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Fleishman JS, Kumar S. Bile acid metabolism and signaling in health and disease: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:97. [PMID: 38664391 PMCID: PMC11045871 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01811-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bile acids, once considered mere dietary surfactants, now emerge as critical modulators of macronutrient (lipid, carbohydrate, protein) metabolism and the systemic pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory balance. Bile acid metabolism and signaling pathways play a crucial role in protecting against, or if aberrant, inducing cardiometabolic, inflammatory, and neoplastic conditions, strongly influencing health and disease. No curative treatment exists for any bile acid influenced disease, while the most promising and well-developed bile acid therapeutic was recently rejected by the FDA. Here, we provide a bottom-up approach on bile acids, mechanistically explaining their biochemistry, physiology, and pharmacology at canonical and non-canonical receptors. Using this mechanistic model of bile acids, we explain how abnormal bile acid physiology drives disease pathogenesis, emphasizing how ceramide synthesis may serve as a unifying pathogenic feature for cardiometabolic diseases. We provide an in-depth summary on pre-existing bile acid receptor modulators, explain their shortcomings, and propose solutions for how they may be remedied. Lastly, we rationalize novel targets for further translational drug discovery and provide future perspectives. Rather than dismissing bile acid therapeutics due to recent setbacks, we believe that there is immense clinical potential and a high likelihood for the future success of bile acid therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Fleishman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA.
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2
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Groenen C, Nguyen TA, Paulusma C, van de Graaf S. Bile salt signaling and bile salt-based therapies in cardiometabolic disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2024; 138:1-21. [PMID: 38180064 PMCID: PMC10767275 DOI: 10.1042/cs20230934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Bile salts have an established role in the emulsification and intestinal absorption of dietary lipids, and their homeostasis is tightly controlled by various transporters and regulators in the enterohepatic circulation. Notably, emerging evidence points toward bile salts as major modulators of cardiometabolic disease (CMD), an umbrella disease of disorders affecting the heart and blood vessels that is caused by systemic metabolic diseases such as Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), the latter encompassing also metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). The underlying mechanisms of protective effects of bile salts are their hormonal properties, enabling them to exert versatile metabolic effects by activating various bile salt-responsive signaling receptors with the nuclear farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) as most extensively investigated. Activation of FXR and TGR5 is involved in the regulation of glucose, lipid and energy metabolism, and inflammation. Bile salt-based therapies directly targeting FXR and TGR5 signaling have been evaluated for their therapeutic potential in CMD. More recently, therapeutics targeting bile salt transporters thereby modulating bile salt localization, dynamics, and signaling, have been developed and evaluated in CMD. Here, we discuss the current knowledge on the contribution of bile salt signaling in the pathogenesis of CMD and the potential of bile salt-based therapies for the treatment of CMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire C.J. Groenen
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, The Netherlands
| | - Thuc-Anh Nguyen
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, The Netherlands
| | - Coen C. Paulusma
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, The Netherlands
| | - Stan F.J. van de Graaf
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, The Netherlands
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3
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Zhang M, Xiao B, Chen X, Ou B, Wang S. Physical exercise plays a role in rebalancing the bile acids of enterohepatic axis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14065. [PMID: 38037846 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered as one of the most common diseases of lipid metabolism disorders, which is closely related to bile acids disorders and gut microbiota disorders. Bile acids are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver, and processed by gut microbiota in intestinal tract, and participate in metabolic regulation through the enterohepatic circulation. Bile acids not only promote the consumption and absorption of intestinal fat but also play an important role in biological metabolic signaling network, affecting fat metabolism and glucose metabolism. Studies have demonstrated that exercise plays an important role in regulating the composition and function of bile acid pool in enterohepatic axis, which maintains the homeostasis of the enterohepatic circulation and the health of the host gut microbiota. Exercise has been recommended by several health guidelines as the first-line intervention for patients with NAFLD. Can exercise alter bile acids through the microbiota in the enterohepatic axis? If so, regulating bile acids through exercise may be a promising treatment strategy for NAFLD. However, the specific mechanisms underlying this potential connection are largely unknown. Therefore, in this review, we tried to review the relationship among NAFLD, physical exercise, bile acids, and gut microbiota through the existing data and literature, highlighting the role of physical exercise in rebalancing bile acid and microbial dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyu Zhang
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biyang Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Xiaoqi Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Bingming Ou
- College of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songtao Wang
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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4
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Liu Y, Xiao H, Wang Z, Pan Q, Zhao X, Lu B. Interactions between dietary cholesterol and intestinal flora and their effects on host health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37947307 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2276883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between dietary cholesterol and intestinal microbiota strongly affect host health. In recent years, relevant studies have greatly advanced this field and need to be summarized to deepen the understanding of dietary cholesterol-intestinal microbiota interactions and their effects on host health. This review covers the most recent frontiers on the effects of dietary cholesterol on the intestinal microbiota and its metabolites, the metabolism of cholesterol by the intestinal microbiota, and the effects of the interactions on host health. Several animal-feeding studies reported that dietary cholesterol altered different intestinal microbiota in the body, while mainly causing alterations in intestinal microbial metabolites such as bile acids, short-chain fatty acids, and tryptophan derivatives. Alterations in these metabolites may be a novel mechanism mediating cholesterol-related diseases. The cholesterol microbial metabolite, coprostanol, has a low absorption rate and is excreted in the feces. Thus, microbial conversion of cholesterol-to-coprostanol may be an important way of cholesterol-lowering by the organism. Cholesterol-3-sulfate is a recently discovered microbial metabolite of cholesterol, mainly metabolized by Bacteroides containing the Bt_0416 gene. Its effects on host health have been preliminarily characterized and are mainly related to immune modulation and repair of the intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation and Health Benefit of Agro-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Risk Assessment of Agro-Products Storage and Preservation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation and Health Benefit of Agro-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Risk Assessment of Agro-Products Storage and Preservation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Zhangtie Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation and Health Benefit of Agro-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Risk Assessment of Agro-Products Storage and Preservation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Qiannan Pan
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation and Health Benefit of Agro-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Risk Assessment of Agro-Products Storage and Preservation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xi Zhao
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation and Health Benefit of Agro-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Risk Assessment of Agro-Products Storage and Preservation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Baiyi Lu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation and Health Benefit of Agro-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Risk Assessment of Agro-Products Storage and Preservation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
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Lee H, Liu X, An JP, Wang Y. Identification of Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) from Orange Peel and Their Inhibitory Effects on the Formation of Trimethylamine (TMA) and Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) Using cntA/B and cutC/D Enzymes and Molecular Docking. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:16114-16124. [PMID: 37851928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the inhibitory effects of polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) on enzymes involved in the production of trimethylamine (TMA) and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). PMFs were isolated from Valencia orange peel and identified using column separation and NMR techniques. The findings reveal that nobiletin and 3,6,7,8,2',5'-hexamethoxyflavone significantly suppress cntA/B and cutC/D, respectively. Furthermore, 3,6,7,8,2',5'-hexamethoxyflavone decreases the level of TMAO formation by suppressing the FMO3 mRNA level. This study elucidates that specific structural features of PMFs can contribute to their interactions with enzymes. Our study represents the first demonstration of the ability of PMFs to mitigate the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) by inhibiting enzymes responsible for TMA production, which are generated by gut microbiomes. Furthermore, we introduce a novel model system utilizing TMA-induced HepG2 cells to assess and compare the inhibitory effects of PMFs on TMAO production. These findings could pave the way for the development of novel therapeutic approaches to manage CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Lee
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, United States
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, United States
| | - Jin-Pyo An
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, United States
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, United States
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Yntema T, Koonen DPY, Kuipers F. Emerging Roles of Gut Microbial Modulation of Bile Acid Composition in the Etiology of Cardiovascular Diseases. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081850. [PMID: 37111068 PMCID: PMC10141989 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in preventive measures and treatment options, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the number one cause of death globally. Recent research has challenged the traditional risk factor profile and highlights the potential contribution of non-traditional factors in CVD, such as the gut microbiota and its metabolites. Disturbances in the gut microbiota have been repeatedly associated with CVD, including atherosclerosis and hypertension. Mechanistic studies support a causal role of microbiota-derived metabolites in disease development, such as short-chain fatty acids, trimethylamine-N-oxide, and bile acids, with the latter being elaborately discussed in this review. Bile acids represent a class of cholesterol derivatives that is essential for intestinal absorption of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins, plays an important role in cholesterol turnover and, as more recently discovered, acts as a group of signaling molecules that exerts hormonal functions throughout the body. Studies have shown mediating roles of bile acids in the control of lipid metabolism, immunity, and heart function. Consequently, a picture has emerged of bile acids acting as integrators and modulators of cardiometabolic pathways, highlighting their potential as therapeutic targets in CVD. In this review, we provide an overview of alterations in the gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism found in CVD patients, describe the molecular mechanisms through which bile acids may modulate CVD risk, and discuss potential bile-acid-based treatment strategies in relation to CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess Yntema
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Debby P Y Koonen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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7
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Hepatic and renal improvements with FXR agonist vonafexor in individuals with suspected fibrotic NASH. J Hepatol 2023; 78:479-492. [PMID: 36334688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The LIVIFY trial investigated the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of vonafexor, a second-generation, non-bile acid farnesoid X receptor agonist in patients with suspected fibrotic non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). METHODS This double-blind phase IIa study was conducted in two parts. Patients were randomised (1:1:1:1) to receive placebo, vonafexor 100 mg twice daily (VONA-100BID), vonafexor 200 mg once daily (VONA-200QD), or 400 mg vonafexor QD (VONA-400QD) in Part A (safety run-in, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics) or placebo, vonafexor 100 mg QD (VONA-100QD), or VONA-200QD (1:1:1) in Part B. The primary efficacy endpoint was a reduction in liver fat content (LFC) by MRI-proton density fat fraction, while secondary endpoints included reduced corrected T1 values and liver enzymes, from baseline to Week 12. RESULTS One hundred and twenty patients were randomised (Part A, n = 24; Part B, n = 96). In Part B, there was a significant reduction in least-square mean (SE) absolute change in LFC from baseline to Week 12 for VONA-100QD (-6.3% [0.9]) and VONA-200QD (-5.4% [0.9]), vs. placebo (-2.3% [0.9], p = 0.002 and 0.012, respectively). A >30% relative LFC reduction was achieved by 50.0% and 39.3% of patients in the VONA-100QD and VONA-200QD arms, respectively, but only in 12.5% in the placebo arm. Reductions in body weight, liver enzymes, and corrected T1 were also observed with vonafexor. Creatinine-based glomerular filtration rate improved in the active arms but not the placebo arm. Mild to moderate generalised pruritus was reported in 6.3%, 9.7%, and 18.2% of participants in the placebo, VONA-100QD, and VONA-200QD arms, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In patients with suspected fibrotic NASH, vonafexor was safe and induced potent liver fat reduction, improvement in liver enzymes, weight loss, and a possible renal benefit. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER (EUDRACT) 2018-003119-22. CLINICALTRIALS GOV IDENTIFIER NCT03812029. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has become a leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Affected patients are also at higher risk of developing chronic kidney disease. There are no approved therapies and only few options to treat this population. The phase IIa LIVIFY trial results show that single daily administration of oral vonafexor, an FXR agonist, leads in the short term to a reduction in liver fat, liver enzymes, fibrosis biomarkers, body weight and abdominal circumference, and a possible improvement in kidney function, while possible mild moderate pruritus (a peripheral FXR class effect) and an LDL-cholesterol increase are manageable with lower doses and statins. These results support exploration in longer and larger trials, with the aim of addressing the unmet medical need in NASH.
