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Pool KR, Chazal F, Smith JT, Blache D. Estrogenic Pastures: A Source of Endocrine Disruption in Sheep Reproduction. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:880861. [PMID: 35574027 PMCID: PMC9097266 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.880861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoestrogens can impact on reproductive health due to their structural similarity to estradiol. Initially identified in sheep consuming estrogenic pasture, phytoestrogens are known to influence reproductive capacity in numerous species. Estrogenic pastures continue to persist in sheep production systems, yet there has been little headway in our understanding of the underlying mechanisms that link phytoestrogens with compromised reproduction in sheep. Here we review the known and postulated actions of phytoestrogens on reproduction, with particular focus on competitive binding with nuclear and non-nuclear estrogen receptors, modifications to the epigenome, and the downstream impacts on normal physiological function. The review examines the evidence that phytoestrogens cause reproductive dysfunction in both the sexes, and that outcomes depend on the developmental period when an individual is exposed to phytoestrogen.
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Leis K, Kulczyńska A, Racinowski M, Kaczor P, Gołębiewski J, Januszko-Giergielewicz B. Genistein–a supplement improving efficiency of the human body: A review. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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3
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Bou Zerdan M, Moussa S, Atoui A, Assi HI. Mechanisms of Immunotoxicity: Stressors and Evaluators. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8242. [PMID: 34361007 PMCID: PMC8348050 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system defends the body against certain tumor cells and against foreign agents such as fungi, parasites, bacteria, and viruses. One of its main roles is to distinguish endogenous components from non-self-components. An unproperly functioning immune system is prone to primary immune deficiencies caused by either primary immune deficiencies such as genetic defects or secondary immune deficiencies such as physical, chemical, and in some instances, psychological stressors. In the manuscript, we will provide a brief overview of the immune system and immunotoxicology. We will also describe the biochemical mechanisms of immunotoxicants and how to evaluate immunotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroun Bou Zerdan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Naef K. Basile Cancer Institute, American University of Beirut Medical Center, 1107 2020 Beirut, Lebanon; (M.B.Z.); (A.A.)
| | - Sara Moussa
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Balamand, 1100 Beirut, Lebanon;
| | - Ali Atoui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Naef K. Basile Cancer Institute, American University of Beirut Medical Center, 1107 2020 Beirut, Lebanon; (M.B.Z.); (A.A.)
| | - Hazem I. Assi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Naef K. Basile Cancer Institute, American University of Beirut Medical Center, 1107 2020 Beirut, Lebanon; (M.B.Z.); (A.A.)
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Vandenberg LN. Endocrine disrupting chemicals and the mammary gland. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2021; 92:237-277. [PMID: 34452688 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Development of the mammary gland requires coordination of hormone signaling pathways including those mediated by estrogen, progesterone, androgen and prolactin receptors. These hormones play important roles at several distinct stages of life including embryonic/fetal development, puberty, pregnancy, lactation, and old age. This also makes the gland sensitive to perturbations from environmental agents including endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Although there is evidence from human populations of associations between EDCs and disruptions to breast development and lactation, these studies are often complicated by the timing of exposure assessments and the latency to develop breast diseases (e.g., years to decades). Rodents have been instrumental in providing insights-not only to the basic biology and endocrinology of the mammary gland, but to the effects of EDCs on this tissue at different stages of development. Studies, mostly but not exclusively, of estrogenic EDCs have shown that the mammary gland is a sensitive tissue, that exposures during perinatal development can produce abnormal mammary structures (e.g., alveolar buds, typically seen in pregnant females) in adulthood; that exposures during pregnancy can alter milk production; and that EDC exposures can enhance the response of the mammary tissue to hormones and chemical carcinogens. Other studies of persistent organic pollutants have shown that EDC exposures during critical windows of development can delay development of the gland, with lifelong consequences for the individual. Collectively, this work continues to support the conclusion that EDCs can harm the mammary gland, with effects that depend on the period of exposure and the period of evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States.
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5
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Gouesse RJ, Dianati E, McDermott A, Wade MG, Hales B, Robaire B, Plante I. In Utero and Lactational Exposure to an Environmentally Relevant Mixture of Brominated Flame Retardants Induces a Premature Development of the Mammary Glands. Toxicol Sci 2021; 179:206-219. [PMID: 33252648 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In utero and prepubertal development of the mammary glands occurs minimally in a hormone independent manner until puberty where maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis drives an extensive remodeling. Nevertheless, because the immature glands contain functional hormone receptors, they are especially vulnerable to the effects of endocrine disruptors, such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs). BFRs are widespread chemicals added to household objects to reduce their flammability, and to which humans are ubiquitously exposed. We previously reported that in utero and lactational exposure to BFRs resulted in an impaired mammary gland development in peripubertal animals. Here, we assessed whether BFR-induced disruption of mammary gland development could manifest earlier in life. Dams were exposed prior to mating until pups' weaning to a BFR mixture (0, 0.06, 20, or 60 mg/kg/day) formulated according to levels found in house dust. The mammary glands of female offspring were collected at weaning. Histo-morphological analyses showed that exposure to 0.06 mg/kg/day accelerates global epithelial development as demonstrated by a significant increase in total epithelial surface area, associated with a tendency to increase of the ductal area and thickness, and of lumen area. Significant increases of the Ki67 cell proliferation index and of the early apoptotic marker cleaved caspase-9 were also observed, as well as an upward trend in the number of thyroid hormone receptor α1 positive cells. These molecular, histologic, and morphometric changes are suggestive of accelerated pubertal development. Thus, our results suggest that exposure to an environmentally relevant mixture of BFRs induces precocious development of the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elham Dianati
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Alec McDermott
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Michael G Wade
- Health Canada, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Barbara Hales
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Bernard Robaire
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Isabelle Plante
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
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Mercer KE, Bhattacharyya S, Sharma N, Chaudhury M, Lin H, Yeruva L, Ronis MJ. Infant Formula Feeding Changes the Proliferative Status in Piglet Neonatal Mammary Glands Independently of Estrogen Signaling. J Nutr 2020; 150:730-738. [PMID: 31687754 PMCID: PMC7138673 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soy infant formula contains isoflavones, which are able to bind to and activate estrogen receptor (ER) pathways. The mammary gland is sensitive to estrogens, raising concern that the use of soy formulas may promote premature development. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine if soy formula feeding increases mammary gland proliferation and differentiation in comparison to other infant postnatal diets. METHODS White-Dutch Landrace piglets aged 2 d received either sow milk (Sow), or were provided milk formula (Milk), soy formula (Soy), milk formula supplemented with 17-beta-estradiol (2 mg/(kg·d); M + E2), or milk formula supplemented with genistein (84 mg/L of diet; M + G) until day 21. Mammary gland proliferation and differentiation was assessed by histology, and real-time RT-PCR confirmation of differentially expressed genes identified by microarray analysis. RESULTS Mammary terminal end bud numbers were 19-31% greater in the Milk, Soy, and M + G groups relative to the Sow and M + E2, P <0.05. Microarray analysis identified differentially expressed genes between each formula-fed group relative to the Sow (±1.7-fold, P <0.05). Real-time RT-PCR confirmed 2- to 4-fold increases in mRNA transcripts of genes involved in cell proliferation, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10), and fibroblast growth factor 18 (FGF18), in all groups relative to the Sow, P <0.05. In contrast, genes involved in cell differentiation and ductal morphogenesis, angiotensin II receptor type 2 (AGTR2), microtubule associated protein 1b (MAP1B), and kinesin family member 26b (KIF26B), were significantly upregulated by 2-, 4-, and 13-fold, respectively, in the M + E2 group. Additionally, mRNA expression of ER-specific gene targets, progesterone receptor (PGR), was increased by 12-fold, and amphiregulin (AREG) and Ras-like estrogen regulated growth inhibitor (RERG) expression by 1.5-fold in the M + E2 group, P <0.05. In the soy and M + G groups, mRNA expressions of fatty acid synthesis genes were increased 2- to 4-fold. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate soy formula feeding does not promote ER-signaling in the piglet mammary gland. Infant formula feeding (milk- or soy-based) may initiate proliferative pathways independently of estrogenic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Mercer
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Sudeepa Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Neha Sharma
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | - Haixia Lin
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Laxmi Yeruva
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Martin J Ronis
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Kumai A, Tsugami Y, Wakasa H, Suzuki N, Suzuki T, Nishimura T, Kobayashi K. Adverse Effects of Coumestrol and Genistein on Mammary Morphogenesis and Future Milk Production Ability of Mammary Epithelial Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e1900187. [PMID: 32293160 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Isoflavones are a class of flavonoids present in legumes and are called phytoestrogens because of their estrogen-like activity. Endogenous estrogen is well known to regulate mammary gland morphogenesis during pregnancy. Each isoflavone also has different physiological activities. However, it is difficult to investigate the direct effect of each isoflavone in mammary morphogenesis in vivo because isoflavones are metabolized into different isoflavones by enteric bacteria. In this study, investigated are the direct influences of coumestrol, daidzein, and genistein on mammary structure development and future milk production ability of mammary epithelial cells (MECs) using in vitro culture models. Mouse MECs are cultured in Matrigel with basic fibroblast growth factor and epidermal growth factor to induce ductal branching and alveolar formation, respectively. Coumestrol and genistein inhibit ductal branching and alveolar formation by affecting the proliferation and migration of MECs with the induction of apoptosis. Daidzein hardly influences mammary structure development. Furthermore, pretreatment with coumestrol adversely affects the induction of milk production ability of MECs. These results suggest that each isoflavone differentially influences mammary morphogenesis and future milk production by affecting MEC behaviors. These results also suggest that the culture models are effective to study mammary epithelial morphogenesis in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aogu Kumai
