1
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Fijan S, Šmigoc T. Overview of the Efficacy of Using Probiotics for Neurosurgical and Potential Neurosurgical Patients. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1361. [PMID: 39065129 PMCID: PMC11279057 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review delves into the emerging field of the gut microbiota-brain axis, emphasizing its bidirectional communication and implications for neurological health, particularly in trauma and neurosurgery. While disruptions in this axis can lead to dysbiosis and hinder neurological recovery, recent studies have highlighted the therapeutic potential of interventions like probiotics in targeting this axis. This review aims to focus on the efficacy of probiotic supplementation to support the gut microbiota-brain axis in trauma, neurosurgery, or pain based on the current clinical trials to assess the complex interplays among probiotics, the gut microbiota, and the central nervous system (CNS). This comprehensive literature review identified 10 relevant publications on probiotic interventions for various neurosurgical conditions across multiple countries. These studies demonstrated diverse outcomes, with significant improvements observed in gastrointestinal mobility, inflammatory responses, and infection rates, particularly in post-traumatic brain injury and spinal surgery. Probiotics also showed promise in mitigating antibiotic-associated diarrhea and modulating inflammatory cytokines. Despite the promising findings, the complex interplays among probiotics, the gut microbiota, and the central nervous system (CNS) call for cautious interpretation. Conflicting outcomes emphasize the need for better-designed trials to understand strain-specific and disease-specific effects accurately. In conclusion, probiotics offer a promising adjuvant therapy for neurosurgical patients, traumatic brain injuries, and post-spinal surgery. However, further well-designed randomized controlled trials are essential to elucidate the intricate relationship between microbiome-modulating interventions and the CNS via the gut microbiota-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Fijan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Maribor, Žitna ulica 15, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Tomaž Šmigoc
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska ulica 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
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2
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Apweiler M, Saliba SW, Sun L, Streyczek J, Normann C, Hellwig S, Bräse S, Fiebich BL. Modulation of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress by targeting GPR55 - new approaches in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02614-5. [PMID: 38796643 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02614-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Pharmacological treatment of psychiatric disorders remains challenging in clinical, pharmacological, and scientific practice. Even if many different substances are established for treating different psychiatric conditions, subgroups of patients show only small or no response to the treatment. The neuroinflammatory hypothesis of the genesis of psychiatric disorders might explain underlying mechanisms in these non-responders. For that reason, recent research focus on neuroinflammatory processes and oxidative stress as possible causes of psychiatric disorders. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) form the biggest superfamily of membrane-bound receptors and are already well known as pharmacological targets in various diseases. The G-protein coupled receptor 55 (GPR55), a receptor considered part of the endocannabinoid system, reveals promising modulation of neuroinflammatory and oxidative processes. Different agonists and antagonists reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine release, enhance the synthesis of anti-inflammatory mediators, and protect cells from oxidative damage. For this reason, GPR55 ligands might be promising compounds in treating subgroups of patients suffering from psychiatric disorders related to neuroinflammation or oxidative stress. New approaches in drug design might lead to new compounds targeting different pathomechanisms of those disorders in just one molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Apweiler
- Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Soraya Wilke Saliba
- Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lu Sun
- Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jana Streyczek
- Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claus Normann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Hellwig
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Bernd L Fiebich
- Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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3
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Pei MQ, Xu LM, Yang YS, Chen WC, Chen XL, Fang YM, Lin S, He HF. Latest advances and clinical application prospects of resveratrol therapy for neurocognitive disorders. Brain Res 2024; 1830:148821. [PMID: 38401770 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Neurocognitive disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and postoperative cognitive dysfunction, are non-psychiatric brain syndromes in which a significant decline in cognitive function causes great trauma to the mental status of the patient. The lack of effective treatments for neurocognitive disorders imposes a considerable burden on society, including a substantial economic impact. Over the past few decades, the identification of resveratrol, a natural plant compound, has provided researchers with an opportunity to formulate novel strategies for the treatment of neurocognitive disorders. This is because resveratrol effectively protects the brain of those with neurocognitive disorders by targeting some mechanisms such as inflammation and oxidative stress. This article reviews the status of recent research investigating the use of resveratrol for the treatment of different neurocognitive disorders. By examining the possible mechanisms of action of resveratrol and the shared mechanisms of different neurocognitive disorders, treatments for neurocognitive disorders may be further clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Qin Pei
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Li-Ming Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yu-Shen Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Wei-Can Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xin-Li Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yu-Ming Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shu Lin
- Center of Neurological and Metabolic Research, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China; Neuroendocrinology Group, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Sydney, Australia.
| | - He-Fan He
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China.
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4
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Saponjic J, Mejías R, Nikolovski N, Dragic M, Canak A, Papoutsopoulou S, Gürsoy-Özdemir Y, Fladmark KE, Ntavaroukas P, Bayar Muluk N, Zeljkovic Jovanovic M, Fontán-Lozano Á, Comi C, Marino F. Experimental Models to Study Immune Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4330. [PMID: 38673915 PMCID: PMC11050170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, age-related, progressive multisystem disease associated with neuroinflammation and immune dysfunction. This review discusses the methodological approaches used to study the changes in central and peripheral immunity in PD, the advantages and limitations of the techniques, and their applicability to humans. Although a single animal model cannot replicate all pathological features of the human disease, neuroinflammation is present in most animal models of PD and plays a critical role in understanding the involvement of the immune system (IS) in the pathogenesis of PD. The IS and its interactions with different cell types in the central nervous system (CNS) play an important role in the pathogenesis of PD. Even though culture models do not fully reflect the complexity of disease progression, they are limited in their ability to mimic long-term effects and need validation through in vivo studies. They are an indispensable tool for understanding the interplay between the IS and the pathogenesis of this disease. Understanding the immune-mediated mechanisms may lead to potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of PD. We believe that the development of methodological guidelines for experiments with animal models and PD patients is crucial to ensure the validity and consistency of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Saponjic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Rebeca Mejías
- Department of Physiology, School of Biology, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (R.M.); (Á.F.-L.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Neda Nikolovski
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Milorad Dragic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department for General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.D.); (M.Z.J.)
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences–National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11351 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Asuman Canak
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize 53100, Turkey;
| | - Stamatia Papoutsopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larisa, Greece; (S.P.); (P.N.)
| | | | - Kari E. Fladmark
- Department of Biological Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Panagiotis Ntavaroukas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larisa, Greece; (S.P.); (P.N.)
| | - Nuray Bayar Muluk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale 71450, Turkey;
| | - Milica Zeljkovic Jovanovic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department for General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.D.); (M.Z.J.)
| | - Ángela Fontán-Lozano
- Department of Physiology, School of Biology, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (R.M.); (Á.F.-L.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Cristoforo Comi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, S. Andrea Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 13100 Vercelli, Italy;
| | - Franca Marino
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy;
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Hu Y, Hu C, Yin J, Zhong J, Deng Y, Yang G. MiR-181c-5p ameliorates learning and memory in sleep-deprived mice via HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20220750. [PMID: 37466537 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320220750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep deprivation (SD) can lead to cognitive impairment caused by neuroinflammation. MiR-181c-5p/HMGB1 axis plays a part in anti-inflammation effects. However, the mechanism that miR-181c-5p facilitates learning and memory in SD mice remains unclear. So we investigated the role of miR-181c-5p in learning and memory impairment induced by SD. We overexpressed miR-181c-5p in the mice hippocampus by injecting lentivirus vector-miR-181c-5p (LV-miR-181c-5p) particles. Mice were divided into four groups: control (Ctrl), SD, SD + miR-181c-5p and SD + vector. We found that mice in the third group showed ameliorated learning and memory compared with the fourth group. The content of ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA-1) in the third group was decreased compared with the fourth group. Moreover, the expression levels of HMGB1, TLR4 and p-NF-κB in the hippocampus of overexpressed miR-181c-5p mice were reduced. In total, miR-181c-5p ameliorated learning and memory in SD mice via the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Hu
- Department of Neurology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, No. 43 Renmin Avenue, 570208, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Chong Hu
- Department of Neurology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, No. 43 Renmin Avenue, 570208, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Jierong Yin
- Department of Neurology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, No. 43 Renmin Avenue, 570208, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Jialing Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, No. 43 Renmin Avenue, 570208, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yuan Deng
- Department of Neurology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, No. 43 Renmin Avenue, 570208, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Guoshuai Yang
- Department of Neurology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, No. 43 Renmin Avenue, 570208, Haikou, Hainan, China
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6
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Li J, Tong L, Schock BC, Ji LL. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: Focus on Neuroinflammation. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:3963-3978. [PMID: 37004607 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03320-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), gaining increasing attention, is a multifaceted psychiatric disorder that occurs following a stressful or traumatic event or series of events. Recently, several studies showed a close relationship between PTSD and neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammation, a defense response of the nervous system, is associated with the activation of neuroimmune cells such as microglia and astrocytes and with changes in inflammatory markers. In this review, we first analyzed the relationship between neuroinflammation and PTSD: the effect of stress-derived activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis on the main immune cells in the brain and the effect of stimulated immune cells in the brain on the HPA axis. We then summarize the alteration of inflammatory markers in brain regions related to PTSD. Astrocytes are neural parenchymal cells that protect neurons by regulating the ionic microenvironment around neurons. Microglia are macrophages of the brain that coordinate the immunological response. Recent studies on these two cell types provided new insight into neuroinflammation in PTSD. These contribute to promoting comprehension of neuroinflammation, which plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimeng Li
- Department of 2nd Clinical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Lei Tong
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Bettina C Schock
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast Faculty of Medicine Health and Life Sciences, Belfast, UK
| | - Li-Li Ji
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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7
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Endothelial Toll-like receptor 4 is required for microglia activation in the murine retina after systemic lipopolysaccharide exposure. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:25. [PMID: 36739425 PMCID: PMC9899393 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02712-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clustering of microglia around the vasculature has been reported in the retina and the brain after systemic administration of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in mice. LPS acts via activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TRL4), which is expressed in several cell types including microglia, monocytes and vascular endothelial cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of systemic LPS in the pigmented mouse retina and the involvement of endothelial TLR4 in LPS-induced retinal microglia activation. METHODS C57BL/6J, conditional knockout mice that lack Tlr4 expression selectively on endothelial cells (TekCre-posTlr4loxP/loxP) and TekCre-negTlr4loxP/loxP mice were used. The mice were injected with 1 mg/kg LPS via the tail vein once per day for a total of 4 days. Prior to initiation of LPS injections and approximately 5 h after the last injection, in vivo imaging using fluorescein angiography and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography was performed. Immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, electroretinography and transmission electron microscopy were utilized to investigate the role of endothelial TLR4 in LPS-induced microglia activation and retinal function. RESULTS Activation of microglia, infiltration of monocyte-derived macrophages, impaired ribbon synapse organization and retinal dysfunction were observed after the LPS exposure in C57BL/6J and TekCre-negTlr4loxP/loxP mice. None of these effects were observed in the retinas of conditional Tlr4 knockout mice after the LPS challenge. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study suggest that systemic LPS exposure can have detrimental effects in the healthy retina and that TLR4 expressed on endothelial cells is essential for retinal microglia activation and retinal dysfunction upon systemic LPS challenge. This important finding provides new insights into the role of microglia-endothelial cell interaction in inflammatory retinal disease.