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8
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Jia B, Zou Y, Han X, Bae JW, Jeon CO. Gut microbiome-mediated mechanisms for reducing cholesterol levels: implications for ameliorating cardiovascular disease. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:76-91. [PMID: 36008191 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a health problem worldwide, and elevated cholesterol levels are a key risk factor for the disease. Dysbiotic gut microbiota has been shown to be associated with CVD development. However, the beneficial effects of healthy microbiota in decreasing cholesterol levels have not been summarized. Herein, we begin by discussing the potential mechanisms by which the gut microbiota reduces cholesterol levels. We further sketch the application of probiotics from the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in reducing cholesterol levels in clinical studies. Finally, we present the cholesterol-lowering function of beneficial commensal microbes, such as Akkermansia and Bacteroides spp., as these microbes have potential to be the next-generation probiotics (NGPs). The information reviewed in this paper will help people to understand how the gut microbiome might alter cholesterol metabolism and enable the development of NGPs to prevent and treat CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolei Jia
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | | | - Xiao Han
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jin-Woo Bae
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Che Ok Jeon
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
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Cao H, Zhu Y, Hu G, Zhang Q, Zheng L. Gut microbiome and metabolites, the future direction of diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis? Pharmacol Res 2023; 187:106586. [PMID: 36460280 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease has mainly been through an LDL lowering strategy and treatments targeting other traditional risk factors for atherosclerosis, which has significantly reduced cardiovascular mortality. However, the overall benefit of targeting these risk factors has stagnated, and the discovery of new therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis remains a challenge. Accumulating evidence from clinical and animal experiments has revealed that the gut microbiome play a significant role in human health and disease, including cardiovascular diseases. The gut microbiome contribute to host health and disease through microbial composition and function. The gut microbiome function like an endocrine organ by generating bioactive metabolites that can impact atherosclerosis. In this review, we describe two gut microbial metabolites/pathways by which the gut affects atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. On the one hand, we discuss the effects of trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), bile acids and aromatic amino acid metabolites on the development of atherosclerosis, and the protective effects of beneficial metabolites short chain amino acids and polyamines on atherosclerosis. On the other hand, we discuss novel therapeutic strategies for directly targeting gut microbial metabolites to improve cardiovascular outcomes. Reducing gut-derived TMAO levels and interfering with the bile acid receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) are new therapeutic strategies for atherosclerotic disease. Enzymes and receptors in gut microbiota metabolic pathways are potential new drug targets. We need solid insight into these underlying mechanisms to pave the way for therapeutic strategies targeting gut microbial metabolites/pathways for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Cao
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, The Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yujie Zhu
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, The Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Gaofei Hu
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, The Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, The Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lemin Zheng
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, The Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
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Mutalub YB, Abdulwahab M, Mohammed A, Yahkub AM, AL-Mhanna SB, Yusof W, Tang SP, Rasool AHG, Mokhtar SS. Gut Microbiota Modulation as a Novel Therapeutic Strategy in Cardiometabolic Diseases. Foods 2022; 11:2575. [PMID: 36076760 PMCID: PMC9455664 DOI: 10.3390/foods11172575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut harbors microbial ecology that is in a symbiotic relationship with its host and has a vital function in keeping host homeostasis. Inimical alterations in the composition of gut microbiota, known as gut dysbiosis, have been associated with cardiometabolic diseases. Studies have revealed the variation in gut microbiota composition in healthy individuals as compared to the composition of those with cardiometabolic diseases. Perturbation of host-microbial interaction attenuates physiological processes and may incite several cardiometabolic disease pathways. This imbalance contributes to cardiometabolic diseases via metabolism-independent and metabolite-dependent pathways. The aim of this review was to elucidate studies that have demonstrated the complex relationship between the intestinal microbiota as well as their metabolites and the development/progression of cardiometabolic diseases. Furthermore, we systematically itemized the potential therapeutic approaches for cardiometabolic diseases that target gut microbiota and/or their metabolites by following the pathophysiological pathways of disease development. These approaches include the use of diet, prebiotics, and probiotics. With the exposition of the link between gut microbiota and cardiometabolic diseases, the human gut microbiota therefore becomes a potential therapeutic target in the development of novel cardiometabolic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahkub Babatunde Mutalub
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia or
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medical Sciences, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi 74027, Nigeria
| | - Monsurat Abdulwahab
- Department of Midwifery, College of Nursing Sciences, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital, Bauchi 74027, Nigeria
| | - Alkali Mohammed
- Department of Medicine, College of Medical Sciences, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi 74027, Nigeria
| | - Aishat Mutalib Yahkub
- College of Medical Sciences, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi 74027, Nigeria
| | - Sameer Badri AL-Mhanna
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Wardah Yusof
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Suk Peng Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia or
| | - Aida Hanum Ghulam Rasool
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia or
| | - Siti Safiah Mokhtar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia or
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11
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Panzitt K, Zollner G, Marschall HU, Wagner M. Recent advances on FXR-targeting therapeutics. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 552:111678. [PMID: 35605722 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The bile acid receptor FXR has emerged as a bona fide drug target for chronic cholestatic and metabolic liver diseases, ahead of all non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). FXR is highly expressed in the liver and intestine and activation at both sites differentially contributes to its desired metabolic effects. Unrestricted FXR activation, however, also comes along with undesired effects such as a pro-atherogenic lipid profile, pruritus and hepatocellular toxicity under certain conditions. Several pre-clinical studies have confirmed the potency of FXR activation for cholestatic and metabolic liver diseases, but overall it remains still open whether selective activation of intestinal FXR is advantageous over pan-FXR activation and whether restricted or modulated FXR activation can limit some of the side effects. Even more, FXR antagonist also bear the potential as intestinal-selective drugs in NAFLD models. In this review we will discuss the molecular prerequisites for FXR activation, pan-FXR activation and intestinal FXR in/activation from a therapeutic point of view, different steroidal and non-steroidal FXR agonists, ways to restrict FXR activation and finally what we have learned from pre-clinical models and clinical trials with different FXR therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Panzitt
- Research Unit for Translational Nuclear Receptor Research, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gernot Zollner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hanns-Ulrich Marschall
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Wagner
- Research Unit for Translational Nuclear Receptor Research, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria.