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yusaku Tsugami
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Haruka Wakasa
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Norihiro Suzuki
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Suzuki
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takanori Nishimura
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ken Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589, Sapporo, Japan
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Zanardi MV, Schimpf MG, Gastiazoro MP, Milesi MM, Muñoz-de-Toro M, Varayoud J, Durando M. Glyphosate-based herbicide induces hyperplastic ducts in the mammary gland of aging Wistar rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 501:110658. [PMID: 31756423 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) exposure is known to have adverse effects on endocrine-related tissues. Here, we aimed to determine whether early postnatal exposure to a GBH induces long-term effects on the rat mammary gland. Thus, female Wistar pups were injected with saline solution (Control) or GBH (2 mg glyphosate/kg/day) on postnatal days (PND) 1, 3, 5 and 7. At 20 months of age, mammary gland samples were collected to determine histomorphological features, proliferation index and the expression of steroid hormone receptors expression, by immunohistochemistry, and serum samples were collected to assess 17β-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) levels. GBH exposure induced morphological changes evidenced by a higher percentage of hyperplastic ducts and a fibroblastic-like stroma in the mammary gland. GBH-treated rats also showed a high expression of steroid hormone receptors in hyperplastic ducts. The results indicate that early postnatal exposure to GBH induces long-term alterations in the mammary gland morphology of aging female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- María V Zanardi
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL; UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (FBCB), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Marlise Guerrero Schimpf
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL; UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (FBCB), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María P Gastiazoro
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL; UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (FBCB), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María M Milesi
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL; UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (FBCB), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Mónica Muñoz-de-Toro
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL; UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (FBCB), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Jorgelina Varayoud
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL; UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (FBCB), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Milena Durando
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL; UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (FBCB), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Yang J, Wen L, Jiang Y, Yang B. Natural Estrogen Receptor Modulators and Their Heterologous Biosynthesis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:66-76. [PMID: 30527917 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptors (ERs) are transcription factors highly involved in physiological development and metabolism in the human body. They also play important roles in the treatment of cancer and metabolic diseases. Chemicals that interact with ERs can be used to treat diseases and maintain health. Phytoestrogens are natural chemicals that have been documented to possess significant ER modulatory activities. However, since phytoestrogens usually exist at low quantities in nature, heterologous biosynthesis techniques have quickly developed in recent years in order meet the demands for needed therapeutic amounts. In this review, the performance of phytoestrogens as ER modulators is described along with recent advances in biosynthesis techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingrong Wen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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10
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Tucker DK, Hayes Bouknight S, Brar SS, Kissling GE, Fenton SE. Evaluation of Prenatal Exposure to Bisphenol Analogues on Development and Long-Term Health of the Mammary Gland in Female Mice. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2018; 126:087003. [PMID: 30102602 PMCID: PMC6108869 DOI: 10.1289/ehp3189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continued efforts to phase out bisphenol A (BPA) from consumer products have been met with the challenges of finding safer alternatives. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine whether early-life exposure to BPA and its related analogues, bisphenol AF (BPAF) and bisphenol S (BPS), could affect female pubertal mammary gland development and long-term mammary health in mice. METHODS Timed pregnant CD-1 mice were exposed to vehicle, BPA (0.5, 5, 50 mg/kg), BPAF (0.05, 0.5, 5 mg/kg), or BPS (0.05, 0.5, 5 mg/kg) via oral gavage between gestation days 10–17. Mammary glands were collected from resulting female offspring at postnatal day (PND) 20, 28, 35, and 56, and at 3, 8, and 14 months for whole mount, histopathological evaluation, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR); serum steroid concentrations were also measured at these time points. RESULTS In the bisphenol-exposed mice, accelerated mammary gland development was evident during early puberty and persisted into adulthood. By late adulthood, mammary glands from bisphenol-exposed female offspring exhibited adverse morphology in comparison with controls; most prominent were undifferentiated duct ends, significantly more lobuloalveolar hyperplasia and perivascular inflammation, and various tumors, including adenocarcinomas. Effects were especially prominent in the BPAF 5 mg/kg and BPS 0.5 mg/kg groups. Serum steroid concentrations and mammary mRNA levels of Esr1, Pgr, Ar, and Gper1 were similar to controls. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that prenatal exposure of mice to BPAF or BPS induced precocious development of the mammary gland, and that siblings were significantly more susceptible to spontaneous preneoplastic epithelial lesions and inflammation, with an incidence greater than that observed in vehicle- and BPA-exposed animals. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP3189.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre K Tucker
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Division of the National Toxicology Program (DNTP), NTP Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institute of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Sukhdev S Brar
- DNTP, Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Grace E Kissling
- Division of Intramural Research, Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Suzanne E Fenton
- Division of the National Toxicology Program (DNTP), NTP Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institute of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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11
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Whirledge SD, Kisanga EP, Oakley RH, Cidlowski JA. Neonatal Genistein Exposure and Glucocorticoid Signaling in the Adult Mouse Uterus. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2018; 126:047002. [PMID: 29624291 PMCID: PMC6071733 DOI: 10.1289/ehp1575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female reproductive tract development is sensitive to the endocrine-disrupting potential of environmental estrogens. Early-life exposure to the dietary phytoestrogen genistein impairs fertility and persistently alters the transcriptome in the oviduct and uterus of rodents. Glucocorticoid signaling, which has recently been shown to be essential for normal fertility in the female mouse uterus, is antagonized by genistein. OBJECTIVE Our goal was to determine whether early-life exposure to genistein disrupts glucocorticoid signaling in the mouse uterus, which may contribute to infertility. METHODS Female C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to either 50 mg/kg per day genistein, 10 μg/kg per day estradiol, or vehicle (corn oil) on postnatal days 1-5 (PND1-5), and then treated with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (Dex: 1 mg/kg) or vehicle (saline) on PND5, at weaning on PND21, or as adults on PND56 following adrenalectomy and ovariectomy to evaluate glucocorticoid responsiveness. Uteri were isolated following treatment for gene expression or chromatin immunoprecipitation. RESULTS Neonatal exposure to genistein altered the uterine transcriptome of adult mice and caused substantial changes to the transcriptional response to glucocorticoids. Although expression of the glucocorticoid receptor was not affected, genistein exposure disrupted glucocorticoid receptor recruitment to specific regulatory sites in target genes. Many genes involved in chromatin remodeling were dysregulated in genistein-exposed mice, suggesting that epigenetic reprograming may contribute to the altered glucocorticoid response of the uterus following early-life exposure to genistein. These changes affected the biological activity of glucocorticoids within the uterus, as glucocorticoids antagonized the proliferative effects of estradiol in the uterus of control mice but not genistein-exposed mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that disruption of glucocorticoid signaling due to early-life exposure to environmental estrogens may in part render the uterus unable to support implantation. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1575.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon D Whirledge
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Edwina P Kisanga
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Robert H Oakley
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - John A Cidlowski
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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12
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Kolla S, Morcos M, Martin B, Vandenberg LN. Low dose bisphenol S or ethinyl estradiol exposures during the perinatal period alter female mouse mammary gland development. Reprod Toxicol 2018. [PMID: 29526645 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Throughout life, mammary tissue is strongly influenced by hormones. Scientists have hypothesized that synthetic chemicals with hormonal activities could disrupt mammary gland development and contribute to breast diseases and dysfunction. Bisphenol S (BPS) is an estrogenic compound used in many consumer products. In this study, CD-1 mice were exposed to BPS (2 or 200 μg/kg/day) during pregnancy and lactation. Mice exposed to 0.01 or 1 μg/kg/day ethinyl estradiol (EE2), a pharmaceutical estrogen, were also evaluated. Mammary glands from female offspring were collected prior to the onset of puberty, during puberty, and in early adulthood. Growth parameters, histopathology, cell proliferation and expression of hormone receptors were quantified. Our evaluations revealed age- and dose-specific effects of BPS that were different from the effects of EE2, and distinct from the effects of BPA that have been reported previously. These assessments suggest that individual xenoestrogens may have unique effects on this sensitive tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- SriDurgaDevi Kolla
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, United States
| | - Mary Morcos
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, United States
| | - Brian Martin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, United States
| | - Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, United States.
