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Martinez ME, Wu Z, Hernandez A. Paternal developmental thyrotoxicosis disrupts neonatal leptin leading to increased adiposity and altered physiology of the melanocortin system. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1210414. [PMID: 37560296 PMCID: PMC10407661 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1210414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The genetic code does not fully explain individual variability and inheritance of susceptibility to endocrine conditions, suggesting the contribution of epigenetic factors acting across generations. Methods We used a mouse model of developmental thyrotoxicosis (Dio3-/- mouse) to analyze endocrine outcomes in the adult offspring of Dio3-/- males using standard methods for body composition, and baseline and fasting hormonal and gene expression determinations in serum and tissues of relevance to the control of energy balance. Results Compared to controls, adult females with an exposed father (EF females) exhibited higher body weight and fat mass, but not lean mass, a phenotype that was much milder in EF males. After fasting, both EF females and males exhibited a more pronounced decrease in body weight than controls. EF females also showed markedly elevated serum leptin, increased white adipose tissue mRNA expression of leptin and mesoderm-specific transcript but decreased expression of type 2 deiodinase. EF females exhibited decreased serum ghrelin, which showed more pronounced post-fasting changes in EF females than in control females. EF female hypothalami also revealed significant decreases in the expression of pro-opiomelanocortin, agouti-related peptide, neuropeptide Y and melanocortin receptor 4. These markers also showed larger changes in response to fasting in EF females than in control females. Adult EF females showed no abnormalities in serum thyroid hormones, but pituitary expression of thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 and thyroid gland expression of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor, thyroid peroxidase and iodotyrosine deiodinase were increased at baseline and showed differential regulation after fasting, with no increase in Trhr1 expression and more pronounced reductions in Tshr, Tpo and Iyd. In EF males, these abnormalities were generally milder. In addition, postnatal day 14 (P14) serum leptin was markedly reduced in EF pups. Discussion A paternal excess of thyroid hormone during development modifies the endocrine programming and energy balance in the offspring in a sexually dimorphic manner, with baseline and dynamic range alterations in the leptin-melanocortin system and thyroid gland, and consequences for adiposity phenotypes. We conclude that thyroid hormone overexposure may have important implications for the non-genetic, inherited etiology of endocrine and metabolic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Martinez
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, Scarborough, ME, United States
| | - Zhaofei Wu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, Scarborough, ME, United States
| | - Arturo Hernandez
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, Scarborough, ME, United States
- Graduate School for Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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2
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Liu S, Miao JJ, Zhou X, Sun Q, Mao XM. High levels of thyroid hormones promote recurrence of Graves' disease via overexpression of B-cell-activating factor. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24701. [PMID: 36097969 PMCID: PMC9550970 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Elevated thyroid hormone (TH) levels have been suggested to be associated with the pathological progression of Graves' disease (GD). However, direct evidence from clinical studies remains unclear. Methods Peripheral blood samples were collected from patients with or without the recurrence of Graves' hyperthyroidism (GH) and healthy donors. Thyroid tissue samples were obtained from patients with benign thyroid nodules. To assess the differentiation of autoreactive B cells, the expression of B‐cell‐activating factor (BAFF) and the proportion of CD11c+/–IgG+/− subsets of B cells stimulated by high levels of triiodothyronine (T3) in vivo and in vitro were examined by ELISA, flow cytometry, western blotting, and qRT‐PCR. Results Serum BAFF levels in patients with GD were significantly and positively correlated with FT3, FT4, and TRAb levels. Furthermore, the ratio of abnormally differentiated CD11c+ autoreactive B cells positively correlated with BAFF and TRAb. High levels of triiodothyronine (T3) induced BAFF overexpression in thyroid follicular cells and mononuclear cells of the normal thyroid in vitro, thereby promoting the differentiation of CD11c+IgG+ autoreactive secretory B cells (ASCs). However, the precise knockdown of BAFF expression significantly inhibited the abnormal differentiation of ASCs. Conclusion The pathological progression of GD was prolonged and exacerbated by autoimmune positive feedback modulation caused by high TH levels. BAFF could be considered a potential target for localized thyroid immunosuppressive treatment of Graves' hyperthyroidism recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing-Jing Miao
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Mao
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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3
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Effects of iodine excess on serum thyrotropin-releasing hormone levels and type 2 deiodinase in the hypothalamus of Wistar rats. Br J Nutr 2022; 127:1631-1638. [PMID: 34250878 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521002592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Iodine is an important element in thyroid hormone biosynthesis. Thyroid function is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Excessive iodine leads to elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, but the mechanism is not yet clear. Type 2 deiodinase (Dio2) is a Se-containing protease that plays a vital role in thyroid function. The purpose of this study was to explore the role of hypothalamus Dio2 in regulating TSH increase caused by excessive iodine and to determine the effects of iodine excess on thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) levels. Male Wistar rats were randomised into five groups and administered different iodine dosages (folds of physiological dose): normal iodine, 3-fold iodine, 6-fold iodine, 10-fold iodine and 50-fold iodine. Rats were euthanised at 4, 8, 12 or 24 weeks after iodine administration. Serum TRH, TSH, total thyroxine (TT4) and total triiodothyronine (TT3) were determined. Hypothalamus tissues were frozen and sectioned to evaluate the expression of Dio2, Dio2 activity and monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8). Prolonged high iodine intake significantly increased TSH expression (P < 0·05) but did not affect TT3 and TT4 levels. Prolonged high iodine intake decreased serum TRH levels in the hypothalamus (P < 0·05). Dio2 expression and activity in the hypothalamus exhibited an increasing trend compared at each time point with increasing iodine intake (P < 0·05). Hypothalamic MCT8 expression was increased in rats with prolonged high iodine intake (P < 0·05). These results indicate that iodine excess affects the levels of Dio2, TRH and MCT8 in the hypothalamus.
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Stephens CS, Hill-Ricciuti A, Francoeur L, Johnson PA. Feeding level is associated with altered liver transcriptome and follicle selection in the hen. Biol Reprod 2022; 106:943-952. [PMID: 35084018 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic selection for particular traits in domestic animals may have altered the optimal feedback regulation among systems regulating appetite, growth, and reproduction. Broiler breeder chickens have been selected for fast and efficient growth and, unless feed restricted, consume excessively resulting in poor reproductive efficiency. We examined the effect of dietary treatment in full fed (FF) and restricted fed (RF) broiler breeder hens on ovarian responses and on liver morphology and transcriptome associated with reproductive function. Although FF broiler breeder hens had lower egg production (p < 0.01), the total number of ovarian follicles >8 mm (p < 0.01), 6-8 mm (p < 0.03), and 3-5 mm (p < 0.04) were greater in FF hens compared to RF hens. There was a large amount of lipid accumulation in the liver of FF hens and differential gene analysis yielded 120 genes that were differentially expressed >2-fold in response to feeding level (p < 0.01; FDR < 0.05). Elevated T3 may indicate that general metabolism was affected by diet and GHR (p < 0.01) and IGF1 (p < 0.04) mRNA expression were both greater in the liver of FF hens as compared to RF hens. It is likely that selection for increased growth, associated with enhanced activity of the IGF1 system, has altered nutritional coupling of feed intake to follicle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Stephens
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - A Hill-Ricciuti
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - L Francoeur
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - P A Johnson
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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5
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Ge Y, Yang Y, Jiang Y, Feng C, Li B, Sun J, Tang X, Shi Y, Le G. Oxidized Pork Induces Hepatic Steatosis by Impairing Thyroid Hormone Function in Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 66:e2100602. [PMID: 34786857 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Recent studies have linked high consumption of red and processed meats to an increased risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and cooking-induced oxidation of proteins and amino acids might be contributing factors. Herein, this study investigates the influence of oxidized pork and the protein oxidation biomarker dityrosine (Dityr) on hepatic steatosis in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Low- and high-oxidative injury pork (LOP and HOP) are freeze-dried to prepare mouse diets. Mice are fed a diet of either the control, LOP, HOP, LOP+Dityr, or Dityr for 12 weeks. HOP and Dityr intake induced oxidative stress and inflammation that impaired thyroid function and peripheral metabolism (reduced type 1 deiodinase activity) of thyroid hormones (THs). These lead to a decrease in the circulating as well as liver THs and induced hepatic steatosis. This process might be regulated through reduced TH levels and altered TH target genes and proteins related to hepatic lipid metabolism that ultimately inhibited hepatic energy metabolism, as indicated by increased hepatic lipid synthesis, decreased hepatic lipid catabolism, and fatty acid oxidation. CONCLUSION HOP intake could induce hepatic steatosis by impairing TH function. Dityr plays an important role in the HOP-induced harmful effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueting Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Center for Food Nutrition and Functional Food Engineering, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Yuhui Yang
