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Adzic M, Lukic I, Mitic M, Glavonic E, Dragicevic N, Ivkovic S. Contribution of the opioid system to depression and to the therapeutic effects of classical antidepressants and ketamine. Life Sci 2023:121803. [PMID: 37245840 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) afflicts approximately 5 % of the world population, and about 30-50 % of patients who receive classical antidepressant medications do not achieve complete remission (treatment resistant depressive patients). Emerging evidence suggests that targeting opioid receptors mu (MOP), kappa (KOP), delta (DOP), and the nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor (NOP) may yield effective therapeutics for stress-related psychiatric disorders. As depression and pain exhibit significant overlap in their clinical manifestations and molecular mechanisms involved, it is not a surprise that opioids, historically used to alleviate pain, emerged as promising and effective therapeutic options in the treatment of depression. The opioid signaling is dysregulated in depression and numerous preclinical studies and clinical trials strongly suggest that opioid modulation can serve as either an adjuvant or even an alternative to classical monoaminergic antidepressants. Importantly, some classical antidepressants require the opioid receptor modulation to exert their antidepressant effects. Finally, ketamine, a well-known anesthetic whose extremely efficient antidepressant effects were recently discovered, was shown to mediate its antidepressant effects via the endogenous opioid system. Thus, although opioid system modulation is a promising therapeutical venue in the treatment of depression further research is warranted to fully understand the benefits and weaknesses of such approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Adzic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinca - Institute for Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Iva Lukic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinca - Institute for Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milos Mitic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinca - Institute for Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Emilija Glavonic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinca - Institute for Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nina Dragicevic
- Department of Pharmacy, Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Ivkovic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinca - Institute for Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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2
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Akins NS, Salahuddin MF, Pandey P, Kim SJ, Mahdi F, Khan MIH, Moss EM, Worth CJ, Keane MM, Chittiboyina AG, Doerksen RJ, Paris JJ, Le HV. Alleviation of Cocaine Withdrawal and Pertinent Interactions between Salvinorin-Based Antagonists and Kappa Opioid Receptor. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:958-976. [PMID: 36795782 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The kappa opioid receptor (KOR) is involved in the regulation of both the reward and mood processes. Recent reports find that the use of drugs of abuse increases the production of dynorphin and the overall activation of KOR. Long-acting KOR antagonists, such as norbinaltorphimine (nor-BNI), JDTic, and 5'-guanidinonaltrindole (GNTI), have been shown to stop depressive and anxiety-related disorders, which are the common side effects of withdrawal that can lead to a relapse in drug use. Unfortunately, these prototypical KOR antagonists are known to induce selective KOR antagonism that is delayed by hours and extremely prolonged, and their use in humans comes with serious safety concerns because they possess a large window for potential drug-drug interactions. Furthermore, their persistent pharmacodynamic activities can hinder the ability to reverse unanticipated side effects immediately. Herein, we report our studies of the lead selective, salvinorin-based KOR antagonist (1) as well as nor-BNI on C57BL/6N male mice for spontaneous cocaine withdrawal. Assessment of pharmacokinetics showed that 1 is a short-acting compound with an average half-life of 3.75 h across different compartments (brain, spinal cord, liver, and plasma). Both 1 (5 mg/kg) and nor-BNI (5 mg/kg) were shown to reduce spontaneous withdrawal behavior in mice, with 1 producing additional anti-anxiety-like behavior in a light-dark transition test (however, no mood-related effects of 1 or nor-BNI were observed at the current dosing in an elevated plus maze or a tail suspension test). Our results support the study of selective, short-acting KOR antagonists for the treatment of psychostimulant withdrawal and the associated negative mood states that contribute to relapse. Furthermore, we identified pertinent interactions between 1 and KOR via computational studies, including induced-fit docking, mutagenesis, and molecular dynamics simulations, to gain insight into the design of future selective, potent, and short-acting salvinorin-based KOR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Akins
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Mohammed F Salahuddin
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Pankaj Pandey
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Seong Jong Kim
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Fakhri Mahdi
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Md Imdadul H Khan
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Emaya M Moss
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Charlie J Worth
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Madeline M Keane
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Amar G Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Robert J Doerksen
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Jason J Paris
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Hoang V Le
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
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3
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Khan MIH, Sawyer BJ, Akins NS, Le HV. A systematic review on the kappa opioid receptor and its ligands: New directions for the treatment of pain, anxiety, depression, and drug abuse. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 243:114785. [PMID: 36179400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) is a member of the opioid receptor system, the G protein-coupled receptors that are expressed throughout the peripheral and central nervous systems and play crucial roles in the modulation of antinociception and a variety of behavioral states like anxiety, depression, and drug abuse. KOR agonists are known to produce potent analgesic effects and have been used clinically for the treatment of pain, while KOR antagonists have shown efficacy in the treatment of anxiety and depression. This review summarizes the history, design strategy, discovery, and development of KOR ligands. KOR agonists are classified as non-biased, G protein-biased, and β-arrestin recruitment-biased, according to their degrees of bias. The mechanisms and associated effects of the G protein signaling pathway and β-arrestin recruitment signaling pathway are also discussed. Meanwhile, KOR antagonists are classified as long-acting and short-acting, based on their half-lives. In addition, we have special sections for mixed KOR agonists and selective peripheral KOR agonists. The mechanisms of action and pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and behavioral studies for each of these categories are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Imdadul H Khan
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Benjamin J Sawyer
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Nicholas S Akins
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Hoang V Le
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.
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4
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Deji C, Yan P, Ji Y, Yan X, Feng Y, Liu J, Liu Y, Wei S, Zhu Y, Lai J. The Basolateral Amygdala to Ventral Hippocampus Circuit Controls Anxiety-Like Behaviors Induced by Morphine Withdrawal. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:894886. [PMID: 35726232 PMCID: PMC9205755 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.894886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety is one of the most common comorbid conditions reported in people with opioid dependence. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) and ventral hippocampus (vHip) are critical brain regions for fear and anxiety. The kappa opioid receptor (KOR) is present in the mesolimbic regions involved in emotions and addiction. However, the precise circuits and molecular basis underlying anxiety associated with chronic opioid use are poorly understood. Using a mouse model, we demonstrated that anxiety-like behaviors appeared in the first 2 weeks after morphine withdrawal. Furthermore, the BLA and vHip were activated in mice experiencing anxiety after morphine withdrawal (Mor-A). KORs in the BLA to vHip projections were significantly increased in the Mor-A group. Optogenetic/chemogenetic inhibition of BLA inputs ameliorated anxiety-like behaviors and facilitated conditioned place preference (CPP) extinction in Mor-A mice. Knockdown of the BLA to vHip circuit KOR alleviated the anxiety-like behaviors but did not affect CPP extinction or reinstatement. Furthermore, combined treatment of inhibition of the BLA to vHip circuit and KOR antagonists mitigated anxiety-like behaviors and prevented stress-induced CPP reinstatement after morphine withdrawal. These results revealed a previously unknown circuit associated with the emotional component of opioid withdrawal and indicated that restoration of synaptic deficits with KOR antagonists might be effective in the treatment of anxiety associated with morphine withdrawal.
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5
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Ma H, Brust T, Frankowski KJ, Lovell KM, Cameron MD, Bohn LM, Aubé J. Advances in Sulfonamide Kappa Opioid Receptor Antagonists: Structural Refinement and Evaluation of CNS Clearance. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1315-1332. [PMID: 35410469 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Focused modification of a sulfonamide-based kappa opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist series previously reported by this laboratory was investigated. A total of 32 analogues were prepared to explore linker replacement, constraint manipulation, and aryl group or amine substitution. All analogues were assayed for KOR antagonist activity, and the initial lead compound was assessed for in vivo CNS penetration. The most improved analogue possessed a 4-fold increase of potency (IC50 = 18.9 ± 4.4 nM) compared with the lead compound (IC50 = 83.5 ± 20 nM) from an earlier work. The initial lead compound was found to attain suitable brain levels and to possess a shorter clearance time than canonical KOR antagonists such as JDTic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyong Ma
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, 125 Mason Farm Road, CB 7363, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Tarsis Brust
- Departments of Molecular Therapeutics and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, #2A2, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Kevin J Frankowski
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, 125 Mason Farm Road, CB 7363, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Kimberly M Lovell
- Departments of Molecular Therapeutics and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, #2A2, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Michael D Cameron
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, #2A1, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Laura M Bohn
- Departments of Molecular Therapeutics and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, #2A2, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, 125 Mason Farm Road, CB 7363, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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6
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Blockade of kappa opioid receptors reduces mechanical hyperalgesia and anxiety-like behavior in a rat model of trigeminal neuropathic pain. Behav Brain Res 2022; 417:113595. [PMID: 34592375 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that kappa opioid receptor (KOR) antagonists, such as nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI), have antinociceptive effects in some pain models that affect the trigeminal system. Also, its anxiolytic-like effect has been extensively demonstrated in the literature. The present study aimed to investigate the systemic, local, and central effect of nor-BNI on trigeminal neuropathic pain using the infraorbital nerve constriction model (CCI-ION), as well as to evaluate its effect on anxiety-like behavior associated with this model. Animals received nor-BNI systemically; in the trigeminal ganglion (TG); in the subarachnoid space to target the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis (Sp5C) or in the central amygdala (CeA) 14 days after CCI-ION surgery. Systemic administration of nor-BNI caused a significant reduction of facial mechanical hyperalgesia and promoted an anxiolytic-like effect, which was detected in the elevated plus-maze and the light-dark transition tests. When administered in the TG or CeA, the KOR antagonist was able to reduce facial mechanical hyperalgesia induced by CCI-ION, but without changing the anxiety-like behavior. Moreover, no change was observed on nociception and anxiety-like behavior after nor-BNI injection into the Sp5C. The present study demonstrated antinociceptive and anxiolytic-like effects of nor-BNI in a model of trigeminal neuropathic pain. The antinociceptive effect seems to be dissociated from the anxiolytic-like effect, at both the sites involved and at the dose need to achieve the effect. In conclusion, the kappa opioid system may represent a promising target to be explored for the control of trigeminal pain and associated anxiety. However, further studies are necessary to better elucidate its functioning and modulatory role in chronic trigeminal pain states.