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13
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Wang W, Sun Y, Guo Y, Cai P, Li Y, Liu J, Cai G, Kiyoshi A, Zhang W. Continuous soy isoflavones exposure from weaning to maturity induces downregulation of ovarian steroidogenic factor 1 gene expression and corresponding changes in DNA methylation pattern. Toxicol Lett 2017; 281:175-183. [PMID: 28964809 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Female Wistar rats were treated with orally administered soy isoflavones at concentrations of 0, 25, 50, or 100mg/kg body weight from weaning until sexual maturity (3 mo.), and ovarian steroidogenesis was evaluated. After soy isoflavones were administered, a significant (P<0.05) decrease (44%) in the serum estrodial levels of the high-dose (HD) group were observed. Cultured granulosa cells from the middle- (MD) and HD groups showed significantly (P<0.05) reduced (31%, 45%, respectively) in vitro estradiol secretion, and those from the HD group showed significantly (P<0.05) reduced progesterone (25%) secretion. Compared with the control group, the mRNA expression of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (Star), cytochromeP450 cholesterol side chain cleavage (Cyp11a1 and Cyp19a1), and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3b (Hsd3b) genes also decreased. Real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting revealed a significant (P<0.05) decrease in key transcription factor steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) expression in the HD group. The detection of DNA methylation using bisulfitesequencing PCR (BSP) suggested a significantly (P<0.05) increased total methylation rate in the proximal SF-1 promoter in the HD group. Further studies showed that treatment with soy isoflavones can significantly (P<0.05) increase the mRNA expression of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1 and DNMT3a. This study proved that soy isoflavone administration from weaning until sexual maturity could inhibit ovarian steroidogenesis, suggesting that SF-1 might play an important role in this effect. In addition, DNA methylation might play a role in the downregulation of SF-1 gene expression induced by soy isoflavones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Wang
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China; Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
| | - Yan Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yiwei Guo
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ping Cai
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yuchen Li
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Guoxi Cai
- Nagasaki Prefectural Institute of Environmental Research and Public Health, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Aoyagi Kiyoshi
- Department of Public Health, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Wenchang Zhang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
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14
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Tucker DK, Foley JF, Bouknight SA, Fenton SE. Sectioning Mammary Gland Whole Mounts for Lesion Identification. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28784953 DOI: 10.3791/55796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal mammary gland development may be altered by exposure to environmental toxicants and pharmaceutical products, excessive exposure to hormones, and genetic alterations. Mammary gland whole mounts are an inexpensive method to capture the progression of morphological changes that may arise after exposure. However, in later life, when abnormalities are more prone to develop, sole reliance on this one method may not always provide enough information to make a proper diagnosis of the abnormality. Historically, in chemical test guideline studies, a single mammary gland is removed at necropsy and prepared as a hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained section. The incorporation of contralateral mammary whole-mount collection and analysis decreases the likelihood of a false-negative assessment. Evaluation of the whole mount is limited by the presence of one or two entire mammary glands on a slide, and in some cases, the abnormalities observed in the whole mount are not uniformly represented in the H&E section. The goal of this study was to develop a protocol for converting coverslipped mammary whole mounts to H&E-stained sections so that lesions that would otherwise have been missed or that are difficult to diagnose can be identified. Here, we detail a method to produce a high-quality, paraffin-embedded H&E section from a mammary gland that was initially prepared as a whole mount. In comparison to a tissue that was intentionally prepared for H&E sectioning, the whole mount requires additional preparation for tissue removal and processing. However, this method is considered inexpensive, as it requires common lab reagents and little additional time. As a result, this method can provide invaluable information on how chemical and environmental exposures alter normal mammary development, as well as display changes that occur because of genetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre K Tucker
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; National Toxicology Program Laboratory (NTPL), DNTP, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
| | - Julie F Foley
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, DNTP, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
| | | | - Suzanne E Fenton
- National Toxicology Program Laboratory (NTPL), DNTP, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences;
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15
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Koca SS, Dağlı AF, Yolbaş S, Gözel N, Işık A. Genistein protects dermal fibrosis in bleomycin-induced experimental scleroderma. Eur J Rheumatol 2016; 2:99-102. [PMID: 27708939 DOI: 10.5152/eurjrheum.2015.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genistein, a phytoestrogen, has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-angiogenic properties. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the protective effect of genistein in bleomycin (BLM)-induced dermal fibrosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study involved four groups of Balb/c mice (n=10 per group). Mice in three groups were administered BLM [100 μg/day in 100 μL phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)] subcutaneously for 4 weeks; the remaining (control) group received only 100 μL/day of PBS subcutaneously. PBS or BLM was injected into the shaved upper back. Two of the BLM-treated groups also received genistein (1 or 3 mg/kg/day, subcutaneously, to the dorsal front of neck). At the end of the fourth week, all mice were sacrificed and blood and tissue samples were obtained. RESULTS The BLM applications increased the dermal thicknesses, tissue hydroxyproline contents, α-smooth muscle actin-positive cell counts, and led to histopathologically prominent dermal fibrosis. The genistein treatments decreased the tissue hydroxyproline contents and dermal thicknesses, in the BLM-injected mice. CONCLUSION Genistein has antifibrotic potential in BLM-induced dermal fibrosis model. However, its therapeutic potentials on human scleroderma require evaluation in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Süleyman Serdar Koca
- Department of Rheumatology, Fırat University Faculty of Medicine, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Adile Ferda Dağlı
- Department of Pathology, Fırat University Faculty of Medicine, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Servet Yolbaş
- Department of Pathology, Fırat University Faculty of Medicine, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Nevzat Gözel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fırat University Faculty of Medicine, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Işık
- Department of Rheumatology, Fırat University Faculty of Medicine, Elazığ, Turkey
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16
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Kristanc L, Kreft S. European medicinal and edible plants associated with subacute and chronic toxicity part I: Plants with carcinogenic, teratogenic and endocrine-disrupting effects. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 92:150-64. [PMID: 27090581 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, the use of herbal medicines and food products has been widely embraced in many developed countries. These products are generally highly accepted by consumers who often believe that "natural" equals "safe". This is, however, an oversimplification because several botanicals have been found to contain toxic compounds in concentrations harmful to human health. Acutely toxic plants are in most cases already recognised as dangerous as a result of their traditional use, but plants with subacute and chronic toxicity are difficult or even impossible to detect by traditional use or by clinical research studies. In this review, we systematically address major issues including the carcinogenicity, teratogenicity and endocrine-disrupting effects associated with the use of herbal preparations with a strong focus on plant species that either grow natively or are cultivated in Europe. The basic information regarding the molecular mechanisms of the individual subtypes of plant-induced non-acute toxicity is given, which is followed by a discussion of the pathophysiological and clinical characteristics. We describe the genotoxic and carcinogenic effects of alkenylbenzenes, pyrrolizidine alkaloids and bracken fern ptaquiloside, the teratogenicity issues regarding anthraquinone glycosides and specific alkaloids, and discuss the human health concerns regarding the phytoestrogens and licorice consumption in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Kristanc
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov Trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Primary Healthcare of Gorenjska, ZD Kranj, Gosposvetska Ulica 10, 4000 Kranj, Slovenia.
| | - Samo Kreft
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška Cesta 32, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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17
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Exogenous genistein in late gestation: effects on fetal development and sow and piglet performance. Animal 2016; 10:1423-30. [PMID: 26971408 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731116000355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their functional similarity to estradiol, phytoestrogens could prove to be beneficial in late gestating sows. The goal of this study was to determine the impact of providing the phytoestrogen genistein during late pregnancy on the performance of sows and their litters. In total, 56 gilts were equally divided into the two following groups on day 90 of gestation: (1) controls (CTL); and (2) two daily i.m. injections of 220 mg of genistein (GEN). Treatments were carried out until farrowing. Jugular blood samples were collected from 16 gilts/treatment on days 89 and 110 of gestation, and on days 3 and 21 of lactation. Milk samples were also obtained from those sows on day 3 of lactation. A male piglet from 16 CTL and 15 GEN litters was slaughtered at 24 h postpartum and a blood sample was obtained. The liver, heart and visceral organs were weighed and the semitendinosus (ST) muscle was collected and carcass composition was determined. The treatment increased (P0.1) on weight or backfat loss of sows during lactation, milk composition or weights of piglets. The pre-weaning mortality rate of piglets was very low (0.1). However, carcasses from GEN litters contained more fat than those from CTL litters (9.63% v. 8.34%, P0.1). In conclusion, injecting gilts with 440 mg/day of genistein in late gestation increased IGF1 concentrations in gilts and carcass fat in neonatal piglets, but had minimal effect on muscle development of piglets at birth and on the performance of lactating sows and their litters.