- College of Grain and Food Science, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yuge Jiang
- Center for Food Nutrition and Functional Food Engineering, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Chuanxing Feng
- Center for Food Nutrition and Functional Food Engineering, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Bowen Li
- Center for Food Nutrition and Functional Food Engineering, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xue Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Center for Food Nutrition and Functional Food Engineering, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yonghui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Center for Food Nutrition and Functional Food Engineering, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Guowei Le
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Center for Food Nutrition and Functional Food Engineering, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
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6
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Abstract
Deiodinases modify the biological activity of thyroid hormone (TH) molecules, ie, they may activate thyroxine (T4) to 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), or they may inactivate T3 to 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine (T2) or T4 to reverse triiodothyronine (rT3). Although evidence of deiodination of T4 to T3 has been available since the 1950s, objective evidence of TH metabolism was not established until the 1970s. The modern paradigm considers that the deiodinases not only play a role in the homeostasis of circulating T3, but they also provide dynamic control of TH signaling: cells that express the activating type 2 deiodinase (D2) have enhanced TH signaling due to intracellular build-up of T3; the opposite is seen in cells that express type 3 deiodinase (D3), the inactivating deiodinase. D2 and D3 are expressed in metabolically relevant tissues such as brown adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and liver, and their roles have been investigated using cell, animal, and human models. During development, D2 and D3 expression customize for each tissue/organ the timing and intensity of TH signaling. In adult cells, D2 is induced by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and its expression is invariably associated with enhanced T3 signaling, expression of PGC1 and accelerated energy expenditure. In contrast, D3 expression is induced by hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1a), dampening T3 signaling and the metabolic rate. The coordinated expression of these enzymes adjusts TH signaling in a time- and tissue-specific fashion, affecting metabolic pathways in health and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C Russo
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Federico Salas-Lucia
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Antonio C Bianco
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Fedoruk RS, Tesarivska UI, Kovalchuk II, Iskra RJ, Tsap M, Khrabko MI, Koleshchuk OI. The indices of thyroid system and metabolism of rats under the influence of nanocomposition based on iodine and citrate. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj93.03.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Stanculescu D, Larsson L, Bergquist J. Theory: Treatments for Prolonged ICU Patients May Provide New Therapeutic Avenues for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS). Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:672370. [PMID: 34026797 PMCID: PMC8137963 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.672370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We here provide an overview of treatment trials for prolonged intensive care unit (ICU) patients and theorize about their relevance for potential treatment of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Specifically, these treatment trials generally target: (a) the correction of suppressed endocrine axes, notably through a "reactivation" of the pituitary gland's pulsatile secretion of tropic hormones, or (b) the interruption of the "vicious circle" between inflammation, oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS), and low thyroid hormone function. There are significant parallels in the treatment trials for prolonged critical illness and ME/CFS; this is consistent with the hypothesis of an overlap in the mechanisms that prevent recovery in both conditions. Early successes in the simultaneous reactivation of pulsatile pituitary secretions in ICU patients-and the resulting positive metabolic effects-could indicate an avenue for treating ME/CFS. The therapeutic effects of thyroid hormones-including in mitigating O&NS and inflammation and in stimulating the adreno-cortical axis-also merit further studies. Collaborative research projects should further investigate the lessons from treatment trials for prolonged critical illness for solving ME/CFS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lars Larsson
- Basic and Clinical Muscle Biology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- Analytical Chemistry and Neurochemistry, Department of Chemistry–Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- The Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) Collaborative Research Centre at Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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9
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Ricci C, Kakularam KR, Marzocchi C, Capecchi G, Riolo G, Boschin F, Kuhn H, Castagna MG, Cantara S. Thr92Ala polymorphism in the type 2 deiodinase gene: an evolutionary perspective. J Endocrinol Invest 2020; 43:1749-1757. [PMID: 32436183 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01287-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the past, a role of thyroid hormones in human evolution has been hypothesized. T3, the metabolically active form, derives from extrathyroidal conversion of T4 by deionidase 2 (D2) enzyme encoded by DIO2 gene. In thyroid-deficient patients, decreased levels of free T3 have been associated with the polymorphism rs225014 A/G in DIO2, which causes the substitution of Threonine with Alanine (p.Thr92Ala) at protein level. METHODS We compared DNA and protein sequences of D2 from archaic human subspecies with those of contemporary humans. RESULTS Neanderthals and Denisovans displayed only the G allele at the rs225014 polymorphism, which encodes for an Alanine on the amino acid level. These data suggest that these hominines were homozygous for the Ala amino acid. These arcaic humans often lived in condition of iodine deficiency and thus, defective mechanisms of T3 biosynthesis could be life threatining. A reduced D2 activity is likely to cause decreased T3 levels, which could be critical for those individuals. Neanderthals and Denisovans were hunters/gatherers, and their diet was mainly based on the consumption of meat, with a low intake of carbohydrates. The need for circulating T3 is reduced at such alimentary conditions. On the basis of our genome comparisons the A allele, corresponding to Threonine and associated with higher levels of circulating T3 in thyroid-deficient patients, appeared for the first time during evolution in Anatomically Modern Humans during the Upper Pleistocene and has been conserved during the Neolithic age. With the advent of agriculture and herding, individuals carrying A allele might have a higher probability for surviving and reproducing. Thus, the variant was positively selected during the evolution. CONCLUSION Here we present an evolutionary perspective for p.Thr92Ala variant of D2 from Neanderthals to Anatomically Modern Humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ricci
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - K R Kakularam
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Marzocchi
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - G Capecchi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - G Riolo
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - F Boschin
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - H Kuhn
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - M G Castagna
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - S Cantara
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100, Siena, Italy.
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Ferdous A, Wang ZV, Luo Y, Li DL, Luo X, Schiattarella GG, Altamirano F, May HI, Battiprolu PK, Nguyen A, Rothermel BA, Lavandero S, Gillette TG, Hill JA. FoxO1-Dio2 signaling axis governs cardiomyocyte thyroid hormone metabolism and hypertrophic growth. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2551. [PMID: 32439985 PMCID: PMC7242347 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16345-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box O (FoxO) proteins and thyroid hormone (TH) have well established roles in cardiovascular morphogenesis and remodeling. However, specific role(s) of individual FoxO family members in stress-induced growth and remodeling of cardiomyocytes remains unknown. Here, we report that FoxO1, but not FoxO3, activity is essential for reciprocal regulation of types II and III iodothyronine deiodinases (Dio2 and Dio3, respectively), key enzymes involved in intracellular TH metabolism. We further show that Dio2 is a direct transcriptional target of FoxO1, and the FoxO1-Dio2 axis governs TH-induced hypertrophic growth of neonatal cardiomyocytes in vitro and in vivo. Utilizing transverse aortic constriction as a model of hemodynamic stress in wild-type and cardiomyocyte-restricted FoxO1 knockout mice, we unveil an essential role for the FoxO1-Dio2 axis in afterload-induced pathological cardiac remodeling and activation of TRα1. These findings demonstrate a previously unrecognized FoxO1-Dio2 signaling axis in stress-induced cardiomyocyte growth and remodeling and intracellular TH homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwarul Ferdous
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8573, USA
| | - Zhao V Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8573, USA
| | - Yuxuan Luo
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8573, USA
| | - Dan L Li
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8573, USA
| | - Xiang Luo
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8573, USA
| | - Gabriele G Schiattarella
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8573, USA
| | - Francisco Altamirano
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8573, USA
| | - Herman I May
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8573, USA
| | - Pavan K Battiprolu
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8573, USA
| | - Annie Nguyen
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8573, USA
| | - Beverly A Rothermel
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8573, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8573, USA
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8573, USA
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS) and Corporacion Centro de Estudios Cientificos de las Enfermedades Cronicas (CECEC), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 8380492, Chile
| | - Thomas G Gillette
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8573, USA
| | - Joseph A Hill
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8573, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8573, USA.
