the liver-brain axis and regulates energy homeostasis, metabolism, and macronutrient intake. In addition, FGF21 signaling modulates alcohol intake and preference, and changes in FGF21 levels are observed following alcohol consumption. To further elucidate the relationship between alcohol use and FGF21, we assessed serum FGF21 concentrations in 16 non-treatment seeking individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) in a naturalistic outpatient setting, as well as a controlled laboratory experiment that included alcohol cue-reactivity, alcohol priming, and alcohol self-administration in a bar-like setting. FGF21 levels were stable during the outpatient phase when participants received placebo and had no significant lifestyle changes. During the bar-like laboratory experiment, a robust increase in serum FGF21 concentrations was found after the 2-hr alcohol self-administration session (F3, 49 = 23.39, p < 0.001). Percent change in FGF21 levels positively correlated with the amount of alcohol self-administered but did not reach statistical significance. No significant changes in FGF21 levels were found after exposure to alcohol cues or consuming the priming drink. Given the bidirectional link between FGF21 and alcohol, targeting the FGF21 system may be further examined as a potential pharmacotherapy for AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Farokhnia
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tammy Wang
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tony Jourdan
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Pathophysiology of Dyslipidemia research group, INSERM UMR1231 Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Grzegorz Godlewski
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lisa A Farinelli
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - George Kunos
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, MD, USA; Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Addiction Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
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11
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Jastroch M, Keipert S, Tschöp MH. Protection from alcohol intoxication: Must be FGF21 to enter. Cell Metab 2023; 35:377-379. [PMID: 36889276 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is generally known as a stress-induced metabolic regulator with enormous therapeutic potential to treat metabolic diseases, but a more specific role of FGF21 concerns physiological handling of alcohol in mammals. In this issue of Cell Metabolism, Choi et al. demonstrate that FGF21 mediates the recovery from alcohol intoxication by directly activating noradrenergic neurons in mice, thus advancing our knowledge on FGF21 biology and further diversifying its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Jastroch
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanne Keipert
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technical University of München, Munich, Germany.
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12
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Choi M, Schneeberger M, Fan W, Bugde A, Gautron L, Vale K, Hammer RE, Zhang Y, Friedman JM, Mangelsdorf DJ, Kliewer SA. FGF21 counteracts alcohol intoxication by activating the noradrenergic nervous system. Cell Metab 2023; 35:429-437.e5. [PMID: 36889282 PMCID: PMC10009780 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Animals that consume fermenting fruit and nectar are at risk of exposure to ethanol and the detrimental effects of inebriation. In this report, we show that the hormone FGF21, which is strongly induced by ethanol in murine and human liver, stimulates arousal from intoxication without changing ethanol catabolism. Mice lacking FGF21 take longer than wild-type littermates to recover their righting reflex and balance following ethanol exposure. Conversely, pharmacologic FGF21 administration reduces the time needed for mice to recover from ethanol-induced unconsciousness and ataxia. FGF21 did not counteract sedation caused by ketamine, diazepam, or pentobarbital, indicating specificity for ethanol. FGF21 mediates its anti-intoxicant effects by directly activating noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus region, which regulates arousal and alertness. These results suggest that this FGF21 liver-brain pathway evolved to protect against ethanol-induced intoxication and that it might be targeted pharmaceutically for treating acute alcohol poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihwa Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Marc Schneeberger
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Abhijit Bugde
- Live Cell Imaging Core Facility, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Laurent Gautron
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Kevin Vale
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Robert E Hammer
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Friedman
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - David J Mangelsdorf
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Steven A Kliewer
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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13
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Song Q, Chen Y, Ding Q, Griffiths A, Liu L, Park J, Liew CW, Nieto N, Li S, Dou X, Jiang Y, Song Z. mTORC1 inhibition uncouples lipolysis and thermogenesis in white adipose tissue to contribute to alcoholic liver disease. Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:e0059. [PMID: 36757400 PMCID: PMC9915967 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose tissue thermogenic activities use fatty acids from lipolysis for heat generation. Therefore, a tight coupling between lipolysis and thermogenesis is physiologically imperative in maintaining not only body temperature but also lipids homeostasis. Adipose tissue dysfunction contributes to alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Here, studies were conducted to examine how alcohol intake affects adipose tissue thermogenic activities and whether altered adipose tissue thermogenesis contributes to ALD. METHODS Both the Lieber-DeCarli and the NIAAA mouse models of ALD were used. Denervation surgery in epididymal fat pads was performed. CL316,243, a selective β3-adrenoceptor agonist, SR59230A, a selective β3 adrenoceptor (ADRB3) antagonist, and rapamycin, a selective mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) inhibitor, were administrated through i.p. injection. Adipocyte-specific Prdm16 knockout mice were subjected to alcohol-containing diet chronically. RESULTS Chronic alcohol consumption, which enhances adipose tissue lipolysis, inhibits thermogenic activities of beige adipocytes in inguinal white adipose tissue (WAT), leading to an uncoupling status between lipolysis and thermogenesis in WAT at both basal and ADRB3 stimulation states. CL316,243 administration exacerbates liver pathologies of ALD. Alcohol intake inhibits mTORC1 activities in WAT. In mice, mTORC1 inhibition by rapamycin inhibits the thermogenesis of iWAT, whereas enhancing WAT lipolysis. Further investigations using adipocyte-specific Prdm16 knockout mice revealed that functional deficiency of beige adipocytes aggravates liver pathologies of ALD, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of alcohol on WAT browning/thermogenesis contributes to ALD pathogenesis. CONCLUSION Chronic alcohol consumption induces an "uncoupling status" between lipolysis and browning/thermogenesis in WAT by inhibiting mTORC1 activation. Diminished WAT browning/thermogenesis, concomitant with enhanced lipolysis, contributes to ALD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Song
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yingli Chen
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Qinchao Ding
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Alexandra Griffiths
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lifeng Liu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jooman Park
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Chong Wee Liew
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Natalia Nieto
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Songtao Li
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaobing Dou
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuwei Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Zhenyuan Song
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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14
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Wickramasinghe PB, Qian S, Langley LE, Liu C, Jia L. Hepatocyte Toll-Like Receptor 4 Mediates Alcohol-Induced Insulin Resistance in Mice. Biomolecules 2023; 13:454. [PMID: 36979389 PMCID: PMC10046504 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has demonstrated the association between alcohol overconsumption and the development of insulin resistance. However, the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. To investigate the requirement and sufficiency of hepatocyte toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in alcohol-induced insulin resistance, we used two mouse models (Tlr4fl/fl and Tlr4LoxTB) that allow ablation of TLR4 only in hepatocytes (Tlr4LKO) and restoration of endogenous TLR4 expression in hepatocytes on a TLR4-null background (Tlr4LoxTB × Alb-Cre), respectively. A Lieber-DeCarli feeding model was used to induce glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in mice. Glucose tolerance test, insulin tolerance test, and insulin signaling experiments were performed to examine systemic and tissue-specific insulin sensitivity. We found that alcohol-fed hepatocyte TLR4 deficient mice (Tlr4LKO) had lower blood glucose levels in response to intraperitoneal injection of insulin. Moreover, increased phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) was observed in the liver of Tlr4LKO mice after chronic alcohol intake. In contrast, when hepatic TLR4 was reactivated in mice (Tlr4LoxTB × Alb-Cre), alcohol feeding caused glucose intolerance in these mice compared with littermate controls (Tlr4LoxTB). In addition, AKT phosphorylation was dramatically reduced in the liver and epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) of alcohol-fed Tlr4LoxTB × Alb-Cre mice, which was similar to that of mice with whole-body TLR4 reactivation (Tlr4LoxTB × Zp3-Cre). Collectively, these findings suggest that hepatocyte TLR4 is both required and sufficient in the development of insulin resistance induced by alcohol overconsumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piumi B. Wickramasinghe
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Shuwen Qian
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lyndsey E. Langley
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Chen Liu
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lin Jia
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
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15
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Qian H, Chao X, Wang S, Li Y, Jiang X, Sun Z, Rülicke T, Zatloukal K, Ni HM, Ding WX. Loss of SQSTM1/p62 Induces Obesity and Exacerbates Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury in Aged Mice. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 15:1027-1049. [PMID: 36754207 PMCID: PMC10036741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a worldwide health problem, of which the effective treatment is still lacking. Both detrimental and protective roles of adipose tissue have been implicated in ALD. Although alcohol increases adipose tissue lipolysis to promote alcohol-induced liver injury, alcohol also activates brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis as an adaptive response in protecting against alcohol-induced liver injury. Moreover, aging and obesity are also risk factors for ALD. In the present study, we investigated the effects of autophagy receptor protein SQSTM1/p62 on adipose tissue and obesity in alcohol-induced liver injury in both young and aged mice. METHODS Young and aged whole-body SQSTM1/p62 knockout (KO) and their age-matched wild-type (WT) mice were subjected to chronic plus binge (Gao-binge) alcohol feeding. Blood, adipose and liver tissues were collected for biochemical and histologic analysis. RESULTS Aged but not young SQSTM1/p62 KO mice had significantly increased body weight and fat mass compared with the matched WT mice. Gao-binge alcohol feeding induced white adipose atrophy and decreased levels of SQSTM1/p62 levels in adipose tissue in aged WT mice. SQSTM1/p62 KO aged mice were resistant to Gao-binge alcohol-induced white adipose atrophy. Alcohol feeding increased the expression of thermogenic genes in WT mouse BAT, which was significantly blunted in SQSTM1/p62 KO aged mice. Alcohol-fed aged SQSTM1/p62 KO mice showed significantly higher levels of serum alanine aminotransferase, hepatic triglyceride, and inflammation compared with young and aged WT mice fed with alcohol. Alcohol-fed SQSTM1/p62 KO mice also increased secretion of proinflammatory and angiogenic adipokines that may promote alcohol-induced liver injury. CONCLUSIONS Loss of SQSTM1/p62 in aged mice leads to obesity and impairs alcohol-induced BAT adaptation, resulting in exacerbated alcohol-induced liver injury in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Qian
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Xiaojuan Chao
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Shaogui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Xiaoxiao Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Zhaoli Sun
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Thomas Rülicke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kurt Zatloukal
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hong-Min Ni
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.