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12
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Zhou W, Anakk S. Enterohepatic and non-canonical roles of farnesoid X receptor in controlling lipid and glucose metabolism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 549:111616. [PMID: 35304191 PMCID: PMC9245558 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor that transcriptionally regulates bile acid homeostasis along with nutrient metabolism. In addition to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, FXR expression has been widely noted in kidney, adrenal gland, pancreas, adipose, skeletal muscle, heart, and brain. Except for the liver and gut, the relevance of FXR signaling in metabolism in other tissues remains poorly understood. This review examines the classical and non-canonical tissue-specific roles of FXR in regulating, lipids, and glucose homeostasis under normal and diseased states. FXR activation has been reported to be protective against cholestasis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and kidney diseases. Several ongoing clinical trials are investigating FXR ligands as a therapeutic target for primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and NASH, which substantiate the significance of FXR signaling in modulating metabolic processes. This review highlights that FXR ligands, albeit an attractive therapeutic target for treating metabolic diseases, tissue-specific modulation of FXR may be the key to overcoming some of the adverse clinical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sayeepriyadarshini Anakk
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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13
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Zhang X, Gérard P. Diet-gut microbiota interactions on cardiovascular disease. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:1528-1540. [PMID: 35422966 PMCID: PMC8983311 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels and remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Over the past decades, accumulating studies indicated that the gut microbiota, an indispensable "invisible organ", plays a vital role in human metabolism and disease states including CVD. Among many endogenous and exogenous factors that can impact gut microbial communities, the dietary nutrients emerge as an essential component of host-microbiota relationships that can be involved in CVD susceptibility. In this review, we summarize the major concepts of dietary modulation of the gut microbiota and the chief principles of the involvement of this microbiota in CVD development. We also discuss the mechanisms of diet-microbiota crosstalk that regulate CVD progression, including endotoxemia, inflammation, gut barrier dysfunction and lipid metabolism dysfunction. In addition, we describe how metabolites produced by the microbiota, including trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), secondary bile acids (BAs), short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as well as aromatic amino acids (AAAs) derived metabolites play a role in CVD pathogenesis. Finally, we present the potential dietary interventions which interacted with gut microbiota as novel preventive and therapeutic strategies for CVD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufei Zhang
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Philippe Gérard
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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14
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Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is a prime example of a systems disease. In the initial phase, apolipoprotein B-containing cholesterol-rich lipoproteins deposit excess cholesterol in macrophage-like cells that subsequently develop into foam cells. A multitude of systemic as well as environmental factors are involved in further progression of atherosclerotic plaque formation. In recent years, both oral and gut microbiota have been proposed to play an important role in the process at different stages. Particularly bacteria from the oral cavity may easily reach the circulation and cause low-grade inflammation, a recognized risk factor for ASCVD. Gut-derived microbiota on the other hand can influence host metabolism on various levels. Next to translocation across the intestinal wall, these prokaryotes produce a great number of specific metabolites such as trimethylamine and short-chain fatty acids but can also metabolize endogenously formed bile acids and convert these into metabolites that may influence signal transduction pathways. In this overview, we critically discuss the novel developments in this rapidly emerging research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Herrema
- Departments of Internal and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Departments of Internal and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- Departments of Internal and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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15
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Lee Y, Kim BR, Kang GH, Lee GJ, Park YJ, Kim H, Jang HC, Choi SH. The Effects of PPAR Agonists on Atherosclerosis and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in ApoE-/-FXR-/- Mice. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2021; 36:1243-1253. [PMID: 34986301 PMCID: PMC8743579 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2021.1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a bile acid-activated nuclear receptor, is a potent regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism as well as of bile acid metabolism. Previous studies have demonstrated that FXR deficiency is associated with metabolic derangements, including atherosclerosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but its mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of FXR in atherosclerosis and NAFLD and the effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists in mouse models with FXR deficiency. METHODS En face lipid accumulation analysis, liver histology, serum levels of glucose and lipids, and mRNA expression of genes related to lipid metabolism were compared between apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-/- and ApoE-/-FXR-/- mice. The effects of PPARα and PPARγ agonists were also compared in both groups of mice. RESULTS Compared with ApoE-/- mice, ApoE-/-FXR-/- mice showed more severe atherosclerosis, hepatic steatosis, and higher levels of serum cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides, accompanied by increased mRNA expression of FAS, ApoC2, TNFα, IL-6 (liver), ATGL, TGH, HSL, and MGL (adipocytes), and decreased mRNA expressions of CPT2 (liver) and Tfam (skeletal muscle). Treatment with a PPARα agonist, but not with a PPARγ agonist, partly reversed atherosclerosis and hepatic steatosis, and decreased plasma triglyceride levels in the ApoE-/-FXR-/- mice, in association with increased mRNA expression of CD36 and FATP and decreased expression of ApoC2 and ApoC3 (liver). CONCLUSION Loss of FXR is associated with aggravation of atherosclerosis and hepatic steatosis in ApoE-deficient mice, which could be reversed by a PPARα agonist through induction of fatty acid uptake, β-oxidation, and triglyceride hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yenna Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Bo-Rahm Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Geun-Hyung Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Gwan Jae Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Young Joo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Haeryoung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hak Chul Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Hee Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Corresponding author: Sung Hee Choi Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 82 Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13620, Korea Tel: +82-31-787-7029, Fax: +82-31-787-4052, E-mail:
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16
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Chong Nguyen C, Duboc D, Rainteau D, Sokol H, Humbert L, Seksik P, Bellino A, Abdoul H, Bouazza N, Treluyer JM, Saadi M, Wahbi K, Soliman H, Coffin B, Bado A, Le Gall M, Varenne O, Duboc H. Circulating bile acids concentration is predictive of coronary artery disease in human. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22661. [PMID: 34811445 PMCID: PMC8608912 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02144-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetized by the liver and metabolized by the gut microbiota, BA are involved in metabolic liver diseases that are associated with cardiovascular disorders. Animal models of atheroma documented a powerful anti-atherosclerotic effect of bile acids (BA). This prospective study examined whether variations in circulating BA are predictive of coronary artery disease (CAD) in human. Consecutive patients undergoing coronary angiography were enrolled. Circulating and fecal BA were measured by high pressure liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Of 406 screened patients, 80 were prospectively included and divided in two groups with (n = 45) and without (n = 35) CAD. The mean serum concentration of total BA was twice lower in patients with, versus without CAD (P = 0.005). Adjusted for gender and age, this decrease was an independent predictor of CAD. In a subgroup of 17 patients, statin therapy doubled the serum BA concentration. Decreased serum concentrations of BA were predictors of CAD in humans. A subgroup analysis showed a possible correction by statins. With respect to the anti-atherosclerotic effect of BA in animal models, and their role in human lipid metabolism, this study describe a new metabolic disturbance associated to CAD in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Chong Nguyen
- Centre de Recherche Sur I'inflammation, Inserm, UMR 1149, Université de Paris, 75018, Paris, France.,Cardiology Department, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, 75014, Paris, France.,Department of Hepato Gastro Enterology and University of Paris, Louis Mourier Hospital, APHP, 92700, Colombes, France.,Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Service de Gastroentérologie, Sorbonne Université, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Denis Duboc
- Cardiology Department, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Rainteau
- Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Service de Gastroentérologie, Sorbonne Université, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Harry Sokol
- Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Service de Gastroentérologie, Sorbonne Université, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Lydie Humbert
- Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Service de Gastroentérologie, Sorbonne Université, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Seksik
- Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Service de Gastroentérologie, Sorbonne Université, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Adèle Bellino
- Unite de Recherche Clinique-Centre Dinvestigation Clinique Necker/Cochin, Hôpital Tarnier, Université de Paris, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Hendy Abdoul
- Unite de Recherche Clinique-Centre Dinvestigation Clinique Necker/Cochin, Hôpital Tarnier, Université de Paris, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Naïm Bouazza
- Unite de Recherche Clinique-Centre Dinvestigation Clinique Necker/Cochin, Hôpital Tarnier, Université de Paris, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Treluyer
- Unite de Recherche Clinique-Centre Dinvestigation Clinique Necker/Cochin, Hôpital Tarnier, Université de Paris, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Malika Saadi
- Cardiology Department, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Karim Wahbi
- Cardiology Department, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Heithem Soliman
- Department of Hepato Gastro Enterology and University of Paris, Louis Mourier Hospital, APHP, 92700, Colombes, France
| | - Benoit Coffin
- Centre de Recherche Sur I'inflammation, Inserm, UMR 1149, Université de Paris, 75018, Paris, France.,Department of Hepato Gastro Enterology and University of Paris, Louis Mourier Hospital, APHP, 92700, Colombes, France
| | - André Bado
- Centre de Recherche Sur I'inflammation, Inserm, UMR 1149, Université de Paris, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Maude Le Gall
- Centre de Recherche Sur I'inflammation, Inserm, UMR 1149, Université de Paris, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Varenne
- Cardiology Department, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Henri Duboc
- Centre de Recherche Sur I'inflammation, Inserm, UMR 1149, Université de Paris, 75018, Paris, France. .,Cardiology Department, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, 75014, Paris, France. .,Department of Hepato Gastro Enterology and University of Paris, Louis Mourier Hospital, APHP, 92700, Colombes, France. .,INSERM UMRS 1149, Université de Paris, 16 rue Henri Huchard, 75890, Paris Cedex 18, France.