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11
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Martinez ME, Duarte CW, Stohn JP, Karaczyn A, Wu Z, DeMambro VE, Hernandez A. Thyroid hormone influences brain gene expression programs and behaviors in later generations by altering germ line epigenetic information. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:939-950. [PMID: 30356120 PMCID: PMC6482106 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0281-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Genetic factors do not fully account for the relatively high heritability of neurodevelopmental conditions, suggesting that non-genetic heritable factors contribute to their etiology. To evaluate the potential contribution of aberrant thyroid hormone status to the epigenetic inheritance of neurological phenotypes, we examined genetically normal F2 generation descendants of mice that were developmentally overexposed to thyroid hormone due to a Dio3 mutation. Hypothalamic gene expression profiling in postnatal day 15 F2 descendants on the paternal lineage of ancestral male and female T3-overexposed mice revealed, respectively, 1089 and 1549 differentially expressed genes. A large number of them, 675 genes, were common to both sets, suggesting comparable epigenetic effects of thyroid hormone on both the male and female ancestral germ lines. Oligodendrocyte- and neuron-specific genes were strongly overrepresented among genes showing, respectively, increased and decreased expression. Altered gene expression extended to other brain regions and was associated in adulthood with decreased anxiety-like behavior, increased marble burying and reduced physical activity. The sperm of T3-overexposed male ancestors revealed significant hypomethylation of CpG islands associated with the promoters of genes involved in the early development of the central nervous system. Some of them were candidates for neurodevelopmental disorders in humans including Nrg3, Nrxn1, Gabrb3, Gabra5, Apba2, Grik3, Reln, Nsd1, Pcdh8, En1, and Elavl2. Thus, developmental levels of thyroid hormone influence the epigenetic information of the germ line, disproportionately affecting genes with critical roles in early brain development, and leading in future generations to disease-relevant alterations in postnatal brain gene expression and adult behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Elena Martinez
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Maine Medical Center, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA
| | - Christine W. Duarte
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Maine Medical Center, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA,Graduate School for Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - J. Patrizia Stohn
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Maine Medical Center, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA
| | - Aldona Karaczyn
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Maine Medical Center, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA
| | - Zhaofei Wu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Maine Medical Center, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA
| | - Victoria E DeMambro
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Maine Medical Center, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA
| | - Arturo Hernandez
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Maine Medical Center, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA. .,Graduate School for Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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12
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Gothié J, Vancamp P, Demeneix B, Remaud S. Thyroid hormone regulation of neural stem cell fate: From development to ageing. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 228:e13316. [PMID: 31121082 PMCID: PMC9286394 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the vertebrate brain, neural stem cells (NSCs) generate both neuronal and glial cells throughout life. However, their neuro‐ and gliogenic capacity changes as a function of the developmental context. Despite the growing body of evidence on the variety of intrinsic and extrinsic factors regulating NSC physiology, their precise cellular and molecular actions are not fully determined. Our review focuses on thyroid hormone (TH), a vital component for both development and adult brain function that regulates NSC biology at all stages. First, we review comparative data to analyse how TH modulates neuro‐ and gliogenesis during vertebrate brain development. Second, as the mammalian brain is the most studied, we highlight the molecular mechanisms underlying TH action in this context. Lastly, we explore how the interplay between TH signalling and cell metabolism governs both neurodevelopmental and adult neurogenesis. We conclude that, together, TH and cellular metabolism regulate optimal brain formation, maturation and function from early foetal life to adult in vertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean‐David Gothié
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery Montreal Neurological Institute & Hospital, McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Pieter Vancamp
- CNRS UMR 7221 Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle Paris France
| | | | - Sylvie Remaud
- CNRS UMR 7221 Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle Paris France
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Talhada D, Santos CRA, Gonçalves I, Ruscher K. Thyroid Hormones in the Brain and Their Impact in Recovery Mechanisms After Stroke. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1103. [PMID: 31681160 PMCID: PMC6814074 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are of fundamental importance for brain development and essential factors to warrant brain functions throughout life. Their actions are mediated by binding to specific intracellular and membranous receptors regulating genomic and non-genomic mechanisms in neurons and populations of glial cells, respectively. Among others, mechanisms include the regulation of neuronal plasticity processes, stimulation of angiogenesis and neurogenesis as well modulating the dynamics of cytoskeletal elements and intracellular transport processes. These mechanisms overlap with those that have been identified to enhance recovery of lost neurological functions during the first weeks and months after ischemic stroke. Stimulation of thyroid hormone signaling in the postischemic brain might be a promising therapeutic strategy to foster endogenous mechanisms of repair. Several studies have pointed to a significant association between thyroid hormones and outcome after stroke. With this review, we will provide an overview on functions of thyroid hormones in the healthy brain and summarize their mechanisms of action in the developing and adult brain. Also, we compile the major thyroid-modulated molecular pathways in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke that can enhance recovery, highlighting thyroid hormones as a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Talhada
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal
- LUBIN Lab-Lunds Laboratorium för Neurokirurgisk Hjärnskadeforskning, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecília Reis Alves Santos
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal
| | - Isabel Gonçalves
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal
| | - Karsten Ruscher
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- LUBIN Lab-Lunds Laboratorium för Neurokirurgisk Hjärnskadeforskning, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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AlRasheed MM, AlAnzi A, AlShalhoub R, Abanmy N, Bakheet D. A study of the role of DIO1 and DIO2 polymorphism in thyroid cancer and drug response to therapy in the Saudi population. Saudi Pharm J 2019; 27:841-845. [PMID: 31516326 PMCID: PMC6734157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Deiodinases comprise a group of selenoproteins that regulate the bioavailability of active thyroid hormones (TH) in a time and tissue specific fashion. They increase the hormonal activity by metabolizing their inactive precursors to active forms or terminate their activity by deactivating active hormones. The role of the deiodinase (DIO) gene polymorphisms in thyroid cancer is not fully understood yet. This study evaluated the potential association of the DIO1 and DIO2 genes with differentiated thyroid cancer and differential thyroxine dose requirement in thyroidectomized patients in a Saudi cohort. Methods We selected four variants (one DIO1 and three DIO2) for the association studies using Taqman assays in 507 DTC patients undergoing treatment with thyroxin against 560 disease-free individual, all of Saudi Arab origin. Results None of the studied variants was linked to differentiated thyroid cancer. The rs1388378_G > T was initially linked to thyroxine dose requirement (p = 0.035) when all patients were considered together, but this association was lost when the patients were classified into either near suppressed (0.1 ≤ TSH < 0.5) or suppressed (TSH < 0.1) TSH group. Discussion Although the results suggest only a weak relationship with differentiated thyroid cancer, they strongly indicate that the DIO2 polymorphism influences the hormonal dose requirement in patients undergoing treatment with thyroxine. This probably points to a distinction in the way this gene influences disease as compared to therapy thereof.
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Key Words
- D (1, 2), deiodinase (1,2) protein
- DIO (1,2,3), deiodinase (1,2,3) gene
- Deiodinase 1
- Deiodinase 2 thyroxine therapy
- Differentiated thyroid cancer
- FT4, free thyroxin
- T3, triiodothyronine
- T4, tetraiodothyronine
- TH, thyroid hormone
- TSHβ, thyroid-stimulating homorne-β
- UDP, uridine phosphorylase
- UGT1A, UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A
- WSB-1, WB repeat and SOCs box-containing
- rs1388378
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha M AlRasheed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashwaq AlAnzi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawan AlShalhoub
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah Abanmy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dana Bakheet
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Bianco AC, Dumitrescu A, Gereben B, Ribeiro MO, Fonseca TL, Fernandes GW, Bocco BMLC. Paradigms of Dynamic Control of Thyroid Hormone Signaling. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:1000-1047. [PMID: 31033998 PMCID: PMC6596318 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) molecules enter cells via membrane transporters and, depending on the cell type, can be activated (i.e., T4 to T3 conversion) or inactivated (i.e., T3 to 3,3'-diiodo-l-thyronine or T4 to reverse T3 conversion). These reactions are catalyzed by the deiodinases. The biologically active hormone, T3, eventually binds to intracellular TH receptors (TRs), TRα and TRβ, and initiate TH signaling, that is, regulation of target genes and other metabolic pathways. At least three families of transmembrane transporters, MCT, OATP, and LAT, facilitate the entry of TH into cells, which follow the gradient of free hormone between the extracellular fluid and the cytoplasm. Inactivation or marked downregulation of TH transporters can dampen TH signaling. At the same time, dynamic modifications in the expression or activity of TRs and transcriptional coregulators can affect positively or negatively the intensity of TH signaling. However, the deiodinases are the element that provides greatest amplitude in dynamic control of TH signaling. Cells that express the activating deiodinase DIO2 can rapidly enhance TH signaling due to intracellular buildup of T3. In contrast, TH signaling is dampened in cells that express the inactivating deiodinase DIO3. This explains how THs can regulate pathways in development, metabolism, and growth, despite rather stable levels in the circulation. As a consequence, TH signaling is unique for each cell (tissue or organ), depending on circulating TH levels and on the exclusive blend of transporters, deiodinases, and TRs present in each cell. In this review we explore the key mechanisms underlying customization of TH signaling during development, in health and in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C Bianco
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alexandra Dumitrescu
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Balázs Gereben
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miriam O Ribeiro
- Developmental Disorders Program, Center of Biologic Sciences and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana L Fonseca
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gustavo W Fernandes
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Barbara M L C Bocco