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18
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Casey SC, Amedei A, Aquilano K, Azmi AS, Benencia F, Bhakta D, Bilsland AE, Boosani CS, Chen S, Ciriolo MR, Crawford S, Fujii H, Georgakilas AG, Guha G, Halicka D, Helferich WG, Heneberg P, Honoki K, Keith WN, Kerkar SP, Mohammed SI, Niccolai E, Nowsheen S, Vasantha Rupasinghe HP, Samadi A, Singh N, Talib WH, Venkateswaran V, Whelan RL, Yang X, Felsher DW. Cancer prevention and therapy through the modulation of the tumor microenvironment. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S199-S223. [PMID: 25865775 PMCID: PMC4930000 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer arises in the context of an in vivo tumor microenvironment. This microenvironment is both a cause and consequence of tumorigenesis. Tumor and host cells co-evolve dynamically through indirect and direct cellular interactions, eliciting multiscale effects on many biological programs, including cellular proliferation, growth, and metabolism, as well as angiogenesis and hypoxia and innate and adaptive immunity. Here we highlight specific biological processes that could be exploited as targets for the prevention and therapy of cancer. Specifically, we describe how inhibition of targets such as cholesterol synthesis and metabolites, reactive oxygen species and hypoxia, macrophage activation and conversion, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase regulation of dendritic cells, vascular endothelial growth factor regulation of angiogenesis, fibrosis inhibition, endoglin, and Janus kinase signaling emerge as examples of important potential nexuses in the regulation of tumorigenesis and the tumor microenvironment that can be targeted. We have also identified therapeutic agents as approaches, in particular natural products such as berberine, resveratrol, onionin A, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, curcumin, naringenin, desoxyrhapontigenin, piperine, and zerumbone, that may warrant further investigation to target the tumor microenvironment for the treatment and/or prevention of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Casey
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Fabian Benencia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Dipita Bhakta
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Alan E Bilsland
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Chandra S Boosani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Sophie Chen
- Ovarian and Prostate Cancer Research Laboratory, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sarah Crawford
- Department of Biology, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Hiromasa Fujii
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gunjan Guha
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - William G Helferich
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign-Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Petr Heneberg
- Charles University in Prague, Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kanya Honoki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - W Nicol Keith
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sid P Kerkar
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sulma I Mohammed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | | | - Somaira Nowsheen
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - H P Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Neetu Singh
- Advanced Molecular Science Research Centre (Centre for Advanced Research), King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Wamidh H Talib
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science University, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Richard L Whelan
- Mount Sinai Roosevelt Hospital, Icahn Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Xujuan Yang
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign-Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.
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19
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Nie Q, Xing M, Hu J, Hu X, Nie S, Xie M. Metabolism and health effects of phyto-estrogens. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 57:2432-2454. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1077194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qixing Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University Nanchang, CN, Nanchang, China
| | - Mengmeng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University Nanchang, CN, Nanchang, China
| | - Jielun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University Nanchang, CN, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaojuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University Nanchang, CN, Nanchang, China
| | - Shaoping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University Nanchang, CN, Nanchang, China
| | - Mingyong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University Nanchang, CN, Nanchang, China
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20
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Li R, El Zowalaty AE, Chen W, Dudley EA, Ye X. Segregated responses of mammary gland development and vaginal opening to prepubertal genistein exposure in Bscl2(-/-) female mice with lipodystrophy. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 54:76-83. [PMID: 25462787 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy 2-deficient (Bscl2(-/-)) mice recapitulate human BSCL2 disease with lipodystrophy. Bscl2-encoded seipin is detected in adipocytes and epithelium of mammary gland. Postnatal mammary gland growth spurt and vaginal opening signify pubertal onset in female mice. Bscl2(-/-) females have longer and dilated mammary gland ducts at 5-week old and delayed vaginal opening. Prepubertal exposure to 500ppm genistein diet increases mammary gland area and accelerates vaginal opening in both control and Bscl2(-/-) females. However, genistein treatment increases ductal length in control but not Bscl2(-/-) females. Neither prepubertal genistein treatment nor Bscl2-deficiency affects phospho-estrogen receptor α or progesterone receptor expression patterns in 5-week old mammary gland. Interestingly, Bscl2-deficiency specifically reduces estrogen receptor β expression in mammary gland ductal epithelium. In summary, Bscl2(-/-) females have accelerated postnatal mammary ductal development but delayed vaginal opening; they display segregated responses in mammary gland development and vaginal opening to prepubertal genistein treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Ahmed E El Zowalaty
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Weiqin Chen
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A Dudley
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Xiaoqin Ye
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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21
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Soy isoflavones administered to rats from weaning until sexual maturity affect ovarian follicle development by inducing apoptosis. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 72:51-60. [PMID: 25035168 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-one-day-old female Wistar rats were treated daily with orally administered soy isoflavones (SIFs) at concentrations of 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg body weight from weaning until sexual maturity (3 mo.), and ovarian follicle development was evaluated. At the end of the treatment period, the ultrastructure of the ovarian granulosa cells was examined by transmission electron microscopy. The apoptotic cell death of ovarian granulosa cells was detected using TUNEL staining. The mRNA expression levels of caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, Bcl2, Bax, and Fas were determined by real-time quantitative PCR. The protein expression levels of caspase-3, Bcl2, Bax, and Fas were determined by western blotting. Our data showed that exposure to SIFs resulted in morphological changes consistent with ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis. The percentage of TUNEL-positive granulosa cells was increased. The mRNA expression levels of the apoptosis-related genes caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, Bax, and Fas increased significantly. The protein levels of Bax, Fas, and cleaved caspase-3 were also increased. These results indicate that the exposure of rats to modest doses of SIFs from weaning until sexual maturity can affect ovarian follicle development by inducing apoptosis. The mechanism of SIF-induced alterations in ovarian follicle development may involve the activation of Fas-mediated and Bcl2/Bax-mediated apoptotic signaling pathways.
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22
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Zhou J, Qu C, Sun Q, Wu L, Liu Y, Yang Z, Zhang J. Sophoricoside fails the embryo implantation by compromising the uterine endometrial receptivity at implantation "window" of pregnant mice. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 219:57-63. [PMID: 24877640 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Sophoricoside (SOPH) is an isoflavone glycoside isolated from the fruits of Sophora japonica. Since its first isolation in 1961, there are rare findings about the effects of SOPH on reproductive system. In the present study, the pregnant mice administrated by different doses of SOPH were used to explore the effect of SOPH on embryo implantation, especially on the endometrial receptivity. The statistical results showed that the number of implanted embryos was gradually declining along the increasing dose of SOPH. When the administrated dose of SOPH was 600 mg/kg per day, great changes were observed in the exposed uterine morphology and up-regulated progesterone receptor (PR) and down-regulated estrogen receptor α (ERα), E-cadherin, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and integrin β3 were also found in SOPH-exposed uterine. These findings demonstrated that SOPH exposure reduced the number of implanted embryos in a dose-dependent manner and failed the embryo implantation through altering the morphology of uterine and compromising the endometrial receptivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Bio-control, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
| | - Chengquan Qu
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Bio-control, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
| | - Qi Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Bio-control, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
| | - Lisha Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Bio-control, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
| | - Yanglu Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Bio-control, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
| | - Zhirong Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Bio-control, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Bio-control, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China.