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17
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Radun R, Trauner M. Role of FXR in Bile Acid and Metabolic Homeostasis in NASH: Pathogenetic Concepts and Therapeutic Opportunities. Semin Liver Dis 2021; 41:461-475. [PMID: 34289507 PMCID: PMC8492195 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most prevalent cause of liver disease, increasingly contributing to the burden of liver transplantation. In search for effective treatments, novel strategies addressing metabolic dysregulation, inflammation, and fibrosis are continuously emerging. Disturbed bile acid (BA) homeostasis and microcholestasis via hepatocellular retention of potentially toxic BAs may be an underappreciated factor in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) as its progressive variant. In addition to their detergent properties, BAs act as signaling molecules regulating cellular homeostasis through interaction with BA receptors such as the Farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Apart from being a key regulator of BA metabolism and enterohepatic circulation, FXR regulates metabolic homeostasis and has immune-modulatory effects, making it an attractive therapeutic target in NAFLD/NASH. In this review, the molecular basis and therapeutic potential of targeting FXR with a specific focus on restoring BA and metabolic homeostasis in NASH is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Radun
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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18
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Bostrom JA, Mottel B, Heffron SP. Medical and Surgical Obesity Treatments and Atherosclerosis: Mechanisms beyond Typical Risk Factors. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2021; 23:60. [PMID: 34351556 PMCID: PMC9953388 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-021-00961-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This study aims to discuss the mechanisms by which GLP-1 agonists and bariatric surgery improve cardiovascular outcomes in severely obese patients. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have demonstrated that both GLP-1 agonist use and bariatric surgery reduce adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Improvements in traditional atherosclerosis risk factors in association with weight loss likely contribute, but weight loss-independent mechanisms are also suggested to have roles. We review the clinical and preclinical evidence base for cardiovascular benefit of LP-1 agonists and bariatric surgery beyond traditional risk factors, including improvements in endothelial function, direct impacts on atherosclerotic plaques, and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Bostrom
- Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiovascular Research Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Beth Mottel
- Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiovascular Research Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sean P Heffron
- Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiovascular Research Center, New York, NY, USA.
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19
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FXR in liver physiology: Multiple faces to regulate liver metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166133. [PMID: 33771667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The liver is the central metabolic hub which coordinates nutritional inputs and metabolic outputs. Food intake releases bile acids which can be sensed by the bile acid receptor FXR in the liver and the intestine. Hepatic and intestinal FXR coordinately regulate postprandial nutrient disposal in a network of interacting metabolic nuclear receptors. In this review we summarize and update the "classical roles" of FXR as a central integrator of the feeding state response, which orchestrates the metabolic processing of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and bile acids. We also discuss more recent and less well studied FXR effects on amino acid, protein metabolism, autophagic turnover and inflammation. In addition, we summarize the recent understanding of how FXR signaling is affected by posttranslational modifications and by different FXR isoforms. These modifications and variations in FXR signaling might be considered when FXR is targeted pharmaceutically in clinical applications.
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20
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Sahu R, Mishra R, Majee C. An insight into primary biliary cholangitis and its recent advances in treatment: semi-synthetic analogs to combat ursodeoxycholic-acid resistance. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 14:985-998. [PMID: 32674617 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2020.1797485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease which on progression causes cirrhosis; various studies also suggested that several diseases can co-exist in patients. In existing depiction of disease PBC, apart from entire use of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), several patients need to step forward to liver-transplantation or death due to resistance or non-responder with UDCA monotherapy. AREAS COVERED To overcome this non-respondent treatment, novel bile acid semi-synthetic analogs have been identified which shows their potency against for farnesoid X receptor and transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor-5 which are identified as target for many developing analogs which have desirable pharmacokinetic profiles. EXPERT OPINION A range of studies suggests that adding semisynthetic analogs in therapeutic regime improves liver biochemistries in patients with suboptimal response to UDCA. Thus, the aspire of this review is to abridge and compare therapeutic value and current markets affirm of various bile acids semi-synthetic analogs which certainly are having promising effects in PBC monotherapy or in pooled treatment with UDCA for PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Sahu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute) , Greater Noida, India
| | - Rakhi Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute) , Greater Noida, India
| | - Chandana Majee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute) , Greater Noida, India
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21
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Meng Z, Liu L, Yan S, Sun W, Jia M, Tian S, Huang S, Zhou Z, Zhu W. Gut Microbiota: A Key Factor in the Host Health Effects Induced by Pesticide Exposure? JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:10517-10531. [PMID: 32902962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, a large number of pesticides have been widely used for plant protection. Pesticides may enter non-target organisms through multiple ways and bring potential health risks. There is a dense and diverse microbial community in the intestines of mammals, which is called the gut microbiota. The gut microbiota and its metabolites play vital roles in maintaining the health of the host. Interestingly, many studies have shown that exposure to multiple pesticides could affect the gut microbiota of the host. However, the roles of gut microbiota and its related metabolites in the host health effects induced by pesticide exposure of non-target organisms need further study. We reviewed the relationships between pesticide exposure and host health effects as well as between the gut microbiota and host health effects. Importantly, we reviewed the latest research on the gut microbiota and its metabolites in the host health effects induced by pesticide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Meng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, People's Republic of China
| | - Sen Yan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Jia
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Sinuo Tian
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiran Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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22
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Gut Microbiota in Hypertension and Atherosclerosis: A Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12102982. [PMID: 33003455 PMCID: PMC7601560 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota and its metabolites such as short chain fatty acids (SCFA), lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) impact cardiovascular health. In this review, we discuss how gut microbiota and gut metabolites can affect hypertension and atherosclerosis. Hypertensive patients were shown to have lower alpha diversity, lower abundance of SCFA-producing microbiota, and higher abundance of gram-negative bacteria, which are a source of LPS. Animal studies point towards a direct role for SCFAs in blood pressure regulation and show that LPS has pro-inflammatory effects. Translocation of LPS into the systemic circulation is a consequence of increased gut permeability. Atherosclerosis, a multifactorial disease, is influenced by the gut microbiota through multiple pathways. Many studies have focused on the pro-atherogenic role of TMAO, however, it is not clear if this is a causal factor. In addition, gut microbiota play a key role in bile acid metabolism and some interventions targeting bile acid receptors tend to decrease atherosclerosis. Concluding, gut microbiota affect hypertension and atherosclerosis through many pathways, providing a wide range of potential therapeutic targets. Challenges ahead include translation of findings and mechanisms to humans and development of therapeutic interventions that target cardiovascular risk by modulation of gut microbes and metabolites.
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23
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to highlight the association between gut microbiome and cardiovascular disease (CVD) with emphasis on the possible molecular mechanisms by which how gut microbiome contributes to CVD. RECENT FINDINGS Increasingly, the roles of gut microbiome in cardiovascular health and disease have gained much attention. Most of the investigations focus on how the gut dysbiosis contributes to CVD risk factors and which gut microbial-derived metabolites mediate such effects. SUMMARY In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of gut microbiome contributing to CVD, which include gut microbes translocalization to aortic artery because of gut barrier defect to initiate inflammation and microbial-derived metabolites inducing inflammation-signaling pathway and renal insufficiency. Specifically, we categorize beneficial and deleterious microbial-derived metabolites in cardiovascular health. We also summarize recent findings in the gut microbiome modulation of drug efficacy in treatment of CVD and the microbiome mechanisms by which how physical exercise ameliorates cardiovascular health. Gut microbiome has become an essential component of cardiovascular research and a crucial consideration factor in cardiovascular health and disease.