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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Bertin FR, Eichstadt Forsythe L, Kritchevsky JE. Effects of high doses of levothyroxine sodium on serum concentrations of triiodothyronine and thyroxine in horses. Am J Vet Res 2019; 80:565-571. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.6.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Ohkubo Y, Sekido T, Nishio SI, Sekido K, Kitahara J, Suzuki S, Komatsu M. Loss of μ-crystallin causes PPARγ activation and obesity in high-fat diet-fed mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 508:914-920. [PMID: 30545633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The thyroid hormone-binding protein μ-crystallin (CRYM) mediates thyroid hormone action by sequestering triiodothyronine in the cytoplasm and regulating the intracellular concentration of thyroid hormone. As thyroid hormone action is closely associated with glycolipid metabolism, it has been proposed that CRYM may contribute to this process by reserving or releasing triiodothyronine in the cytoplasm. We aimed to clarify the relationship between CRYM and glycolipid metabolism by comparing wild-type and CRYM knockout mice fed a high-fat diet. Each group was provided a high-fat diet for 10 weeks, and then their body weight and fasting blood glucose levels were measured. Although no difference in body weight was observed between the two groups with normal diet, the treatment with a high-fat diet was found to induce obesity in the knockout mice. The knockout group displayed increased dietary intake, white adipose tissue, fat cell hypertrophy, and hyperglycemia in the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. In CRYM knockout mice, liver fat deposits were more pronounced than in the control group. Enhanced levels of PPARγ, which is known to cause fatty liver, and ACC1, which is a target gene for thyroid hormone and is involved in the fat synthesis, were also detected in the livers of CRYM knockout mice. These observations suggest that CRYM deficiency leads to obesity and lipogenesis, possibly in part through increasing the food intake of mice fed a high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohsuke Ohkubo
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Takashi Sekido
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Nishio
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Keiko Sekido
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Junichiro Kitahara
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Satoru Suzuki
- Department of Thyroid and Endocrinology, Division of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University Hospital, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Mitsuhisa Komatsu
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
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Goemann IM, Marczyk VR, Romitti M, Wajner SM, Maia AL. Current concepts and challenges to unravel the role of iodothyronine deiodinases in human neoplasias. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:R625-R645. [PMID: 30400023 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are essential for the regulation of several metabolic processes and the energy consumption of the organism. Their action is exerted primarily through interaction with nuclear receptors controlling the transcription of thyroid hormone-responsive genes. Proper regulation of TH levels in different tissues is extremely important for the equilibrium between normal cellular proliferation and differentiation. The iodothyronine deiodinases types 1, 2 and 3 are key enzymes that perform activation and inactivation of THs, thus controlling TH homeostasis in a cell-specific manner. As THs seem to exert their effects in all hallmarks of the neoplastic process, dysregulation of deiodinases in the tumoral context can be critical to the neoplastic development. Here, we aim at reviewing the deiodinases expression in different neoplasias and exploit the mechanisms by which they play an essential role in human carcinogenesis. TH modulation by deiodinases and other classical pathways may represent important targets with the potential to oppose the neoplastic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuri Martin Goemann
- Thyroid Unit, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vicente Rodrigues Marczyk
- Thyroid Unit, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mirian Romitti
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Simone Magagnin Wajner
- Thyroid Unit, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Maia
- Thyroid Unit, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Pietzner M, Kacprowski T, Friedrich N. Empowering thyroid hormone research in human subjects using OMICs technologies. J Endocrinol 2018; 238:R13-R29. [PMID: 29724864 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OMICs subsume different physiological layers including the genome, transcriptome, proteome and metabolome. Recent advances in analytical techniques allow for the exhaustive determination of biomolecules in all OMICs levels from less invasive human specimens such as blood and urine. Investigating OMICs in deeply characterized population-based or experimental studies has led to seminal improvement of our understanding of genetic determinants of thyroid function, identified putative thyroid hormone target genes and thyroid hormone-induced shifts in the plasma protein and metabolite content. Consequently, plasma biomolecules have been suggested as surrogates of tissue-specific action of thyroid hormones. This review provides a brief introduction to OMICs in thyroid research with a particular focus on metabolomics studies in humans elucidating the important role of thyroid hormones for whole body metabolism in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Pietzner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineUniversity Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research)Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tim Kacprowski
- Chair of Experimental BioinformaticsTUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Nele Friedrich
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineUniversity Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research)Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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20
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Liang X, Feng Y, Lin L, Abeysekera IR, Iqbal U, Wang T, Wang Y, Yao X. Thyroid function alterations attributed to high iodide supplementation in maternal rats and their offspring. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018; 47:89-97. [PMID: 29544812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to investigate thyroid function alterations attributed to high iodide supplementation in maternal rats and their offspring. METHODS Depending on their iodide intake, the pregnant rats were randomly divided into three groups: normal iodide intake (NI), 10 times high iodide intake (10 HI) and 100 times high iodide intake (100 HI) groups. Iodine concentration in the urine and maternal milk; iodine content and mitochondrial superoxide production; expression of TRα1, TRβ1, NIS and Dio1 in both the thyroid and mammary glands were all measured. The offspring were exposed to different iodide-containing water (NI, 10 HI and 100 HI) from weaning to postnatal day 180 (PN180). Serum thyroid hormone levels were measured in both maternal rats and their offspring. RESULTS Iodine concentration in the urine and maternal milk, as well as iodine content in the thyroid and mammary glands was significantly increased in both the 10 HI and 100 HI groups (p < .05). In the 100 HI group of maternal rats, low FT3 levels, high FT4, TPOAb and TgAb levels were detected. In addition, an increased mitochondrial superoxide production and decreased expression of TRα1, TRβ1, NIS and Dio1 in the thyroid and mammary glands was found (p < .05). A positive staining of CD4+ that co-localized with TRβ1 in the infiltrated cells within the thyroid follicles was observed. At PN180 in the offspring, the FT3 and FT4 levels showed a significant decrease, while the levels of serum TSH, TPOAb and TgAb were significantly increased in both 10 HI and 100 HI groups (p < .05). CONCLUSION In maternal rats, although normal thyroid function can be maintained following 10 HI, thyroiditis can be induced following 100 HI on lactation days 7, 14, and 21. In the offspring at PN180, hypothyroidism complicated with thyroiditis can occur in both the 10 HI and 100 HI groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Yanni Feng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Laixiang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Iruni Roshanie Abeysekera
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Umar Iqbal
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Xiaomei Yao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
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Ahangarpour A, Alboghobeish S, Oroojan AA, Zeidooni L, Samimi A, Afshari G. Effects of Combined Exposure to Chronic High-Fat Diet and Arsenic on Thyroid Function and Lipid Profile in Male Mouse. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 182:37-48. [PMID: 28593471 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1068-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The thyroid is one of the major endocrine glands that contribute to body and fat metabolism. The present study evaluated the effects of combined exposure to chronic high-fat diet (HFD) and arsenic on thyroid function and lipid profile. In this experimental study, 72 male Naval Medical Research Institute mice were divided into six groups and fed HFD or low-fat diet (LFD) while being exposed to 25 or 50 ppm of arsenic in drinking water for 20 weeks. After 24 h of the last experimental day, blood samples were collected for hormonal and biochemical measurements. The data indicated that exposure to HFD alone increased the levels of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), leptin, lipid profile, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased the levels of high-density lipoprotein, albumin, adiponectin, and glutathione sulfhydryl reductase (GSH), whereas exposure to arsenic alone decreased the levels of T3 and GSH and increased the levels of TSH, leptin, ROS, MDA, and T4/T3 ratio compared to those in the control LFD group. Furthermore, concomitant administration of HFD and arsenic decreased the lipid profile and levels of T4, albumin, total protein, T3, and GSH and increased the levels of TSH, adiponectin, leptin, ROS, MDA, and T4/T3 ratio compared to those in the control LFD or HFD group. In conclusion, combined exposure to HFD and arsenic induced hypothyroidism via reduction of thyroid hormones and enhancement of plasma TSH and T3 uptake levels concomitant with hypolipidemia, hyperleptinemia, hyperadiponectinemia, induction of oxidative stress, and reduction of GSH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Ahangarpour
- Health Research Institute, Diabetes Research Center, Department of Physiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Soheila Alboghobeish
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Ali Akbar Oroojan
- Department of Physiology, Student Research Committee of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Leila Zeidooni
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Student Research Committee of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Azin Samimi
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Student Research Committee of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Golshan Afshari
- Golestan Hospital Clinical Research Development Unit, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Little AG. Local Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Signaling. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2018; 106:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Calzà L, Baldassarro VA, Fernandez M, Giuliani A, Lorenzini L, Giardino L. Thyroid Hormone and the White Matter of the Central Nervous System: From Development to Repair. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2018; 106:253-281. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Hernandez A. Thyroid Hormone Role and Economy in the Developing Testis. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2018; 106:473-500. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Fanibunda SE, Desouza LA, Kapoor R, Vaidya RA, Vaidya VA. Thyroid Hormone Regulation of Adult Neurogenesis. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2018; 106:211-251. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Seebacher F. The evolution of metabolic regulation in animals. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 224:195-203. [PMID: 29128642 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Energy metabolism is determined by a suite of regulatory mechanism, and their increasing complexity over evolutionary time provides the key to understanding the emergence of different metabolic phenotypes. Energy metabolism is at the core of biological processes because all organisms must maintain energy balance against thermodynamic gradients. Energy metabolism is regulated by a bewildering array of interacting molecular mechanisms, and much of what is known about metabolic regulation comes from the medical literature. However, ecology and evolutionary research would gain considerably by incorporating regulatory mechanisms more explicitly in research on topics such as the evolution of endothermy, metabolic plasticity, and energy balance. The purpose of this brief review is to summarise the main regulatory pathways of energy metabolism in animals and their evolutionary origins to make these complex interactions more accessible to researchers from a broad range of backgrounds. Some of the principal regulators of energy balance, such as the AMP-stimulated protein kinase, have an ancient prokaryotic origin. Most regulatory pathways (e.g. thyroid hormone, insulin, adipokines), however, are eukaryotic in origin and diversified substantially in metazoans and vertebrates. Diversification in vertebrates is at least partly due to genome duplications early in this lineage. The interaction between regulatory mechanisms permitted an increasingly sophisticated fine-tuning of energy balance and metabolism. Hence, regulatory complexity increased over evolutionary time, and taxa differ in their potential range of metabolic phenotypes. Choice of model organism therefore becomes important, and bacteria or even invertebrates are not good models for more derived vertebrates. Different metabolic phenotypes and their evolution, such as endothermy and metabolic plasticity, should be interpreted against this regulatory background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Seebacher