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7
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Zhao Y, Joshi AA, Aldrich JV, Murray TF. Quantification of kappa opioid receptor ligand potency, efficacy and desensitization using a real-time membrane potential assay. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112173. [PMID: 34536757 PMCID: PMC8516733 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored the utility of the real-time FLIPR Membrane Potential (FMP) assay as a method to assess kappa opioid receptor (KOR)-induced hyperpolarization. The FMP Blue dye was used to measure fluorescent signals reflecting changes in membrane potential in KOR expressing CHO (CHO-KOR) cells. Treatment of CHO-KOR cells with kappa agonists U50,488 or dynorphin [Dyn (1-13)NH2] produced rapid and concentration-dependent decreases in FMP Blue fluorescence reflecting membrane hyperpolarization. Both the nonselective opioid antagonist naloxone and the κ-selective antagonists nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI) and zyklophin produced rightward shifts in the U50,488 concentration-response curves, consistent with competitive antagonism of the KOR mediated response. The decrease in fluorescent emission produced by U50,488 was blocked by overnight pertussis toxin pretreatment, indicating the requirement for PTX-sensitive G proteins in the KOR mediated response. We directly compared the potency of U50,488 and Dyn (1-13)NH2 in the FMP and [35S]GTPγS binding assays, and found that both were approximately 10 times more potent in the cellular fluorescence assay. The maximum responses of both U50,488 and Dyn (1-13)NH2 declined following repeated additions, reflecting receptor desensitization. We assessed the efficacy and potency of structurally distinct KOR small molecule and peptide ligands. The FMP assay reliably detected both partial agonists and stereoselectivity. Using KOR-selective peptides with varying efficacies, we found that the FMP assay allowed high throughput quantification of peptide efficacy. These data demonstrate that the FMP assay is a sensitive method for assessing κ-opioid receptor induced hyperpolarization, and represents a useful approach for quantification of potency, efficacy and desensitization of KOR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzi Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Anand A Joshi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
| | - Jane V Aldrich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas F Murray
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
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8
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Spetea M, Schmidhammer H. Recent Chemical and Pharmacological Developments on 14-Oxygenated- N-methylmorphinan-6-ones. Molecules 2021; 26:5677. [PMID: 34577147 PMCID: PMC8464912 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adequate pain management, particularly chronic pain, remains a major challenge associated with modern-day medicine. Current pharmacotherapy offers unsatisfactory long-term solutions due to serious side effects related to the chronic administration of analgesic drugs. Morphine and structurally related derivatives (e.g., oxycodone, oxymorphone, buprenorphine) are highly effective opioid analgesics, mediating their effects via the activation of opioid receptors, with the mu-opioid receptor subtype as the primary molecular target. However, they also cause addiction and overdose deaths, which has led to a global opioid crisis in the last decades. Therefore, research efforts are needed to overcome the limitations of present pain therapies with the aim to improve treatment efficacy and to reduce complications. This review presents recent chemical and pharmacological advances on 14-oxygenated-N-methylmorphinan-6-ones, in the search of safer pain therapeutics. We focus on drug design strategies and structure-activity relationships on specific modifications in positions 5, 6, 14 and 17 on the morphinan skeleton, with the goal of aiding the discovery of opioid analgesics with more favorable pharmacological properties, potent analgesia and fewer undesirable effects. Targeted molecular modifications on the morphinan scaffold can afford novel opioids as bi- or multifunctional ligands targeting multiple opioid receptors, as attractive alternatives to mu-opioid receptor selective analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Spetea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
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9
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Analogs of the κ opioid receptor antagonist arodyn cyclized by ring-closing metathesis retain κ opioid receptor affinity, selectivity and κ opioid receptor antagonism. Med Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02758-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Pajser A, Fisher H, Pickens CL. Pre-training naltrexone increases conditioned fear learning independent of adolescent alcohol consumption history. Physiol Behav 2021; 229:113212. [PMID: 33069685 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Our previous research has shown a relationship between low voluntary alcohol consumption and high conditioned fear in male Long Evans rats. Here, we examined whether differences in the endogenous opioid systems might be responsible for these differences. Rats received 6 weeks of chronic intermittent to 20% alcohol (v/v) or water-only from PND 26-66. Based on their consumption during the last 2 weeks of alcohol access, the alcohol-access rats were divided into high drinking (>2.5 g/kg/24-h) or low drinking (<2 g/kg/24-h). Rats were then given injections of the preferential mu opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone (1 mg/kg, s.c.) or the selective kappa opioid receptor antagonist LY2456302 (10 mg/kg, s.c.) prior to fear conditioning and were then tested for conditioned fear 2 days later. Pre-training naltrexone increased conditioned suppression of lever-pressing during training and testing, with no differences between high versus low alcohol drinkers or between water-only versus alcohol access groups (averaged across drinking levels). There was no effect of LY2456302 on conditioned fear in any comparison. We also found no differences between high and low alcohol drinkers and no reliable effect of prior alcohol access (averaged across drinking levels) on conditioned fear. Our experiment replicates and extends previous demonstrations that a preferential MOR antagonist can increase fear learning using conditioned suppression of lever-pressing as a fear measure. However, additional research is needed to determine the cause of the differences in conditioned fear that we previously observed (as they were not observed in the current experiments).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Pajser
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Hayley Fisher
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Charles L Pickens
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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11
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Tangherlini G, Börgel F, Schepmann D, Slocum S, Che T, Wagner S, Schwegmann K, Hermann S, Mykicki N, Loser K, Wünsch B. Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Fluorinated Quinoxaline-Based κ-Opioid Receptor (KOR) Agonists Designed for PET Studies. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1834-1853. [PMID: 33448685 PMCID: PMC7589326 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
κ-Opioid receptors (KORs) play a predominant role in pain alleviation, itching skin diseases, depression and neurodegenerative disorders such as multiple sclerosis. Therefore, imaging of KOR by a fluorinated PET tracer was envisaged. Two strategies were followed to introduce a F atom into the very potent class of cis,trans-configured perhydroquinoxalines. Whereas the synthesis of fluoroethyltriazole 2 has already been reported, fluoropyrrolidines 14 (1-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)acetyl]-8-[(R)-3-fluoropyrrolidin-1-yl]-perhydroquinoxalines) were prepared by SN2 substitution of a cyclic sulfuric acid derivative with hydroxypyrrolidine and subsequent transformation of the OH moiety into a F substituent. Fluoropyrrolidines 14 showed similar low-nanomolar KOR affinity and selectivity to the corresponding pyrrolidines, but the corresponding alcohols were slightly less active. In the cAMP and β-arrestin assay, 14b (proton at the 4-position) exhibited similar KOR agonistic activity as U-50,488. The fluoro derivatives 14b and 14c (CO2CH3 at the 4-position) revealed KOR-mediated anti-inflammatory activity as CD11c and the IFN-γ production were reduced significantly in mouse and human dendritic cells. Compounds 14b and 14-c also displayed anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity in mouse and human T cells. The PET tracer [18F]-2 was prepared by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. In vivo, [18F]-2 did not label KOR due to very fast elimination kinetics. Nucleophilic substitution of a mesylate precursor provided [18F]-14c. Unfortunately, defluorination of [18F]-14c occurred in vivo, which was analyzed in detail by in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Tangherlini
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische ChemieUniversität MünsterCorrensstraße 4848149MünsterGermany
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM)Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster48149MünsterGermany
| | - Frederik Börgel
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische ChemieUniversität MünsterCorrensstraße 4848149MünsterGermany
| | - Dirk Schepmann
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische ChemieUniversität MünsterCorrensstraße 4848149MünsterGermany
| | - Samuel Slocum
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of MedicineChapel HillNC 27599USA
| | - Tao Che
- Department of AnesthesiologyWashington University School of Medicine660 S. Euclid Ave.St. LouisMO 63110USA
| | - Stefan Wagner
- Department of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital MünsterAlbert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A148149MünsterGermany
| | - Katrin Schwegmann
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI)University of MünsterWaldeyerstraße 1548149MünsterGermany
| | - Sven Hermann
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI)University of MünsterWaldeyerstraße 1548149MünsterGermany
| | - Nadine Mykicki
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Münstervon-Esmarch-Str. 5848149MünsterGermany
| | - Karin Loser
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM)Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster48149MünsterGermany
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Münstervon-Esmarch-Str. 5848149MünsterGermany
- CRC1009 Breaking Barriers and CRC-TR 128 Multiple SclerosisUniversity of Münstervon-Esmarch-Str. 5848149MünsterGermany
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische ChemieUniversität MünsterCorrensstraße 4848149MünsterGermany
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM)Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster48149MünsterGermany
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12
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Drakopoulos A, Koszegi Z, Lanoiselée Y, Hübner H, Gmeiner P, Calebiro D, Decker M. Investigation of Inactive-State κ Opioid Receptor Homodimerization via Single-Molecule Microscopy Using New Antagonistic Fluorescent Probes. J Med Chem 2020; 63:3596-3609. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b02011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Drakopoulos
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Zsombor Koszegi
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B152TT Birmingham, U.K
| | - Yann Lanoiselée