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16
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Fibroblast growth factor 21 and dietary macronutrient intake in female mice. Physiol Behav 2022; 257:113995. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Chao X, Williams SN, Ding WX. Role of mechanistic target of rapamycin in autophagy and alcohol-associated liver disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C1100-C1111. [PMID: 36062877 PMCID: PMC9550572 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00281.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine-threonine kinase and a cellular sensor for nutrient and energy status, which is critical in regulating cell metabolism and growth by governing the anabolic (protein and lipid synthesis) and catabolic process (autophagy). Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a major chronic liver disease worldwide that carries a huge financial burden. The spectrum of the pathogenesis of ALD includes steatosis, fibrosis, inflammation, ductular reaction, and eventual hepatocellular carcinoma, which is closely associated with metabolic changes that are regulated by mTOR. In this review, we summarized recent progress of alcohol consumption on the changes of mTORC1 and mTORC2 activity, the potential mechanisms and possible impact of the mTORC1 changes on autophagy in ALD. We also discussed the potential beneficial effects and limitations of targeting mTORC1 against ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Chao
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Sha Neisha Williams
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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18
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Alcoholic fatty liver is blunted by rFGF21 administration in mice lacking adipose FGFR1: The role of FGF21 in PPARα-mediated regulation of adipose tissue mass. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 619:84-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.05.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Moser SE, Brown AM, Clark BC, Arnold WD, Baumann CW. Neuromuscular mechanisms of weakness in a mouse model of chronic alcoholic myopathy. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:1636-1647. [PMID: 35869821 PMCID: PMC9804636 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weakness is a common clinical symptom reported in individuals with chronic alcohol use disorder. However, it remains unclear whether low strength in these individuals is directly related to excessive ethanol intake, other deleterious factors (lifestyle, environment, genetics, etc.), or a combination of both. Therefore, we examined whether (and how) ethanol reduces the muscle's force-producing capacity using a controlled in vivo preclinical mouse model of excessive ethanol intake. METHODS To establish whether chronic ethanol consumption causes weakness, C57BL/6 female mice consumed 20% ethanol for 40 weeks (following a 2-week ethanol ramping period), and various measures of muscular force were quantified. Functional measures included all-limb grip strength and in vivo contractility of the left ankle dorsiflexors and plantarflexors. Once confirmed that mice consuming ethanol were weaker than age-matched controls, we sought to determine the potential neuromuscular mechanisms of muscle dysfunction by assessing neuromuscular excitation, muscle quantity, and muscle quality. RESULTS Mice consuming chronic ethanol were 13 to 16% weaker (p ≤ 0.016) than controls (i.e., mice consuming 100% water) with the negative impact of ethanol on voluntary grip strength (ƞ2 = 0.603) being slightly larger than that of electrically stimulated muscle contractility (ƞ2 = 0.482). Relative to controls, lean mass and muscle wet masses were 9 to 16% lower in ethanol-consuming mice (p ≤ 0.048, ƞ2 ≥ 0.268). No significant changes were observed between groups for indices of neuromuscular excitation at the level of the motor unit, neuromuscular junction, or plasmalemma (p ≥ 0.259, ƞ2 ≤ 0.097), nor was muscle quality altered after 40 weeks of 20% ethanol consumption (p ≥ 0.695, ƞ2 ≤ 0.012). CONCLUSIONS Together, these findings establish that chronic ethanol consumption in mice induces a substantial weakness in vivo that we interpret to be primarily due to muscle atrophy (i.e., reduced muscle quantity) and possibly, to a lesser degree, loss of central neural drive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E. Moser
- Honors Tutorial CollegeOhio UniversityAthensOhioUSA,Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI)Ohio UniversityAthensOhioUSA
| | - Austin M. Brown
- Honors Tutorial CollegeOhio UniversityAthensOhioUSA,Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI)Ohio UniversityAthensOhioUSA
| | - Brian C. Clark
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI)Ohio UniversityAthensOhioUSA,Department of Biomedical SciencesOhio UniversityAthensOhioUSA
| | - W. David Arnold
- Department of NeurologyThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUSA,Department of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUSA,Department of NeuroscienceThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUSA,Department of Physiology and Cell BiologyThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Cory W. Baumann
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI)Ohio UniversityAthensOhioUSA,Department of Biomedical SciencesOhio UniversityAthensOhioUSA
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20
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Watson WH, Ritzenthaler JD, Torres-Gonzalez E, Arteel GE, Roman J. Mice lacking α4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are protected against alcohol-associated liver injury. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:1371-1383. [PMID: 35723023 PMCID: PMC9427714 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic heavy alcohol consumption is a major risk factor for the development of liver steatosis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis, but the mechanisms by which alcohol causes liver damage remain incompletely elucidated. This group has reported that α4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α4 nAChRs) act as sensors for alcohol in lung cells. This study tested the hypothesis that α4 nAChRs mediate the effects of alcohol in the liver. METHODS Expression of acetylcholine receptor subunits in mouse liver was determined by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). α4 nAChR knockout (α4 KO) mice were generated in C57BL/6J mice by introducing a mutation encoding an early stop codon in exon 4 of Chrna4, the gene encoding the α4 subunit of the nAChR. The presence of the inactivating mutation was established by polymerase chain reaction and genomic sequencing, and the lack of α4 nAChR function was confirmed in primary fibroblasts isolated from the α4 KO mice. Wild-type (WT) and α4 KO mice were fed the Lieber-DeCarli diet (with 36% of calories from alcohol) or pair fed an isocaloric maltose-dextrin control diet for a 6-week period that included a ramping up phase of increasing dietary alcohol. RESULTS Chrna4 was the most abundantly expressed nAChR subunit gene in mouse livers. After 6 weeks of alcohol exposure, WT mice had elevated serum transaminases and their livers showed increased fat accumulation, decreased Sirt1 protein levels, and accumulation of markers of oxidative stress and inflammation including Cyp2E1, Nos2, Sod1, Slc7a11, TNFα, and PAI1. All these responses to alcohol were either absent or significantly attenuated in α4 KO animals. CONCLUSION Together, these observations support the conclusion that activation of α4 nAChRs by alcohol or one of its metabolites is one of the initial events promoting the accumulation of excess fat and expression of inflammatory mediators. Thus, α4 nAChRs may represent viable targets for intervention in chronic alcohol-related liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter H. Watson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Jeffrey D. Ritzenthaler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine and Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Edilson Torres-Gonzalez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine and Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Gavin E. Arteel
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jesse Roman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine and Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
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21
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Ho MF, Zhang C, Moon I, Wei L, Coombes B, Biernacka J, Skime M, Choi DS, Frye M, Schmidt K, Gliske K, Braughton J, Ngo Q, Skillon C, Seppala M, Oesterle T, Karpyak V, Li H, Weinshilboum R. Genome-wide association study for circulating FGF21 in patients with alcohol use disorder: Molecular links between the SNHG16 locus and catecholamine metabolism. Mol Metab 2022; 63:101534. [PMID: 35752286 PMCID: PMC9270258 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Alcohol consumption can increase circulating levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). The effects of FGF21 in the central nervous system are associated with the regulation of catecholamines, neurotransmitters that play a crucial role in reward pathways. This study aims to identify genetic variants associated with FGF21 levels and evaluate their functional role in alcohol use disorder (AUD). Methods We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using DNA samples from 442 AUD subjects recruited from the Mayo Clinic Center for the Individualized Treatment of Alcoholism Study. Plasma FGF21 levels were measured using Olink proximity extension immunoassays. Alcohol consumption at time of entry into the study was measured using the self-reported timeline followback method. Functional genomic studies were performed using HepG2 cells and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived brain organoids. Results Plasma FGF21 levels were positively correlated with recent alcohol consumption and gamma-glutamyl transferase levels, a commonly used marker for heavy alcohol use. One variant, rs9914222, located 5’ of SNHG16 on chromosome 17 was associated with plasma FGF21 levels (p = 4.60E-09). This variant was also associated with AUD risk (β: −3.23; p:0.0004). The rs9914222 SNP is an eQTL for SNHG16 in several brain regions, i.e., the variant genotype was associated with decreased expression of SNHG16. The variant genotype for the rs9914222 SNP was also associated with higher plasma FGF21 levels. Knockdown of SNHG16 in HepG2 cells resulted in increased FGF21 concentrations and decreased expression and enzyme activity for COMT, an enzyme that plays a key role in catecholamine metabolism. Finally, we demonstrated that ethanol significantly induced FGF21, dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine concentrations in iPSC-derived brain organoids. Conclusions GWAS for FGF21 revealed a SNHG16 genetic variant associated with FGF21 levels which are associated with recent alcohol consumption. Our data suggest that SNHG16 can regulate FGF21 concentrations and decrease COMT expression and enzyme activity which, in turn, have implications for the regulation of catecholamines. (The ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00662571) Plasma FGF21 levels are positively associated with recent alcohol use. GWAS for FGF21 revealed a SNHG16 genetic variant which might be associated with AUD. The rs9914222 SNP was an eQTL for SNHG16 in several brain regions. Ethanol could regulate SNHG16 expression, FGF21 levels and catecholamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Fen Ho
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics; Mayo Clinic; Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics; Mayo Clinic; Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Irene Moon