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences A08, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Stohn JP, Martinez ME, Zafer M, López-Espíndola D, Keyes LM, Hernandez A. Increased aggression and lack of maternal behavior in Dio3-deficient mice are associated with abnormalities in oxytocin and vasopressin systems. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 17:23-35. [PMID: 28715127 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones regulate many aspects of brain development and function, and alterations in the levels of thyroid hormone action lead to abnormal anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. A complement of factors in the brain function independently of circulating levels of hormone to strictly controlled local thyroid hormone signaling. A critical factor is the type 3 deiodinase (DIO3), which is located in neurons and protects the brain from excessive thyroid hormone. Here, we examined whether a local increase in brain thyroid hormone action secondary to DIO3 deficiency is of consequence for social behaviors. Although we did not observe alterations in sociability, Dio3-/- mice of both sexes exhibited a significant increase in aggression-related behaviors and mild deficits in olfactory function. In addition, 85% of Dio3-/- dams manifested no pup-retrieval behavior and increased aggression toward the newborns. The abnormal social behaviors of Dio3-/- mice were associated with sexually dimorphic alterations in the physiology of oxytocin (OXT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP), 2 neuropeptides with important roles in determining social interactions. These alterations included low adult serum levels of OXT and AVP, and an abnormal expression of Oxt, Avp and their receptors in the neonatal and adult hypothalamus. Our results demonstrate that DIO3 is essential for normal aggression and maternal behaviors, and indicate that abnormal local regulation of thyroid hormone action in the brain may contribute to the social deficits associated with neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Stohn
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, Scarborough, ME, USA
| | - M E Martinez
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, Scarborough, ME, USA
| | - M Zafer
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - D López-Espíndola
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, Scarborough, ME, USA
| | - L M Keyes
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - A Hernandez
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, Scarborough, ME, USA
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Xia SF, Duan XM, Cheng XR, Chen LM, Kang YJ, Wang P, Tang X, Shi YH, Le GW. Role of miR-383 and miR-146b in different propensities to obesity in male mice. J Endocrinol 2017; 234:201-216. [PMID: 28576870 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The study was designed to investigate the possible mechanisms of hepatic microRNAs (miRs) in regulating local thyroid hormone (TH) action and ultimately different propensities to high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. When obesity-prone (OP) and obesity-resistant (OR) mice were fed HFD for 7 weeks, OP mice showed apparent hepatic steatosis, with significantly higher body weight and lower hepatic TH receptor b (TRb) expression and type 1 deiodinase (DIO1) activity than OR mice. Next-generation sequencing technology revealed that 13 miRs in liver were dysregulated between the two phenotypes, of which 8 miRs were predicted to target on Dio1 or TRb When mice were fed for 17 weeks, OR mice had mild hepatic steatosis and increased Dio1 and TRb expression than OP mice, with downregulation of T3 target genes (including Srebp1c, Acc1, Scd1 and Fasn) and upregulation of Cpt1α, Atp5c1, Cox7c and Cyp7a1 A stem-loop qRT-PCR analysis confirmed that the levels of miR-383, miR-34a and miR-146b were inversely correlated with those of DIO1 or TRb. Down-regulated expression of miR-383 or miR-146b by miR-383 inhibitor (anti-miR-383) or miR-146b inhibitor (anti-miR-146b) in free fatty acid-treated primary mouse hepatocytes led to increased DIO1 and TRb expressions, respectively, and subsequently decreased cellular lipid accumulation, while miR-34a inhibitor (anti-miR-34a) transfection had on effects on TRb expression. Luciferase reporter assay illustrated that miR-146b could directly target TRb 3'untranslated region (3'UTR). These findings suggested that miR-383 and miR-146b might play critical roles in different propensities to diet-induced obesity via targeting on Dio1 and TRb, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Fang Xia
- Wuxi School of MedicineJiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologySchool of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologySchool of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Shandong Sport Training CenterJinan, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologySchool of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Li-Mei Chen
- Wuxi School of MedicineJiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yan-Jun Kang
- Wuxi School of MedicineJiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Peng Wang
- COFCO Corporation Oilseeds Processing DivisionBeijing, China
| | - Xue Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologySchool of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yong-Hui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologySchool of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Guo-Wei Le
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologySchool of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Bernal J. Thyroid hormone regulated genes in cerebral cortex development. J Endocrinol 2017; 232:R83-R97. [PMID: 27852726 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The physiological and developmental effects of thyroid hormones are mainly due to the control of gene expression after interaction of T3 with the nuclear receptors. To understand the role of thyroid hormones on cerebral cortex development, knowledge of the genes regulated by T3 during specific stages of development is required. In our laboratory, we previously identified genes regulated by T3 in primary cerebrocortical cells in culture. By comparing these data with transcriptomics of purified cell types from the developing cortex, the cellular targets of T3 can be identified. In addition, many of the genes regulated transcriptionally by T3 have defined roles in cortex development, from which the role of T3 can be derived. This review analyzes the specific roles of T3-regulated genes in the different stages of cortex development within the physiological frame of the developmental changes of thyroid hormones and receptor concentrations in the human cerebral cortex during fetal development. These data indicate an increase in the sensitivity to T3 during the second trimester of fetal development. The main cellular targets of T3 appear to be the Cajal-Retzius and the subplate neurons. On the other hand, T3 regulates transcriptionally genes encoding extracellular matrix proteins, involved in cell migration and the control of diverse signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Bernal
- Instituto de Investigaciones BiomédicasConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, and Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Decreased anxiety- and depression-like behaviors and hyperactivity in a type 3 deiodinase-deficient mouse showing brain thyrotoxicosis and peripheral hypothyroidism. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 74:46-56. [PMID: 27580013 PMCID: PMC5159228 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hypo- and hyperthyroid states, as well as functional abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis have been associated with psychiatric conditions like anxiety and depression. However, the nature of this relationship is poorly understood since it is difficult to ascertain the thyroid status of the brain in humans. Data from animal models indicate that the brain exhibits efficient homeostatic mechanisms that maintain local levels of the active thyroid hormone, triiodothyronine (T3) within a narrow range. To better understand the consequences of peripheral and central thyroid status for mood-related behaviors, we used a mouse model of type 3 deiodinase (DIO3) deficiency (Dio3 -/- mouse). This enzyme inactivates thyroid hormone and is highly expressed in the adult central nervous system. Adult Dio3 -/- mice exhibit elevated levels of T3-dependent gene expression in the brain, despite peripheral hypothyroidism as indicated by low circulating levels of thyroxine and T3. Dio3 -/- mice of both sexes exhibit hyperactivity and significantly decreased anxiety-like behavior, as measured by longer time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze and in the light area of the light/dark box. During the tail suspension, they stayed immobile for a significantly shorter time than their wild-type littermates, suggesting decreased depression-like behavior. These results indicate that increased thyroid hormone in the brain, not necessarily in peripheral tissues, correlates with hyperactivity and with decreases in anxiety and depression-like behaviors. Our results also underscore the importance of DIO3 as a determinant of behavior by locally regulating the brain levels of thyroid hormone.
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Cheng S, Xing W, Pourteymoor S, Mohan S. Effects of Thyroxine (T4), 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) and their Metabolites on Osteoblast Differentiation. Calcif Tissue Int 2016; 99:435-42. [PMID: 27312083 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-016-0159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies involving human genetic mutations and mutant mouse models have provided irrevocable evidence for a key role for thyroid hormones (THs) in the regulation of skeletal growth. While T3 binds to TH receptors with higher affinity than T4, T4 occupied TH receptors have also been reported in the nucleus under euthyroid conditions raising the possibility that T4 bound nuclear receptors may be biologically relevant in thyroid syndromes with elevated free T4 and reduced T3 levels. We, therefore, evaluated the direct effects of T4, T3, and their metabolites (rT3 and T2) in stimulating osteoblast differentiation using MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts which do not produce detectable levels of deiodinases. Under serum-free conditions, a 24-h treatment of MC3T3-E1 cells with THs and their metabolites caused a dose-dependent increase in the expression of osteoblast differentiation markers, osterix, and osteocalcin. Circulating concentrations of T3 (~1 ng/ml) and T4 (~30 ng/ml) showed similar potency in stimulating osteoblast differentiation marker expression, while rT3 and T2 were less potent than T3 and T4. Moreover, T3 and T4 treatments elevated the IGF-1 mRNA level suggesting the involvement of IGF-1 signaling in the TH regulation of osteoblast differentiation. We conclude that an elevated T4 level in the absence of T3 may exert stimulatory effects on osteoblast differentiation. The establishment of cell-specific effects of T4 on osteoblasts may provide a strategy to generate T4 mimics that exert skeletal specific effects without the confounding T3 effects on other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohong Cheng
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L Pettis VA Medical Center, 11201 Benton St, Loma Linda, CA, 92357, USA
| | - Weirong Xing
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L Pettis VA Medical Center, 11201 Benton St, Loma Linda, CA, 92357, USA
- Departments of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Sheila Pourteymoor
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L Pettis VA Medical Center, 11201 Benton St, Loma Linda, CA, 92357, USA
| | - Subburaman Mohan
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L Pettis VA Medical Center, 11201 Benton St, Loma Linda, CA, 92357, USA.
