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Quiroga DT, Narvaéz Pardo JA, Zubiría MG, Barrales B, Muñoz MC, Giovambattista A, Dominici FP. Acute In Vivo Administration of Compound 21 Stimulates Akt and ERK1/2 Phosphorylation in Mouse Heart and Adipose Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16839. [PMID: 38069161 PMCID: PMC10706736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor has a role in promoting insulin sensitivity. However, the mechanisms underlying the AT2 receptor-induced facilitation of insulin are still not completely understood. Therefore, we investigated whether acute in vivo administration of AT2 receptor agonist compound 21 (C21) could activate insulin signaling molecules in insulin-target tissues. We report that, in male C57BL/6 mice, an acute (5 min, 0.25 mg/kg; i.v.) injection of C21 induces the phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2 at activating residues (Ser473 and Thr202/Tyr204, respectively) in both epididymal white adipose tissue (WAT) and heart tissue. In WAT, the extent of phosphorylation (p) of Akt and ERK1/2 induced by C21 was approximately 65% of the level detected after a bolus injection of a dose of insulin known to induce maximal activation of the insulin receptor (IR). In the heart, C21 stimulated p-Akt to a lesser extent than in WAT and stimulated p-ERK1/2 to similar levels to those attained by insulin administration. C21 did not modify p-IR levels in either tissue. We conclude that in vivo injection of the AT2 receptor agonist C21 activates Akt and ERK1/2 through a mechanism that does not involve the IR, indicating the participation of these enzymes in AT2R-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego T. Quiroga
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica and IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Jorge A. Narvaéz Pardo
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica and IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - María G. Zubiría
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP), La Plata B1906APO, Argentina
| | - Benjamín Barrales
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica and IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Marina C. Muñoz
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica and IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Andrés Giovambattista
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP), La Plata B1906APO, Argentina
| | - Fernando P. Dominici
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica and IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
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Steckelings UM, Widdop RE, Sturrock ED, Lubbe L, Hussain T, Kaschina E, Unger T, Hallberg A, Carey RM, Sumners C. The Angiotensin AT 2 Receptor: From a Binding Site to a Novel Therapeutic Target. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:1051-1135. [PMID: 36180112 PMCID: PMC9553111 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovered more than 30 years ago, the angiotensin AT2 receptor (AT2R) has evolved from a binding site with unknown function to a firmly established major effector within the protective arm of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and a target for new drugs in development. The AT2R represents an endogenous protective mechanism that can be manipulated in the majority of preclinical models to alleviate lung, renal, cardiovascular, metabolic, cutaneous, and neural diseases as well as cancer. This article is a comprehensive review summarizing our current knowledge of the AT2R, from its discovery to its position within the RAS and its overall functions. This is followed by an in-depth look at the characteristics of the AT2R, including its structure, intracellular signaling, homo- and heterodimerization, and expression. AT2R-selective ligands, from endogenous peptides to synthetic peptides and nonpeptide molecules that are used as research tools, are discussed. Finally, we summarize the known physiological roles of the AT2R and its abundant protective effects in multiple experimental disease models and expound on AT2R ligands that are undergoing development for clinical use. The present review highlights the controversial aspects and gaps in our knowledge of this receptor and illuminates future perspectives for AT2R research. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The angiotensin AT2 receptor (AT2R) is now regarded as a fully functional and important component of the renin-angiotensin system, with the potential of exerting protective actions in a variety of diseases. This review provides an in-depth view of the AT2R, which has progressed from being an enigma to becoming a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Muscha Steckelings
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Robert E Widdop
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Edward D Sturrock
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Lizelle Lubbe
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Tahir Hussain
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Elena Kaschina
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Thomas Unger
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Anders Hallberg
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Robert M Carey
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Colin Sumners
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
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3