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B152TT Birmingham, U.K
| | - Harald Hübner
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Davide Calebiro
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B152TT Birmingham, U.K
| | - Michael Decker
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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13
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Olabarrieta E, Totorikaguena L, Romero-Aguirregomezcorta J, Agirregoitia N, Agirregoitia E. Delta and kappa opioid receptors on mouse sperm cells: Expression, localization and involvement on in vitro fertilization. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 93:211-218. [PMID: 32145291 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous opioid peptides have been reported to be involved in the regulation of reproductive physiology. Many of the studies conclude with sentences around the harmful effect of opioids in male fertility but, actually, there is only one study regarding the real fertility potential of spermatozoa that have been exposed to mu specific opioids. The aim of the present study was to see if the modulation of delta (OPRD1) and kappa (OPRK1) opioid receptors in mouse sperm during capacitation was able to vary the embryo production after in vitro fertilization (IVF). The presence of OPRD1 and OPRK1 in mouse mature spermatozoa was analyzed by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. Incubating the sperm with, on one hand, the delta specific agonist DPDPE and/or antagonist naltrindole, and, on the other hand, the kappa specific agonist U-50488 and antagonist nor-binaltorphimine, we analyzed the involvement of OPRD1 and OPRK1 on IVF and preimplantational embryo development. We verified the presence of OPRD1 and OPRK1 in mouse mature spermatozoa, not only at the mRNA level but also at protein level. Moreover, the sperm incubation with DPDPE, before the IVF, had an effect on the fertilization rate of sperm and reduced the number of reached blastocysts, which was reverted by naltrindole. Instead, the use of the kappa agonist U-50488 and the antagonist nor-binaltophimine did not have any effect on the amount and the quality of the achieved blastocysts. Although nowadays the pure delta or kappa opioid ligands are not used for the clinic, clinical trials are being conducted to be used in the near future, so it would be interesting to know if the modulation of these receptors in sperm would generate any consequence in relation to fertilization capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estibaliz Olabarrieta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Lide Totorikaguena
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | | | - Naiara Agirregoitia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ekaitz Agirregoitia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
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14
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Reed B, Butelman ER, Kreek MJ. Kappa Opioid Receptor Antagonists as Potential Therapeutics for Mood and Substance Use Disorders. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2020; 271:473-491. [PMID: 33174064 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The kappa opioid receptor (KOR) and its primary cognate ligands, the dynorphin peptides, are involved in diverse physiological processes. Disruptions to the KOR/dynorphin system have been found to likely play a role in multiple neuropsychological disorders, and hence KOR has emerged as a potential therapeutic target. Targeting KOR is complicated by close homology to the mu and delta opioid receptors (MOR and DOR), and many KOR ligands have at least moderate affinity to MOR and/or DOR. Animal models utilizing primarily very long-lasting selective KOR antagonists (>3 weeks following a single dose) have demonstrated that KOR antagonism attenuates certain anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors and blocks stress- and cue-induced reinstatement to drug seeking. Recently, relatively selective KOR antagonists with medication-like pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties and durations of action have been developed. One of these, JNJ-67953964 (also referred to as CERC-501, LY2456302, OpraKappa or Aticaprant) has been studied in humans, and shown to be safe, relatively KOR selective, and able to substantially attenuate binding of a KOR PET tracer to CNS localized KOR for greater than 24 h. While animal studies have indicated that compounds of this structural class are capable of normalizing withdrawal signs in animal models of cocaine and alcohol dependence and reducing cocaine and alcohol intake/seeking, additional studies are needed to determine the value of these second generation KOR antagonists in treating mood disorders and substance use disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Reed
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Eduardo R Butelman
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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15
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Analysis of natural product regulation of opioid receptors in the treatment of human disease. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 184:51-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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16
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Clasen MM, Flax SM, Hempel BJ, Cheng K, Rice KC, Riley AL. Antagonism of the kappa opioid receptor attenuates THC-induced place aversions in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 163:30-35. [PMID: 29100992 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Prior research with transgenic mice in which the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) has been suppressed or activated suggests that the aversive effects of THC are mediated by activity of this receptor subtype. If the activity of the KOR system is responsible for mediating the THC's aversive effects, then selective antagonism of the KOR by norBNI should block such aversive effects. To test this hypothesis, rats were pretreated with norBNI 24h prior to place conditioning with THC to assess its effect on the acquisition of THC-induced place aversions. METHODS In Experiment 1, rats pretreated with norBNI (0 or 15mg/kg) were exposed 24h later to one side of a place conditioning chamber and injected with THC (0, 0.56, 1 and 3.2mg/kg). On the next day, they were injected with vehicle and placed on the opposite side of the chamber. This was repeated for a total of five cycles followed by a test of the animal's aversion to the THC-paired side. In Experiment 2, rats were pretreated with norBNI (0 or 30mg/kg) prior to place conditioning 24h later with THC (0 or 3.2mg/kg). RESULTS In Experiment 1, THC produced dose-dependent place aversions that were unaffected by norBNI (15mg/kg). In Experiment 2, THC induced significant place aversions that were fully attenuated by norBNI (30mg/kg). CONCLUSIONS Although 15mg/kg norBNI was ineffective in antagonizing the aversive effects of THC, 30mg/kg norBNI blocked the ability of THC to induce a place aversion. The results of the latter assessment are consistent with prior research with transgenic manipulations of the KOR and provide further evidence for the role of the KOR system in the aversive properties of THC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Clasen
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA.
| | - Shaun M Flax
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA
| | - Briana J Hempel
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA
| | - Kejun Cheng
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anthony L Riley
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA.
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17
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Erli F, Guerrieri E, Ben Haddou T, Lantero A, Mairegger M, Schmidhammer H, Spetea M. Highly Potent and Selective New Diphenethylamines Interacting with the κ-Opioid Receptor: Synthesis, Pharmacology, and Structure-Activity Relationships. J Med Chem 2017; 60:7579-7590. [PMID: 28825813 PMCID: PMC5601360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported on a series of small molecules targeting the κ-opioid (KOP) receptor featuring a diphenethylamine scaffold and showed the promise of these ligands as effective analgesics with reduced liability for adverse effects. This study expands the structure-activity relationships on our original series by presenting several modifications in the lead compounds 1 (HS665) and 2 (HS666). A library of new diphenethylamines was designed, synthesized, and pharmacologically evaluated. In comparison with 1 and 2, the KOP receptor affinity, selectivity, and agonist activity were modulated by introducing bulkier N-substituents, a 2-fluoro substitution, and additional hydroxyl groups at positions 3' and 4'. Several analogues showed subnanomolar affinity and excellent KOP receptor selectivity acting as full or partial agonists, and one as an antagonist. The new diphenethylamines displayed antinociceptive efficacies with increased potencies than U50,488, 1 and 2 in the writhing assay and without inducing motor dysfunction after sc administration in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Erli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elena Guerrieri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tanila Ben Haddou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Aquilino Lantero
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Mairegger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Helmut Schmidhammer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mariana Spetea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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18
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Wille-Bille A, Ferreyra A, Sciangula M, Chiner F, Nizhnikov ME, Pautassi RM. Restraint stress enhances alcohol intake in adolescent female rats but reduces alcohol intake in adolescent male and adult female rats. Behav Brain Res 2017; 332:269-279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Lalanne L, Ayranci G, Filliol D, Gavériaux-Ruff C, Befort K, Kieffer BL, Lutz PE. Kappa opioid receptor antagonism and chronic antidepressant treatment have beneficial activities on social interactions and grooming deficits during heroin abstinence. Addict Biol 2017; 22:1010-1021. [PMID: 27001273 PMCID: PMC5590636 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Addiction is a chronic brain disorder that progressively invades all aspects of personal life. Accordingly, addiction to opiates severely impairs interpersonal relationships, and the resulting social isolation strongly contributes to the severity and chronicity of the disease. Uncovering new therapeutic strategies that address this aspect of addiction is therefore of great clinical relevance. We recently established a mouse model of heroin addiction in which, following chronic heroin exposure, 'abstinent' mice progressively develop a strong and long-lasting social avoidance phenotype. Here, we explored and compared the efficacy of two pharmacological interventions in this mouse model. Because clinical studies indicate some efficacy of antidepressants on emotional dysfunction associated with addiction, we first used a chronic 4-week treatment with the serotonergic antidepressant fluoxetine, as a reference. In addition, considering prodepressant effects recently associated with kappa opioid receptor signaling, we also investigated the kappa opioid receptor antagonist norbinaltorphimine (norBNI). Finally, we assessed whether fluoxetine and norBNI could reverse abstinence-induced social avoidance after it has established. Altogether, our results show that two interspaced norBNI administrations are sufficient both to prevent and to reverse social impairment in heroin abstinent animals. Therefore, kappa opioid receptor antagonism may represent a useful approach to alleviate social dysfunction in addicted individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lalanne
- Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics Department, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U 964, CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, France
- Département de Psychiatrie I, Hôpital Civil, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, France
| | - G Ayranci
- Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics Department, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U 964, CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, France
- Douglas Institute Research Centre, McGill University, Canada
| | - D Filliol
- Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics Department, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U 964, CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, France
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, UMR 7364, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Faculté de Psychologie, Neuropôle de Strasbourg, France
| | - C Gavériaux-Ruff
- Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics Department, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U 964, CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, France
| | - K Befort
- Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics Department, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U 964, CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, France
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, UMR 7364, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Faculté de Psychologie, Neuropôle de Strasbourg, France
| | - B L Kieffer
- Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics Department, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U 964, CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, France
- Douglas Institute Research Centre, McGill University, Canada
| | - P-E Lutz
- Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics Department, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U 964, CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, France
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Institute Research Centre, McGill University, Canada
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20
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Owens SM, Pollard GT, Howard JL, Fennell TR, Snyder RW, Carroll FI. Pharmacodynamic Relationships between Duration of Action of JDTic-like Kappa-Opioid Receptor Antagonists and Their Brain and Plasma Pharmacokinetics in Rats. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:1737-1745. [PMID: 27700049 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
JDTic is a potent and selective κ-opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist that reverses U50,488-induced diuresis in rats. It partitions into brain with a duration of action lasting for weeks. In a search for KOR antagonists that do not accumulate in the brain, we compared single doses of five methylated JDTic analogs (RTI-97, -194, -212, -240, and -241) for reversal of U50,488 diuresis and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties. All six compounds showed potent and selective KOR antagonism in a [35S]GTPγS binding assay. Plasma half-lives ranged from 24 to 41 h and brain half-lives from 24 to 76 h. JDTic and RTI-194 showed increasing brain to plasma ratios over time, indicating increasing partitioning into brain and a longer duration of action for reversal of diuresis than did RTI-97. RTI-240 did not show significant brain accumulation. RTI-212 showed no substantive difference between brain and plasma levels and was inactive against diuresis. RTI-241, with a lower brain to plasma ratio than JDTic and RTI-194, formed JDTic as a metabolite, which still reduced diuresis after 9 weeks. The fact that the duration of action was correlated with the brain to blood plasma ratios and area under the concentration-time curves suggests that PK properties could help to predict safety and acceptable duration of action for KOR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Michael Owens
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, College
of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
| | - Gerald T. Pollard
- Howard Associates, LLC, 3040
East Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - James L. Howard
- Howard Associates, LLC, 3040
East Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Timothy R. Fennell
- Research Triangle Institute, 3040
East Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Rodney W. Snyder
- Research Triangle Institute, 3040
East Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - F. Ivy Carroll
- Research Triangle Institute, 3040
East Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
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21
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The contribution of activated peripheral kappa opioid receptors (kORs) in the inflamed knee joint to anti-nociception. Brain Res 2016; 1648:11-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Sirohi S, Aldrich JV, Walker BM. Species differences in the effects of the κ-opioid receptor antagonist zyklophin. Alcohol 2016; 51:43-9. [PMID: 26992699 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We have shown that dysregulation of the dynorphin/kappa-opioid receptor (DYN/KOR) system contributes to escalated alcohol self-administration in alcohol dependence and that KOR antagonists with extended durations of action selectively reduce escalated alcohol consumption in alcohol-dependent animals. As KOR antagonism has gained widespread attention as a potential therapeutic target to treat alcoholism and multiple neuropsychiatric disorders, we tested the effect of zyklophin (a short-acting KOR antagonist) on escalated alcohol self-administration in rats made alcohol-dependent using intermittent alcohol vapor exposure. Following dependence induction, zyklophin was infused centrally prior to alcohol self-administration sessions and locomotor activity tests during acute withdrawal. Zyklophin did not impact alcohol self-administration or locomotor activity in either exposure condition. To investigate the neurobiological basis of this atypical effect for a KOR antagonist, we utilized a κ-, μ-, and δ-opioid receptor agonist-stimulated GTPyS coupling assay to examine the opioid receptor specificity of zyklophin in the rat brain and mouse brain. In rats, zyklophin did not affect U50488-, DAMGO-, or DADLE-stimulated GTPyS coupling, whereas the prototypical KOR antagonist nor-binaltorphimine (norBNI) attenuated U50488-induced stimulation in the rat brain tissue at concentrations that did not impact μ- and δ-receptor function. To reconcile the discrepancy between the present rat data and published mouse data, comparable GTPyS assays were conducted using mouse brain tissue; zyklophin effects were consistent with KOR antagonism in mice. Moreover, at higher concentrations, zyklophin exhibited agonist properties in rat and mouse brains. These results identify species differences in zyklophin efficacy that, given the rising interest in the development of short-duration KOR antagonists, should provide valuable information for therapeutic development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Sirohi
- Laboratory of Alcoholism and Addictions Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; Department of Integrative Physiology & Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Jane V Aldrich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Brendan M Walker
- Laboratory of Alcoholism and Addictions Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; Department of Integrative Physiology & Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; Translational Addiction Research Center, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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23
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Huang P, Yakovleva T, Aldrich JV, Tunis J, Parry C, Liu-Chen LY. Two short-acting kappa opioid receptor antagonists (zyklophin and LY2444296) exhibited different behavioral effects from the long-acting antagonist norbinaltorphimine in mouse anxiety tests. Neurosci Lett 2016; 615:15-20. [PMID: 26780565 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Prototypical long-acting kappa opioid receptor (KOPR) antagonists [e.g., norbinaltorphimine (norBNI)] have been reported to exert anxiolytic-like effects in several commonly used anxiety tests in rodents including the novelty-induced hypophagia (NIH) and elevated plus maze (EPM) tests. It remains unknown if the short-acting KOPR antagonists (e.g., zyklophin and LY2444296) have similar effects. In this study effects of zyklophin and LY2444296 (s.c.) were investigated in the NIH and EPM tests in mice 1h post-injection and compared with norBNI (i.p.) 48h post-administration. In the NIH test, zyklophin at 3 and 1mg/kg, but not 0.3mg/kg, or LY2444296 at 30mg/kg decreased the latency of palatable food consumption in novel cages, but had no effect in training cages, similar to norBNI (10mg/kg). Zyklophin at 3 or 1mg/kg increased or had a trend of increasing the amount of palatable food consumption in novel cages, with no effects in training cages, further indicating its anxiolytic-like effect, but norBNI (10mg/kg) and LY2444296 (30mg/kg) did not. In the EPM test, norBNI (10mg/kg) increased open arm time and % open arm entries or time, but zyklophin at all three doses and LY2444296 (30mg/kg) had no effects. In addition, zyklophin at 3mg/kg increased numbers of close and total arm entries on EPM, suggesting increased activity; however, norBNI and LY2444296 had no effects on close and total arm entries. Thus, all three KOPR antagonists had anxiolytic-like effects in the NIH test. However, only the long-acting one (norBNI), but not the short-acting ones (zyklophin and LY2444296), demonstrated anti-anxiety like effects in the EPM test. It remains to be investigated if the differences are due to the differences in their durations of action and/or pharmacodynamic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tatyana Yakovleva
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Jane V Aldrich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Julia Tunis
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Christopher Parry
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lee-Yuan Liu-Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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24
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Molecular switches of the κ opioid receptor triggered by 6'-GNTI and 5'-GNTI. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18913. [PMID: 26742690 PMCID: PMC4705513 DOI: 10.1038/srep18913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The κ opioid receptor (κOR) is a member of G-protein-coupled receptors, and is considered as a promising drug target for treating neurological diseases. κOR selective 6'-GNTI was proved to be a G-protein biased agonist, whereas 5'-GNTI acts as an antagonist. To investigate the molecular mechanism of how these two ligands induce different behaviors of the receptor, we built two systems containing the 5'-GNTI-κOR complex and the 6'-GNTI-κOR complex, respectively, and performed molecular dynamics simulations of the two systems. We observe that transmembrane (TM) helix 6 of the κOR rotates about 4.6(o) on average in the κOR-6'-GNTI complex. Detailed analyses of the simulation results indicate that E297(6.58) and I294(6.55) play crucial roles in the rotation of TM6. In the simulation of the κOR-5'-GNTI system, it is revealed that 5'-GNTI can stabilize TM6 in the inactive state form. In addition, the kink of TM7 is stabilized by a hydrogen bond between S324(7.47) and the residue V69(1.42) on TM1.