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Krakovski MA, Arora N, Jain S, Glover J, Dombrowski K, Hernandez B, Yadav H, Sarma AK. Diet-microbiome-gut-brain nexus in acute and chronic brain injury. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1002266. [PMID: 36188471 PMCID: PMC9523267 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1002266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, appreciation for the gut microbiome and its relationship to human health has emerged as a facilitator of maintaining healthy physiology and a contributor to numerous human diseases. The contribution of the microbiome in modulating the gut-brain axis has gained significant attention in recent years, extensively studied in chronic brain injuries such as Epilepsy and Alzheimer’s Disease. Furthermore, there is growing evidence that gut microbiome also contributes to acute brain injuries like stroke(s) and traumatic brain injury. Microbiome-gut-brain communications are bidirectional and involve metabolite production and modulation of immune and neuronal functions. The microbiome plays two distinct roles: it beneficially modulates immune system and neuronal functions; however, abnormalities in the host’s microbiome also exacerbates neuronal damage or delays the recovery from acute injuries. After brain injury, several inflammatory changes, such as the necrosis and apoptosis of neuronal tissue, propagates downward inflammatory signals to disrupt the microbiome homeostasis; however, microbiome dysbiosis impacts the upward signaling to the brain and interferes with recovery in neuronal functions and brain health. Diet is a superlative modulator of microbiome and is known to impact the gut-brain axis, including its influence on acute and neuronal injuries. In this review, we discussed the differential microbiome changes in both acute and chronic brain injuries, as well as the therapeutic importance of modulation by diets and probiotics. We emphasize the mechanistic studies based on animal models and their translational or clinical relationship by reviewing human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niraj Arora
- Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Shalini Jain
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Jennifer Glover
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Keith Dombrowski
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Beverly Hernandez
- Clinical Nutrition Services, Tampa General Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Hariom Yadav
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
- USF Center for Microbiome Research, Microbiomes Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Hariom Yadav,
| | - Anand Karthik Sarma
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Neurology, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Anand Karthik Sarma,
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9
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Freitas FEDA, Batista MAC, Braga DCDA, de Oliveira LB, Antunes VR, Cardoso LM. The gut-brain axis and sodium appetite: Can inflammation-related signaling influence the control of sodium intake? Appetite 2022; 175:106050. [PMID: 35447164 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sodium is the main cation present in the extracellular fluid. Sodium and water content in the body are responsible for volume and osmotic homeostasis through mechanisms involving sodium and water excretion and intake. When body sodium content decreases below the homeostatic threshold, a condition termed sodium deficiency, highly motivated sodium seeking, and intake occurs. This is termed sodium appetite. Classically, sodium and water intakes are controlled by a number of neuroendocrine mechanisms that include signaling molecules from the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system acting in the central nervous system (CNS). However, recent findings have shown that sodium and water intakes can also be influenced by inflammatory agents and mediators acting in the CNS. For instance, central infusion of IL-1β or TNF-α can directly affect sodium and water consumption in animal models. Some dietary conditions, such as high salt intake, have been shown to change the intestinal microbiome composition, stimulating the immune branch of the gut-brain axis through the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-17, which can stimulate the brain immune system. In this review, we address the latest findings supporting the hypothesis that immune signaling in the brain could produce a reduction in thirst and sodium appetite and, therefore, contribute to sodium intake control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Vagner Roberto Antunes
- Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics - ICB, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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10
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Fernández-Arjona MDM, León-Rodríguez A, Grondona JM, López-Ávalos MD. Microbial neuraminidase induces TLR4-dependent long-term immune priming in the brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:945229. [PMID: 35966200 PMCID: PMC9366060 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.945229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune memory explains the plasticity of immune responses after repeated immune stimulation, leading to either enhanced or suppressed immune responses. This process has been extensively reported in peripheral immune cells and also, although modestly, in the brain. Here we explored two relevant aspects of brain immune priming: its persistence over time and its dependence on TLR receptors. For this purpose, we used an experimental paradigm consisting in applying two inflammatory stimuli three months apart. Wild type, toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and TLR2 mutant strains were used. The priming stimulus was the intracerebroventricular injection of neuraminidase (an enzyme that is present in various pathogens able to provoke brain infections), which triggers an acute inflammatory process in the brain. The second stimulus was the intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (a TLR4 ligand) or Pam3CSK4 (a TLR2 ligand). One day after the second inflammatory challenge the immune response in the brain was examined. In wild type mice, microglial and astroglial density, as well as the expression of 4 out of 5 pro-inflammatory genes studied (TNFα, IL1β, Gal-3, and NLRP3), were increased in mice that received the double stimulus compared to those exposed only to the second one, which were initially injected with saline instead of neuraminidase. Such enhanced response suggests immune training in the brain, which lasts at least 3 months. On the other hand, TLR2 mutants under the same experimental design displayed an enhanced immune response quite similar to that of wild type mice. However, in TLR4 mutant mice the response after the second immune challenge was largely dampened, indicating the pivotal role of this receptor in the establishment of immune priming. Our results demonstrate that neuraminidase-induced inflammation primes an enhanced immune response in the brain to a subsequent immune challenge, immune training that endures and that is largely dependent on TLR4 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- María del Mar Fernández-Arjona
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Grupo de investigación en Neuropsicofarmacología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ana León-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Animal, Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jesús M. Grondona
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Animal, Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - María Dolores López-Ávalos
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Animal, Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- *Correspondence: María Dolores López-Ávalos
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11
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Mohd Isa IL, Mokhtar SA, Abbah SA, Fauzi MB, Devitt A, Pandit A. Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Strategies toward Precision Medicine. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2102530. [PMID: 35373924 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202102530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration is a common cause of discogenic low back pain resulting in significant disability. Current conservative or surgical intervention treatments do not reverse the underlying disc degeneration or regenerate the disc. Biomaterial-based tissue engineering strategies exhibit the potential to regenerate the disc due to their capacity to modulate local tissue responses, maintain the disc phenotype, attain biochemical homeostasis, promote anatomical tissue repair, and provide functional mechanical support. Despite preliminary positive results in preclinical models, these approaches have limited success in clinical trials as they fail to address discogenic pain. This review gives insights into the understanding of intervertebral disc pathology, the emerging concept of precision medicine, and the rationale of personalized biomaterial-based tissue engineering tailored to the severity of the disease targeting early, mild, or severe degeneration, thereby enhancing the efficacy of the treatment for disc regeneration and ultimately to alleviate discogenic pain. Further research is required to assess the relationship between disc degeneration and lower back pain for developing future clinically relevant therapeutic interventions targeted towards the subgroup of degenerative disc disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isma Liza Mohd Isa
- Department of Anatomy Faculty of Medicine Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Kuala Lumpur 56000 Malaysia
- CÚRAM SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices National University of Ireland Galway H91W2TY Ireland
| | - Sabarul Afian Mokhtar
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology Faculty of Medicine Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Kuala Lumpur 56000 Malaysia
| | - Sunny A. Abbah
- CÚRAM SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices National University of Ireland Galway H91W2TY Ireland
| | - Mh Busra Fauzi
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Faculty of Medicine Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Kuala Lumpur 56000 Malaysia
| | - Aiden Devitt
- CÚRAM SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices National University of Ireland Galway H91W2TY Ireland
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery University Hospital Galway Galway H91YR71 Ireland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- CÚRAM SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices National University of Ireland Galway H91W2TY Ireland
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12
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Bajic JE, Howarth GS, Mashtoub S, Whittaker AL, Bobrovskaya L, Hutchinson MR. Neuroimmunological complications arising from chemotherapy-induced gut toxicity and opioid exposure in female dark agouti rats. J Neurosci Res 2022; 100:237-250. [PMID: 34510524 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer patients may experience symptom clusters, including chemotherapy-induced (CI) gut toxicity (CIGT) and cognitive impairment. Analgesic selection for pain associated with CIGT is difficult as opioids induce glial reactivity and unwanted side effects. This study quantified central glial reactivity and proinflammatory effects in rats with CIGT using three mechanistically different analgesics. Regional adaptations were indicative of immune-to-brain signaling routes. Utilizing a 5-fluorouracil-induced GT (5IGT) rat model and analgesic intervention (carprofen (CAR), buprenorphine (BUP), and tramadol (TRAM)), spinal and brain neuroimmune modulation was examined via microglial, astrocyte, and proinflammatory (cluster of differentiation molecule 11b; CD11b, glial fibrillary associated protein; GFAP, and interleukin-1 beta; IL1β) reactivity marker expression changes by western blot analysis. 5IGT significantly increased thoracic GFAP (p < 0.05) and IL-1β (p < 0.0001) expression, CAR and BUP ameliorated these effects. BUP and TRAM with 5-FU synergistically increased hippocampal GFAP expression. CAR administered with 5IGT significantly elevated hippocampal and thoracic CD11b expression levels (p < 0.05). The neuroimmune responses observed in this study suggest activation of peripheral-to-central immune signaling pathways. We speculate that the opioid-induced hippocampal changes inferred a humorally mediated mechanism, whereas thoracic neuroimmune modifications indicated activation of an indirect neural route. Although TRAM ameliorated 5IGT-intestinal inflammation, this opioid presents complications relating to bodyweight and regional glial dysregulation (neuroinflammation) and may not be optimal in the management of pain associated with 5IGT. The chemotherapy-induced gut-derived neuroimmune consequences observed suggest a potential mechanistic contribution to central components of the cancer symptom cluster experience, while the opioid-related glial changes have implications for optimal pain management in this setting warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Esma Bajic