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics; Mayo Clinic; Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lixuan Wei
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics; Mayo Clinic; Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brandon Coombes
- Division of Computational Biology, Quantitative Health Sciences; Mayo Clinic; Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Joanna Biernacka
- Division of Computational Biology, Quantitative Health Sciences; Mayo Clinic; Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michelle Skime
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic; Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics; Mayo Clinic; Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mark Frye
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic; Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kristen Schmidt
- Butler Center for Research, Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation; Center City, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kate Gliske
- Butler Center for Research, Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation; Center City, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jacqueline Braughton
- Butler Center for Research, Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation; Center City, Minnesota, USA
| | - Quyen Ngo
- Butler Center for Research, Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation; Center City, Minnesota, USA
| | - Cedric Skillon
- Butler Center for Research, Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation; Center City, Minnesota, USA
| | - Marvin Seppala
- Butler Center for Research, Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation; Center City, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tyler Oesterle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic; Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Victor Karpyak
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic; Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics; Mayo Clinic; Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Richard Weinshilboum
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics; Mayo Clinic; Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
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Gut Microbiota: Target for Modulation of Gut-Liver-Adipose Tissue Axis in Ethanol-Induced Liver Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:4230599. [PMID: 35633655 PMCID: PMC9142314 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4230599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of alcohol (ethanol) in various forms has been an integral part of human civilization. Since ages, it also has been an important cause of death and health impairment across the globe. Ethanol-mediated liver injury, known as alcoholic liver disease (ALD), is caused by surplus intake of alcohol. Several studies have proposed the different pathways that may be lead to ALD. One of the factors that may affect the cytochrome P450 (CYP2E1) metabolic pathway is gut dysbiosis. The gut microbiota produces various compounds that play an important role in regulating healthy functions of distal organs such as the adipose tissue and liver. Dysbiosis causes bacteremia, hepatic encephalopathy, and increased intestinal permeability. Recent clinical studies have found better understanding of the gut and liver axis. Another factor that may affect the ALD pathway is dysfunction of adipose tissue metabolism. Moreover, dysfunction of adipose tissue leads to ectopic fat deposition within the liver and disturbs lipid metabolism by increasing lipolysis/decreasing lipogenesis and impaired glucose tolerance of adipose tissue which leads to ectopic fat deposition within the liver. Adipokine secretion of resistin, leptin, and adiponectin is adversely modified upon prolonged alcohol consumption. In the combination of these two factors, a proinflammatory state is developed within the patient leading to the progression of ALD. Thus, the therapeutic approach for treatments and prevention for liver cirrhosis patients must be focused on the gut-liver-adipose tissue network modification with the use of probiotics, synbiotics, and prebiotics. This review is aimed at the effect of ethanol on gut and adipose tissue in both rodent and human alcoholic models.
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23
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She QY, Bao JF, Wang HZ, Liang H, Huang W, Wu J, Zhong Y, Ling H, Li A, Qin SL. Fibroblast growth factor 21: A "rheostat" for metabolic regulation? Metabolism 2022; 130:155166. [PMID: 35183545 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 is an evolutionarily conserved factor that plays multiple important roles in metabolic homeostasis. During the past two decades, extensive investigations have improved our understanding of its delicate metabolic roles and identified its pharmacological potential to mitigate metabolic disorders. However, most clinical trials have failed to obtain the desired results, which raises issues regarding its clinical value. Fibroblast growth factor 21 is dynamically regulated by nutrients derived from food intake and hepatic/adipose release, which in turn act on the central nervous system, liver, and adipose tissues to influence food preference, hepatic glucose, and adipose fatty acid output. Based on this information, we propose that fibroblast growth factor 21 should not be considered merely an anti-hyperglycemia or anti-obesity factor, but rather a means of balancing of nutrient fluctuations to maintain an appropriate energy supply. Hence, the specific functions of fibroblast growth factor 21 in glycometabolism and lipometabolism depend on specific metabolic states, indicating that its pharmacological effects require further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Ying She
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510999, China; Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510999, China
| | - Jing-Fu Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hui-Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Huixin Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510999, China
| | - Wentao Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510999, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510999, China
| | - Yiwen Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510999, China
| | - Hanxin Ling
- Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510999, China
| | - Aiqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Shu-Lan Qin
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510999, China.
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24
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Balakrishnan R, Thurmond DC. Mechanisms by Which Skeletal Muscle Myokines Ameliorate Insulin Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4636. [PMID: 35563026 PMCID: PMC9102915 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeletal muscle is the largest organ in the body and secretes circulating factors, including myokines, which are involved in various cellular signaling processes. Skeletal muscle is vital for metabolism and physiology and plays a crucial role in insulin-mediated glucose disposal. Myokines have autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine functions, serving as critical regulators of myogenic differentiation, fiber-type switching, and maintaining muscle mass. Myokines have profound effects on energy metabolism and inflammation, contributing to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and other metabolic diseases. Myokines have been shown to increase insulin sensitivity, thereby improving glucose disposal and regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. Many myokines have now been identified, and research on myokine signaling mechanisms and functions is rapidly emerging. This review summarizes the current state of the field regarding the role of myokines in tissue cross-talk, including their molecular mechanisms, and their potential as therapeutic targets for T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debbie C. Thurmond
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
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25
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Yano K, Yamaguchi K, Seko Y, Okishio S, Ishiba H, Tochiki N, Takahashi A, Kataoka S, Okuda K, Liu Y, Fujii H, Umemura A, Moriguchi M, Okanoue T, Itoh Y. Hepatocyte-specific fibroblast growth factor 21 overexpression ameliorates high-fat diet-induced obesity and liver steatosis in mice. J Transl Med 2022; 102:281-289. [PMID: 34732847 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00680-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 is an endocrine growth factor mainly secreted by the liver in response to a ketogenic diet and alcohol consumption. FGF21 signaling requires co-receptor β-klotho (KLB) co-acting with FGF receptors, which has pleiotropic metabolic effects, including induced hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis, in human and animal models of obesity. We examined the hepatocyte-specific enhancer/promoter of FGF21 expression plasmids in high-fat diet-fed mice for 12 weeks. Hydrodynamic injection for FGF21 delivery every 6 weeks sustained high circulating levels of FGF21, resulting in marked reductions in body weight, epididymal fat mass, insulin resistance, and liver steatosis. FGF21-induced lipolysis in the adipose tissue enabled the liver to be flooded with fat-derived FFAs. The hepatic expression of Glut2 and Bdh1 was upregulated, whereas that of gluconeogenesis-related genes, G6p and Pepck, and lipogenesis-related genes, Srebp-1 and Srebp-2, was significantly suppressed. FGF21 induced the phosphorylation of AMPK at Thr172 and Raptor at ser792 and suppressed that of mTOR at ser2448, which downregulated mTORC1 signaling and reduced IRS-1 phosphorylation at ser1101. Finally, in the skeletal muscle, FGF21 increased Glut4 and Mct2, a membrane protein that acts as a carrier for ketone bodies. Enzymes for ketone body catabolism (Scot) and citrate cycle (Cs, Idh3a), and a marker of regenerating muscle (myogenin) were also upregulated via increased KLB expression. Thus, FGF21-induced lipolysis was continuously induced by a high-fat diet and fat-derived FFAs might cause liver damage. Hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketone body synthesis may act as hepatic FFAs' disposal mechanisms and contribute to improved liver steatosis. Liver-derived ketone bodies might be used for energy in the skeletal muscle. The potential FGF21-related crosstalk between the liver and extraliver organs is a promising strategy to prevent and treat metabolic syndrome-related nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Yano
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kanji Yamaguchi
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Yuya Seko
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Okishio
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishiba
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nozomi Tochiki
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Aya Takahashi
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Seita Kataoka
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiichiroh Okuda
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yu Liu
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideki Fujii
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Umemura
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michihisa Moriguchi
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Okanoue
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Saiseikai Suita Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshito Itoh
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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26