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25
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Cheng J, Li W, Liu G, Zhu W, Tang Y. Computational insights into different inhibition modes of the κ-opioid receptor with antagonists LY2456302 and JDTic. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra24911b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Residence time calculations were carried out based on binding free energy scanning of the metadynamics simulations on LY2456302–κ-OR and JDTic–κ-OR systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Weihua Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Guixia Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Weiliang Zhu
- Drug Discovery and Design Center
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Yun Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
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Joshi AA, Murray TF, Aldrich JV. Structure-Activity Relationships of the Peptide Kappa Opioid Receptor Antagonist Zyklophin. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8783-95. [PMID: 26491810 DOI: 10.1021/jm501827k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The dynorphin (Dyn) A analogue zyklophin ([N-benzyl-Tyr(1)-cyclo(d-Asp(5),Dap(8))]dynorphin A(1-11)NH2) is a kappa opioid receptor (KOR)-selective antagonist in vitro, is active in vivo, and antagonizes KOR in the CNS after systemic administration. Hence, we synthesized zyklophin analogues to explore the structure-activity relationships of this peptide. The synthesis of selected analogues required modification to introduce the N-terminal amino acid due to poor solubility and/or to avoid epimerization of this residue. Among the N-terminal modifications, the N-phenethyl and N-cyclopropylmethyl substitutions resulted in analogues with the highest KOR affinities. Pharmacological results for the alanine-substituted analogues indicated that Phe(4) and Arg(6), but interestingly not the Tyr(1) phenol, are important for zyklophin's KOR affinity and that Arg(7) was important for KOR antagonist activity. In the GTPγS assay, while all of the cyclic analogues exhibited negligible KOR efficacy, the N-cyclopropylmethyl-Tyr(1) and N-benzyl-Phe(1) analogues were 28- and 11-fold more potent KOR antagonists, respectively, than zyklophin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand A Joshi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Thomas F Murray
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Creighton University , Omaha, Nebraska 68102, United States
| | - Jane V Aldrich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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Sirohi S, Walker BM. Maturational alterations in constitutive activity of medial prefrontal cortex kappa-opioid receptors in Wistar rats. J Neurochem 2015; 135:659-65. [PMID: 26257334 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Opioid receptors can display spontaneous agonist-independent G-protein signaling (basal signaling/constitutive activity). While constitutive κ-opioid receptor (KOR) activity has been documented in vitro, it remains unknown if KORs are constitutively active in native systems. Using [(35) S] guanosine 5'-O-[gamma-thio] triphosphate coupling assay that measures receptor functional state, we identified the presence of medial prefrontal cortex KOR constitutive activity in young rats that declined with age. Furthermore, basal signaling showed an age-related decline and was insensitive to neutral opioid antagonist challenge. Collectively, the present data are first to demonstrate age-dependent alterations in the medial prefrontal cortex KOR constitutive activity in rats and changes in the constitutive activity of KORs can differentially impact KOR ligand efficacy. These data provide novel insights into the functional properties of the KOR system and warrant further consideration of KOR constitutive activity in normal and pathophysiological behavior. Opioid receptors exhibit agonist-independent constitutive activity; however, kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) constitutive activity has not been demonstrated in native systems. Our results confirm KOR constitutive activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) that declines with age. With the ability to presynaptically inhibit multiple neurotransmitter systems in the mPFC, maturational or patho-logical alterations in constitutive activity could disrupt corticofugal glutamatergic pyramidal projection neurons mediating executive function. Regulation of KOR constitutive activity could serve as a therapeutic target to treat compromised executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Sirohi
- Laboratory of Alcoholism and Addictions Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.,Department of Integrative Physiology & Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Brendan M Walker
- Laboratory of Alcoholism and Addictions Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.,Department of Integrative Physiology & Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.,Translational Addiction Research Center, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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Synthetic Applications of the Parkins Nitrile Hydration Catalyst [PtH{(PMe2O)2H}(PMe2OH)]: A Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/app5030380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Frankowski KJ, Slauson SR, Lovell KM, Phillips AM, Streicher JM, Zhou L, Whipple DA, Schoenen FJ, Prisinzano TE, Bohn LM, Aubé J. Potency enhancement of the κ-opioid receptor antagonist probe ML140 through sulfonamide constraint utilizing a tetrahydroisoquinoline motif. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:3948-56. [PMID: 25593096 PMCID: PMC4468036 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Optimization of the sulfonamide-based kappa opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist probe molecule ML140 through constraint of the sulfonamide nitrogen within a tetrahydroisoquinoline moiety afforded a marked increase in potency. This strategy, when combined with additional structure-activity relationship exploration, has led to a compound only six-fold less potent than norBNI, a widely utilized KOR antagonist tool compound, but significantly more synthetically accessible. The new optimized probe is suitably potent for use as an in vivo tool to investigate the therapeutic potential of KOR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Frankowski
- University of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047-3761, USA
| | - Stephen R Slauson
- University of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047-3761, USA
| | - Kimberly M Lovell
- Departments of Molecular Therapeutics and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, #2A2, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Angela M Phillips
- Departments of Molecular Therapeutics and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, #2A2, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - John M Streicher
- Departments of Molecular Therapeutics and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, #2A2, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Lei Zhou
- Departments of Molecular Therapeutics and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, #2A2, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - David A Whipple
- University of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047-3761, USA
| | - Frank J Schoenen
- University of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047-3761, USA
| | - Thomas E Prisinzano
- University of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047-3761, USA
| | - Laura M Bohn
- Departments of Molecular Therapeutics and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, #2A2, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- University of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047-3761, USA.
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Aldrich JV, Senadheera SN, Ross NC, Reilley KA, Ganno ML, Eans SE, Murray TF, McLaughlin JP. Alanine analogues of [D-Trp]CJ-15,208: novel opioid activity profiles and prevention of drug- and stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behaviour. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:3212-22. [PMID: 24588614 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The novel macrocyclic peptide cyclo[Phe-D-Pro-Phe-D-Trp] ([D-Trp]CJ-15,208) exhibits κ opioid (KOP) receptor antagonist activity in both in vitro and in vivo assays. The four alanine analogues of this peptide were synthesized and characterized both in vitro and in vivo to assess the contribution of different amino acid residues to the activity of [D-Trp]CJ-15,208. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The peptides were synthesized by a combination of solid phase peptide synthesis and cyclization in solution. The analogues were evaluated in vitro in receptor binding and functional assays, and in vivo with mice using a tail-withdrawal assay for antinociceptive and opioid antagonist activity. Mice demonstrating extinction of cocaine conditioned-place preference (CPP) were pretreated with selected analogues to evaluate prevention of stress or cocaine-induced reinstatement of CPP. KEY RESULTS The alanine analogues displayed pharmacological profiles in vivo distinctly different from [D-Trp]CJ-15,208. While the analogues exhibited varying opioid receptor affinities and κ and μ opioid receptor antagonist activity in vitro, they produced potent opioid receptor-mediated antinociception (ED50 = 0.28-4.19 nmol, i.c.v.) in vivo. Three of the analogues also displayed KOP receptor antagonist activity in vivo. Pretreatment with an analogue exhibiting both KOP receptor agonist and antagonist activity in vivo prevented both cocaine- and stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behaviour in the CPP assay in a time-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These unusual macrocyclic peptides exhibit in vivo opioid activity profiles different from the parent compound and represent novel compounds for potential development as therapeutics for drug abuse and possibly as analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Aldrich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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Riley AP, Groer CE, Young D, Ewald AW, Kivell BM, Prisinzano TE. Synthesis and κ-opioid receptor activity of furan-substituted salvinorin A analogues. J Med Chem 2014; 57:10464-75. [PMID: 25426797 PMCID: PMC4281103 DOI: 10.1021/jm501521d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The neoclerodane diterpene salvinorin A, found in the leaves of Salvia divinorum, is a potent κ-opioid receptor agonist, making it an attractive scaffold for development into a treatment for substance abuse. Although several successful semisynthetic studies have been performed to elucidate structure-activity relationships, the lack of analogues with substitutions to the furan ring of salvinorin A has prevented a thorough understanding of its role in binding to the κ-opioid receptor. Herein we report the synthesis of several salvinorin A derivatives with modified furan rings. Evaluation of these compounds in a functional assay indicated that sterically less demanding substitutions are preferred, suggesting the furan ring is bound in a congested portion of the binding pocket. The most potent of the analogues successfully reduced drug-seeking behavior in an animal model of drug-relapse without producing the sedation observed with other κ-opioid agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Riley
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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Khroyan TV, Wu J, Polgar WE, Cami-Kobeci G, Fotaki N, Husbands SM, Toll L. BU08073 a buprenorphine analogue with partial agonist activity at μ-receptors in vitro but long-lasting opioid antagonist activity in vivo in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:668-80. [PMID: 24903063 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Buprenorphine is a potent analgesic with high affinity at μ, δ and κ and moderate affinity at nociceptin opioid (NOP) receptors. Nevertheless, NOP receptor activation modulates the in vivo activity of buprenorphine. Structure activity studies were conducted to design buprenorphine analogues with high affinity at each of these receptors and to characterize them in in vitro and in vivo assays. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Compounds were tested for binding affinity and functional activity using [(35) S]GTPγS binding at each receptor and a whole-cell fluorescent assay at μ receptors. BU08073 was evaluated for antinociceptive agonist and antagonist activity and for its effects on anxiety in mice. KEY RESULTS BU08073 bound with high affinity to all opioid receptors. It had virtually no efficacy at δ, κ and NOP receptors, whereas at μ receptors, BU08073 has similar efficacy as buprenorphine in both functional assays. Alone, BU08073 has anxiogenic activity and produces very little antinociception. However, BU08073 blocks morphine and U50,488-mediated antinociception. This blockade was not evident at 1 h post-treatment, but is present at 6 h and remains for up to 3-6 days. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These studies provide structural requirements for synthesis of 'universal' opioid ligands. BU08073 had high affinity for all the opioid receptors, with moderate efficacy at μ receptors and reduced efficacy at NOP receptors, a profile suggesting potential analgesic activity. However, in vivo, BU08073 had long-lasting antagonist activity, indicating that its pharmacokinetics determined both the time course of its effects and what receptor-mediated effects were observed. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2.