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Gordon Stanley Howarth
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
- Gastroenterology Department, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Suzanne Mashtoub
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Gastroenterology Department, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | | | - Larisa Bobrovskaya
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mark Rowland Hutchinson
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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13
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Woodburn SC, Bollinger JL, Wohleb ES. The semantics of microglia activation: neuroinflammation, homeostasis, and stress. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:258. [PMID: 34742308 PMCID: PMC8571840 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02309-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are emerging as critical regulators of neuronal function and behavior in nearly every area of neuroscience. Initial reports focused on classical immune functions of microglia in pathological contexts, however, immunological concepts from these studies have been applied to describe neuro-immune interactions in the absence of disease, injury, or infection. Indeed, terms such as 'microglia activation' or 'neuroinflammation' are used ubiquitously to describe changes in neuro-immune function in disparate contexts; particularly in stress research, where these terms prompt undue comparisons to pathological conditions. This creates a barrier for investigators new to neuro-immunology and ultimately hinders our understanding of stress effects on microglia. As more studies seek to understand the role of microglia in neurobiology and behavior, it is increasingly important to develop standard methods to study and define microglial phenotype and function. In this review, we summarize primary research on the role of microglia in pathological and physiological contexts. Further, we propose a framework to better describe changes in microglia1 phenotype and function in chronic stress. This approach will enable more precise characterization of microglia in different contexts, which should facilitate development of microglia-directed therapeutics in psychiatric and neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C Woodburn
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Justin L Bollinger
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Eric S Wohleb
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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14
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Roesler R, Dini SA, Isolan GR. Neuroinflammation and immunoregulation in glioblastoma and brain metastases: Recent developments in imaging approaches. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 206:314-324. [PMID: 34591980 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors and brain metastases induce changes in brain tissue remodeling that lead to immunosuppression and trigger an inflammatory response within the tumor microenvironment. These immune and inflammatory changes can influence invasion and metastasis. Other neuroinflammatory and necrotic lesions may occur in patients with brain cancer or brain metastases as sequelae from treatment with radiotherapy. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary malignant brain cancer in adults. Imaging methods such as positron emission tomography (PET) and different magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques are highly valuable for the diagnosis and therapeutic evaluation of GBM and other malignant brain tumors. However, differentiating between tumor tissue and inflamed brain tissue with imaging protocols remains a challenge. Here, we review recent advances in imaging methods that have helped to improve the specificity of primary tumor diagnosis versus evaluation of inflamed and necrotic brain lesions. We also comment on advances in differentiating metastasis from neuroinflammation processes. Recent advances include the radiosynthesis of 18 F-FIMP, an L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1)-specific PET probe that allows clearer differentiation between tumor tissue and inflammation compared to previous probes, and the combination of different advanced imaging protocols with the inclusion of radiomics and machine learning algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Roesler
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Simone Afonso Dini
- The Center for Advanced Neurology and Neurosurgery (CEANNE)-Brazil, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R Isolan
- The Center for Advanced Neurology and Neurosurgery (CEANNE)-Brazil, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Mackenzie Evangelical University of Paraná (FEMPAR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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15
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A randomized phase II remote study to assess Bacopa for Gulf War Illness associated cognitive dysfunction: Design and methods of a national study. Life Sci 2021; 282:119819. [PMID: 34256038 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Gulf War Illness (GWI) is a chronic, debilitating, multi-symptom condition affecting as many as one-third of the nearly 700,000 U.S. troops deployed to the Middle East during the 1990-1991 Gulf War (GW). The treatment of GWI relies on symptom management. A common challenge in studying the efficacy of interventions for symptom management is participant recruitment related to factors such as the burden of travelling to study sites and the widespread dispersion of Veterans with GWI. The goal of this study is to assess the efficacy of a novel low-risk therapeutic agent, Bacopa monnieri, for cognitive function in Veterans with GWI and to evaluate the utility of a remote patient-centric study design developed to promote recruitment and minimize participant burden. MAIN METHODS To promote effective participant recruitment, we developed a remote patient-centric study design. Participants will be recruited online through social media and through a web-based research volunteer list of GW Veterans. An online assessment platform will be used, and laboratory blood draws will be performed at clinical laboratory sites that are local to participants. Furthermore, the assigned intervention will be mailed to each participant. SIGNIFICANCE These study design adaptations will open participation to Veterans nearly nationwide and reduce administrative costs while maintaining methodologic rigor and participant safety in a randomized, placebo-controlled phase II clinical trial.
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16
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Osca-Verdegal R, Beltrán-García J, Pallardó FV, García-Giménez JL. Role of microRNAs As Biomarkers in Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4682-4693. [PMID: 34160774 PMCID: PMC8220114 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02445-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a neurological complication of sepsis, characterized by brain dysfunction without any direct central nervous system infection. The diagnosis of SAE is currently a challenge. In fact, problems in making a diagnosis of SAE cause a great variability of incidence that can reach up to 70% of all septic patients. Even more, despite SAE is the most frequent type of encephalopathy occurring in critically ill patients, the molecular mechanisms that guide its progression have not been completely elucidated. On the other hand, miRNAs have proven to be excellent biomarkers for both diagnosis and prognosis, especially in brain pathologies because of their small size they can cross the blood–brain barrier easier than other biomolecules. The identification of new miRNAs as biomarkers may help to improve SAE diagnosis and prognosis and also to design new therapies for this clinical manifestation that produces diffuse cerebral dysfunction. This review is focused on SAE physiopathology and the need to have clear criteria for its diagnosis; thus, this work postulates some miRNA candidates to be used for SAE biomarkers because of their role in both, neurological damage and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Osca-Verdegal
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina Y Odontología, Universitat de València, València, Spain
| | - Jesús Beltrán-García
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina Y Odontología, Universitat de València, València, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Federico V. Pallardó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina Y Odontología, Universitat de València, València, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Luis García-Giménez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina Y Odontología, Universitat de València, València, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
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17
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Van Booven D, Zarnowski O, Perez M, Sarria L, Collado F, Hansotia K, Riegle S, Finger T, Fletcher MA, Klimas NG, Nathanson L. The effect of stress on the transcriptomes of circulating immune cells in patients with Gulf War Illness. Life Sci 2021; 281:119719. [PMID: 34144055 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In an effort to gain further insight into the underlying mechanisms tied to disease onset and progression of Gulf War Illness (GWI), our team evaluated GWI patient response to stress utilizing RNA-Seq. MAIN METHODS The protocol included blood collection before exercise challenge (baseline), at maximal exertion, and after exercise challenge (recovery - four hours post-exercise challenge). Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) transcriptomics data were analyzed to understand why GWI patients process stressors differently from their healthy counterparts. KEY FINDINGS Our findings validate previously identified dysregulation of immune and inflammatory pathways among GWI patients as well as highlight novel immune and inflammatory markers of disease activity. These results provide a foundation for future research efforts in understanding GWI pathophysiology and creating targeted treatments. SIGNIFICANCE Gulf War Illness is a complex, chronic, and debilitating multi-system illness impacting 25%-30% of the U.S. troops deployed to the 1990-1991 Gulf War. The condition is characterized by medically unexplained fatigue and affects multiple organ systems. Because the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown, patients receive symptom-based treatment, rather than targeting fundamental biological processes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that applies RNA-Seq to analyze the effect of GWI, and the response to stressors in GWI, on the transcriptomic changes in circulating immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Van Booven
- Dr. J. P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics Miller School of Medicine University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Oskar Zarnowski
- Institute for Neuro Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States of America; Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States of America
| | - Melanie Perez
- Institute for Neuro Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States of America; Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States of America
| | - Leonor Sarria
- Institute for Neuro Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States of America
| | - Fanny Collado
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Research Service, Miami, FL, United States of America; South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education Inc, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States of America
| | - Kyle Hansotia
- Halmos College of Arts and Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States of America; Farquhar Honors College, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States of America
| | - Sean Riegle
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States of America
| | - Tali Finger
- Institute for Neuro Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States of America
| | - Mary Ann Fletcher
- Institute for Neuro Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States of America; Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Research Service, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Nancy G Klimas
- Institute for Neuro Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States of America; Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Research Service, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Lubov Nathanson
- Institute for Neuro Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States of America.