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Lamb CL, Giesy SL, McGuckin MM, Perfield JW, Butterfield A, Moniruzzaman M, Haughey NJ, McFadden JW, Boisclair YR. Fibroblast growth factor-21 improves insulin action in nonlactating ewes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 322:R170-R180. [PMID: 35018810 PMCID: PMC8816633 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00259.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
During metabolically demanding physiological states, ruminants and other mammals coordinate nutrient use among tissues by varying the set point of insulin action. This set point is regulated in part by metabolic hormones with some antagonizing (e.g., growth hormone and TNFα) and others potentiating (e.g., adiponectin) insulin action. Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) was recently identified as a sensitizing hormone in rodent and primate models of defective insulin action. FGF21 administration, however, failed to improve insulin action in dairy cows during the naturally occurring insulin resistance of lactation, raising the possibility that ruminants as a class of animals or lactation as a physiological state are unresponsive to FGF21. To start addressing this question, we asked whether FGF21 could improve insulin action in nonlactating ewes. Gene expression studies showed that the ovine FGF21 system resembles that of other species, with liver as the major site of FGF21 expression and adipose tissue as a target tissue based on high expression of the FGF21 receptor complex and activation of p44/42 extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) following exogenous FGF21 administration. FGF21 treatment for 13 days reduced plasma glucose and insulin over the entire treatment period and improved glucose disposal during a glucose tolerance test. FGF21 increased plasma adiponectin by day 3 of treatment but had no effect on the plasma concentrations of total, C16:0-, or C18:0-ceramide. Overall, these data confirm that the insulin-sensitizing effects of FGF21 are conserved in ruminants and raise the possibility that lactation is an FGF21-resistant state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah L. Giesy
- 1Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | | | - James W. Perfield
- 2Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - Mohammed Moniruzzaman
- 3Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Norman J. Haughey
- 3Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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27
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Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Facilitates the Homeostatic Control of Feeding Behavior. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030580. [PMID: 35160033 PMCID: PMC8836936 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a stress hormone that is released from the liver in response to nutritional and metabolic challenges. In addition to its well-described effects on systemic metabolism, a growing body of literature now supports the notion that FGF21 also acts via the central nervous system to control feeding behavior. Here we review the current understanding of FGF21 as a hormone regulating feeding behavior in rodents, non-human primates, and humans. First, we examine the nutritional contexts that induce FGF21 secretion. Initial reports describing FGF21 as a ‘starvation hormone’ have now been further refined. FGF21 is now better understood as an endocrine mediator of the intracellular stress response to various nutritional manipulations, including excess sugars and alcohol, caloric deficits, a ketogenic diet, and amino acid restriction. We discuss FGF21’s effects on energy intake and macronutrient choice, together with our current understanding of the underlying neural mechanisms. We argue that the behavioral effects of FGF21 function primarily to maintain systemic macronutrient homeostasis, and in particular to maintain an adequate supply of protein and amino acids for use by the cells.
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28
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Simon L, Edwards S, Molina PE. Pathophysiological Consequences of At-Risk Alcohol Use; Implications for Comorbidity Risk in Persons Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Front Physiol 2022; 12:758230. [PMID: 35115952 PMCID: PMC8804300 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.758230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
At-risk alcohol use is a significant risk factor associated with multisystemic pathophysiological effects leading to multiorgan injury and contributing to 5.3% of all deaths worldwide. The alcohol-mediated cellular and molecular alterations are particularly salient in vulnerable populations, such as people living with HIV (PLWH), diminishing their physiological reserve, and accelerating the aging process. This review presents salient alcohol-associated mechanisms involved in exacerbation of cardiometabolic and neuropathological comorbidities and their implications in the context of HIV disease. The review integrates consideration of environmental factors, such as consumption of a Western diet and its interactions with alcohol-induced metabolic and neurocognitive dyshomeostasis. Major alcohol-mediated mechanisms that contribute to cardiometabolic comorbidity include impaired substrate utilization and storage, endothelial dysfunction, dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and hypertension. Neuroinflammation and loss of neurotrophic support in vulnerable brain regions significantly contribute to alcohol-associated development of neurological deficits and alcohol use disorder risk. Collectively, evidence suggests that at-risk alcohol use exacerbates cardiometabolic and neurocognitive pathologies and accelerates biological aging leading to the development of geriatric comorbidities manifested as frailty in PLWH.
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29
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Fan M, Wang Y, Jin L, Fang Z, Peng J, Tu J, Liu Y, Zhang E, Xu S, Liu X, Huo Y, Sun Z, Chao X, Ding WX, Yan Q, Huang W. Bile Acid-Mediated Activation of Brown Fat Protects From Alcohol-Induced Steatosis and Liver Injury in Mice. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 13:809-826. [PMID: 34896286 PMCID: PMC8802063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Alcohol-associated liver disease (AALD) is one of the most common causes of liver injury and failure. Limited knowledge of the mechanisms underlying AALD impedes the development of efficacious therapies. Bile acid (BA) signaling was shown to participate in the progression of AALD. However, the mechanisms remain poorly understood. METHODS C57BL/6J wild-type (WT), Takeda G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 5 (TGR5) knockout (KO) and brown adipose tissue (BAT)-specific TGR5 knockdown mice were subjected to ethanol feeding-induced AALD. Liver samples from alcoholic hepatitis patients were used to examine the BA circulation signaling. Human Embryonic Kidney Cells 293 were used for the TGR5 reporter assay. 23(S)-methyl-lithocholic acid was used as a molecular tool to confirm the regulatory functions of BAT in the AALD mouse model. RESULTS Ethanol feeding increased the expression of the thermogenesis genes downstream of TGR5 in BAT of WT, but not TGR5 KO, mice. TGR5 deficiency significantly blocked BAT activity and energy expenditure in mice after ethanol feeding. Alcohol increased serum BA levels in mice and human beings through altering BA transportation, and the altered BAs activated TGR5 signaling to regulate metabolism. Compared with ethanol-fed WT mice, ethanol-fed TGR5 KO mice showed less free fatty acid (FFA) β-oxidation in BAT, leading to higher levels of FFA in the circulation, increased liver uptake of FFAs, and exacerbated AALD. BAT-specific TGR5 knockdown mice showed similar results with TGR5 KO mice in AALD. Agonist treatment significantly activated TGR5 signaling in BAT, increased thermogenesis, reduced serum FFA level, and ameliorated hepatic steatosis and injury in AALD mice, while these effects were lost in TGR5 KO mice. CONCLUSIONS BA signaling plays a protective role in AALD by enhancing BAT thermogenesis. Targeting TGR5 in BAT may be a promising approach for the treatment of AALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Fan
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Duarte, California
| | - Yangmeng Wang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Duarte, California
| | - Lihua Jin
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Duarte, California
| | - Zhipeng Fang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Duarte, California
| | - Jiangling Peng
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Duarte, California
| | - Jui Tu
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Duarte, California
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Duarte, California
| | - Eryun Zhang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Duarte, California
| | - Senlin Xu
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Duarte, California,Graduate School of Biological Science, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Duarte, California
| | - Yuqing Huo
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Zhaoli Sun
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xiaojuan Chao
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Qingfeng Yan
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Qingfeng Yan, PhD, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang, China. fax: 01186-571-88206646.
| | - Wendong Huang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Duarte, California,Graduate School of Biological Science, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Wendong Huang, PhD, Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010. fax: (626) 256-8704.
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30
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Deficiency of Cathelicidin Attenuates High-Fat Diet Plus Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury through FGF21/Adiponectin Regulation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123333. [PMID: 34943840 PMCID: PMC8699208 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol consumption and obesity are known risk factors of steatohepatitis. Here, we report that the deficiency of CRAMP (cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide—gene name: Camp) is protective against a high-fat diet (HFD) plus acute alcohol (HFDE)-induced liver injury. HFDE markedly induced liver injury and steatosis in WT mice, which were attenuated in Camp–/– mice. Neutrophil infiltration was lessened in the liver of Camp–/– mice. HFDE feeding dramatically increased epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) mass and induced adipocyte hypertrophy in WT mice, whereas these effects were attenuated by the deletion of Camp. Furthermore, Camp–/– mice had significantly increased eWAT lipolysis, evidenced by up-regulated expression of lipolytic enzymes, adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL). The depletion of Camp also increased uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-dependent thermogenesis in the brown adipose tissue (BAT) of mice. HFDE fed Camp–/– mice had elevated protein levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in the eWAT, with an increased adiponectin production, which had been shown to alleviate hepatic fat deposition and inflammation. Collectively, we have demonstrated that Camp–/– mice are protected against HFD plus alcohol-induced liver injury and steatosis through FGF21/adiponectin regulation. Targeting CRAMP could be an effective approach for prevention/treatment of high-fat diet plus alcohol consumption-induced steatohepatitis.