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24
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Li C, Yang J, Wang Y, Qi Y, Yang W, Li Y. Farnesoid X Receptor Agonists as Therapeutic Target for Cardiometabolic Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1247. [PMID: 32982723 PMCID: PMC7479173 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiometabolic diseases are characterized as a combination of multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and metabolic diseases including diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia. Cardiometabolic diseases are closely associated with cell glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammatory response and mitochondrial function. Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR), a metabolic nuclear receptor, are found to be activated by primary BAs such as chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), cholic acid (CA) and synthetic agonists such as obeticholic acid (OCA). FXR plays crucial roles in regulating cholesterol homeostasis, lipid metabolism, glucose metabolism, and intestinal microorganism. Recently, emerging evidence suggests that FXR agonists are functional for metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases and are considered as a potential therapeutic agent. This review will discuss the pathological mechanism of cardiometabolic disease and reviews the potential mechanisms of FXR agonists in the treatment of cardiometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Cardiovascular Department, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Cardiovascular Department, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yingzi Qi
- School of Health, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Wenqing Yang
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yunlun Li
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.,Cardiovascular Department, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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25
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Perino A, Demagny H, Velazquez-Villegas L, Schoonjans K. Molecular Physiology of Bile Acid Signaling in Health, Disease, and Aging. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:683-731. [PMID: 32790577 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00049.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, bile acids (BAs) have become established as important signaling molecules that enable fine-tuned inter-tissue communication from the liver, their site of production, over the intestine, where they are modified by the gut microbiota, to virtually any organ, where they exert their pleiotropic physiological effects. The chemical variety of BAs, to a large extent determined by the gut microbiome, also allows for a complex fine-tuning of adaptive responses in our body. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms by which BA receptors coordinate several aspects of physiology and highlights new therapeutic strategies for diseases underlying pathological BA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Perino
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Hadrien Demagny
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Laura Velazquez-Villegas
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
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26
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Zeng C, Tan H. Gut Microbiota and Heart, Vascular Injury. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1238:107-141. [PMID: 32323183 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-2385-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays an important role in maintaining human health. Accumulating evidence has indicated an intimate relationship between gut microbiota and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) which has become the leading cause of death worldwide. The alteration of gut microbial composition (gut dysbiosis) has been proven to contribute to atherosclerosis, the basic pathological process of CVD. In addition, the metabolites of gut microbiota have been found to be closely related to the development of CVD. For example, short-chain fatty acids are widely acclaimed beneficial effect against CVD, whereas trimethylamine-N-oxide is considered as a contributing factor in the development of CVD. In this chapter, we mainly discuss the gut microbial metabolite-involved mechanisms of CVD focusing on atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and heart failure. Targeting gut microbiota and related metabolites are novel and promising strategies for the treatment of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zeng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hongmei Tan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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27
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory vascular disease and the predominant cause of heart attack and ischemic stroke. Despite the well-known sexual dimorphism in the incidence and complications of atherosclerosis, there are relatively limited data in the clinical and preclinical literature to rigorously address mechanisms underlying sex as a biological variable in atherosclerosis. In multiple histological and imaging studies, overall plaque burden and markers of inflammation appear to be greater in men than women and are predictive of cardiovascular events. However, while younger women are relatively protected from cardiovascular disease, by the seventh decade, the incidence of myocardial infarction in women ultimately surpasses that of men, suggesting an interaction between sex and age. Most preclinical studies in animal atherosclerosis models do not examine both sexes, and even in those that do, well-powered direct statistical comparisons for sex as an independent variable remain rare. This article reviews the available data. Overall, male animals appear to have more inflamed yet smaller plaques compared to female animals. Plaque inflammation is often used as a surrogate end point for plaque vulnerability in animals. The available data support the notion that rather than plaque size, plaque inflammation may be more relevant in assessing sex-specific mechanisms since the findings correlate with the sex difference in ischemic events and mortality and thus may be more reflective of the human condition. Overall, the number of preclinical studies directly comparing plaque inflammation between the sexes is extremely limited relative to the vast literature exploring atherosclerosis mechanisms. Failure to include both sexes and to address age in mechanistic atherosclerosis studies are missed opportunities to uncover underlying sex-specific mechanisms. Understanding the mechanisms driving sex as a biological variable in atherosclerotic disease is critical to future precision medicine strategies to mitigate what is still the leading cause of death of men and women worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Man
- From the Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.J.M., I.Z.J.).,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.J.M.)
| | - Joshua A Beckman
- Cardiovascular Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (J.A.B.)
| | - Iris Z Jaffe
- From the Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.J.M., I.Z.J.)
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28
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Singh AB, Dong B, Kraemer FB, Liu J. FXR activation promotes intestinal cholesterol excretion and attenuates hyperlipidemia in SR-B1-deficient mice fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14387. [PMID: 32170842 PMCID: PMC7070099 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obeticholic acid (OCA) activates the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) to lower circulating total cholesterol (TC) and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations and to stimulate fecal cholesterol excretion in mice by increasing hepatic SR-B1 expression. Here we show that hepatic SR-B1 depletion by an adenovirus expressing Sr-b1 shRNA (Ad-shSR-B1) attenuated these beneficial effects of OCA in mice on a chow diet. The mRNA levels of ABC cholesterol transporter genes (Abca1, Abcg1, Abcg5, and Abcg8) were unchanged in the liver of hepatic SR-B1-depleted mice regardless of OCA treatment; however, a modest increase in Abca1, Abcg5, and Abcg8 mRNA levels was observed in the ileum of vehicle-treated control mice and Abca1 and Abcg8 mRNA levels were increased more by OCA administration. OCA treatment of Sr-b1 knock out (KO) mice (Sr-b1-/-) fed a normal chow diet (NCD) displayed a similar lack of transhepatic cholesterol movement, as well as a modest increase in the levels of ileum cholesterol transporter expression. However, OCA treatment of Sr-b1 KO mice fed a cholesterol-enriched diet reduced circulating cholesterol and increased fecal cholesterol output to comparable degrees to that of wild-type (WT) mice, and these effects were accompanied by substantial elevations of mRNA levels of Abca1, Abcg1, Abcg5, and Abcg8 in the ileum of Sr-b1 KO mice. Our studies suggest that FXR activation stimulates intestinal cholesterol excretion and reduces diet-induced hyperlipidemia through increased expression of ileal cholesterol transporters when hepatic SR-B1-mediated cholesterol movement is absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar B. Singh
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care SystemPalo AltoCAUSA
| | - Bin Dong
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care SystemPalo AltoCAUSA
| | - Fredric B. Kraemer
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care SystemPalo AltoCAUSA
- Department of MedicineStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA
| | - Jingwen Liu
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care SystemPalo AltoCAUSA
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29
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Warmbrunn MV, Herrema H, Aron-Wisnewsky J, Soeters MR, Van Raalte DH, Nieuwdorp M. Gut microbiota: a promising target against cardiometabolic diseases. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2020; 15:13-27. [PMID: 32066294 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2020.1720511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Cardiometabolic diseases (CMD) are a group of interrelated disorders such as metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). As the prevalence of these diseases increases globally, efficient new strategies are necessary to target CMD and modifiable risk factors. In the past decade, evidence has accumulated regarding the influence of gut microbiota (GM) on CMD, providing new targets for therapeutic interventions.Areas covered: This narrative review discusses the pathophysiologic link between CMD, GM, and potential microbiota-based targets against atherosclerosis and modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis. Low-grade inflammation can be induced through GM and its derived metabolites. CMD are influenced by GM and microbiota-derived metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), secondary bile acids, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), and the composition of GM can modulate host metabolism. All of the above can lead to promising therapeutic targets.Expert opinion: Most data are derived from animal models or human association studies; therefore, more translational and interventional research in humans is necessary to validate these promising findings. Reproduced findings such as aberrant microbiota patterns or circulating biomarkers could be targeted depending on individual metabolic profiles, moving toward personalized medicine in CMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz V Warmbrunn
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC at University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde Herrema
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC at University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judith Aron-Wisnewsky
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC at University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities; Systemic Approaches (Nutriomics), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux De Paris, Pitie-Salpêtrière Hospital, Nutrition Department, Paris, France
| | - Maarten R Soeters
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC at University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel H Van Raalte
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUMC at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, ICar at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC at University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC at University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC at University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUMC at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, ICar at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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30
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Busnelli M, Manzini S, Chiesa G. The Gut Microbiota Affects Host Pathophysiology as an Endocrine Organ: A Focus on Cardiovascular Disease. Nutrients 2019; 12:nu12010079. [PMID: 31892152 PMCID: PMC7019666 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely recognized that the microorganisms inhabiting our gastrointestinal tract-the gut microbiota-deeply affect the pathophysiology of the host. Gut microbiota composition is mostly modulated by diet, and gut microorganisms communicate with the different organs and tissues of the human host by synthesizing hormones and regulating their release. Herein, we will provide an updated review on the most important classes of gut microbiota-derived hormones and their sensing by host receptors, critically discussing their impact on host physiology. Additionally, the debated interplay between microbial hormones and the development of cardiovascular disease will be thoroughly analysed and discussed.