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18
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Passaro AP, Lebos AL, Yao Y, Stice SL. Immune Response in Neurological Pathology: Emerging Role of Central and Peripheral Immune Crosstalk. Front Immunol 2021; 12:676621. [PMID: 34177918 PMCID: PMC8222736 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.676621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a key component of neurological disorders and is an important therapeutic target; however, immunotherapies have been largely unsuccessful. In cases where these therapies have succeeded, particularly multiple sclerosis, they have primarily focused on one aspect of the disease and leave room for improvement. More recently, the impact of the peripheral immune system is being recognized, since it has become evident that the central nervous system is not immune-privileged, as once thought. In this review, we highlight key interactions between central and peripheral immune cells in neurological disorders. While traditional approaches have examined these systems separately, the immune responses and processes in neurological disorders consist of substantial crosstalk between cells of the central and peripheral immune systems. Here, we provide an overview of major immune effector cells and the role of the blood-brain barrier in regard to neurological disorders and provide examples of this crosstalk in various disorders, including stroke and traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, and brain cancer. Finally, we propose targeting central-peripheral immune interactions as a potential improved therapeutic strategy to overcome failures in clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin P. Passaro
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Division of Neuroscience, Biomedical Health and Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Abraham L. Lebos
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Yao Yao
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Steven L. Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Division of Neuroscience, Biomedical Health and Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Narayanaswami V, Tong J, Schifani C, Bloomfield PM, Dahl K, Vasdev N. Preclinical Evaluation of TSPO and MAO-B PET Radiotracers in an LPS Model of Neuroinflammation. PET Clin 2021; 16:233-247. [PMID: 33648665 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Discovery of novel PET radiotracers targeting neuroinflammation (microglia and astrocytes) is actively pursued. Employing a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) rat model, this longitudinal study evaluated the translocator protein 18-kDa radiotracer [18F]FEPPA (primarily microglia) and monoamine oxidase B radiotracers [11C]L-deprenyl and [11C]SL25.1188 (astrocytes preferred). Increased [18F]FEPPA binding peaked at 1 week in LPS-injected striatum whereas increased lazabemide-sensitive [11C]L-deprenyl binding developed later. No increase in radiotracer uptake was observed for [11C]SL25.1188. The unilateral intrastriatal LPS rat model may serve as a useful tool for benchmarking PET tracers targeted toward distinct phases of neuroinflammatory reactions involving both microglia and astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Narayanaswami
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Room 270, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Junchao Tong
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Room 339, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Christin Schifani
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Room 270, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Peter M Bloomfield
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Room B26A, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Kenneth Dahl
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Room B02, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Room PET G2, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada.
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20
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Gorica E, Calderone V. Arachidonic Acid Derivatives and Neuroinflammation. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 21:118-129. [PMID: 33557740 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210208130412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is characterized by dysregulated inflammatory responses localized within the brain and spinal cord. Neuroinflammation plays a pivotal role in the onset of several neurodegenerative disorders and is considered a typical feature of these disorders. Microglia perform primary immune surveillance and macrophage-like activities within the central nervous system. Activated microglia are predominant players in the central nervous system response to damage related to stroke, trauma, and infection. Moreover, microglial activation per se leads to a proinflammatory response and oxidative stress. During the release of cytokines and chemokines, cyclooxygenases and phospholipase A2 are stimulated. Elevated levels of these compounds play a significant role in immune cell recruitment into the brain. Cyclic phospholipase A2 plays a fundamental role in the production of prostaglandins by releasing arachidonic acid. In turn, arachidonic acid is biotransformed through different routes into several mediators that are endowed with pivotal roles in the regulation of inflammatory processes. Some experimental models of neuroinflammation exhibit an increase in cyclic phospholipase A2, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins such as prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin D2, or prostacyclin. However, findings on the role of the prostacyclin receptors have revealed that their signalling suppresses Th2-mediated inflammatory responses. In addition, other in vitro evidence suggests that prostaglandin E2 may inhibit the production of some inflammatory cytokines, attenuating inflammatory events such as mast cell degranulation or inflammatory leukotriene production. Based on these conflicting experimental data, the role of arachidonic acid derivatives in neuroinflammation remains a challenging issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Era Gorica
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa. Italy
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21
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Boccardi V, Paolacci L, Remondini D, Giampieri E, Poli G, Curti N, Cecchetti R, Villa A, Ruggiero C, Brancorsini S, Mecocci P. Cognitive Decline and Alzheimer's Disease in Old Age: A Sex-Specific Cytokinome Signature. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 72:911-918. [PMID: 31658056 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated peripheral levels of different cytokines and chemokines in subjects with Alzheimer's disease (AD), as compared with healthy controls (HC), have emphasized the role of inflammation in such a disease. Considering the cross-talking between the central nervous system and the periphery, the inflammatory analytes may provide utility as biomarkers to identify AD at earlier stages. OBJECTIVE Using an advanced statistical approach, we can discriminate the interactive network of cytokines/chemokines and propose a useful tool to follow the progression and evolution of AD, also in light of sex differences. METHODS A cohort of 289 old-age subjects was screened for cytokine and chemokine profiling, measured in plasma, after a thorough clinical and neuropsychological evaluation. A custom algorithm based on Fisher linear discriminant analysis was applied to ascertain a classification signature able to discriminate HC from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD. RESULTS We observed that a joint expression of three proteins (a "signature" composed by IFN-α2, IL-1α, TNFα) can discriminate HC from AD with an accuracy of 65.24%. Using this signature on MCI samples, 84.93% of them were classified as "non-HC". Stratifying MCI samples by sex, we observed that 87.23% of women were classified as "non-HC", and only 57.69% of males. Indeed, in a scatter plot of IFN-α2 and IL-1α, the HC group was better separated from MCI and AD in women as compared with men. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that AD is accompanied by a peripheral inflammatory response that can already be present in MCI subjects, thus providing a mean for detecting this at-risk status and allow an anticipated intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Boccardi
- Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lucia Paolacci
- Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniel Remondini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, and INFN Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Enrico Giampieri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, and INFN Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Poli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Terni, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Nico Curti
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, and INFN Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Cecchetti
- Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alfredo Villa
- Department of Clinical Pathology, S.M. della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carmelinda Ruggiero
- Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Brancorsini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Terni, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Mecocci
- Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Liu Y, Wen D, Gao J, Xie B, Yu H, Shen Q, Zhang J, Jing W, Cong B, Ma C. Methamphetamine induces GSDME-dependent cell death in hippocampal neuronal cells through the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. Brain Res Bull 2020; 162:73-83. [PMID: 32544512 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is an illegal amphetamine-typed psychostimulant that is abused worldwide and causes serious public health problems. METH exposure induces apoptosis and autophagy in neuronal cells. However, the role of pyroptosis in METH-induced neurotoxicity is still unclear. Here, we investigate whether pyroptosis is involved in METH-induced hippocampal neurotoxicity and the potential mechanisms of Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in hippocampal neuronal cells. For this purpose, the expression levels of pyroptosis-related proteins, GSDMD and GSDME, were analyzed by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry in the hippocampal neuron cell line HT-22. Next, we explored METH-induced pyroptosis in HT-22 using immunoblotting, LDH assays and SYTOX green acid staining. Further, the relationship between pyroptosis and ER stress in METH-induced hippocampal neuron damage was studied in HT-22 cells using inhibitors including TUDCA, a specific inhibitor of ER stress, GSK-2656157, a PERK pathway inhibitor and STF-0803010, an inhibitor of IRE1α endoribonuclease activity. This relationship was also studied using siRNAs, including siTRAF2, an siRNA against IRE1α kinase activity and siATF6 against the ATF6 pathway, which were analyzed by immunoblotting, LDH assays and SYTOX green acid staining. GSDME but not GSDMD was found to be expressed in HT-22 cells. METH treatment induced the upregulation of cleaved GSDME-NT and LDH release, as well as the increase of SYTOX green positive cells in HT-22 cells, which was partly reversed by inhibitors and siRNAs, indicating that the ER stress signaling pathway was involved in GSDME-dependent cell death induced by METH. In summary, these results revealed that METH induced ER stress that mediated GSDME-dependent cell death in hippocampal neuronal cells. These findings provide novel insight into the mechanisms of METH-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Di Wen
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Jingqi Gao
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Bing Xie
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Hailei Yu
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Qianchao Shen
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Weiwei Jing
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Bin Cong
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Shijiazhuang, PR China.
| | - Chunling Ma
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Shijiazhuang, PR China.