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31
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Close Proximity to the Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) Gene Found to Be Associated with Sugar Intake in a Swedish Population. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113954. [PMID: 34836209 PMCID: PMC8622171 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary mechanisms are partially responsible for individual differences in sensitivity to and the preference for sweet taste. The primary aim of this study was to examine the associations between 10 genetic variants and the intake of total sugar, added sugar, and sugars with sweet taste (i.e., monosaccharides and sucrose) in a middle-aged Swedish population. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the Fibroblast grow factor 21 (FGF21) gene, seven top hits from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on total sugar intake, and one SNP within the fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene (the only SNP reaching GWAS significance in a previous study), were explored in relation to various forms of sugar intake in 22,794 individuals from the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, a population-based cohort for which data were collected between 1991-1996. Significant associations (p = 6.82 × 10-7 - 1.53 × 10-3) were observed between three SNPs (rs838145, rs838133, and rs8103840) in close relation to the FGF21 gene with high Linkage Disequilibrium, and all the studied sugar intakes. For the rs11642841 within the FTO gene, associations were found exclusively among participants with a body mass index ≥ 25 (p < 5 × 10-3). None of the remaining SNPs studied were associated with sugar intake in our cohort. A further GWAS should be conducted to identify novel genetic variants associated with the intake of sugar.
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Gopal T, Ai W, Casey CA, Donohue TM, Saraswathi V. A review of the role of ethanol-induced adipose tissue dysfunction in alcohol-associated liver disease. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:1927-1939. [PMID: 34558087 PMCID: PMC9153937 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease (AALD) encompasses a spectrum of liver diseases that includes simple steatosis, steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. The adverse effects of alcohol in liver and the mechanisms by which ethanol (EtOH) promotes liver injury are well studied. Although liver is known to be the primary organ affected by EtOH exposure, alcohol's effects on other organs are also known to contribute significantly to the development of liver injury. It is becoming increasingly evident that adipose tissue (AT) is an important site of EtOH action. Both AT storage and secretory functions are altered by EtOH. For example, AT lipolysis, stimulated by EtOH, contributes to chronic alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis. Adipocytes secrete a wide variety of biologically active molecules known as adipokines. EtOH alters the secretion of these adipokines from AT, which include cytokines and chemokines that exert paracrine effects in liver. In addition, the level of EtOH-metabolizing enzymes, in particular, CYP2E1, rises in the AT of EtOH-fed mice, which promotes oxidative stress and/or inflammation in AT. Thus, AT dysfunction characterized by increased AT lipolysis and free fatty acid mobilization and altered secretion of adipokines can contribute to the severity of AALD. Of note, moderate EtOH exposure results in AT browning and activation of brown adipose tissue which, in turn, can promote thermogenesis. In this review article, we discuss the direct effects of EtOH consumption in AT and the mechanisms by which EtOH impacts the functions of AT, which, in turn, increases the severity of AALD in animal models and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiyagarajan Gopal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Divisions of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE
| | - Weilun Ai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Divisions of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE
| | - Carol A. Casey
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE
| | - Terrence M. Donohue
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE
| | - Viswanathan Saraswathi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Divisions of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE
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Xu L, Zhang X, Xin Y, Ma J, Yang C, Zhang X, Hou G, Dong XC, Sun Z, Xiong X, Cao X. Depdc5 deficiency exacerbates alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis via suppression of PPARα pathway. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:710. [PMID: 34267188 PMCID: PMC8282792 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03980-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD), a condition caused by alcohol overconsumption, occurs in three stages of liver injury including steatosis, hepatitis, and cirrhosis. DEP domain-containing protein 5 (DEPDC5), a component of GAP activities towards Rags 1 (GATOR1) complex, is a repressor of amino acid-sensing branch of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway. In the current study, we found that aberrant activation of mTORC1 was likely attributed to the reduction of DEPDC5 in the livers of ethanol-fed mice or ALD patients. To further define the in vivo role of DEPDC5 in ALD development, we generated Depdc5 hepatocyte-specific knockout mouse model (Depdc5-LKO) in which mTORC1 pathway was constitutively activated through loss of the inhibitory effect of GATOR1. Hepatic Depdc5 ablation leads to mild hepatomegaly and liver injury and protects against diet-induced liver steatosis. In contrast, ethanol-fed Depdc5-LKO mice developed severe hepatic steatosis and inflammation. Pharmacological intervention with Torin 1 suppressed mTORC1 activity and remarkably ameliorated ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis and inflammation in both control and Depdc5-LKO mice. The pathological effect of sustained mTORC1 activity in ALD may be attributed to the suppression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα), the master regulator of fatty acid oxidation in hepatocytes, because fenofibrate (PPARα agonist) treatment reverses ethanol-induced liver steatosis and inflammation in Depdc5-LKO mice. These findings provide novel insights into the in vivo role of hepatic DEPDC5 in the development of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, PR China
| | - Xinge Zhang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, PR China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Integrative Physiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, PR China
| | - Yue Xin
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, PR China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Integrative Physiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, PR China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy & Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, PR China
| | - Chenyan Yang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, PR China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Integrative Physiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, PR China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China
| | - Guoqing Hou
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China
| | - Xiaocheng Charlie Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Zhaoli Sun
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Xiwen Xiong
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, PR China.
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Integrative Physiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, PR China.
| | - Xuan Cao
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China.
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Arumugam MK, Paal MC, Donohue TM, Ganesan M, Osna NA, Kharbanda KK. Beneficial Effects of Betaine: A Comprehensive Review. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10060456. [PMID: 34067313 PMCID: PMC8224793 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal herbs and many food ingredients possess favorable biological properties that contribute to their therapeutic activities. One such natural product is betaine, a stable, nontoxic natural substance that is present in animals, plants, and microorganisms. Betaine is also endogenously synthesized through the metabolism of choline or exogenously consumed through dietary intake. Betaine mainly functions as (i) an osmolyte and (ii) a methyl-group donor. This review describes the major physiological effects of betaine in whole-body health and its ability to protect against both liver- as well as non-liver-related diseases and conditions. Betaine's role in preventing/attenuating both alcohol-induced and metabolic-associated liver diseases has been well studied and is extensively reviewed here. Several studies show that betaine protects against the development of alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis, apoptosis, and accumulation of damaged proteins. Additionally, it can significantly prevent/attenuate progressive liver injury by preserving gut integrity and adipose function. The protective effects are primarily associated with the regulation of methionine metabolism through removing homocysteine and maintaining cellular SAM:SAH ratios. Similarly, betaine prevents metabolic-associated fatty liver disease and its progression. In addition, betaine has a neuroprotective role, preserves myocardial function, and prevents pancreatic steatosis. Betaine also attenuates oxidant stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, and cancer development. To conclude, betaine exerts significant therapeutic and biological effects that are potentially beneficial for alleviating a diverse number of human diseases and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madan Kumar Arumugam
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (MK.A.); (M.C.P.); (T.M.D.J.); (M.G.); (N.A.O.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Matthew C. Paal
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (MK.A.); (M.C.P.); (T.M.D.J.); (M.G.); (N.A.O.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Terrence M. Donohue
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (MK.A.); (M.C.P.); (T.M.D.J.); (M.G.); (N.A.O.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Murali Ganesan
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (MK.A.); (M.C.P.); (T.M.D.J.); (M.G.); (N.A.O.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Natalia A. Osna
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (MK.A.); (M.C.P.); (T.M.D.J.); (M.G.); (N.A.O.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Kusum K. Kharbanda
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (MK.A.); (M.C.P.); (T.M.D.J.); (M.G.); (N.A.O.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-402-995-3752; Fax: +1-402-995-4600