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31
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Chen X, Lu F, Luo G, Ren Y, Ma J, Zhang Y. Discovery of selective farnesoid X receptor agonists for the treatment of hyperlipidemia from traditional Chinese medicine based on virtual screening and in vitro validation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:4461-4470. [PMID: 31842697 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1695665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a bile acid receptor, has important roles in maintaining bile acid and cholesterol homeostasis, which is an attractive target for hyperlipidemia. Present study aimed to discover potential selective FXR agonists over G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1, TGR5) from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) by using virtual screening, in vitro studies and molecular dynamics simulation (MD). Ligand-based pharmacophore model for FXR was firstly built to screen FXR agonists from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Database (TCMD). Then, 21 FXR crystal structures were clustered in two types and two representative structures (PDB ID: 3OMM and 3P89) were, respectively, used to carry out molecular docking to refine the screened result. Moreover, the pharmacophore model for GPBAR1 was built to screen selective FXR agonists with no activity on GPBAR1. A set of 24 candidate selective FXR agonists which fitvalue of FXR pharmacophore model and docking score of 3OMM and 3P89 were in the top 100 and cannot match the pharmacophore model for GPBAR1 were obtained. By the lipid-lowering activity test in HepG2 cell lines, Arctigenin was identified to be potential selective FXR agonist with the activity of 20 μmol·L-1. After down-regulating FXR, Arctigenin could increase the mRNA of FXR while exerted no effect on the mRNA of GPBAR1. MD was further used to interpret the mechanism of Arctigenin with the representative structures. This research provided a new screening procedure for finding selective candidate compounds and appropriate docking models of a target by considering the structure diversity of PDB structures, which was applied to discovery novel selective FXR agonists to treat hyperlipidemia.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- School of Chinese Material Medica, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of TCM-Information Engineering, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Lu
- School of Chinese Material Medica, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of TCM-Information Engineering, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ganggang Luo
- School of Chinese Material Medica, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of TCM-Information Engineering, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Ren
- School of Chinese Material Medica, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of TCM-Information Engineering, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ma
- School of Chinese Material Medica, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of TCM-Information Engineering, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Zhang
- School of Chinese Material Medica, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of TCM-Information Engineering, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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32
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van der Geest R, van der Sluis RJ, Groen AK, Van Eck M, Hoekstra M. Cholestasis-associated glucocorticoid overexposure does not increase atherogenesis. J Endocrinol 2019; 242:1-12. [PMID: 31035252 DOI: 10.1530/joe-19-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic glucocorticoid overexposure predisposes to the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in humans. Cholestatic liver disease is associated with increased plasma glucocorticoid levels. Here, we determined - in a preclinical setting - whether the chronic presence of cholestatic liver disease also induces a concomitant negative impact on atherosclerosis susceptibility. Hereto, regular chow diet-fed atherosclerosis-susceptible hypercholesterolemic apolipoprotein E (APOE)-knockout mice were treated with the bile duct toxicant alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) for 8 weeks. ANIT exposure induced the development of fibrotic cholestatic liver disease as evident from collagen deposits and compensatory bile duct hyperproliferation within the liver and the rise in plasma levels of bilirubin (+60%; P < 0.01) and bile acids (10-fold higher; P < 0.01). Adrenal weights (+22%; P < 0.01) and plasma corticosterone levels (+72%; P < 0.01) were increased in ANIT-treated mice. In contrast, atherosclerosis susceptibility was not increased in response to ANIT feeding, despite the concomitant increase in plasma free cholesterol (+30%; P < 0.01) and cholesteryl ester (+42%; P < 0.001) levels. The ANIT-induced hypercorticosteronemia coincided with marked immunosuppression as judged from the 50% reduction (P < 0.001) in circulating lymphocyte numbers. However, hepatic glucocorticoid signaling was not enhanced after ANIT treatment. It thus appears that the immunosuppressive effect of glucocorticoids is uncoupled from their metabolic effect under cholestatic disease conditions. In conclusion, we have shown that cholestatic liver disease-associated endogenous glucocorticoid overexposure does not increase atherosclerosis susceptibility in APOE-knockout mice. Our studies provide novel preclinical evidence for the observations that the hypercholesterolemia seen in cholestatic human subjects does not translate into a higher risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick van der Geest
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald J van der Sluis
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- Departments of Pediatrics and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda Van Eck
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Menno Hoekstra
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden, The Netherlands
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33
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Du Y, Li X, Su C, Wang L, Jiang J, Hong B. The human gut microbiome - a new and exciting avenue in cardiovascular drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:1037-1052. [PMID: 31315489 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1638909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Over the past decade, numerous research efforts have identified the gut microbiota as a novel regulator of human metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease (CVD). With the elucidation of underlying molecular mechanisms of the gut microbiota and its metabolites, the drug-discovery process of CVD therapeutics might be expedited. Areas covered: The authors describe the evidence concerning the impact of gut microbiota on metabolic disorders and CVD and summarize the current knowledge of the gut microbial mechanisms that underlie CVD with a focus on microbial metabolites. In addition, they discuss the potential impact of the gut microbiota on the drug efficacy of available cardiometabolic therapeutic agents. Most importantly, the authors review the role of the gut microbiome as a promising source of potential drug targets and novel therapeutics for the development of new treatment modalities for CVD. This review also presents the various effective strategies to investigate the gut microbiome for CVD drug-discovery approaches. Expert opinion: With the elucidation of its causative role in cardiometabolic disease and atherosclerosis, the human gut microbiome holds promises as a reservoir of novel potential therapeutic targets as well as novel therapeutic agents, paving a new and exciting avenue in cardiovascular drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Du
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics , Beijing , China
| | - Xingxing Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics , Beijing , China.,CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology for Drug Innovation, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
| | - Chunyan Su
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics , Beijing , China
| | - Li Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics , Beijing , China
| | - Jiandong Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics , Beijing , China
| | - Bin Hong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics , Beijing , China.,CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology for Drug Innovation, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
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34
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Identification of Macrophage Genotype and Key Biological Pathways in Circulating Angiogenic Cell Transcriptome. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:9545261. [PMID: 31191690 PMCID: PMC6525806 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9545261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Circulating angiogenic cells (CAC) have been identified as important regulators of vascular biology. However, there is still considerable debate about the genotype and function of CAC. Methods and Results Data from publicly available gene expression data sets were used to analyse the transcriptome of in vitro cultured CAC (CACiv). Genes and pathways of interest were further evaluated using qPCR comparing CACiv versus CD14+ monocytic cells. The CACiv transcriptome strongly related to tissue macrophages, and more specifically to regulatory M2c macrophages. The cytokine expression profile of CACiv was predominantly immune modulatory and resembled the cytokine expression of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). Pathway analysis revealed previously unrecognized biological processes in CACiv, such as riboflavin metabolism and liver X receptor (LXR)/retinoid X receptor (RXR) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR)/retinoid X receptor (RXR) pathways. Analysis of endothelial-specific genes did not show evidence for endothelial transdifferentiation. Conclusions CACiv are genotypically similar to regulatory M2c macrophages and lack signs of endothelial differentiation.
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35
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Bryniarski MA, Hamarneh F, Yacoub R. The role of chronic kidney disease-associated dysbiosis in cardiovascular disease. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:514-525. [PMID: 30682892 PMCID: PMC6547008 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219826526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Negative alterations, or dysbiosis, in the intestinal microbial community balance in response to chronic kidney disease is emerging as a substantial and important factor in inducing and exacerbating multiple comorbid conditions. Patients with renal insufficiency experience a substantial increase in cardiovascular risk, and recent evidence is shedding light on the close interaction between microbiome dysbiosis and increased cardiovascular events in this population. Previous association and recent causality studies utilizing experimental animal models have enriched our understanding and confirmed the impact of microbial community imbalance on cardiac health in both the general population and in patients with renal impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Bryniarski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Fares Hamarneh
- University College Dublin School of Medicine and Medical Science, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Rabi Yacoub
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
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36
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Gege C, Hambruch E, Hambruch N, Kinzel O, Kremoser C. Nonsteroidal FXR Ligands: Current Status and Clinical Applications. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 256:167-205. [PMID: 31197565 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
FXR agonists have demonstrated very promising clinical results in the treatment of liver disorders such as primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH, in particular, is one of the last uncharted white territories in the pharma landscape, and there is a huge medical need and a large potential pharmaceutical market for a NASH pharmacotherapy. Clinical efficacy superior to most other treatment options was shown by FXR agonists such as obeticholic acid (OCA) as they improved various metabolic features including liver steatosis as well as liver inflammation and fibrosis. But OCA's clinical success comes with some major liabilities such as pruritus, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) lowering, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) increase, and a potential for drug-induced liver toxicity. Some of these effects can be attributed to on-target effects exerted by FXR, but with others it is not clear whether it is FXR- or OCA-related. Therefore a quest for novel, proprietary FXR agonists is ongoing with the aim to increase FXR potency and selectivity over other proteins and to overcome at least some of the OCA-associated clinical side effects through an improved pharmacology. In this chapter we will discuss the historical and ongoing efforts in the identification and development of nonsteroidal, which largely means non-bile acid-type, FXR agonists for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gege
- Phenex Pharmaceuticals AG, Drug Discovery Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva Hambruch
- Phenex Pharmaceuticals AG, Drug Discovery Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nina Hambruch
- Phenex Pharmaceuticals AG, Drug Discovery Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olaf Kinzel
- Phenex Pharmaceuticals AG, Drug Discovery Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claus Kremoser
- Phenex Pharmaceuticals AG, Drug Discovery Research, Heidelberg, Germany.