- Departments of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
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Yang F, Ma H, Belcher J, Butler MR, Redmond TM, Boye SL, Hauswirth WW, Ding XQ. Targeting iodothyronine deiodinases locally in the retina is a therapeutic strategy for retinal degeneration. FASEB J 2016; 30:4313-4325. [PMID: 27623928 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600715r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have implicated thyroid hormone (TH) signaling in cone photoreceptor viability. Using mouse models of retinal degeneration, we found that antithyroid treatment preserves cones. This work investigates the significance of targeting intracellular TH components locally in the retina. The cellular TH level is mainly regulated by deiodinase iodothyronine (DIO)-2 and -3. DIO2 converts thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3), which binds to the TH receptor, whereas DIO3 degrades T3 and T4. We examined cone survival after overexpression of DIO3 and inhibition of DIO2 and demonstrated the benefits of these manipulations. Subretinal delivery of AAV5-IRBP/GNAT2-DIO3, which directs expression of human DIO3 specifically in cones, increased cone density by 30-40% in a Rpe65-/- mouse model of Lebers congenital amaurosis (LCA) and in a Cpfl1 mouse with Pde6c defect model of achromatopsia, compared with their respective untreated controls. Intravitreal and topical delivery of the DIO2 inhibitor iopanoic acid also significantly improved cone survival in the LCA model mice. Moreover, the expression levels of DIO2 and Slc16a2 were significantly higher in the diseased retinas, suggesting locally elevated TH signaling. We show that targeting DIOs protects cones, and intracellular inhibition of TH components locally in the retina may represent a novel strategy for retinal degeneration management.-Yang, F., Ma, H., Belcher, J., Butler, M. R., Redmond, T. M., Boye, S. L., Hauswirth, W. W., Ding, X.-Q. Targeting iodothyronine deiodinases locally in the retina is a therapeutic strategy for retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Hongwei Ma
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Joshua Belcher
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Michael R Butler
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - T Michael Redmond
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sanford L Boye
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; and.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - William W Hauswirth
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; and.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Xi-Qin Ding
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA;
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Jaimes-Hoy L, Gutiérrez-Mariscal M, Vargas Y, Pérez-Maldonado A, Romero F, Sánchez-Jaramillo E, Charli JL, Joseph-Bravo P. Neonatal Maternal Separation Alters, in a Sex-Specific Manner, the Expression of TRH, of TRH-Degrading Ectoenzyme in the Rat Hypothalamus, and the Response of the Thyroid Axis to Starvation. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3253-65. [PMID: 27323240 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis activity is important for energy homeostasis, and is modified by stress. Maternal separation (MS) alters the stress response and predisposes to metabolic disturbances in the adult. We therefore studied the effect of MS on adult HPT axis activity. Wistar male and female pups were separated from their mothers 3 h/d during postnatal day (PND)2-PND21 (MS), or left nonhandled (NH). Open field and elevated plus maze tests revealed increased locomotion in MS males and anxiety-like behavior in MS females. At PND90, MS females had increased body weight gain, Trh expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, and white adipose tissue mass. MS males had increased expression of TRH-degrading enzyme in tanycytes, reduced TSH and T3, and enhanced corticosterone serum concentrations. MS stimulated brown adipose tissue deiodinase 2 activity in either sex. Forty-eight hours of fasting (PND60) augmented serum corticosterone levels similarly in MS or NH females but more in MS than in NH male rats. MS reduced the fasting-induced drop in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus-Trh expression of males but not of females and abolished the fasting-induced increase in Trh expression in both sexes. Fasting reduced serum concentrations of TSH, T4, and T3, less in MS than in NH males, whereas in females, TSH decreased in MS but not in NH rats, but T4 and T3 decreased similarly in NH and MS rats. In conclusion, MS produced long-term changes in the activity of the HPT axis that were sex specific; response to fasting was partially blunted in males, which could affect their adaptive response to negative energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Jaimes-Hoy
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular (L.J.-H., M.G.-M., Y.V., A.P.-M., F.R., J.-L.C., P.J.-B.), Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C.P. 62210 México; and Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias (E.S.-J.), Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, Ramón de la Fuente Muñíz, Ciudad de México, C.P. 14370 México
| | - Mariana Gutiérrez-Mariscal
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular (L.J.-H., M.G.-M., Y.V., A.P.-M., F.R., J.-L.C., P.J.-B.), Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C.P. 62210 México; and Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias (E.S.-J.), Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, Ramón de la Fuente Muñíz, Ciudad de México, C.P. 14370 México
| | - Yamili Vargas
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular (L.J.-H., M.G.-M., Y.V., A.P.-M., F.R., J.-L.C., P.J.-B.), Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C.P. 62210 México; and Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias (E.S.-J.), Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, Ramón de la Fuente Muñíz, Ciudad de México, C.P. 14370 México
| | - Adrián Pérez-Maldonado
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular (L.J.-H., M.G.-M., Y.V., A.P.-M., F.R., J.-L.C., P.J.-B.), Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C.P. 62210 México; and Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias (E.S.-J.), Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, Ramón de la Fuente Muñíz, Ciudad de México, C.P. 14370 México
| | - Fidelia Romero
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular (L.J.-H., M.G.-M., Y.V., A.P.-M., F.R., J.-L.C., P.J.-B.), Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C.P. 62210 México; and Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias (E.S.-J.), Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, Ramón de la Fuente Muñíz, Ciudad de México, C.P. 14370 México
| | - Edith Sánchez-Jaramillo
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular (L.J.-H., M.G.-M., Y.V., A.P.-M., F.R., J.-L.C., P.J.-B.), Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C.P. 62210 México; and Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias (E.S.-J.), Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, Ramón de la Fuente Muñíz, Ciudad de México, C.P. 14370 México
| | - Jean-Louis Charli
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular (L.J.-H., M.G.-M., Y.V., A.P.-M., F.R., J.-L.C., P.J.-B.), Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C.P. 62210 México; and Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias (E.S.-J.), Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, Ramón de la Fuente Muñíz, Ciudad de México, C.P. 14370 México
| | - Patricia Joseph-Bravo
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular (L.J.-H., M.G.-M., Y.V., A.P.-M., F.R., J.-L.C., P.J.-B.), Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C.P. 62210 México; and Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias (E.S.-J.), Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, Ramón de la Fuente Muñíz, Ciudad de México, C.P. 14370 México
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Stohn JP, Martinez ME, Matoin K, Morte B, Bernal J, Galton VA, St Germain D, Hernandez A. MCT8 Deficiency in Male Mice Mitigates the Phenotypic Abnormalities Associated With the Absence of a Functional Type 3 Deiodinase. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3266-77. [PMID: 27254003 PMCID: PMC4967121 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mice deficient in the type 3 deiodinase (D3KO mice) manifest impaired clearance of thyroid hormone (TH), leading to elevated levels of TH action during development. This alteration causes reduced neonatal viability, growth retardation, and central hypothyroidism. Here we examined how these phenotypes are affected by a deficiency in the monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8), which is a major contributor to the transport of the active thyroid hormone, T3, into the cell. MCT8 deficiency eliminated the neonatal lethality of type 3 deiodinase (D3)-deficient mice and significantly ameliorated their growth retardation. Double-mutant newborn mice exhibited similar peripheral thyrotoxicosis and increased brain expression of T3-dependent genes as mice with D3 deficiency only. Later in neonatal life and adulthood, double-mutant mice manifested central and peripheral TH status similar to mice with single MCT8 deficiency, with low serum T4, elevated serum TSH and T3, and decreased T3-dependent gene expression in the hypothalamus. In double-mutant adult mice, both thyroid gland size and the hypothyroidism-induced rise in TSH were greater than those in mice with single D3 deficiency but less than those in mice with MCT8 deficiency alone. Our results demonstrate that the marked phenotypic abnormalities observed in the D3-deficient mouse, including perinatal mortality, growth retardation, and central hypothyroidism in adult animals, require expression of MCT8, confirming the interdependent relationship between the TH transport into cells and the deiodination processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Patrizia Stohn
- Center of Molecular Medicine (J.P.S., M.E.M., K.M., D.S.G., A.H.), Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas (B.M., J.B.), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, 28029 Madrid, Spain; and Department of Physiology and Neurobiology (V.A.G.), Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756
| | - M Elena Martinez
- Center of Molecular Medicine (J.P.S., M.E.M., K.M., D.S.G., A.H.), Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas (B.M., J.B.), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, 28029 Madrid, Spain; and Department of Physiology and Neurobiology (V.A.G.), Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756
| | - Kassey Matoin
- Center of Molecular Medicine (J.P.S., M.E.M., K.M., D.S.G., A.H.), Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas (B.M., J.B.), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, 28029 Madrid, Spain; and Department of Physiology and Neurobiology (V.A.G.), Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756
| | - Beatriz Morte
- Center of Molecular Medicine (J.P.S., M.E.M., K.M., D.S.G., A.H.), Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas (B.M., J.B.), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, 28029 Madrid, Spain; and Department of Physiology and Neurobiology (V.A.G.), Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756
| | - Juan Bernal
- Center of Molecular Medicine (J.P.S., M.E.M., K.M., D.S.G., A.H.), Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas (B.M., J.B.), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, 28029 Madrid, Spain; and Department of Physiology and Neurobiology (V.A.G.), Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756
| | - Valerie Anne Galton
- Center of Molecular Medicine (J.P.S., M.E.M., K.M., D.S.G., A.H.), Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas (B.M., J.B.), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, 28029 Madrid, Spain; and Department of Physiology and Neurobiology (V.A.G.), Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756
| | - Donald St Germain
- Center of Molecular Medicine (J.P.S., M.E.M., K.M., D.S.G., A.H.), Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas (B.M., J.B.), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, 28029 Madrid, Spain; and Department of Physiology and Neurobiology (V.A.G.), Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756
| | - Arturo Hernandez
- Center of Molecular Medicine (J.P.S., M.E.M., K.M., D.S.G., A.H.), Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas (B.M., J.B.), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, 28029 Madrid, Spain; and Department of Physiology and Neurobiology (V.A.G.), Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756