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23
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Miousse IR, Sharma N, Blackburn M, Vantrease J, Gomez-Acevedo H, Hennings L, Shankar K, Cleves MA, Badger TM, Ronis MJJ. Feeding soy protein isolate and treatment with estradiol have different effects on mammary gland morphology and gene expression in weanling male and female rats. Physiol Genomics 2013; 45:1072-83. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00096.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflavones are phytochemical components of soy diets that bind weakly to estrogen receptors (ERs). To study potential estrogen-like actions of soy in the mammary gland during early development, we fed weanling male and female Sprague-Dawley rats a semipurified diet with casein as the sole protein source from postnatal day 21 to 33, the same diet substituting soy protein isolate (SPI) for casein, or the casein diet supplemented with estradiol (E2) at 10 μg/kg/day. In contrast to E2, the SPI diet induced no significant change in mammary morphology. In males, there were 34 genes for which expression was changed ≥2-fold in the SPI group vs. 509 changed significantly by E2, and 8 vs. 174 genes in females. Nearly half of SPI-responsive genes in males were also E2 responsive, including adipogenic genes. Serum insulin was found to be decreased by the SPI diet in males. SPI and E2 both downregulated the expression of ERα ( Esr1) in males and females, and ERβ ( Esr2) only in males. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed an increased binding of ERα to the promoter of the progesterone receptor ( Pgr) and Esr1 in both SPI- and E2-treated males compared with the casein group but differential recruitment of ERβ. ER promoter binding did not correlate with differences in Pgr mRNA expression. This suggests that SPI fails to recruit appropriate co-activators at E2-inducible genes. Our results indicate that SPI behaves like a selective estrogen receptor modulator rather than a weak estrogen in the developing mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle R. Miousse
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock Arkansas
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Neha Sharma
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock Arkansas
| | - Michael Blackburn
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock Arkansas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | | | - Horacio Gomez-Acevedo
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock Arkansas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Leah Hennings
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock Arkansas
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; and
| | - Kartik Shankar
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock Arkansas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Mario A. Cleves
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock Arkansas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Thomas M. Badger
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock Arkansas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Martin J. J. Ronis
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock Arkansas
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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Wang W, Zhang W, Liu J, Sun Y, Li Y, Li H, Xiao S, Shen X. Metabolomic changes in follicular fluid induced by soy isoflavones administered to rats from weaning until sexual maturity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 269:280-9. [PMID: 23454585 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Female Wistar rats at 21 days of age were treated with one of three concentrations of soy isoflavones (SIF) (50, 100 or 200mg/kg body weight, orally, once per day) from weaning until sexual maturity (3 months) in order to evaluate the influence of SIF on ovarian follicle development. After treatment, the serum sex hormone levels and enumeration of ovarian follicles of the ovary were measured. The metabolic profile of follicular fluid was determined using HPLC-MS. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used to identify differences in metabolites and reveal useful toxic biomarkers. The results indicated that modest doses of SIF affect ovarian follicle development, as demonstrated by decreased serum estradiol levels and increases in both ovarian follicle atresia and corpora lutea number in the ovary. SIF treatment-related metabolic alterations in follicular fluid were also found in the PCA and PLS-DA models. The 24 most significantly altered metabolites were identified, including primary sex hormones, amino acids, fatty acids and metabolites involved in energy metabolism. These findings may indicate that soy isoflavones affect ovarian follicle development by inducing metabolomic variations in the follicular fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Health Care, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
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Molzberger AF, Soukup ST, Kulling SE, Diel P. Proliferative and estrogenic sensitivity of the mammary gland are modulated by isoflavones during distinct periods of adolescence. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1129-40. [PMID: 23288143 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-1009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Isoflavone (ISO) exposure during adolescence has been demonstrated to modulate the estrogenic and proliferative sensitivity of the adult breast tissue. In this study, we investigated whether ISO exposure restricted to the period of puberty is sufficient to result in similar effects. Female rats were divided into three groups receiving either lifelong an ISO-free diet (IDD) or an ISO-rich diet (ISD), or an ISD from postnatal day (PND) 30 to PND 60 covering the time period of puberty (pISD). Serum concentrations of ISO and metabolites were determined at PND 50 and 80. At PND 50, ISD animals had significant higher equol serum levels than pISD animals. Onset of puberty occurred significantly earlier in the pISD and ISD group compared to the animals fed IDD. Cycle length was shortest in pISD group. To determine estrogen sensitivity of the adult breast tissue, adult rats were ovariectomized and subcutaneously treated either with estradiol (E(2)) or with genistein (GEN) for 3 days (PND 77-80). Analysis of Ki-67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression showed a reduced proliferative response of the breast to E(2) in pISD and ISD animals compared to IDD group, while the induction of progesterone receptor (PR) was higher in both IDD and pISD compared to ISD fed rats. Our results demonstrate that ISO exposure during puberty is sufficient to reduce the proliferative response of the adult mammary gland but not to reduce the response of classical E(2) sensitive genes like the PR. In summary, our results demonstrate that animals exposed during different periods of their adolescence to ISO differ in several physiological aspects. In addition, the detected differences in the serum equol levels between pISD and ISD rats and the detected differences in the estrogen sensitivity of the breast clearly underline this assumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almut F Molzberger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
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Salleh N, Helmy MM, Fadila KN, Yeong SO. Isoflavone genistein induces fluid secretion and morphological changes in the uteri of post-pubertal rats. Int J Med Sci 2013; 10:665-75. [PMID: 23569430 PMCID: PMC3619115 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.5207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED A reported increase in the incidence of infertility following high genistein intake could be related to alteration in the normal fluid volume and morphology of the uterus in adult female. In view of this, we investigated the effect of this compound on fluid secretion, fluid volume and morphology of the uterus in post-pubertal rats. METHODS Ovariectomised SD rats were treated with 17-β oestradiol (E) (0.8 X 10(-4) mg/kg/day) and genistein (0.5, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day) for three days. Following drug treatment, in-vivo uterine perfusion was performed and the rate of fluid secretion and the volume of fluid in the uterus were determined via changes in weight (μl/min) and F-dextran concentration of the perfusate respectively. The animals were then sacrificed and the uteri were removed for weight determination, morphological analyses and proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression analyses by Western blotting. RESULTS Subcutaneous genistein treatment resulted in a dose-dependent increase in fluid secretion rate, fluid volume and uterine wet weight. Treatment with 100 mg/kg/day genistein resulted in a remarkable increase in the rate of uterine fluid secretion, the volume of the uterine luminal fluid as well as the circumference of the uterine and uterine glandular lumen suggesting an excessive fluid accumulation. Meanwhile, there were evidence of glandular hyperplasia and an increase in the expression of PCNA following treatment with 50 and 100 mg/kg/day genistein. CONCLUSION High genistein intake could potentially cause adverse effects on the uterus by inducing excessive fluid secretion and accumulation as well as hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naguib Salleh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Kim SH, Park MJ. Effects of phytoestrogen on sexual development. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2012; 55:265-71. [PMID: 22977438 PMCID: PMC3433562 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2012.55.8.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Phytoestrogen is an estrogenic compound that occurs naturally in plants. The most common sources of phytoestrogen are soybean products, which contain high levels of isoflavones. This compound, which has structural similarity with estrogen, can act as an estrogen receptor agonist or antagonist. Animal studies provide evidence of the significant effects of phytoestrogen on sexual development, including altered pubertal timing, impaired estrous cycling and ovarian function, and altered hypothalamus and pituitary functions. Although human studies examining the effects of phytoestrogen on sexual development are extremely limited, the results of some studies agree with those of the animal studies. In this paper, we review the possible mechanism of phytoestrogen action and the evidence showing the effects of phytoestrogen on sexual development in animal and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Hye Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Zander SAL, Kersbergen A, Sol W, Gonggrijp M, van de Wetering K, Jonkers J, Borst P, Rottenberg S. Lack of ABCG2 shortens latency of BRCA1-deficient mammary tumors and this is not affected by genistein or resveratrol. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2012; 5:1053-60. [PMID: 22767648 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-12-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In addition to their role in drug resistance, the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters ABCG2 and ABCB1 have been suggested to protect cells from a broad range of substances that may foster tumorigenesis. Phytoestrogens or their metabolites are substrates of these transporters and the influence of these compounds on breast cancer development is controversial. Estrogen-like properties might accelerate tumorigenesis on the one hand, whereas their proposed health-protective properties might antagonize tumorigenesis on the other. To address this issue, we used a newer generation mouse model of BRCA1-mutated breast cancer and examined tumor latency in K14cre;Brca1(F/F); p53(F/F), Abcb1a/b(-/-);K14cre;Brca1(F/F); p53(F/F), or Abcg2(-/-);K14cre;Brca1(F/F); p53(F/F) animals, fed with genistein- or resveratrol-supplemented diets. Ovariectomized K14cre;Brca1(F/F); p53(F/F) animals were included to evaluate whether any estrogen-mimicking effects can restore mammary tumor development in the absence of endogenous estrogens. Compared with the ABC transporter proficient model, ABCG2-deficient animals showed a reduced median tumor latency of 17.5 days (P < 0.001), whereas no significant difference was observed for ABCB1-deficient animals. Neither genistein nor resveratrol altered this latency reduction in Abcg2(-/-);K14cre;Brca1(F/F); p53(F/F) animals. Ovariectomy resulted in nearly complete loss of mammary tumor development, which was not restored by genistein or resveratrol. Our results show that ABCG2 contributes to the protection of genetically instable epithelial cells against carcinogenesis. Diets containing high levels of genistein or resveratrol had no effect on mammary tumorigenesis, whether mice were lacking ABCG2 or not. Because genistein and resveratrol only delayed skin tumor development of ovariectomized animals, we conclude that these phytoestrogens are no effective modulators of mammary tumor development in our mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge A L Zander
- Division of Molecular Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute (Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital), Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Vandenberg LN, Colborn T, Hayes TB, Heindel JJ, Jacobs DR, Lee DH, Shioda T, Soto AM, vom Saal FS, Welshons WV, Zoeller RT, Myers JP. Hormones and endocrine-disrupting chemicals: low-dose effects and nonmonotonic dose responses. Endocr Rev 2012; 33:378-455. [PMID: 22419778 PMCID: PMC3365860 DOI: 10.1210/er.2011-1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1967] [Impact Index Per Article: 163.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
For decades, studies of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have challenged traditional concepts in toxicology, in particular the dogma of "the dose makes the poison," because EDCs can have effects at low doses that are not predicted by effects at higher doses. Here, we review two major concepts in EDC studies: low dose and nonmonotonicity. Low-dose effects were defined by the National Toxicology Program as those that occur in the range of human exposures or effects observed at doses below those used for traditional toxicological studies. We review the mechanistic data for low-dose effects and use a weight-of-evidence approach to analyze five examples from the EDC literature. Additionally, we explore nonmonotonic dose-response curves, defined as a nonlinear relationship between dose and effect where the slope of the curve changes sign somewhere within the range of doses examined. We provide a detailed discussion of the mechanisms responsible for generating these phenomena, plus hundreds of examples from the cell culture, animal, and epidemiology literature. We illustrate that nonmonotonic responses and low-dose effects are remarkably common in studies of natural hormones and EDCs. Whether low doses of EDCs influence certain human disorders is no longer conjecture, because epidemiological studies show that environmental exposures to EDCs are associated with human diseases and disabilities. We conclude that when nonmonotonic dose-response curves occur, the effects of low doses cannot be predicted by the effects observed at high doses. Thus, fundamental changes in chemical testing and safety determination are needed to protect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Vandenberg
- Tufts University, Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA.