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Mourad M, Lebossé F, Merle P, Levrero M, Antonini T, Lesurtel M, Ducerf C, Zoulim F, Mabrut JY, Mohkam K. External validation of the French alpha-fetoprotein model for hepatocellular carcinoma liver transplantation in a recent unicentric cohort - a retrospective study. Transpl Int 2021; 34:535-545. [PMID: 33449394 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Prognostic models of liver transplantation (LT) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) mainly derive from LT cohorts with numerous hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients. The AFP model, which is currently used in France to select LT candidates, was derived from a cohort of LT performed between 1988 and 2001, including a majority of HCV-positive recipients. The emergence of new direct-acting antiviral therapies and subsequent decrease of HCV incidence may change the generalizability of such models. We performed an external validation of the AFP model in a cohort of recipients transplanted between 2005 and 2018. Although multivariable analysis identified all three model's factors (AFP level, largest tumor size, number of nodules) as predictors of tumor recurrence, the AFP model showed poor discrimination and calibration in the present cohort. This poor performance could be related to significant differences between the derivation and the present cohort in terms of etiology, severity of underlying liver disease, tumor burden and differentiation, and use of neoadjuvant treatments. The present findings suggest that the decline of HCV-induced HCC among LT candidates may compromise the generalizability of the AFP model in more recent LT cohorts. Further studies are required for updating or building more robust prognostic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mourad
- Department of General Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France.,Department of General and Digestive surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.,INSERM U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Fanny Lebossé
- INSERM U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Department of Hepatology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Merle
- INSERM U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Department of Hepatology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France
| | - Massimo Levrero
- INSERM U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Department of Hepatology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France
| | - Teresa Antonini
- Department of Hepatology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France
| | - Mickaël Lesurtel
- Department of General Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France.,INSERM U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Christian Ducerf
- Department of General Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France.,INSERM U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Fabien Zoulim
- INSERM U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Department of Hepatology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Yves Mabrut
- Department of General Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France.,INSERM U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Kayvan Mohkam
- Department of General Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France.,INSERM U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France
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Wagner-Skacel J, Horvath A, Grande P, Wenninger J, Matzer F, Fazekas C, Mörkl S, Meinitzer A, Stadlbauer V. Association of fibroblast growth factor 21 with alcohol consumption and alcohol liver cirrhosis. NEUROPSYCHIATRIE : KLINIK, DIAGNOSTIK, THERAPIE UND REHABILITATION : ORGAN DER GESELLSCHAFT ÖSTERREICHISCHER NERVENÄRZTE UND PSYCHIATER 2020; 35:140-146. [PMID: 33330965 PMCID: PMC8429377 DOI: 10.1007/s40211-020-00380-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is produced in the liver and binds to different complex receptor/coreceptor systems. Besides many other processes, FGF21 regulates the intake of simple sugars and alcohol. Increased levels of FGF21 decrease harmful alcohol intake in mice. To increase our understanding on the relationship between FGF21 and alcohol intake in humans, we aimed to measure FGF21 levels in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis (ALC) in comparison to patients with nonalcoholic liver cirrhosis (NALC) and healthy persons based on their present alcohol consumption. METHODS Alcohol intake was verified by urinary ethyl glucuronide (uETG) levels, eating and drinking behaviour by a Food Frequency Questionnaire and FGF 21 plasma levels were determined by ELISA in 96 persons (ALC n = 41; NALC n = 34; healthy n = 21). RESULTS Both ALC and NALC patients with elevated ETG levels (≥0.5 μg/ml; indicating alcohol consumption in the last 12-72 h) showed significantly higher FGF21 plasma levels in comparison to patients with negative ETG levels. Eating behaviour did not have an impact on FGF21 plasma levels. CONCLUSIONS Increased FGF21 levels in patients with recent alcohol consumption (verified by ETG) confirmed the first part of the liver-brain endocrine axis: alcohol consumption was associated with increased FGF21 levels. We could not confirm that elevated FGF21 levels were associated with reduced alcohol intake as a result. That points towards a pathology in this pathway, which might be caused by a malfunction of β‑Klotho or FGF receptors according to other studies and chronic alcohol dependency. Further research is required to clarify these pathologies, which may open new pharmacological treatment for patients with alcohol use disorder and alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolana Wagner-Skacel
- Department of Medical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Graz (MUG), Auenbruggerplatz 3, 8036, Graz, Austria.
| | - Angela Horvath
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Graz (MUG), Graz, Austria
| | - Philipp Grande
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Graz (MUG), Graz, Austria
| | - Julian Wenninger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, LKH Graz II, Graz, Austria
| | - Franziska Matzer
- Department of Medical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Graz (MUG), Auenbruggerplatz 3, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Fazekas
- Department of Medical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Graz (MUG), Auenbruggerplatz 3, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Sabrina Mörkl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz (MUG), Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Meinitzer
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz (MUG), Graz, Austria
| | - Vanessa Stadlbauer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Graz (MUG), Graz, Austria
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37
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Wu G, Liu Y, Feng W, An X, Lin W, Tang C. Hypoxia-Induced Adipose Lipolysis Requires Fibroblast Growth Factor 21. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1279. [PMID: 32922298 PMCID: PMC7456904 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a recently discovered hepatokine that regulates lipid and glucose metabolism and is upregulated in response to numerous physiological and pathological stimuli. Herein, we demonstrate that both physical and chemical hypoxia increase the systemic and hepatic expression of FGF21 in mice; by contrast, hypoxia induces a reduction of FGF21 expression in hepatocytes, indicating that hypoxia-induced FGF21 expression is differentially regulated in intact animals and in hepatocytes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that hypoxia treatment increases hormone-sensitive lipase-mediated adipose tissue lipolysis in mice, which is reduced in Fgf21 knockout mice, thereby implying that FGF21 plays a critical role in hypoxia-related adipose lipolysis. Adipose tissue lipolysis causes an increase in the amount of circulating free fatty acids, which leads to the activation of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor alpha and an increased expression of FGF21 in hepatocytes. We further show that hypoxia-induced elevation of reactive oxygen species, but not the hypoxia-inducible factor, is responsible for the lipolysis and FGF21 expression. In conclusion, our data clearly demonstrate that FGF21 plays a critical role in hypoxia-induced adipose lipolysis, which induces hepatic expression of FGF21. Clarification of hypoxia-regulated FGF21 regulation will enhance our understanding of the pathophysiology of hypoxia-related diseases, such as sleep disorders and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guicheng Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Hepatology, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanlong Liu
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhuji Institute of Biomedicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Wenke Feng
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Xuan An
- Department of Hepatology, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenhui Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Wenling Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenling, China
| | - Chengwei Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
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Yang BC, Wu SY, Leung PS. Alcohol ingestion induces pancreatic islet dysfunction and apoptosis via mediation of FGF21 resistance. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:310. [PMID: 32355754 PMCID: PMC7186649 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2020.02.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Disruption of β-cell insulin secretion and viability caused by excessive ethanol consumption increases type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) pathogenesis risk. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) plays a significant role in regulating lipid and glucose homeostasis. Recently, FGF21, best known for its role in lipid and glucose homeostasis regulation, and its obligate co-receptor β-klotho have been shown to inhibit ethanol ingestion and metabolism. It remains unclear whether heavy ethanol intake modulates islet FGF21 expression and function. This study investigated the relationship between ethanol exposure, FGF21, and islet function in vivo/ex vivo islet and in vitro cell models. Methods Mice were gavaged with 3.5 g/kg ethanol or saline for 1–3 weeks (long-term exposure). Human MIN6 cells and isolated islets were cultured and treated with 80 mM ethanol for 24 h (short-term exposure) to mimic excessive ethanol consumption. We applied the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), blood glucometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISAs) for insulin and FGF21, glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) testing, reverse-transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and western blot experiments. Results Long-term ethanol treatment induced FGF21 resistance in mouse pancreatic islets. Moreover, ethanol exposure damaged insulin secretory ability and glucose homeostasis. In vitro and ex vivo experiments showed that short-term ethanol treatment upregulated the expression of FGF21 signaling pathway-related genes and proteins, without affecting β-cell survival or function. Conclusions Long-term ethanol consumption induces FGF21 resistance-mediated pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, and thus diabetes pathogenesis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Chen Yang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shang Ying Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Po Sing Leung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Gopal T, Kumar N, Perriotte-Olson C, Casey CA, Donohue TM, Harris EN, Talmon G, Kabanov AV, Saraswathi V. Nanoformulated SOD1 ameliorates the combined NASH and alcohol-associated liver disease partly via regulating CYP2E1 expression in adipose tissue and liver. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G428-G438. [PMID: 31928222 PMCID: PMC7099493 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00217.