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Francistiová L, Bianchi C, Di Lauro C, Sebastián-Serrano Á, de Diego-García L, Kobolák J, Dinnyés A, Díaz-Hernández M. The Role of P2X7 Receptor in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:94. [PMID: 32581707 PMCID: PMC7283947 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive cognitive decline associated with global brain damage. Initially, intracellular paired helical filaments composed by hyperphosphorylated tau and extracellular deposits of amyloid-β (Aβ) were postulated as the causing factors of the synaptic dysfunction, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal death, detected in AD patients. Therefore, the vast majority of clinical trials were focused on targeting Aβ and tau directly, but no effective treatment has been reported so far. Consequently, only palliative treatments are currently available for AD patients. Over recent years, several studies have suggested the involvement of the purinergic receptor P2X7 (P2X7R), a plasma membrane ionotropic ATP-gated receptor, in the AD brain pathology. In this line, altered expression levels and function of P2X7R were found both in AD patients and AD mouse models. Consequently, genetic depletion or pharmacological inhibition of P2X7R ameliorated the hallmarks and symptoms of different AD mouse models. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge about the role of the P2X7R in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Francistiová
- BioTalentum Ltd., Gödöllõ, Hungary
- Szent István University, Gödöllõ, Hungary
| | - Carolina Bianchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Caterina Di Lauro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Sebastián-Serrano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura de Diego-García
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - András Dinnyés
- BioTalentum Ltd., Gödöllõ, Hungary
- Szent István University, Gödöllõ, Hungary
- HCEMM-USZ StemCell Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Miguel Díaz-Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
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Neuroinflammation in CNS diseases: Molecular mechanisms and the therapeutic potential of plant derived bioactive molecules. PHARMANUTRITION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2020.100176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Liao R, Wood TR, Nance E. Superoxide dismutase reduces monosodium glutamate-induced injury in an organotypic whole hemisphere brain slice model of excitotoxicity. J Biol Eng 2020; 14:3. [PMID: 32042309 PMCID: PMC7001228 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-020-0226-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Knowledge of glutamate excitotoxicity has increased substantially over the past few decades, with multiple proposed pathways involved in inflicting damage. We sought to develop a monosodium glutamate (MSG) exposed ex vivo organotypic whole hemisphere (OWH) brain slice model of excitotoxicity to study excitotoxic processes and screen the efficacy of superoxide dismutase (SOD). Results The OWH model is a reproducible platform with high cell viability and retained cellular morphology. OWH slices exposed to MSG induced significant cytotoxicity and downregulation of neuronal excitation-related gene expression. The OWH brain slice model has enabled us to isolate and study components of excitotoxicity, distinguishing the effects of glutamate excitation, hyperosmolar stress, and inflammation. We find that extracellularly administered SOD is significantly protective in inhibiting cell death and restoring healthy mitochondrial morphology. SOD efficacy suggests that superoxide scavenging is a promising therapeutic strategy in excitotoxic injury. Conclusions Using OWH brain slice models, we can obtain a better understanding of the pathological mechanisms of excitotoxic injury, and more rapidly screen potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick Liao
- 1Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, 3781 Okanogan Lane NE, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Thomas R Wood
- 2Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Elizabeth Nance
- 1Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, 3781 Okanogan Lane NE, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.,3Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA.,4Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
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26
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Bowyer JF, Sarkar S, Burks SM, Hess JN, Tolani S, O'Callaghan JP, Hanig JP. Microglial activation and responses to vasculature that result from an acute LPS exposure. Neurotoxicology 2020; 77:181-192. [PMID: 32014511 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cell wall endotoxins, i.e. lipopolysaccharides (LPS), are some of the original compounds shown to evoke the classic signs of systemic inflammation/innate immune response and neuroinflammation. The term neuroinflammation often is used to infer the elaboration of proinflammatory mediators by microglia elicited by neuronal targeted activity. However, it also is possible that the microglia are responding to vasculature through several signaling mechanisms. Microglial activation relative to the vasculature in the hippocampus and parietal cortex was determined after an acute exposure of a single subcutaneous injection of 2 mg/kg LPS. Antibodies to allograft inflammatory factor (Aif1, a.k.a. Iba1) were used to track and quantify morphological changes in microglia. Immunostaining of platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (Pecam1, a.k.a. Cd31) was used to visualize vasculature in the forebrain and glial acidic fibrillary protein (GFAP) to visualize astrocytes. Neuroinflammation and other aspects of neurotoxicity were evaluated histologically at 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 3 d and 14 d following LPS exposure. LPS did not cause neurodegeneration as determined by Fluoro Jade C labeling. Also, there were no signs of mouse IgG leakage from brain vasculature due to LPS. Some changes in microglia size occurred at 6 h, but by 12 h microglial activation had begun with the combined soma and proximal processes size increasing significantly (1.5-fold). At 24 h, almost all the microglia soma and proximal processes in the hippocampus, parietal cortex, and thalamus were closely associated with the vasculature and had increased almost 2.0-fold in size. In many areas where microglia were juxtaposed to vasculature, astrocytic endfeet appeared to be displaced. The microglial activation had subsided slightly by 3 d with microglial size 1.6-fold that of control. We hypothesize that acute LPS activation can result in vascular mediated microglial responses through several mechanisms: 1) binding to Cd14 and Tlr4 receptors on microglia processes residing on vasculature; 2) damaging vasculature and causing the release of cytokines; and 3) possibly astrocytic endfeet damage resulting in cytokine release. These acute responses may serve as an adaptive mechanism to exposure to circulating LPS where the microglia surround the vasculature. This could further prevent the pathogen(s) circulating in blood from entering the brain. However, diverting microglial interactions away from synaptic remodeling and other types of microglial interactions with neurons may have adverse effects on neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Bowyer
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicology/ FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Sumit Sarkar
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicology/ FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Susan M Burks
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicology/ FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Jade N Hess
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicology/ FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Serena Tolani
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicology/ FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - James P O'Callaghan
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Joseph P Hanig
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research/ FDA Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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27
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Sharma A, Sharma R, Zhang Z, Liaw K, Kambhampati SP, Porterfield JE, Lin KC, DeRidder LB, Kannan S, Kannan RM. Dense hydroxyl polyethylene glycol dendrimer targets activated glia in multiple CNS disorders. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay8514. [PMID: 32010790 PMCID: PMC6976300 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay8514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Poor transport of neuropharmaceutics through central nervous system (CNS) barriers limits the development of effective treatments for CNS disorders. We present the facile synthesis of a novel neuroinflammation-targeting polyethylene glycol-based dendrimer (PEGOL-60) using an efficient click chemistry approach. PEGOL-60 reduces synthetic burden by achieving high hydroxyl surface density at low generation, which plays a key role in brain penetration and glia targeting of dendrimers in CNS disorders. Systemically administered PEGOL-60 crosses impaired CNS barriers and specifically targets activated microglia/macrophages at the injured site in diverse animal models for cerebral palsy, glioblastoma, and age-related macular degeneration, demonstrating its potential to overcome impaired blood-brain, blood-tumor-brain, and blood-retinal barriers and target key cells in the CNS. PEGOL-60 also exhibits powerful intrinsic anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in inflamed microglia in vitro. Therefore, PEGOL-60 is an effective vehicle to specifically deliver therapies to sites of CNS injury for enhanced therapeutic outcomes in a range of neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Sharma
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Rishi Sharma
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Kevin Liaw
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD 21218, USA
| | - Siva P. Kambhampati
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Joshua E. Porterfield
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD 21218, USA
| | - Ku Chien Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD 21218, USA
| | - Louis B. DeRidder
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD 21218, USA
| | - Sujatha Kannan
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger Inc., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rangaramanujam M. Kannan
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD 21218, USA
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger Inc., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Xiang C, Han S, Nao J, Cong S. MicroRNAs Dysregulation and Metabolism in Multiple System Atrophy. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1103. [PMID: 31680837 PMCID: PMC6811505 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is an adult onset, fatal disease, characterized by an accumulation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) in oligodendroglial cells. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs involved in post-translational regulation and several biological processes. Disruption of miRNA-related pathways in the central nervous system (CNS) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including MSA. While the exact mechanisms underlying miRNAs in the pathogenesis of MSA remain unclear, it is known that miRNAs can repress the translation of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that regulate the following pathogenesis associated with MSA: autophagy, neuroinflammation, α-syn accumulation, synaptic transmission, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. In this review, the metabolism of miRNAs and their functional roles in the pathogenesis of MSA are discussed, thereby highlighting miRNAs as potential new biomarkers for the diagnosis of MSA and in increasing our understanding of the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunchen Xiang
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shunchang Han
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianfei Nao
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuyan Cong
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Recent Developments in TSPO PET Imaging as A Biomarker of Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133161. [PMID: 31261683 PMCID: PMC6650818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an inflammatory response in the brain and spinal cord, which can involve the activation of microglia and astrocytes. It is a common feature of many central nervous system disorders, including a range of neurodegenerative disorders. An overlap between activated microglia, pro-inflammatory cytokines and translocator protein (TSPO) ligand binding was shown in early animal studies of neurodegeneration. These findings have been translated in clinical studies, where increases in TSPO positron emission tomography (PET) signal occur in disease-relevant areas across a broad spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases. While this supports the use of TSPO PET as a biomarker to monitor response in clinical trials of novel neurodegenerative therapeutics, the clinical utility of current TSPO PET radioligands has been hampered by the lack of high affinity binding to a prevalent form of polymorphic TSPO (A147T) compared to wild type TSPO. This review details recent developments in exploration of ligand-sensitivity to A147T TSPO that have yielded ligands with improved clinical utility. In addition to developing a non-discriminating TSPO ligand, the final frontier of TSPO biomarker research requires developing an understanding of the cellular and functional interpretation of the TSPO PET signal. Recent insights resulting from single cell analysis of microglial phenotypes are reviewed.
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30
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The Relationship Between Neuroimmunity and Bipolar Disorder: Mechanism and Translational Application. Neurosci Bull 2019; 35:595-607. [PMID: 31214924 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-019-00403-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimmune system may be involved in the pathological process of bipolar disorder (BD), but the essential association is not fully understood. Accumulating evidence has shown that BD involves the activation of immune cells and the release of inflammatory substances in the central nerve system (CNS). Meanwhile, neuroimmune responses also interact with other hypothesis of the etiology of BD that are widely recognized, such as neurotransmitter systems, neuroendocrine systems, neurotrophic factors, and oxidative stress. Simultaneously, related genes and immune changes in peripheral blood vary with it. Overall, neuroimmunity may play an important role in the pathogenesis of BD, and the inflammatory cytokines, especially interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, have potential value for the clinical diagnosis and prognosis of BD, as well as predicting the therapeutic effects of drugs. Large-scale studies are needed to extend the evidence on neuroimmunity in BD, and to examine its clinical value for applications such as early prediction and treatment.