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Chakraborty TR, Alicea E, Chakraborty S. Relationships between urinary biomarkers of phytoestrogens, phthalates, phenols, and pubertal stages in girls. ADOLESCENT HEALTH MEDICINE AND THERAPEUTICS 2012; 3:17-26. [PMID: 24600283 PMCID: PMC3915890 DOI: 10.2147/ahmt.s15947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens, phthalates, and phenols are estrogen-disrupting chemicals that have a pronounced effect at puberty. They are exogenous chemicals that are either plant-derived or man-made, and can alter the functions of the endocrine system and cause various health defects by interfering with the synthesis, metabolism, binding, or cellular responses of natural estrogens. Phytoestrogens, phthalates, and phenols are some of the potent estrogens detectable in urine. Phytoestrogens are plant-derived xenestrogens found in a wide variety of food products, like soy-based food, beverages, several fruits, and vegetables. Exposure to phytoestrogens can delay breast development and further lead to precocious puberty. The effect of phytoestrogens is mediated through estrogen receptors α and β or by binding with early immediate genes, such as jun and fos. Phthalates are multifunctional synthetic chemicals used in plastics, polyvinyl chloride products, cosmetics, hair spray, and children’s toys. Phthalates have been shown to cause defeminization, thelarche, precocious puberty, and an increase in breast and pubic hair in pubertal girls. However, reports are also available that show no association of phthalates with precocious puberty in girls. Phthalates can act through a receptor-mediated signaling pathway or affect the production of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone that has a direct effect on estrogen formation. Phenols like bisphenol A are industrial chemicals used mainly in the manufacture of polycarbonates and plastic materials. Bisphenol A has been shown to cause precocious puberty and earlier menarche in pubertal girls. Reports suggest that the neurotoxic effect of bisphenol A can be mediated either by competing with estradiol for binding with estrogen receptors or via the ERK/NK-kappa or ERRγ pathway. This review demonstrates the effects of phytoestrogens, phthalates, and phenols on the development of girls during puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tandra R Chakraborty
- Department of Biology, Adelphi University, One South Avenue, Garden City, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eilliut Alicea
- Department of Biology, Adelphi University, One South Avenue, Garden City, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sanjoy Chakraborty
- Department of Biological Sciences, New York City College of Technology, New York, NY, USA
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Fenton SE, Reed C, Newbold RR. Perinatal environmental exposures affect mammary development, function, and cancer risk in adulthood. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 52:455-79. [PMID: 22017681 PMCID: PMC3477544 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010611-134659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Puberty is an important transition that enables reproduction of mammalian species. Precocious puberty, specifically early thelarche (the appearance of breast "buds"), in girls of multiple ethnic backgrounds is a major health problem in the United States and other countries. The cause for a continued decrease in the age of breast development in girls is unknown, but environmental factors likely play a major role. Laboratory and epidemiological studies have identified several individual environmental factors that affect breast development, but further progress is needed. Current research needs include increased attention to and recording of prenatal and neonatal environmental exposures, testing of marketed chemicals for effects on the mammary gland, and understanding of the mammary gland-specific mechanisms that are altered by chemicals. Such research is required to halt the increasing trend toward puberty at earlier ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E. Fenton
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Casey Reed
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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McCarver G, Bhatia J, Chambers C, Clarke R, Etzel R, Foster W, Hoyer P, Leeder JS, Peters JM, Rissman E, Rybak M, Sherman C, Toppari J, Turner K. NTP-CERHR expert panel report on the developmental toxicity of soy infant formula. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 92:421-68. [PMID: 21948615 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Soy infant formula contains soy protein isolates and is fed to infants as a supplement to or replacement for human milk or cow milk. Soy protein isolates contains estrogenic isoflavones (phytoestrogens) that occur naturally in some legumes, especially soybeans. Phytoestrogens are nonsteroidal, estrogenic compounds. In plants, nearly all phytoestrogens are bound to sugar molecules and these phytoestrogen-sugar complexes are not generally considered hormonally active. Phytoestrogens are found in many food products in addition to soy infant formula, especially soy-based foods such as tofu, soy milk, and in some over-the-counter dietary supplements. Soy infant formula was selected for National Toxicology Program (NTP) evaluation because of (1) the availability of large number of developmental toxicity studies in laboratory animals exposed to the isoflavones found in soy infant formula (namely, genistein) or other soy products, as well as few studies on human infants fed soy infant formula, (2) the availability of information on exposures in infants fed soy infant formula, and (3) public concern for effects on infant or child development. On October 2, 2008 (73 FR 57360), the NTP Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction (CERHR) announced its intention to conduct an updated review of soy infant formula to complete a previous evaluation that was initiated in 2005. Both the current and previous evaluations relied on expert panels to assist the NTP in developing its conclusions on the potential developmental effects associated with the use of soy infant formula, presented in the NTP Brief on Soy Infant Formula. The initial expert panel met on March 15 to 17, 2006, to reach conclusions on the potential developmental and reproductive toxicities of soy infant formula and its predominant isoflavone constituent genistein. The expert panel reports were released for public comment on May 5, 2006 (71 FR 28368). On November 8, 2006 (71 FR 65537), CERHR staff released draft NTP Briefs on Genistein and Soy Formula that provided the NTP's interpretation of the potential for genistein and soy infant formula to cause adverse reproductive and/or developmental effects in exposed humans. However, CERHR did not complete these evaluations, finalize the briefs, or issue NTP Monographs on these substances based on this initial evaluation. Between 2006 and 2009, a substantial number of new publications related to human exposure or reproductive and/or developmental toxicity were published for these substances. Thus, CERHR determined that updated evaluations of genistein and soy infant formula were needed. However, the current evaluation focuses only on soy infant formula and the potential developmental toxicity of its major isoflavone components, e.g. genistein, daidzein (and estrogenic metabolite, equol), and glycitein. This updated evaluation does not include an assessment on the potential reproductive toxicity of genistein following exposures during adulthood as was carried out in the 2006 evaluation. CERHR narrowed the scope of the evaluation because the assessment of reproductive effects of genistein following exposure to adults was not considered relevant to the consideration of soy infant formula use in infants during the 2006 evaluation. To obtain updated information about soy infant formula for the CERHR evaluation, the PubMed (Medline) database was searched from February 2006 to August 2009 with genistein/genistin, daidzein/daidzin, glycitein/glycitin, equol, soy, and other relevant keywords. References were also identified from the bibliographies of published literature. The updated expert panel report represents the efforts of a 14-member panel of government and nongovernment scientists, and was prepared with assistance from NTP staff. The finalized report, released on January 15, 2010 (75 FR 2545), reflects consideration of public comments received on a draft report that was released on October 19, 2009, for public comment and discussions that occurred at a public meeting of the expert panel held December 16 to 18, 2009 (74 FR 53509). The finalized report presents conclusions on (1) the strength of scientific evidence that soy infant formula or its isoflavone constituents are developmental toxicants based on data from in vitro, animal, or human studies; (2) the extent of exposures in infants fed soy infant formula; (3) the assessment of the scientific evidence that adverse developmental health effects may be associated with such exposures; and (4) knowledge gaps that will help establish research and testing priorities to reduce uncertainties and increase confidence in future evaluations. The Expert Panel expressed minimal concern for adverse developmental effects in infants fed soy infant formula. This level of concern represents a "2" on the five-level scale of concern used by the NTP that ranges from negligible concern ("1") to serious concern ("5"). The Expert Panel Report on Soy Infant Formula was considered extensively by NTP staff in preparing the 2010 NTP Brief on Soy Infant Formula, which represents the NTP's opinion on the potential for exposure to soy infant formula to cause adverse developmental effects in humans. The NTP concurred with the expert panel that there is minimal concern for adverse effects on development in infants who consume soy infant formula. This conclusion was based on information about soy infant formula provided in the expert panel report, public comments received during the course of the expert panel evaluation, additional scientific information made available since the expert panel meeting, and peer reviewer critiques of the draft NTP Brief by the NTP Board of Scientific Counselors (BSC) on May 10, 2010 (Meeting materials are available at http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/go/9741.). The BSC voted in favor of the minimal concern conclusion with 7 yes votes, 3 no votes, and 0 abstentions. One member thought that the conclusion should be negligible concern and two members thought that the level of concern should be higher than minimal concern. The NTP's response to the May 10, 2010 review ("peer-review report") is available on the NTP website at http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/go/9741. The monograph includes the NTP Brief on Soy Infant Formula as well as the entire final Expert Panel Report on Soy Infant Formula. Public comments received as part of the NTP's evaluation of soy infant formula and other background materials are available at http://cerhr.niehs.nih.gov/evals/index.html.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail McCarver
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
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Rudel RA, Fenton SE, Ackerman JM, Euling SY, Makris SL. Environmental exposures and mammary gland development: state of the science, public health implications, and research recommendations. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:1053-61. [PMID: 21697028 PMCID: PMC3237346 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Perturbations in mammary gland (MG) development may increase risk for later adverse effects, including lactation impairment, gynecomastia (in males), and breast cancer. Animal studies indicate that exposure to hormonally active agents leads to this type of developmental effect and related later life susceptibilities. In this review we describe current science, public health issues, and research recommendations for evaluating MG development. DATA SOURCES The Mammary Gland Evaluation and Risk Assessment Workshop was convened in Oakland, California, USA, 16-17 November 2009, to integrate the expertise and perspectives of scientists, risk assessors, and public health advocates. Interviews were conducted with 18 experts, and seven laboratories conducted an MG slide evaluation exercise. Workshop participants discussed effects of gestational and early life exposures to hormonally active agents on MG development, the relationship of these developmental effects to lactation and cancer, the relative sensitivity of MG and other developmental end points, the relevance of animal models to humans, and methods for evaluating MG effects. SYNTHESIS Normal MG development and MG carcinogenesis demonstrate temporal, morphological, and mechanistic similarities among test animal species and humans. Diverse chemicals, including many not considered primarily estrogenic, alter MG development in rodents. Inconsistent reporting methods hinder comparison across studies, and relationships between altered development and effects on lactation or carcinogenesis are still being defined. In some studies, altered MG development is the most sensitive endocrine end point. CONCLUSIONS Early life environmental exposures can alter MG development, disrupt lactation, and increase susceptibility to breast cancer. Assessment of MG development should be incorporated in chemical test guidelines and risk assessment.