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Kinetic modeling of (11)C-LY2795050, a novel antagonist radiotracer for PET imaging of the kappa opioid receptor in humans. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:1818-25. [PMID: 25182664 PMCID: PMC4269759 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
(11)C-LY2795050 is a novel kappa opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist tracer for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. The purpose of this first-in-human study was to determine the optimal kinetic model for analysis of (11)C-LY2795050 imaging data. Sixteen subjects underwent baseline scans and blocking scans after oral naltrexone. Compartmental modeling and multilinear analysis-1 (MA1) were applied using the arterial input functions. Two-tissue compartment model and MA1 were found to be the best models to provide reliable measures of binding parameters. The rank order of (11)C-LY2795050 distribution volume (VT) matched the known regional KOR densities in the human brain. Blocking scans with naltrexone indicated no ideal reference region for (11)C-LY2795050. Three methods for calculation of the nondisplaceable distribution volume (VND) were assessed: (1) individual VND estimated from naltrexone occupancy plots, (2) mean VND across subjects, and (3) a fixed fraction of cerebellum VT. Approach (3) produced the lowest intersubject variability in the calculation of binding potentials (BPND, BPF, and BPP). Therefore, binding potentials of (11)C-LY2795050 can be determined if the specific binding fraction in the cerebellum is presumed to be unchanged by diseases and experimental conditions. In conclusion, results from the present study show the suitability of (11)C-LY2795050 to image and quantify KOR in humans.
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Eans SO, Ganno ML, Reilley KJ, Patkar KA, Senadheera SN, Aldrich JV, McLaughlin JP. The macrocyclic tetrapeptide [D-Trp]CJ-15,208 produces short-acting κ opioid receptor antagonism in the CNS after oral administration. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:426-36. [PMID: 23425081 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cyclic peptides are resistant to proteolytic cleavage, therefore potentially exhibiting activity after systemic administration. We hypothesized that the macrocyclic κ opioid receptor (KOR)-selective antagonist [D-Trp]CJ-15,208 would demonstrate antagonist activity after systemic, that is, s.c. and oral (per os, p. o.), administration. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH C57BL/6J mice were pretreated with [D-Trp]CJ-15,208 s.c. or p.o. before administration of the KOR-selective agonist U50,488 and the determination of antinociception in the warm-water tail-withdrawal assay. The locomotor activity of mice treated with [D-Trp]CJ-15,208 was determined by rotorod testing. Additional mice demonstrating cocaine conditioned place preference and subsequent extinction were pretreated daily with vehicle or [D-Trp]CJ-15,208 and then exposed to repeated forced swim stress or a single additional session of cocaine place conditioning before redetermining place preference. KEY RESULTS Pretreatment with [D-Trp]CJ-15,208 administered s.c. or p.o. dose-dependently antagonized the antinociception induced by i.p. administration of U50,488 in mice tested in the warm-water tail-withdrawal assay for less than 12 and 6 h respectively. [D-Trp]CJ-15,208 also produced limited (<25%), short-duration antinociception mediated through KOR agonism. Orally administered [D-Trp]CJ-15,208 dose-dependently antagonized centrally administered U50,488-induced antinociception, and prevented stress-, but not cocaine-induced, reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-seeking behaviour, consistent with its KOR antagonist activity, without affecting locomotor activity. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The macrocyclic tetrapeptide [D-Trp]CJ-15,208 is a short-duration KOR antagonist with weak KOR agonist activity that is active after oral administration and demonstrates blood-brain barrier permeability. These data validate the use of systemically active peptides such as [D-Trp]CJ-15,208 as potentially useful therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shainnel O Eans
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
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Nizhnikov ME, Pautassi RM, Carter JM, Landin JD, Varlinskaya EI, Bordner KA, Werner DF, Spear NE. Brief prenatal ethanol exposure alters behavioral sensitivity to the kappa opioid receptor agonist (U62,066E) and antagonist (Nor-BNI) and reduces kappa opioid receptor expression. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2014; 38:1630-8. [PMID: 24796820 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 10 to 15% of women consume alcohol (ethanol [EtOH]) during pregnancy in the United States. Even low amounts of EtOH consumption during pregnancy can elicit long-term consequences. Prenatal experience with as few as 3 drinks has been associated with increase problem drinking in adulthood. Such effects are corroborated in rodents; however, the underlying neural adaptations contributing to this effect are not clear. In the current set of experiments, we investigated whether changes in EtOH responding following prenatal EtOH exposure involved kappa opioid receptor activation and expression. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were prenatally exposed to low levels of alcohol (1.0 g/kg) during late gestation (gestational days 17 to 20 [GD17-20]) via intragastric intubation of pregnant dams. Following birth, EtOH intake, kappa- and mu-opioid-induced place conditioning, and kappa opioid receptor expression in mesolimbic brain regions were assessed in infant rats (postnatal days 14 to 15 [PD14-15]) that were offspring of dams given EtOH, vehicle, or untreated, during pregnancy. RESULTS Animals exposed to prenatal alcohol drank more alcohol later in life and exhibited significant changes in the kappa opioid system. While control subjects found kappa opioid activation aversive, animals exposed to EtOH prenatally exhibited either no aversion or appetitive responding. Further analysis revealed that synaptosomal kappa opioid receptor expression was significantly decreased in brain areas implicated in responding to EtOH. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these data suggest that prenatal EtOH affects kappa opioid function and expression and that these changes may be involved in increased drinking later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Nizhnikov
- Department of Psychology , Center for Development and Behavioral Neuroscience, Binghamton, New York
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Urbano M, Guerrero M, Rosen H, Roberts E. Antagonists of the kappa opioid receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2021-32. [PMID: 24690494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The research community has increasingly focused on the development of OPRK antagonists as pharmacotherapies for the treatment of depression, anxiety, addictive disorders and other psychiatric conditions produced or exacerbated by stress. Short-acting OPRK antagonists have been recently developed as a potential improvement over long-acting prototypic ligands including nor-BNI and JDTic. Remarkably the short-acting LY2456302 is undergoing phase II clinical trials for the augmentation of the antidepressant therapy in treatment-resistant depression. This Letter reviews relevant chemical and pharmacological advances in the identification and development of OPRK antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Urbano
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Miguel Guerrero
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Hugh Rosen
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States; The Scripps Research Institute Molecular Screening Center, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States; Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Edward Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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Casal-Dominguez JJ, Furkert D, Ostovar M, Teintang L, Clark MJ, Traynor JR, Husbands SM, Bailey SJ. Characterization of BU09059: a novel potent selective κ-receptor antagonist. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:177-84. [PMID: 24410326 DOI: 10.1021/cn4001507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Kappa-opioid receptor (κ) antagonists are potential therapeutic agents for a range of psychiatric disorders. The feasibility of developing κ-antagonists has been limited by the pharmacodynamic properties of prototypic κ-selective antagonists; that is, they inhibit receptor signaling for weeks after a single administration. To address this issue, novel trans-(3R,4R)-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl) piperidine derivatives, based on JDTic, were designed using soft-drug principles. The aim was to determine if the phenylpiperidine-based series of κ-antagonists was amenable to incorporation of a potentially metabolically labile group, while retaining good affinity and selectivity for the κ-receptor. Opioid receptor binding affinity and selectivity of three novel compounds (BU09057, BU09058, and BU09059) were tested. BU09059, which most closely resembles JDTic, had nanomolar affinity for the κ-receptor, with 15-fold and 616-fold selectivity over μ- and δ-receptors, respectively. In isolated tissues, BU09059 was a potent and selective κ-antagonist (pA2 8.62) compared with BU09057 (pA2 6.87) and BU09058 (pA2 6.76) which were not κ-selective. In vivo, BU09059 (3 and 10 mg/kg) significantly blocked U50,488-induced antinociception and was as potent as, but shorter acting than, the prototypic selective κ-antagonist norBNI. These data show that a new JDTic analogue, BU09059, retains high affinity and selectivity for the κ-receptor and has a shorter duration of κ-antagonist action in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Furkert
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Mehrnoosh Ostovar
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Linnea Teintang
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Mary J. Clark