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Farfara D, Feierman E, Richards A, Revenko AS, MacLeod RA, Norris EH, Strickland S. Knockdown of circulating C1 inhibitor induces neurovascular impairment, glial cell activation, neuroinflammation, and behavioral deficits. Glia 2019; 67:1359-1373. [PMID: 30882931 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cross-talk between blood proteins, immune cells, and brain function involves complex mechanisms. Plasma protein C1 inhibitor (C1INH) is an inhibitor of vascular inflammation that is induced by activation of the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) and the complement system. Knockout of C1INH was previously correlated with peripheral vascular permeability via the bradykinin pathway, yet there was no evidence of its correlation with blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and brain function. In order to understand the effect of plasma C1INH on brain pathology via the vascular system, we knocked down circulating C1INH in wild-type (WT) mice using an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO), without affecting C1INH expression in peripheral immune cells or the brain, and examined brain pathology. Long-term elimination of endogenous C1INH in the plasma induced the activation of the KKS and peritoneal macrophages but did not activate the complement system. Bradykinin pathway proteins were elevated in the periphery and the brain, resulting in hypotension. BBB permeability, extravasation of plasma proteins into the brain parenchyma, activation of glial cells, and elevation of pro-inflammatory response mediators were detected. Furthermore, infiltrating innate immune cells were observed entering the brain through the lateral ventricle walls and the neurovascular unit. Mice showed normal locomotion function, yet cognition was impaired and depressive-like behavior was evident. In conclusion, our results highlight the important role of regulated plasma C1INH as it acts as a gatekeeper to the brain via the neurovascular system. Thus, manipulation of C1INH in neurovascular disorders might be therapeutically beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Farfara
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Emily Feierman
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Allison Richards
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Alexey S Revenko
- Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, IONIS Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, California
| | - Robert A MacLeod
- Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, IONIS Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, California
| | - Erin H Norris
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Sidney Strickland
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
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Borgonetti V, Governa P, Montopoli M, Biagi M. Cannabis sativa L. Constituents and Their Role in Neuroinflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573407214666180703130525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The interest in Cannabis sativa L. phytocomplex as a medicinal tool is a recently-emerging topic. Neurodegenerative diseases represent a promising field of application for cannabis and its preparations, as most of this pathologic conditions relies on an inflammatory etiology. Several cannabis constituents display anti-inflammatory effects targeting multiple pathways. In this review, a comprehensive overview of the available literature on C. sativa constituents activities in neuroinflammation is given. On the basis that the anti-inflammatory activity of cannabis is not attributable to only a single constituent, we discuss the possible advantages of administering the whole phytocomplex in order to fully exploit the “entourage effect” in neuroinflammatory-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marco Biagi
- SIFITLab, Via Laterina 8, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Camacho L, Silva CS, Hanig JP, Schleimer RP, George NI, Bowyer JF. Identification of whole blood mRNA and microRNA biomarkers of tissue damage and immune function resulting from amphetamine exposure or heat stroke in adult male rats. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210273. [PMID: 30779732 PMCID: PMC6380594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This work extends the understanding of how toxic exposures to amphetamine (AMPH) adversely affect the immune system and lead to tissue damage. Importantly, it determines which effects of AMPH are and are not due to pronounced hyperthermia. Whole blood messenger RNA (mRNA) and whole blood and serum microRNA (miRNA) transcripts were identified in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats after exposure to toxic AMPH under normothermic conditions, AMPH when it produces pronounced hyperthermia, or environmentally-induced hyperthermia (EIH). mRNA transcripts with large increases in fold-change in treated relative to control rats and very low expression in the control group were a rich source of organ-specific transcripts in blood. When severe hyperthermia was produced by either EIH or AMPH, significant increases in circulating organ-specific transcripts for liver (Alb, Fbg, F2), pancreas (Spink1), bronchi/lungs (F3, Cyp4b1), bone marrow (Np4, RatNP-3b), and kidney (Cesl1, Slc22a8) were observed. Liver damage was suggested also by increased miR-122 levels in the serum. Increases in muscle/heart-enriched transcripts were produced by AMPH even in the absence of hyperthermia. Expression increases in immune-related transcripts, particularly Cd14 and Vcan, indicate that AMPH can activate the innate immune system in the absence of hyperthermia. Most transcripts specific for T-cells decreased 50–70% after AMPH exposure or EIH, with the noted exception of Ccr5 and Chst12. This is probably due to T-cells leaving the circulation and down-regulation of these genes. Transcript changes specific for B-cells or B-lymphoblasts in the AMPH and EIH groups ranged widely from decreasing ≈ 40% (Cd19, Cd180) to increasing 30 to 100% (Tk1, Ahsa1) to increasing ≥500% (Stip1, Ackr3). The marked increases in Ccr2, Ccr5, Pld1, and Ackr3 produced by either AMPH or EIH observed in vivo provide further insight into the initial immune system alterations that result from methamphetamine and AMPH abuse and could modify risk for HIV and other viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luísa Camacho
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Camila S. Silva
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Joseph P. Hanig
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert P. Schleimer
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Nysia I. George
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, NCTR/U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - John F. Bowyer
- Division of Neurotoxicology, NCTR/U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Doron H, Pukrop T, Erez N. A Blazing Landscape: Neuroinflammation Shapes Brain Metastasis. Cancer Res 2019; 79:423-436. [PMID: 30679177 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Brain metastases are more common than primary CNS tumors and confer grave prognosis on patients, as existing treatments have very limited efficacy. The tumor microenvironment has a central role in facilitating tumorigenesis and metastasis. In recent years, there has been much progress in our understanding of the functional role of the brain metastatic microenvironment. In this review, we discuss the latest advances in brain metastasis research, with special emphasis on the role of the brain microenvironment and neuroinflammation, integrating insights from comparable findings in neuropathologies and primary CNS tumors. In addition, we overview findings on the formation of a hospitable metastatic niche and point out the major gaps in knowledge toward developing new therapeutics that will cotarget the stromal compartment in an effort to improve the treatment and prevention of brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hila Doron
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tobias Pukrop
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Neta Erez
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Developmental Exposure of Mice to T-2 Toxin Increases Astrocytes and Hippocampal Neural Stem Cells Expressing Metallothionein. Neurotox Res 2018; 35:668-683. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9981-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Sharikova AV, Quaye E, Park JY, Maloney MC, Desta H, Thiyagarajan R, Seldeen KL, Parikh NU, Sandhu P, Khmaladze A, Troen BR, Schwartz SA, Mahajan SD. Methamphetamine Induces Apoptosis of Microglia via the Intrinsic Mitochondrial-Dependent Pathway. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 13:396-411. [PMID: 29644532 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9787-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a drug of abuse, the acute and chronic use of which induces neurotoxic responses in the human brain, ultimately leading to neurocognitive disorders. Our goals were to understand the impact of METH on microglial mitochondrial respiration and to determine whether METH induces the activation of the mitochondrial-dependent intrinsic apoptosis pathway in microglia. We assessed the expression of pro- apoptosis genes using qPCR of RNA extracted from a human microglial cell line (HTHU). We examined the apoptosis-inducing effects of METH on microglial cells using digital holographic microscopy (DHM) to quantify real-time apoptotic volume decrease (AVD) in microglia in a noninvasive manner. METH treatment significantly increased AVD, activated Caspase 3/7, increased the gene expression levels of the pro- apoptosis proteins, APAF-1 and BAX, and decreased mitochondrial DNA content. Using immunofluorescence analysis, we found that METH increased the expression of the mitochondrial proteins cytochrome c and MCL-1, supporting the activation of mitochondrion-dependent (intrinsic) apoptosis pathway. Cellular bio-energetic flux analysis by Agilent Seahorse XF Analyzer revealed that METH treatment increased both oxidative and glycolytic respiration after 3 h, which was sustained for at least 24 h. Several events, such as oxidative stress, neuro-inflammatory responses, and mitochondrial dysfunction, may converge to mediate METH-induced apoptosis of microglia that may contribute to neurotoxicity of the CNS. Our study has important implications for therapeutic strategies aimed at preserving mitochondrial function in METH abusing patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Sharikova
- Department of Physics, SUNY University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Elizabeth Quaye
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, SUNY University at Buffalo, 6074 Clinical and Translational Research Center, 875 Ellicott St, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Jun Yong Park
- Department of Physics, SUNY University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Maxwell C Maloney
- Department of Physics, SUNY University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Habben Desta
- Department of Physics, SUNY University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Ramkumar Thiyagarajan
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, 875 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, 14240, USA
| | - Kenneth L Seldeen
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, 875 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, 14240, USA
| | - Neil U Parikh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, SUNY University at Buffalo, 6074 Clinical and Translational Research Center, 875 Ellicott St, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Parteet Sandhu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, SUNY University at Buffalo, 6074 Clinical and Translational Research Center, 875 Ellicott St, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Alexander Khmaladze
- Department of Physics, SUNY University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Bruce R Troen
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, 875 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, 14240, USA
| | - Stanley A Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, SUNY University at Buffalo, 6074 Clinical and Translational Research Center, 875 Ellicott St, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Supriya D Mahajan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, SUNY University at Buffalo, 6074 Clinical and Translational Research Center, 875 Ellicott St, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
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High levels of cerebrospinal fluid chemokines point to the presence of neuroinflammation in peripheral neuropathic pain: a cross-sectional study of 2 cohorts of patients compared with healthy controls. Pain 2018; 158:2487-2495. [PMID: 28930774 PMCID: PMC5690569 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
According to animal models, neuroinflammation is a major feature of neuropathic pain. The present findings confirm that this hypothesis is of relevance to humans. Animal models suggest that chemokines are important mediators in the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain. Indeed, these substances have been called “gliotransmitters,” a term that illustrates the close interplay between glial cells and neurons in the context of neuroinflammation and pain. However, evidence in humans is scarce. The aim of the study was to determine a comprehensive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inflammatory profile of patients with neuropathic pain. Our hypothesis was that we would thereby find indications of a postulated on-going process of central neuroinflammation. Samples of CSF were collected from 2 cohorts of patients with neuropathic pain (n = 11 and n = 16, respectively) and healthy control subjects (n = 11). The samples were analyzed with a multiplex proximity extension assay in which 92 inflammation-related proteins were measured simultaneously (Proseek Multiplex Inflammation I; Olink Bioscience, Uppsala, Sweden). Univariate testing with control of false discovery rate, as well as orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, were used for statistical analyses. Levels of chemokines CXCL6, CXCL10, CCL8, CCL11, CCL23 in CSF, as well as protein LAPTGF-beta-1, were significantly higher in both neuropathic pain cohorts compared with healthy controls, pointing to neuroinflammation in patients. These 6 proteins were also major results in a recent similar study in patients with fibromyalgia. The findings need to be confirmed in larger cohorts, and the question of causality remains to be settled. Because it has been suggested that prevalent comorbidities to chronic pain (eg, depression, anxiety, poor sleep, and tiredness) also are associated with neuroinflammation, it will be important to determine whether neuroinflammation is a common mediator.