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced free fatty acid (FFA) flux from adipose tissue (AT) to liver plays an important role in the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and alcohol-associated liver disease (AALD). We determined the effectiveness of nanoformulated superoxide dismutase 1 (Nano) in attenuating liver injury in a mouse model exhibiting a combination of NASH and AALD. Male C57BL6/J mice were fed a chow diet (CD) or a high-fat diet (HF) for 10 wk followed by pair feeding of the Lieber-DeCarli control (control) or ethanol (ET) diet for 4 wk. Nano was administered once every other day for the last 2 wk of ET feeding. Mice were divided into 1) CD + control diet (CD + Cont), 2) high-fat diet (HF) + control diet (HF + Cont), 3) HF + Cont + Nano, 4) HF + ET diet (HF + ET), and 5) HF + ET + Nano. The total fat mass, visceral AT mass (VAT), and VAT perilipin 1 content were significantly lower only in HF + ET-fed mice but not in HF + ET + Nano-treated mice compared with controls. The HF + ET-fed mice showed an upregulation of VAT CYP2E1 protein, and Nano abrogated this effect. We noted a significant rise in plasma FFAs, ALT, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in HF + ET-fed mice, which was blunted in HF + ET + Nano-treated mice. HF + ET-induced increases in hepatic steatosis and inflammatory markers were attenuated upon Nano treatment. Nano reduced hepatic CYP2E1 and enhanced catalase levels in HF + ET-fed mice with a concomitant increase in SOD1 protein and activity in liver. Nano was effective in attenuating AT and liver injury in mice exhibiting a combination of NASH and AALD, partly via reduced CYP2E1-mediated ET metabolism in these organs.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Increased free fatty acid flux from adipose tissue (AT) to liver accompanied by oxidative stress promotes nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and alcohol-associated liver injury (AALD). Obesity increases the severity of AALD. Using a two-hit model involving a high-fat diet and chronic ethanol feeding to mice, and treating them with nanoformulated superoxide dismutase (nanoSOD), we have shown that nanoSOD improves AT lipid storage, reduces CYP2E1 in AT and liver, and attenuates the combined NASH/AALD in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiyagarajan Gopal
- 1Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Narendra Kumar
- 1Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Curtis Perriotte-Olson
- 1Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Carol A. Casey
- 2Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska,3Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Terrence M. Donohue
- 2Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska,3Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Edward N. Harris
- 4Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Geoffrey Talmon
- 5Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Alexander V. Kabanov
- 6Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Viswanathan Saraswathi
- 1Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska,3Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska
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Li Y, Chen M, Zhou Y, Tang C, Zhang W, Zhong Y, Chen Y, Zhou H, Sheng L. NIK links inflammation to hepatic steatosis by suppressing PPARα in alcoholic liver disease. Theranostics 2020; 10:3579-3593. [PMID: 32206109 PMCID: PMC7069072 DOI: 10.7150/thno.40149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Inflammation and steatosis are the main pathological features of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), in which, inflammation is one of the critical drivers for the initiation and development of alcoholic steatosis. NIK, an inflammatory pathway component activated by inflammatory cytokines, was suspected to link inflammation to hepatic steatosis during ALD. However, the underlying pathogenesis is not well-elucidated. Methods: Alcoholic steatosis was induced in mice by chronic-plus-binge ethanol feeding. Both the loss- and gain-of-function experiments by the hepatocyte-specific deletion, pharmacological inhibition and adenoviral transfection of NIK were utilized to elucidate the role of NIK in alcoholic steatosis. Rate of fatty acid oxidation was assessed in vivo and in vitro. PPARα agonists or antagonists of MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 were used to identify the NIK-induced regulation of PPARα, MEK1/2, and ERK1/2. The potential interactions between NIK, MEK1/2, ERK1/2 and PPARα and the phosphorylation of PPARα were clarified by immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting and far-western blotting analysis. Results: Hepatocyte-specific deletion of NIK protected mice from alcoholic steatosis by sustaining hepatic fatty acid oxidation. Moreover, overexpression of NIK contributed to hepatic lipid accumulation with disrupted fatty acid oxidation. The pathological effect of NIK in ALD may be attributed to the suppression of PPARα, the main controller of fatty acid oxidation in the liver, because PPARα agonists reversed NIK-mediated hepatic steatosis and malfunction of fatty acid oxidation. Mechanistically, NIK recruited MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 to form a complex that catalyzed the inhibitory phosphorylation of PPARα. Importantly, pharmacological intervention against NIK significantly attenuated alcoholic steatosis in ethanol-fed mice. Conclusions: NIK targeting PPARα via MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 disrupts hepatic fatty acid oxidation and exhibits high value in ALD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Mingming Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Chuanfeng Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Ying Zhong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Yadong Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Liang Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
- Key Laboratory of Rare Metabolic Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jiangsu Province People's Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
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41
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Jeon S, Carr R. Alcohol effects on hepatic lipid metabolism. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:470-479. [PMID: 32029510 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r119000547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is the most prevalent type of chronic liver disease with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. ALD begins with simple hepatic steatosis and progresses to alcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. The severity of hepatic steatosis is highly associated with the development of later stages of ALD. This review explores the disturbances of alcohol-induced hepatic lipid metabolism through altered hepatic lipid uptake, de novo lipid synthesis, fatty acid oxidation, hepatic lipid export, and lipid droplet formation and catabolism. In addition, we review emerging data on the contributions of genetics and bioactive lipid metabolism in alcohol-induced hepatic lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sookyoung Jeon
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Rotonya Carr
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Hernandez G, Luo T, Javed TA, Wen L, Kalwat MA, Vale K, Ammouri F, Husain SZ, Kliewer SA, Mangelsdorf DJ. Pancreatitis is an FGF21-deficient state that is corrected by replacement therapy. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:eaay5186. [PMID: 31915301 PMCID: PMC7034981 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay5186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The exocrine pancreas expresses the highest concentrations of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in the body, where it maintains acinar cell proteostasis. Here, we showed in both mice and humans that acute and chronic pancreatitis is associated with a loss of FGF21 expression due to activation of the integrated stress response (ISR) pathway. Mechanistically, we found that activation of the ISR in cultured acinar cells and mouse pancreata induced the expression of ATF3, a transcriptional repressor that directly bound to specific sites on the Fgf21 promoter and resulted in loss of FGF21 expression. These ATF3 binding sites are conserved in the human FGF21 promoter. Consistent with the mouse studies, we also observed the reciprocal expression of ATF3 and FGF21 in the pancreata of human patients with pancreatitis. Using three different mouse models of pancreatitis, we showed that pharmacologic replacement of FGF21 mitigated the ISR and resolved pancreatitis. Likewise, inhibition of the ISR with an inhibitor of the PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) also restored FGF21 expression and alleviated pancreatitis. These findings highlight the importance of FGF21 in preserving exocrine pancreas function and suggest its therapeutic use for prevention and treatment of pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genaro Hernandez
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ting Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tanveer A Javed
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Li Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Michael A Kalwat
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Kevin Vale
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Farah Ammouri
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sohail Z Husain
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Steven A Kliewer
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - David J Mangelsdorf
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Li Y, Chao X, Wang S, Williams JA, Ni HM, Ding WX. Role of Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin and Autophagy in Alcohol-Induced Adipose Atrophy and Liver Injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:158-175. [PMID: 31733185 PMCID: PMC6940593 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic alcohol consumption induces adipose tissue atrophy. However, the mechanisms for how alcohol induces lipodystrophy and its impact on liver steatosis and injury are not fully elucidated. Autophagy is a highly conserved lysosomal degradation pathway, which regulates cellular homeostasis. Mice with autophagy deficiency in adipose tissue have impaired adipogenesis. However, whether autophagy plays a role in alcohol-induced adipose atrophy and how altered adipocyte autophagy contributes to alcohol-induced liver injury remain unclear. To determine the role of adipose autophagy and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) in alcohol-induced adipose and liver pathogenesis, we generated adipocyte-specific Atg5 knockout (KO), adipocyte-specific mTOR KO, adipocyte-specific Raptor KO, and adipocyte-specific tuberous sclerosis complex 1 KO mice by crossing floxed mice with Adipoq-Cre. The KO mice and their matched wild-type mice were challenged with chronic-plus-binge alcohol mouse model. Chronic-plus-binge alcohol induced adipose atrophy with increased autophagy and decreased Akt/mTOR signaling in epididymal adipose tissue in wild-type mice. Adipocyte-specific Raptor KO mice experienced exacerbated alcohol-induced steatosis, but neither adipocyte-specific mTOR nor adipocyte-specific tuberous sclerosis complex 1 KO mice exhibited similar detrimental effects. Adipocyte-specific Atg5 KO mice had increased circulating levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 and adiponectin and were resistant to alcohol-induced adipose atrophy and liver injury. In conclusion, autophagy deficiency in adipose tissue leads to reduced sensitivity to alcohol-induced adipose atrophy, which ameliorates alcohol-induced liver injury in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Xiaojuan Chao
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Shaogui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Jessica A Williams
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Hong-Min Ni
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.