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35
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Little AG. A review of the peripheral levels of regulation by thyroid hormone. J Comp Physiol B 2016; 186:677-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-016-0984-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Lartey LJ, Werneck-de-Castro JP, O-Sullivan I, Unterman TG, Bianco AC. Coupling between Nutrient Availability and Thyroid Hormone Activation. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:30551-61. [PMID: 26499800 PMCID: PMC4683275 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.665505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of the thyroid gland is stimulated by food availability via leptin-induced thyrotropin-releasing hormone/thyroid-stimulating hormone expression. Here we show that food availability also stimulates thyroid hormone activation by accelerating the conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine via type 2 deiodinase in mouse skeletal muscle and in a cell model transitioning from 0.1 to 10% FBS. The underlying mechanism is transcriptional derepression of DIO2 through the mTORC2 pathway as defined in rictor knockdown cells. In cells kept in 0.1% FBS, there is DIO2 inhibition via FOXO1 binding to the DIO2 promoter. Repression of DIO2 by FOXO1 was confirmed using its specific inhibitor AS1842856 or adenoviral infection of constitutively active FOXO1. ChIP studies indicate that 4 h after 10% FBS-containing medium, FOXO1 binding markedly decreases, and the DIO2 promoter is activated. Studies in the insulin receptor FOXO1 KO mouse indicate that insulin is a key signaling molecule in this process. We conclude that FOXO1 represses DIO2 during fasting and that derepression occurs via nutritional activation of the PI3K-mTORC2-Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lattoya J Lartey
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - João Pedro Werneck-de-Castro
- the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, the Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, Brazil, and
| | - InSug O-Sullivan
- the Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Terry G Unterman
- the Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Antonio C Bianco
- the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612,
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Barkan A, Koenig RJ. Clinical case seminar: unraveling the mystery of abnormal thyroid function tests. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol 2015; 1:14. [PMID: 28702232 PMCID: PMC5471849 DOI: 10.1186/s40842-015-0010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A 53 year old woman was referred to us because of large goiter, enlarged pituitary and grossly elevated TSH and free T4. The differential diagnosis included a TSH producing adenoma vs. artifactual laboratory tests. A careful step-by step analysis of different possibilities allowed correct diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Barkan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA.,24 Frank Lloyd Wright Drive, G-1500, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 USA
| | - Ronald J Koenig
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
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Calzà L, Fernández M, Giardino L. Role of the Thyroid System in Myelination and Neural Connectivity. Compr Physiol 2015; 5:1405-21. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Xia SF, Duan XM, Hao LY, Li LT, Cheng XR, Xie ZX, Qiao Y, Li LR, Tang X, Shi YH, Le GW. Role of thyroid hormone homeostasis in obesity-prone and obesity-resistant mice fed a high-fat diet. Metabolism 2015; 64:566-79. [PMID: 25669855 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The exact mechanism for different propensities to obesity when consuming a high-fat diet (HFD) is largely unknown. Thyroid hormone (TH) is an important modulator of energy homeostasis and body weight. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to find the potential mechanisms of TH in the development of obesity-prone (OP) and obesity-resistant (OR) mice after short-term and long-term HFD feeding. METHODS C57Bl/6 male mice were randomly divided into two groups: a low-fat diet (LFD) group and an HFD group. In the 7th week, HFD-fed mice were classified as OP or OR according to upper and lower tertiles of body weight. Half of the mice were sacrificed at this time point and the remaining mice were kept on feeding and sacrificed in the 27th week. Indirect calorimetry was performed. At harvest, serum was used for ELISA assays and oxidative stress biomarkers determination. Tissues were dissected for deiodinases activity and relative mRNA expression determination, as well as antioxidant capacity evaluation. RESULTS In the 7th week, OP mice showed a significant body weight gain, decreased energy expenditure (EE), normal circulating TH levels, and activated HPT axis, whereas OR mice had normal body weight and maintained T(3) levels only through enhancing hepatic D1 activity. In the 27th week, OR mice gained more body weight than LFD mice accompanied by an activation of HPT axis and decreased hepatic deiodination. Genes involved in TH production were down-regulated in OP mice and up-regulated in OR mice. Changes in deiodinases activity and thyroid function were related with redox status in specific tissues. Furthermore, OP mice had more serious hepatic steatosis than OR mice, with up-regulation of T(3) target genes (e.g. Srebp1c, Acc1, Fasn) involved in lipid synthesis and down-regulation of Pgc1α, Cyp7a1 and Cpt1α. CONCLUSIONS HPT axis function and deiodinases activity might be involved in different propensities to obesity and the ability of OR mice to resist obesity was limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Fang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Li-Yue Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Li-Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhen-Xing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yi Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Li-Rong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xue Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yong-Hui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Guo-Wei Le
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
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Howard M, Charalambous M. Molecular basis of imprinting disorders affecting chromosome 14: lessons from murine models. Reproduction 2015; 149:R237-49. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-14-0660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Uniparental inheritance of chromosome 14q32 causes developmental failure during gestation and early postnatal development due to mis-expression of a cluster of imprinted genes under common epigenetic control. Two syndromes associated with chromosome 14q32 abnormalities have been described, Kagami–Ogata and Temple syndromes. Both of these syndromes are characterised by specific impairments of intrauterine development, placentation and early postnatal survival. Such abnormalities arise because the processes of intrauterine growth and postnatal adaptation are critically modulated by the dosage of imprinted genes in the chromosome 14q32 cluster. Much of our understanding of how the imprinted genes in this cluster are regulated, as well as their individual functions in the molecular pathways controlling growth and postnatal adaptation, has come from murine models. Mouse chromosome 12qF1 contains an imprinted region syntenic to human chromosome 14q32, collectively referred to as the Dlk1–Dio3 cluster. In this review, we will summarise the wealth of information derived from animal models of chromosome 12 imprinted gene mis-regulation, and explore the relationship between the functions of individual genes and the phenotypic result of their mis-expression. As there is often a considerable overlap between the functions of genes in the Dlk1–Dio3 cluster, we propose that the expression dosage of these genes is controlled by common regulatory mechanisms to co-ordinate the timing of growth and postnatal adaptation. While the diseases associated with mis-regulated chromosome 14 imprinting are rare, studies carried out in mice on the functions of the affected genes as well as their normal regulatory mechanisms have revealed new mechanistic pathways for the control of growth and survival in early life.
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Wang GX, Zhao XY, Lin JD. The brown fat secretome: metabolic functions beyond thermogenesis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:231-7. [PMID: 25843910 PMCID: PMC4417028 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Brown fat is highly active in fuel oxidation and dissipates chemical energy through uncoupling protein (UCP)1-mediated heat production. Activation of brown fat leads to increased energy expenditure, reduced adiposity, and lower plasma glucose and lipid levels, thus contributing to better homeostasis. Uncoupled respiration and thermogenesis have been considered to be responsible for the metabolic benefits of brown adipose tissue. Recent studies have demonstrated that brown adipocytes also secrete factors that act locally and systemically to influence fuel and energy metabolism. This review discusses the evidence supporting a thermogenesis-independent role of brown fat, particularly through its release of secreted factors, and their implications in physiology and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Xiao Wang
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Xu-Yun Zhao
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Jiandie D Lin
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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Kapoor R, Fanibunda SE, Desouza LA, Guha SK, Vaidya VA. Perspectives on thyroid hormone action in adult neurogenesis. J Neurochem 2015; 133:599-616. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richa Kapoor
- Department of Biological Sciences; Tata Institute of Fundamental Research; Mumbai India
| | - Sashaina E. Fanibunda
- Department of Biological Sciences; Tata Institute of Fundamental Research; Mumbai India
| | - Lynette A. Desouza
- Department of Biological Sciences; Tata Institute of Fundamental Research; Mumbai India
| | - Suman K. Guha
- Department of Biological Sciences; Tata Institute of Fundamental Research; Mumbai India
| | - Vidita A. Vaidya
- Department of Biological Sciences; Tata Institute of Fundamental Research; Mumbai India
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Olvera A, Mendoza A, Villalobos P, Mayorga-Martínez L, Orozco A, Valverde-R C. The variable region of iodothyronine deiodinases directs their catalytic properties and subcellular localization. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 402:107-12. [PMID: 25591907 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The stereospecific removal of iodine from thyroid hormones is an essential first step for T3 action and is catalyzed by three different deiodinases: D2 and D3 remove iodine only from the outer or inner ring, respectively, whereas D1 catalyzes both pathways. We used in silico predictions from vertebrate deiodinase sequences to identify two domains: the N-terminal variable region (VR) containing the transmembrane, hinge and linker domains, and the conserved or globular region (CR). Given the high sequence and structural identity of the CR among paralogs as well as of the VR among orthologs but not paralogs, we hypothesized that both the catalytic properties and the subcellular localization rely on the VR. We used shark D2 and D3 as templates to build the chimeric enzymes D2VR/D3CR and D3VR/D2CR. Biochemical characterization revealed that D3VR/D2CR has inner-ring deiodination activity and T3 as preferred substrate, whereas D2VR/D3CR showed no deiodinating activity. Also, D2VR/D3CR and D3VR/D2CR reside in the endoplasmic reticulum and plasmatic membrane, respectively, as do their D2 and D3 wild-type counterparts. We conclude that the VR determines the subcellular localization and is critical in defining the catalytic properties and activity of thyroid hormone deiodinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Olvera
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Arturo Mendoza
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Patricia Villalobos
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Lidia Mayorga-Martínez
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Aurea Orozco
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico.