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Biondi G, Marrano N, Borrelli A, Rella M, Palma G, Calderoni I, Siciliano E, Lops P, Giorgino F, Natalicchio A. Adipose Tissue Secretion Pattern Influences β-Cell Wellness in the Transition from Obesity to Type 2 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105522. [PMID: 35628332 PMCID: PMC9143684 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The dysregulation of the β-cell functional mass, which is a reduction in the number of β-cells and their ability to secure adequate insulin secretion, represents a key mechanistic factor leading to the onset of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Obesity is recognised as a leading cause of β-cell loss and dysfunction and a risk factor for T2D. The natural history of β-cell failure in obesity-induced T2D can be divided into three steps: (1) β-cell compensatory hyperplasia and insulin hypersecretion, (2) insulin secretory dysfunction, and (3) loss of β-cell mass. Adipose tissue (AT) secretes many hormones/cytokines (adipokines) and fatty acids that can directly influence β-cell function and viability. As this secretory pattern is altered in obese and diabetic patients, it is expected that the cross-talk between AT and pancreatic β-cells could drive the maintenance of the β-cell integrity under physiological conditions and contribute to the reduction in the β-cell functional mass in a dysmetabolic state. In the current review, we summarise the evidence of the ability of the AT secretome to influence each step of β-cell failure, and attempt to draw a timeline of the alterations in the adipokine secretion pattern in the transition from obesity to T2D that reflects the progressive deterioration of the β-cell functional mass.
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Fatima N, Patel SN, Hussain T. Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor: A Target for Protection Against Hypertension, Metabolic Dysfunction, and Organ Remodeling. Hypertension 2021; 77:1845-1856. [PMID: 33840201 PMCID: PMC8115429 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.11941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system is of vital significance not only in the maintenance of blood pressure but also because of its role in the pathophysiology of different organ systems in the body. Of the 2 Ang II (angiotensin II) receptors, the AT1R (Ang II type 1 receptor) has been extensively studied for its role in mediating the classical functions of Ang II, including vasoconstriction, stimulation of renal tubular sodium reabsorption, hormonal secretion, cell proliferation, inflammation, and oxidative stress. The other receptor, AT2R (Ang II type 2 receptor), is abundantly expressed in both immune and nonimmune cells in fetal tissue. However, its expression is increased under pathological conditions in adult tissues. The role of AT2R in counteracting AT1R function has been discussed in the past 2 decades. However, with the discovery of the nonpeptide agonist C21, the significance of AT2R in various pathologies such as obesity, hypertension, and kidney diseases have been examined. This review focuses on the most recent findings on the beneficial effects of AT2R by summarizing both gene knockout studies as well as pharmacological studies, specifically highlighting its importance in blood pressure regulation, obesity/metabolism, organ protection, and relevance in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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Affiliation(s)
- Naureen Fatima
- From the Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, TX
| | - Sanket N Patel
- From the Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, TX
| | - Tahir Hussain
- From the Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, TX
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5
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Coombs AAT, Lawson T, Daniel R, Kim C, Rashid MM. Roadmap: one anesthesiology department's strategic approach to COVID-19. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2021; 34:54-61. [PMID: 33337671 DOI: 10.1097/aco.0000000000000950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The COVID-19 pandemic has driven transformation in every aspect of the healthcare delivery system. The unpredictable onset and magnitude of COVID-19 infections resulted in wide gaps in preparedness for healthcare systems. The development of protocols to address both scarcity of resources and staff protection continues to be essential for risk mitigation. RECENT FINDINGS The northeast region of the United States had a rapid early surge of COVID-19 infections leading to the exhaustion of critical care capacity. In addition, northeastern hospitals experienced decrease in elective surgical interventions, including organ transplantation. Limited availability of COVID-19 testing and personal protective equipment further fueled the pandemic. This commentary highlights a comprehensive innovative approach to addressing the operating room and hospital demands, as well as the shortages in resources and staffing during the pandemic. SUMMARY The VCU Department of Anesthesiology operated at 40% of its regular operating room volume throughout the COVID-19 pandemic because of the increased demand from emergency cases. The delay in the peak surge allowed Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Anesthesiology to develop a comprehensive infrastructure resulting in resulting is maximal workforce risk mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamara Lawson