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - John R. Traynor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Stephen. M. Husbands
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J. Bailey
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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Dimattio KM, Yakovleva TV, Aldrich JV, Cowan A, Liu-Chen LY. Zyklophin, a short-acting kappa opioid antagonist, induces scratching in mice. Neurosci Lett 2014; 563:155-9. [PMID: 24503508 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown previously that norbinaltorphimine (norBNI) and 5'-guanidinonaltrindole (5'-GNTI), long-acting kappa opioid receptor (KOPR) antagonists, cause frenzied scratching in mice [1,2]. In the current study, we examined if zyklophin, a short-acting cyclic peptide KOPR antagonist, also elicited scratching behavior. When injected s.c. in the nape of the neck of male Swiss-Webster mice, zyklophin at doses of 0.1, 0.3 and 1mg/kg induced dose-related hindleg scratching of the neck between 3 and 15 min after injection. Pretreating mice with norBNI (20mg/kg, i.p.) at 18-20 h before challenge with zyklophin (0.3mg/kg) did not markedly affect scratching. Additionally, KOPR-/- mice given 0.3mg/kg of zyklophin displayed similar levels of scratching as wild-type animals. The absence of KOPR in KOPR-/- mice was confirmed with ex vivo radioligand binding using [(3)H]U69,593. Taken together, our data suggest that the presence of kappa receptors is not required for the excessive scratching caused by zyklophin. Thus, zyklophin, similar to the structurally different KOPR antagonist 5'-GNTI, appears to act at other targets to elicit scratching and potentially the sensation of itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Dimattio
- Center for Substance Abuse Research and Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
| | - T V Yakovleva
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | - J V Aldrich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | - A Cowan
- Center for Substance Abuse Research and Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
| | - L Y Liu-Chen
- Center for Substance Abuse Research and Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Bye A. Experiments with cocaine and heroin addicts—are they predictive? Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 14:74-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Fernández M, Fabio MC, Nizhnikov ME, Spear NE, Abate P, Pautassi RM. Maternal isolation during the first two postnatal weeks affects novelty-induced responses and sensitivity to ethanol-induced locomotor activity during infancy. Dev Psychobiol 2013; 56:1070-82. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.21192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Fernández
- Instituto de Investigación Médica M. y M. Ferreyra; INIMEC-CONICET; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba C.P. 5000 Argentina
- Facultad de Psicología; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba C.P. 5000 Argentina
| | - María Carolina Fabio
- Instituto de Investigación Médica M. y M. Ferreyra; INIMEC-CONICET; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba C.P. 5000 Argentina
- Facultad de Psicología; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba C.P. 5000 Argentina
| | - Michael E Nizhnikov
- Center for Developmental Psychobiology; Binghamton University; Binghamton NY 13902-6000
| | - Norman E. Spear
- Center for Developmental Psychobiology; Binghamton University; Binghamton NY 13902-6000
| | - Paula Abate
- Instituto de Investigación Médica M. y M. Ferreyra; INIMEC-CONICET; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba C.P. 5000 Argentina
- Facultad de Psicología; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba C.P. 5000 Argentina
| | - Ricardo Marcos Pautassi
- Instituto de Investigación Médica M. y M. Ferreyra; INIMEC-CONICET; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba C.P. 5000 Argentina
- Facultad de Psicología; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba C.P. 5000 Argentina
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41
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Munro TA, Huang XP, Inglese C, Perrone MG, Van't Veer A, Carroll FI, Béguin C, Carlezon WA, Colabufo NA, Cohen BM, Roth BL. Selective κ opioid antagonists nor-BNI, GNTI and JDTic have low affinities for non-opioid receptors and transporters. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70701. [PMID: 23976952 PMCID: PMC3747596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nor-BNI, GNTI and JDTic induce selective κ opioid antagonism that is delayed and extremely prolonged, but some other effects are of rapid onset and brief duration. The transient effects of these compounds differ, suggesting that some of them may be mediated by other targets. Results In binding assays, the three antagonists showed no detectable affinity (Ki≥10 µM) for most non-opioid receptors and transporters (26 of 43 tested). There was no non-opioid target for which all three compounds shared detectable affinity, or for which any two shared sub-micromolar affinity. All three compounds showed low nanomolar affinity for κ opioid receptors, with moderate selectivity over μ and δ (3 to 44-fold). Nor-BNI bound weakly to the α2C-adrenoceptor (Ki = 630 nM). GNTI enhanced calcium mobilization by noradrenaline at the α1A-adrenoceptor (EC50 = 41 nM), but did not activate the receptor, displace radioligands, or enhance PI hydrolysis. This suggests that it is a functionally-selective allosteric enhancer. GNTI was also a weak M1 receptor antagonist (KB = 3.7 µM). JDTic bound to the noradrenaline transporter (Ki = 54 nM), but only weakly inhibited transport (IC50 = 1.1 µM). JDTic also bound to the opioid-like receptor NOP (Ki = 12 nM), but gave little antagonism even at 30 µM. All three compounds exhibited rapid permeation and active efflux across Caco-2 cell monolayers. Conclusions Across 43 non-opioid CNS targets, only GNTI exhibited a potent functional effect (allosteric enhancement of α1A-adrenoceptors). This may contribute to GNTI's severe transient effects. Plasma concentrations of nor-BNI and GNTI may be high enough to affect some peripheral non-opioid targets. Nonetheless, κ opioid antagonism persists for weeks or months after these transient effects dissipate. With an adequate pre-administration interval, our results therefore strengthen the evidence that nor-BNI, GNTI and JDTic are highly selective κ opioid antagonists.
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MESH Headings
- Allosteric Regulation
- Biological Transport
- Caco-2 Cells
- Calcium/metabolism
- Guanidines/metabolism
- Guanidines/pharmacology
- Humans
- Kinetics
- Morphinans/metabolism
- Morphinans/pharmacology
- Naltrexone/analogs & derivatives
- Naltrexone/metabolism
- Naltrexone/pharmacology
- Narcotic Antagonists/metabolism
- Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Norepinephrine/metabolism
- Norepinephrine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Piperidines/metabolism
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Tetrahydroisoquinolines/metabolism
- Tetrahydroisoquinolines/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Munro
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Xi-Ping Huang
- National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program and Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Carmela Inglese
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Perrone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Ashlee Van't Veer
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - F. Ivy Carroll
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Cécile Béguin
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - William A. Carlezon
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nicola A. Colabufo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Bruce M. Cohen
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bryan L. Roth
- National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program and Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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42
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Patkar KA, Wu J, Ganno ML, Singh HD, Ross NC, Rasakham K, Toll L, McLaughlin JP. Physical Presence of Nor-Binaltorphimine in Mouse Brain over 21 Days after a Single Administration Corresponds to Its Long-Lasting Antagonistic Effect onκ-Opioid Receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 346:545-54. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.206086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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43
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Morales M, Anderson RI, Spear LP, Varlinskaya EI. Effects of the kappa opioid receptor antagonist, nor-binaltorphimine, on ethanol intake: impact of age and sex. Dev Psychobiol 2013; 56:700-12. [PMID: 23754134 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The kappa opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist, nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI), was used to investigate the role of the KOR system in mediating ethanol intake. On P25 (adolescent) or P67 (adult) male and female rats were individually housed and given ad libitum access to food and water. The experimental procedure was initiated on P28 or P70: animals were given 30 min/day access to a 10% ethanol/supersaccharin solution every other day (3 baseline exposures). On the day after the final baseline test, rats were injected with nor-BNI (0, 2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg), with testing initiated 24 hr later (30-min access every other day, 3 test exposures). Nor-BNI (10 mg/kg) increased ethanol intake in adult males, whereas the same dose decreased intake in adult females, suggesting pronounced sex differences in KOR-associated mediation of ethanol intake in adulthood. There was no impact of nor-BNI in adolescent animals of either sex, suggesting that the KOR may play less of a role in modulating ethanol intake during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Morales
- Center for Development and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton, New York, 13902-6000.