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Saad HES, Meduri G, Phrakonkham P, Bergès R, Vacher S, Djallali M, Auger J, Canivenc-Lavier M, Perrot-Applanat M. Abnormal peripubertal development of the rat mammary gland following exposure in utero and during lactation to a mixture of genistein and the food contaminant vinclozolin. Reprod Toxicol 2011; 32:15-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Losa SM, Todd KL, Sullivan AW, Cao J, Mickens JA, Patisaul HB. Neonatal exposure to genistein adversely impacts the ontogeny of hypothalamic kisspeptin signaling pathways and ovarian development in the peripubertal female rat. Reprod Toxicol 2011; 31:280-9. [PMID: 20951797 PMCID: PMC3034101 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal exposure to estrogenic endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) can advance pubertal onset and induce premature anestrous in female rats. It was recently discovered that hypothalamic kisspeptin (KISS) signaling pathways are sexually dimorphic and regulate both the timing of pubertal onset and estrous cyclicity. Thus we hypothesized that disrupted sex specific ontogeny of KISS signaling pathways might be a mechanism underlying these EDC effects. We first established the sex specific development of KISS gene expression, cell number and neural fiber density across peripuberty in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) and arcuate nucleus (ARC), hypothesizing that the sexually dimorphic aspects of KISS signaling would be most vulnerable to EDCs. We next exposed female rats to the phytoestrogen genistein (GEN, 1 or 10 mg/kg bw), estradiol benzoate (EB, 10 μg), or vehicle from post natal day (P) 0-3 via subcutaneous (sc) injection. Animals were sacrificed on either P21, 24, 28, or 33 (n=5-14 per group at each age). Vaginal opening was significantly advanced by EB and the higher dose of GEN compared to control animals and was accompanied by lower numbers of KISS immunoreactive fibers in the AVPV and ARC. Ovarian morphology was also assessed in all age groups for the presence of multiple oocyte follicles (MOFs). The number of MOFs decreased over time in each group, and none were observed in control animals by P24. MOFs were still present, however, in the EB and 10 mg/kg GEN groups beyond P24 indicating a disruption in the timing of ovarian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Losa
- North Carolina State University, Department of Biology, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
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Leclercq G, de Cremoux P, This P, Jacquot Y. Lack of sufficient information on the specificity and selectivity of commercial phytoestrogens preparations for therapeutic purposes. Maturitas 2011; 68:56-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Dinsdale EC, Ward WE. Early exposure to soy isoflavones and effects on reproductive health: a review of human and animal studies. Nutrients 2010; 2:1156-87. [PMID: 22254003 PMCID: PMC3257624 DOI: 10.3390/nu2111156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Soy isoflavones are phytoestrogens with potential hormonal activity due to their similar chemical structure to 17-β-estradiol. The increasing availability of soy isoflavones throughout the food supply and through use of supplements has prompted extensive research on biological benefits to humans in chronic disease prevention and health maintenance. While much of this research has focused on adult populations, infants fed soy protein based infant formulas are exposed to substantial levels of soy isoflavones, even when compared to adult populations that consume a higher quantity of soy-based foods. Infant exposure, through soy formula, primarily occurs from birth to one year of life, a stage of development that is particularly sensitive to dietary and environmental compounds. This has led investigators to study the potential hormonal effects of soy isoflavones on later reproductive health outcomes. Such studies have included minimal human data with the large majority of studies using animal models. This review discusses key aspects of the current human and animal studies and identifies critical areas to be investigated as there is no clear consensus in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa C Dinsdale
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Jefferson WN, Williams CJ. Circulating levels of genistein in the neonate, apart from dose and route, predict future adverse female reproductive outcomes. Reprod Toxicol 2010; 31:272-9. [PMID: 20955782 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Developmental exposure to estrogenic compounds can disrupt sexual differentiation and adult reproductive function in many animals including humans. Phytoestrogens (plant estrogens) in the diet comprise a significant source of estrogenic exposure to humans, particularly in infants who are fed soy-based infant formula. Animal models have been developed to test the effects of phytoestrogen exposure on the developing fetus and neonate. Here we review studies quantifying the amount of phytoestrogen exposure in human adults and infants and discuss the few available epidemiological studies that have addressed long-term consequences of developmental phytoestrogen exposure. We then describe in detail rodent models of developmental exposure to the most prevalent phytoestrogen in soy products, genistein, and the effects of this exposure on female reproductive function. These models have used various dosing strategies to mimic the phytoestrogen levels in human populations. Serum circulating levels of genistein following each of the models and their correlation to reproductive outcomes are also discussed. Taken together, the studies clearly demonstrate that environmentally relevant doses of genistein have significant negative impacts on ovarian differentiation, estrous cyclicity, and fertility in the rodent model. Additional studies of reproductive function in human populations exposed to high levels of phytoestrogens during development are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy N Jefferson
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
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Smid BE, Aerts JMFG, Boot RG, Linthorst GE, Hollak CEM. Pharmacological small molecules for the treatment of lysosomal storage disorders. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 19:1367-79. [PMID: 20942596 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2010.524205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Inherited lysosomal storage diseases often cause severe disability and have a devastating effect on quality of life. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) forms a cornerstone in the treatment of lysosomal enzyme deficiencies. Although for some lysosomal disorders ERT is lifesaving, important intrinsic restrictions of the approach are limited access of infused enzyme to less accessible body compartments such as the CNS, the burden of frequent intravenous administration, the emergence of antibodies and the high associated costs. Pharmacological small molecules may overcome these limitations. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Several novel therapeutic approaches using small molecules are emerging: substrate reduction therapy, pharmacological chaperone therapy, premature nonsense mutation suppressors and proteostasis regulators. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Based on an extensive literature search up until June 2010, we here review the various therapeutic approaches with small compounds, including those currently in clinical use and those that have entered clinical trials. Compounds that are still in the preclinical phase are also briefly discussed. TAKE HOME MESSAGE pharmacological small molecules are a new class of agents that show great promise for the treatment of lysosomal storage disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Smid
- Academical Medical Center, Internal Medicine/Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Patisaul HB, Jefferson W. The pros and cons of phytoestrogens. Front Neuroendocrinol 2010; 31:400-19. [PMID: 20347861 PMCID: PMC3074428 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are plant derived compounds found in a wide variety of foods, most notably soy. A litany of health benefits including a lowered risk of osteoporosis, heart disease, breast cancer, and menopausal symptoms, are frequently attributed to phytoestrogens but many are also considered endocrine disruptors, indicating that they have the potential to cause adverse health effects as well. Consequently, the question of whether or not phytoestrogens are beneficial or harmful to human health remains unresolved. The answer is likely complex and may depend on age, health status, and even the presence or absence of specific gut microflora. Clarity on this issue is needed because global consumption is rapidly increasing. Phytoestrogens are present in numerous dietary supplements and widely marketed as a natural alternative to estrogen replacement therapy. Soy infant formula now constitutes up to a third of the US market, and soy protein is now added to many processed foods. As weak estrogen agonists/antagonists with molecular and cellular properties similar to synthetic endocrine disruptors such as Bisphenol A (BPA), the phytoestrogens provide a useful model to comprehensively investigate the biological impact of endocrine disruptors in general. This review weighs the evidence for and against the purported health benefits and adverse effects of phytoestrogens.