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Manley K, Han W, Zelin G, Lawrence DA. Crosstalk between the immune, endocrine, and nervous systems in immunotoxicology. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Loprinzi PD, Frith E. Obesity and episodic memory function. J Physiol Sci 2018; 68:321-331. [PMID: 29667132 PMCID: PMC10717800 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-018-0612-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-related lifestyle factors, such as physical activity behavior and dietary intake, have been shown to be associated with episodic memory function. From animal work, there is considerable biological plausibility linking obesity with worse memory function. There are no published systematic reviews evaluating the effects of obesity on episodic memory function among humans, and examining whether physical activity and diet influences this obesity-memory link. Thus, the purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the totality of research examining whether obesity is associated with episodic memory function, and whether physical activity and dietary behavior confounds this relationship. A review approach was employed, using PubMed, PsychInfo, and Sports Discus databases. Fourteen studies met our criteria. Among these 14 reviewed studies, eight were cross-sectional, four were prospective, and two employed a randomized controlled experimental design. Twelve of the 14 studies did not take into consideration dietary behavior in their analysis, and similarly, nine of the 14 studies did not take into consideration participant physical activity behavior. Among the 14 studies, ten found an inverse association of weight status on memory function, but for one of these studies, this association was attenuated after controlling for physical activity. Among the 14 evaluated studies, four did not find a direct effect of weight status on memory. Among the four null studies, one, however, found an indirect effect of BMI on episodic memory and another found a moderation effect of BMI and age on memory function. It appears that obesity may be associated with worse memory function, with the underlying mechanisms discussed herein. At this point, it is uncertain whether adiposity, itself, is influencing memory changes, or rather, whether adiposity-related lifestyle behaviors (e.g., physical inactivity and diet) are driving the obesity-memory relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Loprinzi
- Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.
| | - Emily Frith
- Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
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Bajic JE, Johnston IN, Howarth GS, Hutchinson MR. From the Bottom-Up: Chemotherapy and Gut-Brain Axis Dysregulation. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:104. [PMID: 29872383 PMCID: PMC5972222 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract form the primary targets of chemotherapy-induced toxicities. Symptoms associated with damage to these regions have been clinically termed chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment and mucositis. Whilst extensive literature outlines the complex etiology of each pathology, to date neither chemotherapy-induced side-effect has considered the potential impact of one on the pathogenesis of the other disorder. This is surprising considering the close bidirectional relationship shared between each organ; the gut-brain axis. There are complex multiple pathways linking the gut to the brain and vice versa in both normal physiological function and disease. For instance, psychological and social factors influence motility and digestive function, symptom perception, and behaviors associated with illness and pathological outcomes. On the other hand, visceral pain affects central nociception pathways, mood and behavior. Recent interest highlights the influence of functional gut disorders, such as inflammatory bowel diseases and irritable bowel syndrome in the development of central comorbidities. Gut-brain axis dysfunction and microbiota dysbiosis have served as key portals in understanding the potential mechanisms associated with these functional gut disorders and their effects on cognition. In this review we will present the role gut-brain axis dysregulation plays in the chemotherapy setting, highlighting peripheral-to-central immune signaling mechanisms and their contribution to neuroimmunological changes associated with chemotherapy exposure. Here, we hypothesize that dysregulation of the gut-brain axis plays a major role in the intestinal, psychological and neurological complications following chemotherapy. We pay particular attention to evidence surrounding microbiota dysbiosis, the role of intestinal permeability, damage to nerves of the enteric and peripheral nervous systems and vagal and humoral mediated changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana E Bajic
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ian N Johnston
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gordon S Howarth
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mark R Hutchinson
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Sevenich L. Brain-Resident Microglia and Blood-Borne Macrophages Orchestrate Central Nervous System Inflammation in Neurodegenerative Disorders and Brain Cancer. Front Immunol 2018; 9:697. [PMID: 29681904 PMCID: PMC5897444 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a hallmark of different central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. It has been linked to neurodegenerative disorders as well as primary and metastatic brain tumors. Microglia, the brain-resident immune cells, are emerging as a central player in regulating key pathways in CNS inflammation. Recent insights into neuroinflammation indicate that blood-borne immune cells represent an additional critical cellular component in mediating CNS inflammation. The lack of experimental systems that allow for discrimination between brain-resident and recruited myeloid cells has previously halted functional analysis of microglia and their blood-borne counterparts in brain malignancies. However, recent conceptual and technological advances, such as the generation of lineage tracing models and the identification of cell type-specific markers provide unprecedented opportunities to study the cellular functions of microglia and macrophages by functional interference. The use of different “omic” strategies as well as imaging techniques has significantly increased our knowledge of disease-associated gene signatures and effector functions under pathological conditions. In this review, recent developments in evaluating functions of brain-resident and recruited myeloid cells in neurodegenerative disorders and brain cancers will be discussed and unique or shared cellular traits of microglia and macrophages in different CNS disorders will be highlighted. Insight from these studies will shape our understanding of disease- and cell-type-specific effector functions of microglia or macrophages and will open new avenues for therapeutic intervention that target aberrant functions of myeloid cells in CNS pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Sevenich
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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42
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Butturini E, Cozzolino F, Boriero D, Carcereri de Prati A, Monti M, Rossin M, Canetti D, Cellini B, Pucci P, Mariotto S. S-glutathionylation exerts opposing roles in the regulation of STAT1 and STAT3 signaling in reactive microglia. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 117:191-201. [PMID: 29427792 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
STAT1 and STAT3 are two transcription factors involved in a lot of cellular functions such as immune response, proliferation, apoptosis, and cell survival. A number of literature evidences described a yin-yang relationship between activation of STAT1 and STAT3 in neurodegenerative disorders where STAT1 exerts a pro-apoptotic effect whereas STAT3 shows neuroprotective properties through the inhibition of apoptosis. Although the role of oxidative-stress in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration is clearly described, its influence in the regulation of these pathways is poorly understood. Herein, we demonstrate that H2O2 rapidly induces phosphorylation of STAT1 whereas it is not able to influence phosphorylation of STAT3 in mouse microglia BV2 cells. The analysis of the molecular mechanism of STATs signaling reveals that H2O2 induces S-glutathionylation of both STAT1 and STAT3. The same post-translational event exerts an opposing role in the regulation of STAT1 and STAT3 signaling. These data not only confirm redox sensibility of STAT3 signaling but also reveal for the first time that STAT1 is susceptible to redox regulation. A deep study of the molecular mechanism of STAT1 redox regulation, identifies Cys324 and Cys492 as the main targets of S-glutathionylation and confirms that S-glutathionylation does not impair JAK2 mediated STAT1 tyrosine phosphorylation. These results demonstrate that both phosphorylation and glutathionylation contribute to activation of STAT1 during oxidative stress and underline that the same post-translation event exerts an opposing role in the regulation of STAT1 and STAT3 signaling in microglia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Butturini
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biological Chemistry, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Flora Cozzolino
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate and Department of Chemical Science, University of Naples "Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Diana Boriero
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biological Chemistry, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Carcereri de Prati
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biological Chemistry, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Monti
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate and Department of Chemical Science, University of Naples "Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Rossin
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biological Chemistry, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, 37134 Verona, Italy; CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate and Department of Chemical Science, University of Naples "Federico II, Naples, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy3
| | - Diana Canetti
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate and Department of Chemical Science, University of Naples "Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Barbara Cellini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy3
| | - Piero Pucci
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate and Department of Chemical Science, University of Naples "Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sofia Mariotto
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biological Chemistry, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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Neuroprotective effects of pifithrin-α against traumatic brain injury in the striatum through suppression of neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, autophagy, and apoptosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2368. [PMID: 29402897 PMCID: PMC5799311 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19654-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical and hippocampal neuronal damages caused by traumatic brain injury (TBI) are associated with motor and cognitive impairments; however, only little attention paid to the striatal damage. It is known that the p53 tumor-suppressor transcription factor participated in TBI-induced secondary brain damage. We investigated how the p53 inactivator pifithrin (PFT)-α affected TBI-induced striatal neuronal damage at 24 h post-injury. Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to a controlled cortical impact were used as TBI models. We observed that p53 mRNA significantly increased, whereas p53 protein expression was distributed predominantly in neurons but not in glia cells in striatum after TBI. PFT-α improved motor deficit following TBI. PFT-α suppressed TBI-induced striatal glial activation and expression of proinflammatory cytokines. PFT-α alleviated TBI-induced oxidative damage TBI induced autophagy was evidenced by increased protein expression of Beclin-1 and shift of microtubule-associated light chain (LC)3-I to LC3-II, and decreased p62. These effects were reduced by PFT-α. Post-injury PFT-α treatment reduced the number of degenerating (FJC-positive) and apoptotic neurons. Our results suggest that PFT-α may provide neuroprotective effects via p53-dependent or -independent mechanisms depending on the cell type and timing after the TBI and can possibly be developed into a novel therapy to ameliorate TBI-induced neuronal damage.