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37
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Donkers JM, Roscam Abbing RLP, van de Graaf SFJ. Developments in bile salt based therapies: A critical overview. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 161:1-13. [PMID: 30582898 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids, amphipathic molecules known for their facilitating role in fat absorption, are also recognized as signalling molecules acting via nuclear and membrane receptors. Of the bile acid-activated receptors, the Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) and the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor-1 (Gpbar1 or TGR5) have been studied most extensively. Bile acid signaling is critical in the regulation of bile acid metabolism itself, but it also plays a significant role in glucose, lipid and energy metabolism. Activation of FXR and TGR5 leads to reduced hepatic bile salt load, improved insulin sensitivity and glucose regulation, increased energy expenditure, and anti-inflammatory effects. These beneficial effects render bile acid signaling an interesting therapeutic target for the treatment of diseases such as cholestasis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and diabetes. Here, we summarize recent findings on bile acid signaling and discuss potential and current limitations of bile acid receptor agonist and modulators of bile acid transport as future therapeutics for a wide-spectrum of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M Donkers
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Reinout L P Roscam Abbing
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stan F J van de Graaf
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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38
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McCarty MF, DiNicolantonio JJ. Minimizing Membrane Arachidonic Acid Content as a Strategy for Controlling Cancer: A Review. Nutr Cancer 2018; 70:840-850. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1470657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - James J. DiNicolantonio
- Preventive Cardiology Department, St. Luke’s Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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39
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Ma J, Li H. The Role of Gut Microbiota in Atherosclerosis and Hypertension. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1082. [PMID: 30319417 PMCID: PMC6167910 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, accumulating evidence has indicated the importance of gut microbiota in maintaining human health. Gut dysbiosis is associated with the pathogenesis of a number of metabolic diseases including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Indeed, CVD has become the leading cause of death worldwide, especially in developed countries. In this review, we mainly discuss the gut microbiota-involved mechanisms of CVD focusing on atherosclerosis and hypertension, two major risk factors for serious CVD. Then, we briefly discuss the prospects of gut microbiota-targeted therapeutic strategies for the treatment of CVD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Houkai Li
- Functional Metabolomic and Gut Microbiome Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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40
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Miyazaki-Anzai S, Masuda M, Kohno S, Levi M, Shiozaki Y, Keenan AL, Miyazaki M. Simultaneous inhibition of FXR and TGR5 exacerbates atherosclerotic formation. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1709-1713. [PMID: 29976576 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m087239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous activation of bile acid receptors farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (TGR5) by INT-767 significantly reduces atherosclerotic formation. In this study, we investigated the effect of simultaneous inactivation of these bile acid receptors in atherosclerosis and which bile acid receptor mediates the anti-atherogenic effect of INT-767. To investigate the role of simultaneous inactivation of FXR and TGR5 in vivo, we generated LDL receptor knockout (LDLR) KO mice with FXR and TGR5 dual deficiency, which exhibited severe atherosclerosis and aortic inflammation through nuclear factor κΒ activation. The lipid-lowering effects of INT-767 were completely blocked by FXR single deficiency but not TGR5 single deficiency. INT-767 was able to block atherosclerotic formation and decrease levels of aortic cytokines and chemokines in LDLR KO mice under either FXR or TGR5 single deficiency. Dual deficiency of FXR and TGR5 completely blocked the anti-atherogenic and anti-inflammatory effects of INT-767 in LDLR KO mice. We demonstrated that 1) FXR and TGR5 dual deficiency exacerbated the development of atherosclerosis and 2) the anti-atherogenic effect of INT-767 requires the anti-inflammatory effect but not the lipid-lowering effect through the simultaneous activation of FXR and TGR5. Our results indicate that dual activation of FXR and TGR5 is a promising strategy for treating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Miyazaki-Anzai
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Masashi Masuda
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Shohei Kohno
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Moshe Levi
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 200072
| | - Yuji Shiozaki
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Audrey L Keenan
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Makoto Miyazaki
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045.
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41
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Papazyan R, Liu X, Liu J, Dong B, Plummer EM, Lewis RD, Roth JD, Young MA. FXR activation by obeticholic acid or nonsteroidal agonists induces a human-like lipoprotein cholesterol change in mice with humanized chimeric liver. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:982-993. [PMID: 29559521 PMCID: PMC5983391 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m081935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obeticholic acid (OCA) is a selective farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist that regulates bile acid and lipid metabolism. FXR activation induces distinct changes in circulating cholesterol among animal models and humans. The mechanistic basis of these effects has been elusive because of difficulties in studying lipoprotein homeostasis in mice, which predominantly package circulating cholesterol in HDLs. Here, we tested the effects of OCA in chimeric mice whose livers are mostly composed (≥80%) of human hepatocytes. Chimeric mice exhibited a human-like ratio of serum LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) to HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) at baseline. OCA treatment in chimeric mice increased circulating LDL-C and decreased circulating HDL-C levels, demonstrating that these mice closely model the cholesterol effects of FXR activation in humans. Mechanistically, OCA treatment increased hepatic cholesterol in chimeric mice but not in control mice. This increase correlated with decreased SREBP-2 activity and target gene expression, including a significant reduction in LDL receptor protein. Cotreatment with atorvastatin reduced total cholesterol, rescued LDL receptor protein levels, and normalized serum LDL-C. Treatment with two clinically relevant nonsteroidal FXR agonists elicited similar lipoprotein and hepatic changes in chimeric mice, suggesting that the increase in circulating LDL-C is a class effect of FXR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xueqing Liu
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Jingwen Liu
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Bin Dong
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | | | | | | | - Mark A Young
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121.
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42
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Hiebl V, Ladurner A, Latkolik S, Dirsch VM. Natural products as modulators of the nuclear receptors and metabolic sensors LXR, FXR and RXR. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1657-1698. [PMID: 29548878 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) represent attractive targets for the treatment of metabolic syndrome-related diseases. In addition, natural products are an interesting pool of potential ligands since they have been refined under evolutionary pressure to interact with proteins or other biological targets. This review aims to briefly summarize current basic knowledge regarding the liver X (LXR) and farnesoid X receptors (FXR) that form permissive heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXR). Natural product-based ligands for these receptors are summarized and the potential of LXR, FXR and RXR as targets in precision medicine is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Hiebl
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Angela Ladurner
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Simone Latkolik
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena M Dirsch
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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43
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Battson ML, Lee DM, Weir TL, Gentile CL. The gut microbiota as a novel regulator of cardiovascular function and disease. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 56:1-15. [PMID: 29427903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiome has emerged as a critical regulator of human physiology. Deleterious changes to the composition or number of gut bacteria, commonly referred to as gut dysbiosis, has been linked to the development and progression of numerous diet-related diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). Most CVD risk factors, including aging, obesity, certain dietary patterns, and a sedentary lifestyle, have been shown to induce gut dysbiosis. Dysbiosis is associated with intestinal inflammation and reduced integrity of the gut barrier, which in turn increases circulating levels of bacterial structural components and microbial metabolites that may facilitate the development of CVD. The aim of the current review is to summarize the available data regarding the role of the gut microbiome in regulating CVD function and disease processes. Particular emphasis is placed on nutrition-related alterations in the microbiome, as well as the underlying cellular mechanisms by which the microbiome may alter CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah L Battson
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Dustin M Lee
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Tiffany L Weir
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Christopher L Gentile
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523.
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44
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Mazidi M, de Caravatto PPP, Speakman JR, Cohen RV. Mechanisms of Action of Surgical Interventions on Weight-Related Diseases: the Potential Role of Bile Acids. Obes Surg 2017; 27:826-836. [PMID: 28091894 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-017-2549-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Surgical interventions for weight-related diseases (SWRD) may have substantial and sustainable effect on weight reduction, also leading to a higher remission rate of type 2 diabetes (T2D) mellitus than any other medical treatment or lifestyle intervention. The resolution of T2D after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) typically occurs too quickly to be accounted for by weight loss alone, suggesting that these operations have a direct impact on glucose homeostasis. The mechanisms underlying these beneficial effects however remain unclear. Recent research suggests that changes in the concentrations of plasma bile acids might contribute to these metabolic changes after surgery. In this review, we aimed to outline the potential role of bile acids in SWRD. We systematically reviewed MEDLINE, SCOPUS, and Web of Science for articles reporting the effect of SWRD on outcomes published between 1969 and 2016. We found that changes in circulating bile acids after surgery may play a major role through activation of the farnesoid X receptor A (FXRA), the fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), and the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor (TGR5). Bile acid concentration increased significantly after RYGB. Some studies suggest that a transitory decrease occurs at 1 week post-surgery, followed by a gradual increase. Most studies have shown the increase to be proportionate by all bile acid subtypes. Bile acids can regulate glucose metabolism through the expression of TGR5 receptor in L cells, resulting in a release of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). It may also induce the synthesis and secretion of FGF19 in ileal cells, thereby improving insulin sensitivity and regulating glucose metabolism. All the present SWRD are involved with changes in food stimulation to the stomach. This implies that discovering and developing the antagonists to TGR5 and FXRA may effectively control metabolic syndrome and the elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the physiological effects related to weight loss and T2D remission after surgery may help to identify new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Mazidi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huairou, Beijing, China
| | - Pedro Paulo P de Caravatto
- The Center for Obesity and Diabetes, Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital, Rua Cincinato Braga, 37 5o. andar, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - John R Speakman
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang, Beijing, China.,Institute of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Ricardo V Cohen
- The Center for Obesity and Diabetes, Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital, Rua Cincinato Braga, 37 5o. andar, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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45
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Akinrotimi O, Riessen R, VanDuyne P, Park JE, Lee YK, Wong LJ, Zavacki AM, Schoonjans K, Anakk S. Small heterodimer partner deletion prevents hepatic steatosis and when combined with farnesoid X receptor loss protects against type 2 diabetes in mice. Hepatology 2017; 66:1854-1865. [PMID: 28586124 PMCID: PMC5696047 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nuclear receptors farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and small heterodimer partner (SHP) are important regulators of bile acid, lipid, and glucose homeostasis. Here, we show that global Fxr -/- Shp-/- double knockout (DKO) mice are refractory to weight gain, glucose intolerance, and hepatic steatosis when challenged with high-fat diet. DKO mice display an inherently increased capacity to burn fat and suppress de novo hepatic lipid synthesis. Moreover, DKO mice were also very active and that correlated well with the observed increase in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase expression, type IA fibers, and mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that liver-specific Shp deletion protects against fatty liver development by suppressing expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 and lipid-droplet protein fat-specific protein 27 beta. CONCLUSION These data suggest that Fxr and Shp inactivation may be beneficial to combat diet-induced obesity and uncover that hepatic SHP is necessary to promote fatty liver disease. (Hepatology 2017;66:1854-1865).