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Fulham MA, Ratna A, Gerstein RM, Kurt-Jones EA, Mandrekar P. Alcohol-induced adipose tissue macrophage phenotypic switching is independent of myeloid Toll-like receptor 4 expression. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C687-C700. [PMID: 31268779 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00276.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease results from a combination of immune and metabolic pathogenic events. In addition to liver injury, chronic alcohol consumption also causes adipose tissue inflammation. The specific immune mechanisms that drive this process are unknown. Here, we sought to determine the role of the innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in alcohol-induced adipose tissue inflammation. Using a model of chronic, multiple-binge alcohol exposure, we showed that alcohol-mediated accumulation of proinflammatory adipose tissue macrophages was absent in global TLR4 knockout mice. Proinflammatory macrophage accumulation did not depend on macrophage TLR4 expression; LysMCre-driven deletion of Tlr4 from myeloid cells did not affect circulating endotoxin or the accumulation of M1 macrophages in adipose tissue following alcohol exposure. Proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine production in the adipose stromal vascular fraction also occurred independently of TLR4. Finally, the levels of other adipose immune cells, such as dendritic cells, neutrophils, B cells, and T cells, were modulated by chronic, multiple-binge alcohol and the presence of TLR4. Together, these data indicate that TLR4 expression on cells, other than myeloid cells, is important for the alcohol-induced increase in proinflammatory adipose tissue macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Fulham
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Anuradha Ratna
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Rachel M Gerstein
- Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Evelyn A Kurt-Jones
- Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Pranoti Mandrekar
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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Keuper M, Häring HU, Staiger H. Circulating FGF21 Levels in Human Health and Metabolic Disease. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2019; 128:752-770. [PMID: 31108554 DOI: 10.1055/a-0879-2968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is primarily produced and secreted by the liver as a hepatokine. This hormone circulates to its target tissues (e. g., brain, adipose tissue), which requires two components, one of the preferred FGF receptor isoforms (FGFR1c and FGFR3c) and the co-factor beta-Klotho (KLB) to trigger downstream signaling pathways. Although targeting FGF21 signaling in humans by analogues and receptor agonists results in beneficial effects, e. g., improvements in plasma lipids and decreased body weight, it failed to recapitulate the improvements in glucose handling shown for many mouse models. FGF21's role and metabolic effects in mice and its therapeutic potential have extensively been reviewed elsewhere. In this review we focus on circulating FGF21 levels in humans and their associations with disease and clinical parameters, focusing primarily on obesity and obesity-associated diseases such as type-2 diabetes. We provide a comprehensive overview on human circulating FGF21 levels under normal physiology and metabolic disease. We discuss the emerging field of inactivating FGF21 in human blood by fibroblast activation protein (FAP) and its potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Keuper
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Molecular Bioscience, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Interfaculty Centre for Pharmacogenomics and Pharma Research at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology, and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Harald Staiger
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Interfaculty Centre for Pharmacogenomics and Pharma Research at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) dysfunction is generally thought to promote the development of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) in alcoholics by releasing free fatty acids and inflammatory mediators. This explains, at least in part, the synergistic or additive effects of alcohol and obesity on liver disease progression. In this issue of the JCI, Shen et al. establish a previously unrecognized concept that brain alcohol sensing enhances thermogenesis of brown adipose tissue (BAT) through sympathetic nerve activation. BAT functions as hepatoprotective machinery to counteract the development of ALD, implying a therapeutic potential of BAT activity modulation for the treatment of ALD.
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47
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Cornelis MC. Genetic determinants of beverage consumption: Implications for nutrition and health. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2019; 89:1-52. [PMID: 31351524 PMCID: PMC7047661 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Beverages make important contributions to nutritional intake and their role in health has received much attention. This review focuses on the genetic determinants of common beverage consumption and how research in this field is contributing insight to what and how much we consume and why this genetic knowledge matters from a research and public health perspective. The earliest efforts in gene-beverage behavior mapping involved genetic linkage and candidate gene analysis but these approaches have been largely replaced by genome-wide association studies (GWAS). GWAS have identified biologically plausible loci underlying alcohol and coffee drinking behavior. No GWAS has identified variants specifically associated with consumption of tea, juice, soda, wine, beer, milk or any other common beverage. Thus far, GWAS highlight an important behavior-reward component (as opposed to taste) to beverage consumption which may serve as a potential barrier to dietary interventions. Loci identified have been used in Mendelian randomization and gene×beverage interaction analysis of disease but results have been mixed. This research is necessary as it informs the clinical relevance of SNP-beverage associations and thus genotype-based personalized nutrition, which is gaining interest in the commercial and public health sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn C Cornelis
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.
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48
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Shen H, Jiang L, Lin JD, Omary MB, Rui L. Brown fat activation mitigates alcohol-induced liver steatosis and injury in mice. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:2305-2317. [PMID: 30888335 DOI: 10.1172/jci124376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol consumption causes liver injury, inflammation and fibrosis, thereby increasing morbidity and mortality. Paradoxically, modest drinking is believed to confer metabolic improvement, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here, we have identified a novel hepatoprotective brain/brown adipose tissue (BAT)/liver axis. Alcohol consumption or direct alcohol administration into the brain stimulated hypothalamic neural circuits and sympathetic nerves innervating BAT, and dramatically increased BAT uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) expression and activity in a BAT sympathetic nerve-dependent manner. BAT and beige fat oxidized fatty acids to fuel Ucp1-mediated thermogenesis, thereby inhibiting lipid trafficking into the liver. BAT also secreted several adipokines, including adiponectin that suppressed hepatocyte injury and death. Genetic deletion of Ucp1 profoundly augmented alcohol-induced liver steatosis, injury, inflammation and fibrosis in male and female mice. Conversely, activation of BAT and beige fat through cold exposure suppressed alcoholic liver disease development. Our results unravel an unrecognized brain alcohol-sensing/sympathetic nerve/BAT/liver axis that counteracts liver steatosis and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shen
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology
| | - Lin Jiang
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology
| | - Jiandie D Lin
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, and
| | - M Bishr Omary
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Liangyou Rui
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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49
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Ford SM, Simon Peter L, Berner P, Cook G, Vande Stouwe C, Dufour J, Bagby G, Nelson S, Molina PE. Differential contribution of chronic binge alcohol and antiretroviral therapy to metabolic dysregulation in SIV-infected male macaques. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E892-E903. [PMID: 30040479 PMCID: PMC6293168 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00175.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of alcohol use disorder (AUD) is higher among people living with HIV (PLWH). The advent and continued development of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has significantly reduced mortality, shifting the course of HIV infection to a chronic illness. However, this is associated with an increased incidence of comorbid conditions, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular complications. Using a nonhuman primate model of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection, previous studies have demonstrated that chronic binge alcohol (CBA) administration decreases whole body insulin responsiveness, irrespective of ART administration. The objective of the current study was to determine the effects of CBA and ART on insulin-sensitive peripheral tissues before the development of overt clinical symptoms of SIV disease. Our results show that CBA reduced omental adipocyte cell size, increased collagen expression, and decreased the in vitro differentiation potential of adipose-derived stem cells. In contrast, it did not alter skeletal muscle or omental or hepatic expression of insulin signaling proteins. However, ART significantly decreased skeletal muscle expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog, total mechanistic target of rapamycin, and ribosomal protein S6. In addition, ART increased hepatic phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase α and increased gene expression of key enzymes required for gluconeogenesis and fatty acid synthesis. These findings suggest that CBA and ART differentially promote adverse metabolic effects in an organ-specific manner that may underlie insulin resistance associated with alcohol, SIV, and ART. Whether this is translated in PLWH with AUD remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Ford
- Department of Physiology, Comprehensive Alcohol Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Liz Simon Peter
- Department of Physiology, Comprehensive Alcohol Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Paul Berner
- Department of Physiology, Comprehensive Alcohol Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Garth Cook
- Department of Physiology, Comprehensive Alcohol Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Curtis Vande Stouwe
- Department of Physiology, Comprehensive Alcohol Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jason Dufour
- Divison of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center , Covington, Louisiana
| | - Gregory Bagby
- Department of Physiology, Comprehensive Alcohol Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Steve Nelson
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Patricia E Molina
- Department of Physiology, Comprehensive Alcohol Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , New Orleans, Louisiana
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50
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Sivanesan S, Taylor A, Zhang J, Bakovic M. Betaine and Choline Improve Lipid Homeostasis in Obesity by Participation in Mitochondrial Oxidative Demethylation. Front Nutr 2018; 5:61. [PMID: 30042948 PMCID: PMC6048254 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the metabolic effects of betaine (Bet) supplementation on CTP:phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase/Pcyt2 heterozygous mice (HET). HET received either no treatment or were allowed access to 1% Bet supplemented water for 8 weeks. As we previously showed with choline (Cho), Bet improved hypertriglyceridemia, and hepatic steatosis in HET. The protection from obesity associated with reduced hepatic steatosis and increased lipid breakdown in adipocytes was attributed to increased energy requirements for metabolism and elimination of supplemented Bet and Cho. 1H-NMR-based profiling revealed metabolic changes caused by Bet and Cho supplementation. Cho increased the citric acid cycle intermediate succinic acid while reducing isoleucine, valine, threonine, and lysine. Bet increased α-ketoglutaric acid and did not stimulate catabolism of amino acids. Increased histidine and alanine are specific biomarkers for Bet treatment. Cho and Bet caused glycerol accumulation and reduced sarcosine, taurine, acetate, and β-hydroxybutyrate levels. These data provide new insights on how Cho and Bet supplementation can aid in treatment of obesity related disorders due to their positive effects on lipolysis, the citric acid cycle, and mitochondrial oxidative demethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugashan Sivanesan
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Adrian Taylor
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Junzeng Zhang
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Marica Bakovic
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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