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Chandrashekhar Y, Narula J. Imaging Dynamic Heart–Brain Interactions. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018; 71:276-278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Meadows JR, Parker C, Gilbert KM, Blossom SJ, DeWitt JC. A single dose of trichloroethylene given during development does not substantially alter markers of neuroinflammation in brains of adult mice. J Immunotoxicol 2017; 14:95-102. [PMID: 28366041 PMCID: PMC5540234 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2017.1305021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a widespread environmental contaminant associated with developmental immunotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Previous studies have shown that MRL+/+ mice exposed to TCE from gestation through early-life demonstrate robust increases in inflammatory markers in peripheral CD4+ T-cells, as well as glutathione depletion and increased oxidative stress in cerebellum-associated with alterations in behavior. Since increased oxidative stress is associated with neuroinflammation, we hypothesized that neuroinflammatory markers could be altered relative to unexposed mice. MRL+/+ mice were given 0.5 mg/ml of TCE in vehicle or vehicle (water with 1% Alkamuls EL-620) from conception through early adulthood via drinking water to dams and then directly to post-weaning offspring. Animals were euthanized at 49 days of age and levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, density of T-cell staining, and micro-glial morphology were evaluated in brains to begin to ascertain a neuroinflammatory profile. Levels of IL-6 were decreased in female animals and while not statistically significant, and levels of IL-10 were higher in brains of exposed male and female animals. Supportive of this observation, although not statistically significant, the number of ameboid microglia was higher in exposed relative to unexposed animals. This overall profile suggests the emergence of an anti-inflammatory/neuroprotective phenotype in exposed animals, possibly as a compensatory response to neuroinflammation that is known to be induced by developmental exposure to TCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline R Meadows
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University Greenville , NC , USA
| | - Chevonne Parker
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University Greenville , NC , USA
| | - Kathleen M Gilbert
- b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , UAMS College of Medicine, Arkansas Children's Research Institute , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Sarah J Blossom
- c Department of Pediatrics , UAMS College of Medicine, Arkansas Children's Research Institute , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Jamie C DeWitt
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University Greenville , NC , USA
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Isgren A, Sellgren C, Ekman CJ, Holmén-Larsson J, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Jakobsson J, Landén M. Markers of neuroinflammation and neuronal injury in bipolar disorder: Relation to prospective clinical outcomes. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 65:195-201. [PMID: 28483660 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimmune mechanisms have been linked to the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder based on studies of biomarkers in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and postmortem brain tissue. There are, however, no longitudinal studies investigating if CSF markers of neuroinflammation and neuronal injury predict clinical outcomes in patients with bipolar disorder. We have in previous studies found higher CSF concentrations of interleukin-8 (IL-8), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1/CCL-2), chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1/YKL-40), and neurofilament light chain (NF-L) in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder compared with controls. Here, we investigated the relationship of these CSF markers of neuroinflammation and neuronal injury with clinical outcomes in a prospective study. 77 patients with CSF analyzed at baseline were followed for 6-7years. Associations of baseline biomarkers with clinical outcomes (manic/hypomanic and depressive episodes, suicide attempts, psychotic symptoms, inpatient care, GAF score change) were investigated. Baseline MCP-1 concentrations were positively associated with manic/hypomanic episodes and inpatient care during follow-up. YKL-40 concentrations were negatively associated with manic/hypomanic episodes and with occurrence of psychotic symptoms. The prospective negative association between YKL-40 and manic/hypomanic episodes survived multiple testing correction. Concentrations of IL-8 and NF-L were not associated with clinical outcomes. High concentrations of these selected CSF markers of neuroinflammation and neuronal injury at baseline were not consistently associated with poor clinical outcomes in this prospective study. The assessed proteins may be involved in adaptive immune processes or reflect a state of vulnerability for bipolar disorder rather than being of predictive value for disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anniella Isgren
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg and Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Carl Sellgren
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carl-Johan Ekman
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jessica Holmén-Larsson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg and Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg and Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg and Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Joel Jakobsson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg and Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Mikael Landén
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg and Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Locker AR, Michalovicz LT, Kelly KA, Miller JV, Miller DB, O'Callaghan JP. Corticosterone primes the neuroinflammatory response to Gulf War Illness-relevant organophosphates independently of acetylcholinesterase inhibition. J Neurochem 2017; 142:444-455. [PMID: 28500787 PMCID: PMC5575502 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gulf War Illness (GWI) is a chronic multi-symptom disorder affecting veterans of the 1991 Gulf War. Among the symptoms of GWI are those associated with sickness behavior, observations suggestive of underlying neuroinflammation. We have shown that exposure of mice to the stress hormone, corticosterone (CORT), and to diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP), as a nerve agent mimic, results in marked neuroinflammation, findings consistent with a stress/neuroimmune basis of GWI. Here, we examined the contribution of irreversible and reversible acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors to neuroinflammation in our mouse model of GWI. Male C57BL/6J mice received 4 days of CORT (400 mg/L) in the drinking water followed by a single dose of chlorpyrifos oxon (CPO; 8 mg/kg, i.p.), DFP (4 mg/kg, i.p.), pyridostigmine bromide (PB; 3 mg/kg, i.p.), or physostigmine (PHY; 0.5 mg/kg, i.p.). CPO and DFP alone caused cortical and hippocampal neuroinflammation assessed by qPCR of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6, C-C chemokine ligand 2, IL-1β, leukemia inhibitory factor and oncostatin M; CORT pretreatment markedly augmented these effects. Additionally, CORT exposure prior to DFP or CPO enhanced activation of the neuroinflammation signal transducer, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). In contrast, PHY or PB alone or with CORT pretreatment did not produce neuroinflammation or STAT3 activation. While all of the CNS-acting AChE inhibitors (DFP, CPO, and PHY) decreased brain AChE activity, CORT pretreatment abrogated these effects for the irreversible inhibitors. Taken together, these findings suggest that irreversible AChE inhibitor-induced neuroinflammation and particularly its exacerbation by CORT, result from non-cholinergic effects of these compounds, pointing potentially to organophosphorylation of other neuroimmune targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia R. Locker
- Health Effects Laboratory DivisionCenters for Disease Control and PreventionNational Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthMorgantownWest VirginiaUSA
| | - Lindsay T. Michalovicz
- Health Effects Laboratory DivisionCenters for Disease Control and PreventionNational Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthMorgantownWest VirginiaUSA
| | - Kimberly A. Kelly
- Health Effects Laboratory DivisionCenters for Disease Control and PreventionNational Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthMorgantownWest VirginiaUSA
| | - Julie V. Miller
- Health Effects Laboratory DivisionCenters for Disease Control and PreventionNational Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthMorgantownWest VirginiaUSA
| | - Diane B. Miller
- Health Effects Laboratory DivisionCenters for Disease Control and PreventionNational Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthMorgantownWest VirginiaUSA
| | - James P. O'Callaghan
- Health Effects Laboratory DivisionCenters for Disease Control and PreventionNational Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthMorgantownWest VirginiaUSA
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48
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Aridi YS, Walker JL, Wright ORL. The Association between the Mediterranean Dietary Pattern and Cognitive Health: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2017; 9:E674. [PMID: 28657600 PMCID: PMC5537789 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The ageing population is accompanied by increased rates of cognitive decline and dementia. Not only does cognitive decline have a profound impact on an individual's health and quality of life, but also on that of their caregivers. The Mediterranean diet (MD) has been known to aid in reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases, cancer and diabetes. It has been recently linked to better cognitive function in the elderly population. The purpose of this review was to compile evidence based data that examined the effect of adherence to the MD on cognitive function and the risk of developing dementia or Alzheimer's disease. This review followed PRISMA guidelines and was conducted using four databases and resulted in 31 articles of interest. Cross-sectional studies and cohort studies in the non-Mediterranean region showed mixed results. However, cohort studies in the Mediterranean region and randomized controlled trials showed more cohesive outcomes of the beneficial effect of the MD on cognitive function. Although more standardized and in-depth studies are needed to strengthen the existing body of evidence, results from this review indicate that the Mediterranean diet could play a major role in cognitive health and risk of Alzheimer's disease and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine S Aridi
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Jacqueline L Walker
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Olivia R L Wright
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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49
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Guillemot-Legris O, Muccioli GG. Obesity-Induced Neuroinflammation: Beyond the Hypothalamus. Trends Neurosci 2017; 40:237-253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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50
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van Erp S, Ercan E, Breedveld P, Brakenhoff L, Ghariq E, Schmid S, Osch MV, van Buchem M, Emmer B, van der Grond J, Wolterbeek R, Hommes D, Fidder H, van der Wee N, Huizinga T, van der Heijde D, Middelkoop H, Ronen I, van der Meulen-de Jong A. Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging in quiescent Crohn’s disease patients with fatigue. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:1018-1029. [PMID: 28246475 PMCID: PMC5311090 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i6.1018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM
To evaluate brain involvement in quiescent Crohn’s disease (CD) patients with fatigue using quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
METHODS
Multiple MRI techniques were used to assess cerebral changes in 20 quiescent CD patients with fatigue (defined with at least 6 points out of an 11-point numeric rating scale compared with 17 healthy age and gender matched controls without fatigue. Furthermore, mental status was assessed by cognitive functioning, based on the neuropsychological inventory including the different domains global cognitive functioning, memory and executive functioning and in addition mood and quality of life scores. Cognitive functioning and mood status were correlated with MRI findings in the both study groups.
RESULTS
Reduced glutamate + glutamine (Glx = Glu + Gln) concentrations (P = 0.02) and ratios to total creatine (P = 0.02) were found in CD patients compared with controls. Significant increased Cerebral Blood Flow (P = 0.05) was found in CD patients (53.08 ± 6.14 mL/100 g/min) compared with controls (47.60 ± 8.62 mL/100 g/min). CD patients encountered significantly more depressive symptoms (P < 0.001). Cognitive functioning scores related to memory (P = 0.007) and executive functioning (P = 0.02) were lower in CD patients and both scores showed correlation with depression and anxiety. No correlation was found subcortical volumes between CD patients and controls in the T1-weighted analysis. In addition, no correlation was found between mental status and MRI findings.
CONCLUSION
This work shows evidence for perfusion, neurochemical and mental differences in the brain of CD patients with fatigue compared with healthy controls.
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