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44
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Olianas MC, Dedoni S, Onali P. The atypical antidepressant mianserin exhibits agonist activity at κ-opioid receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:1329-41. [PMID: 22708686 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Antidepressants are known to interact with the opioid system through mechanisms not completely understood. We previously reported that tricyclic antidepressants act as agonists at distinct opioid receptors. Here, we investigated the effect of the atypical antidepressant mianserin at cloned and native opioid receptors. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Effects of mianserin were examined in CHO cells transfected with human opioid receptors, C6 glioma cells and rat brain membranes by the use of radioligand binding and functional assays including the stimulation of [(35)S]GTPγS binding and MAPK phosphorylation. KEY RESULTS Mianserin displayed 12- and 18-fold higher affinity for κ- than µ- and δ-opioid receptors respectively. In [(35)S]GTPγS assays, mianserin selectively activated κ-opioid receptors. The agonist activity was antagonized by the selective κ-opioid blocker nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI). The mianserin analogue mirtazapine also displayed κ-opioid agonist activity. Mianserin and mirtazapine increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation in CHO cells expressing κ-opioid receptors and C6 cells, and these effects were antagonized by nor-BNI. In rat striatum and nucleus accumbens, mianserin stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding in a nor-BNI-sensitive manner with maximal effects lower than those of the full κ-opioid agonists (-)-U50,488 and dynorphin A. When combined, mianserin antagonized the effects of the full κ-opioid receptor agonists in [(35)S]GTPγS assays and reduced the stimulation of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 phosphorylation by dynorphin A. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS In different cell systems, mianserin directly activates κ-opioid receptors, displaying partial agonist activity at brain receptors. Thus, this property appears to be a common feature of different classes of antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Olianas
- Section of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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45
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Abstract
κ opioid receptors (KORs) belong to the G-protein-coupled class of receptors (GPCRs). They are activated by the endogenous opioid peptide dynorphin (DYN) and expressed at particularly high levels within brain areas implicated in modulation of motivation, emotion, and cognitive function. Chronic activation of KORs in animal models has maladaptive effects including increases in behaviors that reflect depression, the propensity to engage in drug-seeking behavior, and drug craving. The fact that KOR activation has such a profound influence on behaviors often triggered by stress has led to interest in selective KOR antagonists as potential therapeutic agents. This Perspective provides a description of preclinical research conducted in the development of several different classes of selective KOR antagonists, a summary of the clinical studies conducted thus far, and recommendations for the type of work needed in the future to determine if these agents would be useful as pharmacotherapies for neuropsychiatric illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ivy Carroll
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute , P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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46
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Anderson RI, Agoglia AE, Morales M, Varlinskaya EI, Spear LP. Stress, κ manipulations, and aversive effects of ethanol in adolescent and adult male rats. Neuroscience 2012; 249:214-22. [PMID: 23276674 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Elevated ethanol use during adolescence, a potentially stressful developmental period, is accompanied by insensitivity to many aversive effects of ethanol relative to adults. Given evidence that supports a role for stress and the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) system in mediating aversive properties of ethanol and other drugs, the present study assessed the role of KOR antagonism by nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI) on ethanol-induced conditioned taste aversion (CTA) in stressed (exposed to repeated restraint) and non-stressed male rats (Experiment 1), with half of the rats pretreated with nor-BNI before stressor exposure. In Experiment 2, CTA induced by the kappa agonist U62,066 was also compared in stressed and non-stressed adolescents and adults. A highly palatable solution (chocolate Boost) was used as the conditioned stimulus (CS), thereby avoiding the need for water deprivation to motivate consumption of the CS during conditioning. No effects of stress on ethanol-induced CTA were found, with all doses eliciting aversions in adolescents and adults in both stress conditions. However, among stressed subjects, adults given nor-BNI before the repeated stressor displayed blunted ethanol aversion relative to adults given saline at that time. This effect of nor-BNI was not seen in adolescents, findings that support a differential role for the KOR involvement in ethanol CTA in stressed adolescents and adults. Results from Experiment 2 revealed that all doses of U62,066 elicited aversions in non-stressed animals of both ages that were attenuated in stressed animals, findings that support a modulatory role for stress in aversive effects of KOR activation. Collectively, these results suggest that although KOR sensitivity appears to be reduced in stressed subjects, this receptor system does not appear to contribute to age differences in ethanol-induced CTA under the present test circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- R I Anderson
- Center for Development and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA.
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47
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Spetea M, Berzetei-Gurske IP, Guerrieri E, Schmidhammer H. Discovery and pharmacological evaluation of a diphenethylamine derivative (HS665), a highly potent and selective κ opioid receptor agonist. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10302-6. [PMID: 23134120 DOI: 10.1021/jm301258w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here we report on the design, synthesis, and biological characterization of novel κ opioid (KOP) receptor ligands of diphenethylamines. In opioid receptor binding and functional assays, the N-cyclobutylmethyl substituted derivative 4 (HS665) showed the highest affinity and selectivity for the KOP receptor and KOP agonist potency. Compound 4 inhibited acetic acid induced writhing after subcutaneous administration in mice via KOP receptor-mediated mechanisms, being equipotent as an analgesic to the KOP agonist U50,488.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Spetea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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48
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Miranda-Morales RS, Spear NE, Nizhnikov ME, Molina JC, Abate P. Role of mu, delta and kappa opioid receptors in ethanol-reinforced operant responding in infant rats. Behav Brain Res 2012; 234:267-77. [PMID: 22789403 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We recently observed that naloxone, a non-specific opioid antagonist, attenuated operant responding to ethanol in infant rats. Through the use of an operant conditioning technique, we aimed to analyze the specific participation of mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors on ethanol reinforcement during the second postnatal week. In Experiment 1, infant rats (PDs 14-17) were trained to obtain 5, 7.5, 10, or 15% ethanol, by operant nose-poking. Experiment 2 tested blood ethanol levels (BELs) attained by operant behavior. In Experiment 3, at PDs 16-18, rats received CTOP (mu antagonist: 0.1 or 1.0 mg/kg), naltrindole (delta antagonist: 1.0 or 5.0 mg/kg) or saline before training. In Experiment 4, rats received nor-binaltorphimine (kappa antagonist: 10.0 or 30.0 mg/kg, a single injection after completion of PD 15 operant training), spiradoline mesylate (kappa agonist: 1.0 or 5.0 mg/kg; at PDs 16-18) or saline (PDs 16-18), before the conditioning. Experiments 5 and 6 assessed possible side effects of opioid drugs in locomotor activity (LA) and conditioned taste aversion (CTA). Ethanol at 7.5 and 10% promoted the highest levels of operant responding. BELs were 12-15 mg/dl. In Experiment 3 naltrindole (dose-response effect) and CTOP (the lowest dose) were effective in decreasing operant responding. Nor-binaltorphimine at 10.0 mg/kg and spiradoline at 5.0 mg/kg also blocked ethanol responding. The effects of opioid drugs on ethanol reinforcement cannot be explained by effects on LA or CTA. Even though particular aspects of each opioid receptor require further testing, a fully functional opioid system seems to be necessary for ethanol reinforcement, during early ontogeny.
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49
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Munro TA, Berry LM, Van't Veer A, Béguin C, Carroll FI, Zhao Z, Carlezon WA, Cohen BM. Long-acting κ opioid antagonists nor-BNI, GNTI and JDTic: pharmacokinetics in mice and lipophilicity. BMC Pharmacol 2012; 12:5. [PMID: 22642416 PMCID: PMC3411462 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2210-12-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nor-BNI, GNTI and JDTic induce κ opioid antagonism that is delayed by hours and can persist for months. Other effects are transient. It has been proposed that these drugs may be slowly absorbed or distributed, and may dissolve in cell membranes, thus slowing elimination and prolonging their effects. Recent evidence suggests, instead, that they induce prolonged desensitization of the κ opioid receptor. Methods To evaluate these hypotheses, we measured relevant physicochemical properties of nor-BNI, GNTI and JDTic, and the timecourse of brain and plasma concentrations in mice after intraperitoneal administration (using LC-MS-MS). Results In each case, plasma levels were maximal within 30 min and declined by >80% within four hours, correlating well with previously reported transient effects. A strong negative correlation was observed between plasma levels and the delayed, prolonged timecourse of κ antagonism. Brain levels of nor-BNI and JDTic peaked within 30 min, but while nor-BNI was largely eliminated within hours, JDTic declined gradually over a week. Brain uptake of GNTI was too low to measure accurately, and higher doses proved lethal. None of the drugs were highly lipophilic, showing high water solubility (> 45 mM) and low distribution into octanol (log D7.4 < 2). Brain homogenate binding was within the range of many shorter-acting drugs (>7% unbound). JDTic showed P-gp-mediated efflux; nor- BNI and GNTI did not, but their low unbound brain uptake suggests efflux by another mechanism. Conclusions The negative plasma concentration-effect relationship we observed is difficult to reconcile with simple competitive antagonism, but is consistent with desensitization. The very slow elimination of JDTic from brain is surprising given that it undergoes active efflux, has modest affinity for homogenate, and has a shorter duration of action than nor-BNI under these conditions. We propose that this persistence may result from entrapment in cellular compartments such as lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Munro
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA & Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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50
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Ross NC, Reilley KJ, Murray TF, Aldrich JV, McLaughlin JP. Novel opioid cyclic tetrapeptides: Trp isomers of CJ-15,208 exhibit distinct opioid receptor agonism and short-acting κ opioid receptor antagonism. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:1097-108. [PMID: 21671905 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01544.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The κ opioid receptor antagonists demonstrate potential for maintaining abstinence from psychostimulant abuse, but existing non-peptide κ-receptor selective antagonists show exceptionally long activity. We hypothesized that the L- and D-Trp isomers of CJ-15,208, a natural cyclic tetrapeptide reported to be a κ-receptor antagonist in vitro, would demonstrate short-acting, dose-dependent antagonism in vivo, preventing reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behaviour. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Affinity, selectivity and efficacy of the L-Trp and D-Trp isomers for opioid receptors were assessed in vitro in radioligand and GTPγS binding assays. Opioid receptor agonist and antagonist activities were characterized in vivo following i.c.v. administration with the 55°C warm water tail-withdrawal assay. The D-Trp isomer, which demonstrated primarily κ-receptor selective antagonist activity, was further evaluated for its prevention of stress- and drug-induced reinstatement of extinguished cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP). KEY RESULTS The two isomers showed similar affinity and selectivity for κ receptors (K(i) 30-35 nM) as well as κ receptor antagonism in vitro. As expected, the D-Trp cyclic tetrapeptide exhibited minimal agonist activity and induced dose-dependent κ-receptor selective antagonism lasting less than 18 h in vivo. Pretreatment with this peptide prevented stress-, but not cocaine-induced, reinstatement of extinguished cocaine CPP. In contrast, the L-Trp cyclic tetrapeptide unexpectedly demonstrated mixed opioid agonist/antagonist activity. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The L-Trp and the D-Trp isomers of CJ-15,208 demonstrate stereospecific opioid activity in vivo. The relatively brief κ opioid receptor antagonism, coupled with the prevention of stress-induced reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-seeking behaviour, suggests the D-Trp isomer could be used therapeutically to maintain abstinence from psychostimulant abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolette C Ross
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St Lucie, FL 34987, USA
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