- Department of Anesthesiology, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Ronsard Daniel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Christin Kim
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298, Virginia, USA
| | - Megan M Rashid
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298, Virginia, USA
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Dominici FP, Veiras LC, Shen JZY, Bernstein EA, Quiroga DT, Steckelings UM, Bernstein KE, Giani JF. Activation of AT 2 receptors prevents diabetic complications in female db/db mice by NO-mediated mechanisms. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4766-4781. [PMID: 32851652 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The AT2 receptor plays a role in metabolism by opposing the actions triggered by the AT1 receptors. Activation of AT2 receptors has been shown to enhance insulin sensitivity in both normal and insulin resistance animal models. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which AT2 receptors activation improves metabolism in diabetic mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Female diabetic (db/db) and non-diabetic (db/+) mice were treated for 1 month with the selective AT2 agonist, compound 21 (C21, 0.3 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 , s.c.). To evaluate whether the effects of C21 depend on NO production, a subgroup of mice was treated with C21 plus a sub-pressor dose of the NOS inhibitor l-NAME (0.1 mg·ml-1 , drinking water). KEY RESULTS C21-treated db/db mice displayed improved glucose and pyruvate tolerance compared with saline-treated db/db mice. Also, C21-treated db/db mice showed reduced liver weight and decreased hepatic lipid accumulation compared with saline-treated db/db mice. Insulin signalling analysis showed increased phosphorylation of the insulin receptor, Akt and FOXO1 in the livers of C21-treated db/db mice compared with saline-treated counterparts. These findings were associated with increased adiponectin levels in plasma and adipose tissue and reduced adipocyte size in inguinal fat. The beneficial effects of AT2 receptors activation were associated with increased eNOS phosphorylation and higher levels of NO metabolites and were abolished by l-NAME. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Chronic C21 infusion exerts beneficial metabolic effects in female diabetic db/db mice, alleviating type 2 diabetes complications, through a mechanism that involves NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando P Dominici
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana C Veiras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Justin Z Y Shen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ellen A Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Diego T Quiroga
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ulrike M Steckelings
- IMM-Department of Cardiovascular & Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kenneth E Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jorge F Giani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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7
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Quiroga DT, Miquet JG, Gonzalez L, Sotelo AI, Muñoz MC, Geraldes PM, Giani JF, Dominici FP. Mice lacking angiotensin type 2 receptor exhibit a sex-specific attenuation of insulin sensitivity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 498:110587. [PMID: 31539597 PMCID: PMC6903409 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system modulates insulin action. Pharmacological stimulation of angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) was shown to have beneficial metabolic effects in various animal models of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes and also to increase insulin sensitivity in wild type mice. In this study we further explored the role of the AT2R on insulin action and glucose homeostasis by investigating the glycemic profile and in vivo insulin signaling status in insulin-target tissues from both male and female AT2R knockout (KO) mice. When compared to the respective wild-type (WT) group, glycemia and insulinemia was unaltered in AT2RKO mice regardless of sex. However, female AT2RKO mice displayed decreased insulin sensitivity compared to their WT littermates. This was accompanied by a compensatory increase in adiponectinemia and with a specific attenuation of the activity of main insulin signaling components (insulin receptor, Akt and ERK1/2) in adipose tissue with no apparent alterations in insulin signaling in either liver or skeletal muscle. These parameters remained unaltered in male AT2RKO mice as compared to male WT mice. Present data show that the AT2R has a physiological role in the conservation of insulin action in female but not in male mice. Our results suggest a sexual dimorphism in the control of insulin action and glucose homeostasis by the AT2R and reinforce the notion that pharmacological modulation of the balance between the AT1R and AT2R receptor could be important for treatment of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego T Quiroga
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Johanna G Miquet
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lorena Gonzalez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana I Sotelo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina C Muñoz
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pedro M Geraldes