| | - Carlos Valverde-R
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
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Zevenbergen C, Klootwijk W, Peeters RP, Medici M, de Rijke YB, Huisman SA, Goeman H, Boot E, de Kuijper G, de Waal KH, Meima ME, Larsen PR, Visser TJ, Visser WE. Functional analysis of novel genetic variation in the thyroid hormone activating type 2 deiodinase. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E2429-36. [PMID: 25140401 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-2281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Thyroid hormones (TH) are important for normal brain development and abnormal TH regulation in the brain results in neurocognitive impairments. The type 2 deiodinase (D2) is important for local TH control in the brain by generating the active hormone T3 from its precursor T4. Dysfunction of D2 likely results in a neurocognitive phenotype. No mutations in D2 have been reported yet. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to identify D2 mutations in patients with intellectual disability and to test their functional consequences. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS The patients were selected from the multicenter Thyroid Origin of Psychomotor Retardation study, which is a cohort of 946 subjects with unexplained intellectual disability. Based on characteristic serum TH values, the coding region of the DIO2 gene was sequenced in 387 patients. Functional consequences were assessed by in vitro D2 assays or intact cell metabolism studies using cells transfected with wild-type or mutant D2. RESULTS Sequence analysis revealed two heterozygous mutations: c.11T>A (p.L4H) in three subjects and c.305C>T (p.T102I) in one subject. Sequence analysis of family members revealed several carriers, but no segregation was observed with thyroid parameters or neurocognitive phenotype. Extensive tests with different in vitro D2 assays did not show differences between wild-type and mutant D2. CONCLUSION This study describes the identification and functional consequences of novel genetic variation in TH activating enzyme D2. Family studies and functional tests suggest that these variants do not underlie the neurocognitive impairment. Altogether our data provide evidence of the existence of rare but apparently harmless genetic variants of D2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Zevenbergen
- Department of Internal Medicine (C.Z., W.K., R.P.P., M.M., Y.B.d.R., M.E.M., T.J.V., W.E.V.), Rotterdam Thyroid Center (C.Z., W.K., R.P.P., M.M., M.E.M., T.J.V., W.E.V.), Department of Clinical Chemistry (Y.B.d.R.), Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Prinsenstichting (S.A.H.), Kwadijkerpark 8, 1444 JE Purmerend, The Netherlands; Ipse De Bruggen (H.G., E.B.), Spoorlaan 19, 2471 PB Zwammerdam, The Netherlands; Vanboeijenoord (G.d.K.), Industrieweg 14-16, 9400 RA Assen, The Netherlands; 's Heeren Loo Groot Schuilenburg (K.H.d.W.), Laan Van Groot Schuylenburg 310-320, 7325 BG Apeldoorn, The Netherlands; and Department of Internal Medicine (R.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Alexander SPH, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, Spedding M, Peters JA, Harmar AJ. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: nuclear hormone receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:1652-75. [PMID: 24528240 PMCID: PMC3892290 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full. Nuclear hormone receptors are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, ion channels, catalytic receptors, transporters and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC-IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR-DB and the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P H Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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Martínez-Sánchez N, Alvarez CV, Fernø J, Nogueiras R, Diéguez C, López M. Hypothalamic effects of thyroid hormones on metabolism. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 28:703-12. [PMID: 25256765 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, obesity and its related metabolic disorders have increased at an epidemic rate in the developed and developing world. New signals and factors involved in the modulation of energy balance and metabolism are continuously being discovered, providing potential novel drug targets for the treatment of metabolic disease. A parallel strategy is to better understand how hormonal signals, with an already established role in energy metabolism, work, and how manipulation of the pathways involved may lead to amelioration of metabolic dysfunction. The thyroid hormones belong to the latter category, with dysregulation of the thyroid axis leading to marked alterations in energy balance. The potential of thyroid hormones in the treatment of obesity has been known for decades, but their therapeutic use has been hampered because of side-effects. Data gleaned over the past few years, however, have uncovered new features at the mechanisms of action involved in thyroid hormones. Sophisticated neurobiological approaches have allowed the identification of specific energy sensors, such as AMP-activated protein kinase and mechanistic target of rapamycin, acting in specific groups of hypothalamic neurons, mediating many of the effects of thyroid hormones on food intake, energy expenditure, glucose, lipid metabolism, and cardiovascular function. More extensive knowledge about these molecular mechanisms will be of great relevance for the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Martínez-Sánchez
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain.
| | - Clara V Alvarez
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain.
| | - Johan Fernø
- Department of Clinical Science, K. G. Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Rubén Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain.
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain.
| | - Miguel López
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain.
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Ortiga-Carvalho TM, Sidhaye AR, Wondisford FE. Thyroid hormone receptors and resistance to thyroid hormone disorders. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2014; 10:582-91. [PMID: 25135573 PMCID: PMC4578869 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2014.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone action is predominantly mediated by thyroid hormone receptors (THRs), which are encoded by the thyroid hormone receptor α (THRA) and thyroid hormone receptor β (THRB) genes. Patients with mutations in THRB present with resistance to thyroid hormone β (RTHβ), which is a disorder characterized by elevated levels of thyroid hormone, normal or elevated levels of TSH and goitre. Mechanistic insights about the contributions of THRβ to various processes, including colour vision, development of the cochlea and the cerebellum, and normal functioning of the adult liver and heart, have been obtained by either introducing human THRB mutations into mice or by deletion of the mouse Thrb gene. The introduction of the same mutations that mimic human THRβ alterations into the mouse Thra and Thrb genes resulted in distinct phenotypes, which suggests that THRA and THRB might have non-overlapping functions in human physiology. These studies also suggested that THRA mutations might not be lethal. Seven patients with mutations in THRα have since been described. These patients have RTHα and presented with major abnormalities in growth and gastrointestinal function. The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in these individuals is minimally affected, which suggests that the central T3 feedback loop is not impaired in patients with RTHα, in stark contrast to patients with RTHβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia M Ortiga-Carvalho
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, S/N, Cidade Universitária, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aniket R Sidhaye
- Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, CMSC 10-113, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Fredric E Wondisford
- Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, CMSC 10-113, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Orozco A, Navarrete-Ramírez P, Olvera A, García-G C. 3,5-Diiodothyronine (T2) is on a role. A new hormone in search of recognition. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 203:174-80. [PMID: 24602963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) actions are mediated by triiodothyronine (T3), which acts by binding to the TH receptors (TRs). Since TH exert pleiotropic effects, interest has grown in identifying other possible bioactive thyronines that could explain their diversity of functions. Accordingly, 3,5-diiodothyronine (T2) has been shown to be bioactive. In mammals, T2 regulates mRNA expression of several T3-regulated genes, but doses up to 100-fold greater than those of T3 were required to generate comparable effects. In teleosts, T2 and T3 regulate gene expression in vivo with equivalent potency. Furthermore, in vivo and in vitro studies support the notion that T2 binds to and activates a specific, long TRβ1 isoform that contains a nine amino acid insert at the beginning of the ligand binding domain, whereas T3 can interact also with a different TRβ1 isoform that lacks this insert. Similarly, T2 and T3 differentially regulate long- and short-TRβ1 expression, respectively, strongly suggesting a different signaling pathway for each hormone, at least in the species that express both receptors. In vivo, T2 effectively triggers a burst of body growth in tilapia by interacting with the long TRβ1 isoform, supporting the notion that T2 is physiologically relevant in this species. Current knowledge of T2 effects and action mechanisms lead us to propose that there is an extra level in the thyroid hormone signaling cascade, and that T2 is produced and regulated specifically for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurea Orozco
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Qro. 76230, Mexico.
| | - Pamela Navarrete-Ramírez
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Qro. 76230, Mexico
| | - Aurora Olvera
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Qro. 76230, Mexico
| | - Carlota García-G
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Clavel 200, Querétaro, Qro. 76017, Mexico
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Uribe RM, Jaimes-Hoy L, Ramírez-Martínez C, García-Vázquez A, Romero F, Cisneros M, Cote-Vélez A, Charli JL, Joseph-Bravo P. Voluntary exercise adapts the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis in male rats. Endocrinology 2014; 155:2020-30. [PMID: 24605825 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary thyroid (HPT) axis modulates energy homeostasis. Its activity decreases in conditions of negative energy balance but the effects of chronic exercise on the axis are controversial and unknown at hypothalamic level. Wistar male rats were exposed for up to 14 days to voluntary wheel running (WR), or pair-feeding (PF; 18% food restriction), or to repeated restraint (RR), a mild stressor. WR and RR diminished food intake; body weight gain decreased in the 3 experimental groups, but WAT mass and serum leptin more intensely in the WR group. WR, but not RR, produced a delayed inhibition of central markers of HPT axis activity. At day 14, in WR rats paraventricular nucleus-pro-TRH mRNA and serum TSH levels decreased, anterior pituitary TRH-receptor 1 mRNA levels increased, but serum thyroid hormone levels were unaltered, which is consistent with decreased secretion of TRH and clearance of thyroid hormones. A similar pattern was observed if WR animals were euthanized during their activity phase. In contrast, in PF animals the profound drop of HPT axis activity included decreased serum T3 levels and hepatic deiodinase 1 activity; these changes were correlated with an intense increase in serum corticosterone levels. WR effects on HPT axis were not associated with changes in the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis, but correlated positively with serum leptin levels. These data demonstrate that voluntary WR adapts the status of the HPT axis, through pathways that are distinct from those observed during food restriction or repeated stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa María Uribe
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca Morelos, México
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