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Affiliation(s)
- Oludemilade Akinrotimi
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Il 61801
| | - Ryan Riessen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Il 61801
| | - Philip VanDuyne
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Il 61801
| | - Jung Eun Park
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272
| | - Yoon Kwang Lee
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272
| | - Lee-Jun Wong
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Ann M Zavacki
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signaling, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sayeepriyadarshini Anakk
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Il 61801,To whom correspondence should be addressed
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46
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Ryan PM, Stanton C, Caplice NM. Bile acids at the cross-roads of gut microbiome-host cardiometabolic interactions. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2017; 9:102. [PMID: 29299069 PMCID: PMC5745752 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-017-0299-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While basic and clinical research over the last several decades has recognized a number of modifiable risk factors associated with cardiometabolic disease progression, additional and alternative biological perspectives may offer novel targets for prevention and treatment of this disease set. There is mounting preclinical and emerging clinical evidence indicating that the mass of metabolically diverse microorganisms which inhabit the human gastrointestinal tract may be implicated in initiation and modulation of cardiovascular and metabolic disease outcomes. The following review will discuss this gut microbiome-host metabolism axis and address newly proposed bile-mediated signaling pathways through which dysregulation of this homeostatic axis may influence host cardiovascular risk. With a central focus on the major nuclear and membrane-bound bile acid receptor ligands, we aim to review the putative impact of microbial bile acid modification on several major phenotypes of metabolic syndrome, from obesity to heart failure. Finally, attempting to synthesize several separate but complementary hypotheses, we will review current directions in preclinical and clinical investigation in this evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Ryan
- APC Microbiome Institute, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Institute, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Noel M. Caplice
- APC Microbiome Institute, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland
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47
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Abstract
Infections have been linked to the development of cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. Findings from the past decade have identified microbial ecosystems residing in different habitats of the human body that contribute to metabolic and cardiovascular-related disorders. In this Review, we describe three pathways by which microbiota might affect atherogenesis. First, local or distant infections might cause a harmful inflammatory response that aggravates plaque development or triggers plaque rupture. Second, metabolism of cholesterol and lipids by gut microbiota can affect the development of atherosclerotic plaques. Third, diet and specific components that are metabolized by gut microbiota can have various effects on atherosclerosis; for example, dietary fibre is beneficial, whereas the bacterial metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide is considered harmful. Although specific bacterial taxa have been associated with atherosclerosis, which is supported by increasing mechanistic evidence, several questions remain to be answered to understand fully how the microbiota contributes to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Such knowledge might pave the way for novel diagnostics and therapeutics based on microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Lindskog Jonsson
- Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Bruna Stråket 16, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Bruna Stråket 16, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark
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48
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Moraes LA, Unsworth AJ, Vaiyapuri S, Ali MS, Sasikumar P, Sage T, Flora GD, Bye AP, Kriek N, Dorchies E, Molendi-Coste O, Dombrowicz D, Staels B, Bishop-Bailey D, Gibbins JM. Farnesoid X Receptor and Its Ligands Inhibit the Function of Platelets. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:2324-2333. [PMID: 27758768 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.308093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although initially seemingly paradoxical because of the lack of nucleus, platelets possess many transcription factors that regulate their function through DNA-independent mechanisms. These include the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a member of the superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors, that has been identified as a bile acid receptor. In this study, we show that FXR is present in human platelets and FXR ligands, GW4064 and 6α-ethyl-chenodeoxycholic acid, modulate platelet activation nongenomically. APPROACH AND RESULTS FXR ligands inhibited the activation of platelets in response to stimulation of collagen or thrombin receptors, resulting in diminished intracellular calcium mobilization, secretion, fibrinogen binding, and aggregation. Exposure to FXR ligands also reduced integrin αIIbβ3 outside-in signaling and thereby reduced the ability of platelets to spread and to stimulate clot retraction. FXR function in platelets was found to be associated with the modulation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels in platelets and associated downstream inhibitory signaling. Platelets from FXR-deficient mice were refractory to the actions of FXR agonists on platelet function and cyclic nucleotide signaling, firmly linking the nongenomic actions of these ligands to the FXR. CONCLUSIONS This study provides support for the ability of FXR ligands to modulate platelet activation. The atheroprotective effects of GW4064, with its novel antiplatelet effects, indicate FXR as a potential target for the prevention of atherothrombotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo A Moraes
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, Harborne Building, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AS, UK.,Department of Physiology & NUS Immunology Program, Centre for Life Sciences, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Amanda J Unsworth
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, Harborne Building, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AS, UK
| | | | - Marfoua S Ali
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, Harborne Building, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AS, UK
| | - Parvathy Sasikumar
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, Harborne Building, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AS, UK
| | - Tanya Sage
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, Harborne Building, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AS, UK
| | - Gagan D Flora
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, Harborne Building, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AS, UK
| | - Alex P Bye
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, Harborne Building, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AS, UK
| | - Neline Kriek
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, Harborne Building, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AS, UK
| | - Emilie Dorchies
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), F-59000, Lille, France; INSERM UMR1011, F-59000 Lille, France, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59019 Lille, France
| | - Olivier Molendi-Coste
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), F-59000, Lille, France; INSERM UMR1011, F-59000 Lille, France, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59019 Lille, France
| | - David Dombrowicz
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), F-59000, Lille, France; INSERM UMR1011, F-59000 Lille, France, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59019 Lille, France
| | - Bart Staels
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), F-59000, Lille, France; INSERM UMR1011, F-59000 Lille, France, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59019 Lille, France
| | - David Bishop-Bailey
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, NW1 OTU, UK
| | - Jonathan M Gibbins
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, Harborne Building, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AS, UK
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49
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Xu Y, Li F, Zalzala M, Xu J, Gonzalez FJ, Adorini L, Lee YK, Yin L, Zhang Y. Farnesoid X receptor activation increases reverse cholesterol transport by modulating bile acid composition and cholesterol absorption in mice. Hepatology 2016; 64:1072-85. [PMID: 27359351 PMCID: PMC5033696 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Activation of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) markedly attenuates development of atherosclerosis in animal models. However, the underlying mechanism is not well elucidated. Here, we show that the FXR agonist, obeticholic acid (OCA), increases fecal cholesterol excretion and macrophage reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) dependent on activation of hepatic FXR. OCA does not increase biliary cholesterol secretion, but inhibits intestinal cholesterol absorption. OCA markedly inhibits hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (Cyp7a1) and sterol 12α-hydroxylase (Cyp8b1) partly through inducing small heterodimer partner, leading to reduced bile acid pool size and altered bile acid composition, with the α/β-muricholic acid proportion in bile increased by 2.6-fold and taurocholic acid (TCA) level reduced by 71%. Overexpression of Cyp8b1 or concurrent overexpression of Cyp7a1 and Cyp8b1 normalizes TCA level, bile acid composition, and intestinal cholesterol absorption. CONCLUSION Activation of FXR inhibits intestinal cholesterol absorption by modulation of bile acid pool size and composition, thus leading to increased RCT. Targeting hepatic FXR and/or bile acids may be useful for boosting RCT and preventing the development of atherosclerosis. (Hepatology 2016;64:1072-1085).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Fei Li
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Munaf Zalzala
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA,Department of pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Jiesi Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Yoon-Kwang Lee
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Liya Yin
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH.
| | - Yanqiao Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH.
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50
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Chee CS, Chang KM, Loke MF, Angela Loo VP, Subrayan V. Association of potential salivary biomarkers with diabetic retinopathy and its severity in type-2 diabetes mellitus: a proteomic analysis by mass spectrometry. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2022. [PMID: 27280065 PMCID: PMC4893325 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM/HYPOTHESIS The aim of our study was to characterize the human salivary proteome and determine the changes in protein expression in two different stages of diabetic retinopathy with type-2 diabetes mellitus: (1) with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and (2) with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Type-2 diabetes mellitus without diabetic retinopathy (XDR) was designated as control. METHOD In this study, 45 saliva samples were collected (15 samples from XDR control group, 15 samples from NPDR disease group and 15 samples from PDR disease group). Salivary proteins were extracted, reduced, alkylated, trypsin digested and labeled with an isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) before being analyzed by an Orbitrap fusion tribrid mass spectrometer. Protein annotation, fold change calculation and statistical analysis were interrogated by Proteome Discoverer. Biological pathway analysis was performed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifiers PXD003723-PX003725. RESULTS A total of 315 proteins were identified from the salivary proteome and 119 proteins were found to be differentially expressed. The differentially expressed proteins from the NPDR disease group and the PDR disease group were assigned to respective canonical pathways indicating increased Liver X receptor/Retinoid X receptor (LXR/RXR) activation, Farnesoid X receptor/Retinoid X receptor (FXR/RXR) activation, acute phase response signaling, sucrose degradation V and regulation of actin-based motility by Rho in the PDR disease group compared to the NPDR disease group. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Progression from non-proliferative to proliferative retinopathy in type-2 diabetic patients is a complex multi-mechanism and systemic process. Furthermore, saliva was shown to be a feasible alternative sample source for diabetic retinopathy biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Soon Chee
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khai Meng Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mun Fai Loke
- Department of Medical Microbiology/Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Visvaraja Subrayan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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