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Xing L, Xu Y, Xiao Y, Shang L, Liu R, Wei X, Jiang J, Hao W. Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of the combination of bisphenol A and genistein on in vitro cultured postimplantation rat embryos. Toxicol Sci 2010; 115:577-88. [PMID: 20299547 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential teratogenic effects and fetal toxicity of environmental estrogenic endocrine disruptors have become a great concern in recent years, and they have yet to be fully characterized. In the present study, the teratogenic effects of bisphenol A (BPA) and genistein (GEN) on rat embryos during their critical period of organogenesis were investigated using a whole-embryo culture experiment. The combined exposure effects of BPA and GEN were explored using a 4 x 4 full factorial design. Both BPA and GEN produced concentration-dependent inhibition of embryonic development, beginning at 32.0 and 10.0 microg/ml, respectively. Full factorial and isobologram analyses revealed a significant synergistic interaction between BPA and GEN for most end points (12 out of 20 tested), as indicated by the enhanced developmental toxicity of BPA after coexposure with different dose levels of GEN. In particular, serious malformations and a higher abnormal frequency of the central nervous system were induced by the combination of BPA and GEN. Our findings suggest that GEN may be embryotoxic and teratogenic to humans. BPA alone may not be a potential teratogen, but these two estrogenic chemicals have a synergistic effect on embryonic development when present together during the critical period of major organ formation. The current findings suggest that pregnant women should not take soy supplements, but more studies are necessary to provide a conclusive recommendation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Xing
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
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D'Aloisio AA, Baird DD, DeRoo LA, Sandler DP. Association of intrauterine and early-life exposures with diagnosis of uterine leiomyomata by 35 years of age in the Sister Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2010; 118:375-81. [PMID: 20194067 PMCID: PMC2854766 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0901423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-life exposures to hormonally active compounds and other factors may affect later response to estrogen or progesterone and hence may influence development of uterine leiomyomata (fibroids). OBJECTIVES We evaluated associations of in utero and early-life exposures, including soy formula, with self-report of physician-diagnosed fibroids by 35 years of age. METHODS Our study included 19,972 non-Hispanic white women who were 35-59 years of age when they enrolled in the Sister Study in 20032007. We estimated risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using log-binomial regression models for fibroid associations with adjustment for participant's age and education, maternal age at participant's birth, birth order, and childhood family income. RESULTS Greater risk of early fibroid diagnosis was associated with soy formula during infancy (RR = 1.25; 95% CI, 0.971.61), maternal prepregnancy diabetes (RR = 2.05; 95% CI, 1.163.63), low childhood socioeconomic status (RR = 1.28; 95% CI, 1.011.63), and gestational age at birth (RR = 1.64; 95% CI, 1.272.13, for being born at least 1 month early). In utero diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure was also associated with early fibroid diagnosis (RR = 1.42; 95% CI, 1.131.80), but this association was driven by women reporting probable rather than definite exposure. CONCLUSIONS There are plausible biological pathways by which these early-life factors could promote fibroid pathogenesis. This is the first epidemiologic study to evaluate such exposures, with the exception of in utero DES, in relation to fibroid risk, and replication of findings in other populations is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee A D'Aloisio
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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Rossini A, Zanobbio L, Palazzo M, Sfondrini L, Morelli D, Tagliabue E, Balsari A, Rumio C. Influence of Lignans Depletion on Murine Mammary Gland Morphology. Nutr Cancer 2010; 62:237-42. [DOI: 10.1080/01635580903305284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Rando G, Ramachandran B, Rebecchi M, Ciana P, Maggi A. Differential effect of pure isoflavones and soymilk on estrogen receptor activity in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 237:288-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Isoflavones and the prevention of breast and prostate cancer: new perspectives opened by nutrigenomics. Br J Nutr 2009; 99 E Suppl 1:ES78-108. [PMID: 18503737 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114508965788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence together with preclinical data from animal and in vitro studies strongly support a correlation between soy isoflavone consumption and protection towards breast and prostate cancers. The biological processes modulated by isoflavones, and especially by genistein, have been extensively studied, yet without leading to a clear understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action involved. This review discusses the existing gaps in our knowledge and evaluates the potential of the new nutrigenomic approaches to improve the study of the molecular effects of isoflavones. Several issues need to be taken into account for the proper interpretation of the results already published for isoflavones. Too often knowledge on isoflavone bioavailability is not taken into account; supra-physiological doses are frequently used. Characterization of the individual variability as defined by the gut microflora composition and gene polymorphisms may also help to explain the discrepancies observed so far in the clinical studies. Finally, the complex inter-relations existing between tissues and cell types as well as cross-talks between metabolic and signalling pathways have been insufficiently considered. By appraising critically the abundant literature with these considerations in mind, the mechanisms of action that are the more likely to play a role in the preventive effects of isoflavones towards breast and prostate cancers are reviewed. Furthermore, the new perspectives opened by the use of genetic, transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic approaches are highlighted.
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Vandenberg LN, Maffini MV, Schaeberle CM, Ucci AA, Sonnenschein C, Rubin BS, Soto AM. Perinatal exposure to the xenoestrogen bisphenol-A induces mammary intraductal hyperplasias in adult CD-1 mice. Reprod Toxicol 2008; 26:210-9. [PMID: 18938238 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Revised: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Humans are routinely exposed to bisphenol-A (BPA), an estrogenic compound that leaches from consumer products. Given the sensitivity of the developing organism to hormones, exposure of fetuses and infants is a concern. Here, CD-1 mice were exposed to environmentally relevant doses of BPA during gestation and the lactational period (gestational day 8 through postnatal day 16). At 3, 9 and 12-15 months of age, mammary glands from exposed offspring were examined for structural changes. BPA-exposed females demonstrated altered mammary phenotypes including the appearance of alveolar buds. Additionally, intraductal hyperplasias were observed exclusively in BPA-exposed females. These lesions had the appearance of "beaded" ducts, with epithelial cells present inside the ductal lumen and increased proliferation indexes compared to normal ducts. Similar structures have also been observed following exposure to other estrogens. These results are further evidence that perinatal BPA exposure can alter the morphology of the rodent mammary gland in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Vandenberg
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy & Cellular Biology, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, United States
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Jefferson WN, Padilla-Banks E, Newbold RR. Disruption of the developing female reproductive system by phytoestrogens: Genistein as an example. Mol Nutr Food Res 2007; 51:832-44. [PMID: 17604387 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200600258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Studies in our laboratory have shown that exposure to genistein causes deleterious effects on the developing female reproductive system. Mice treated neonatally on days 1-5 by subcutaneous injection of genistein (0.5-50 mg/kg) exhibited altered ovarian differentiation leading to multioocyte follicles (MOFs) at 2 months of age. Ovarian function and estrous cyclicity were also disrupted by neonatal exposure to genistein with increasing severity observed over time. Reduced fertility was observed in mice treated with genistein (0.5, 5, or 25 mg/kg) and infertility was observed at 50 mg/kg. Mammary gland and behavioral endpoints were also affected by neonatal genistein treatment. Further, transgenerational effects were observed; female offspring obtained from breeding genistein treated females (25 mg/kg) to control males had increased MOFs. Thus, neonatal treatment with genistein at environmentally relevant doses caused adverse consequences on female development which is manifested in adulthood. Whether adverse effects occur in human infants exposed to soy-based products such as soy infant formulas is unknown but the neonatal murine model may help address some of the current uncertainties since we have shown that many effects obtained from feeding genistin, the glycosolated form of genistein found in soy formula, are similar to those obtained from injecting genistein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy N Jefferson
- Developmental Endocrinology and Endocrine Disruptor Section, Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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Wong SP, Li J, Shen P, Gong Y, Yap SP, Yong EL. Ultrasensitive Cell-Based Bioassay for the Measurement of Global Estrogenic Activity of Flavonoid Mixtures Revealing Additive, Restrictive, and Enhanced Actions in Binary and Higher Order Combinations. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2007; 5:355-62. [PMID: 17638535 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2007.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids present in food, botanicals, and body fluids occur as complex mixtures, and data on their combinatorial estrogenic effects are sparse. Human cell lines that permanently express estrogen receptor (ER) alpha and ERbeta proteins were developed for the measurement of the global estrogenicity of flavonoids in such complex mixtures. The presence of estrogenic ligands, known and unknown, in these mixtures can be detected by activation of an ER-driven luciferase reporter gene. We also examined the effect of hydroxylation on the estrogenic activities of four common flavonoids-apigenin, kaempferol, luteolin, and quercetin, alone and in combination. An inverse relationship was observed between the number of hydroxyl groups in flavonoids and ERalpha bioactivity. When submaximal doses of apigenin, luteolin, kaempferol, genistein, and estradiol were combined in binary and higher order mixtures, the experimental estrogenic effects matched those obtained by summing effects extrapolated from dose-response curves of individual compounds. The estrogenic activities of mixtures containing quercetin were observed to deviate from additivity, suggesting that it was a partial agonist/antagonist. Our assay reveals superagonistic, additive, and antagonistic ERalpha or ERbeta actions of flavonoids and adds to our understanding of the estrogenic effects of phytoestrogens in complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih Peng Wong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National University Hospital, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2007; 19:289-96. [PMID: 17495648 DOI: 10.1097/gco.0b013e3281fc29db] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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