- Research Center of the CHU de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jorge F Giani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fernando P Dominici
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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8
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White MC, Fleeman R, Arnold AC. Sex differences in the metabolic effects of the renin-angiotensin system. Biol Sex Differ 2019; 10:31. [PMID: 31262355 PMCID: PMC6604144 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-019-0247-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global epidemic that greatly increases risk for developing cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes. Sex differences in the obese phenotype are well established in experimental animal models and clinical populations. While having higher adiposity and obesity prevalence, females are generally protected from obesity-related metabolic and cardiovascular complications. This protection is, at least in part, attributed to sex differences in metabolic effects of hormonal mediators such as the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Previous literature has predominantly focused on the vasoconstrictor arm of the RAS and shown that, in contrast to male rodent models of obesity and diabetes, females are protected from metabolic and cardiovascular derangements produced by angiotensinogen, renin, and angiotensin II. A vasodilator arm of the RAS has more recently emerged which includes angiotensin-(1-7), angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), mas receptors, and alamandine. While accumulating evidence suggests that activation of components of this counter-regulatory axis produces positive effects on glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and energy balance in male animal models, female comparison studies and clinical data related to metabolic outcomes are lacking. This review will summarize current knowledge of sex differences in metabolic effects of the RAS, focusing on interactions with gonadal hormones and potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C White
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca Fleeman
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Mail Code H109, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Amy C Arnold
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Mail Code H109, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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9
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Shoemaker R, AlSiraj Y, Chen J, Cassis LA. Pancreatic AT1aR Deficiency Decreases Insulin Secretion in Obese C57BL/6 Mice. Am J Hypertens 2019; 32:597-604. [PMID: 30903169 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpz042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we demonstrated that obese mice have marked elevations in systemic concentrations of angiotensin II (AngII). Drugs that inhibit the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), including angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) antagonists, have been reported to delay the onset of type 2 diabetes (T2D), suggesting improvements in insulin sensitivity or regulation of pancreatic insulin secretion. Pancreatic islets possess components of the RAS, including AT1R, but it is unclear if AngII acts at islets to regulate insulin secretion during the development of T2D. METHODS We deleted AT1aR from pancreatic islets and examined effects on insulin secretion in mice fed a low-fat (LF) or high-fat (HF) diet. In separate studies, to exacerbate the system, we infused HF-fed mice of each genotype with AngII. RESULTS Pancreatic AT1aR deficiency impaired glucose tolerance and elevated plasma glucose concentrations in HF, but not LF-fed mice. In HF-fed mice, high glucose increased insulin secretion from islets of AT1aRfl/fl, but not AT1aRpdx mice. In AngII-infused mice, following glucose challenge, plasma glucose or insulin concentrations were not significantly different between genotypes. Moreover, high glucose stimulated insulin secretion from islets of AT1aRfl/fl and AT1aRpdx mice, presumably related to weight loss, and improved insulin sensitivity in both groups of AngII-infused HF-fed mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that during the adaptive response to insulin resistance from HF feeding, AngII promotes insulin secretion from islets through an AT1aR mechanism. These results suggest the timing of initiation of AT1R blockade may be important in the progression from prediabetes to T2D with β-cell failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Shoemaker
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Yasir AlSiraj
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jeff Chen
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Lisa A Cassis
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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10
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Castoldi G, di Gioia CRT, Roma F, Carletti R, Manzoni G, Stella A, Zerbini G, Perseghin G. Activation of angiotensin type 2 (AT2) receptors prevents myocardial hypertrophy in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Acta Diabetol 2019; 56:97-104. [PMID: 30187136 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-018-1220-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Compound 21 (C21), selective AT2 receptor agonist, has cardioprotective effects in experimental models of hypertension and myocardial infarction. The aims of the study was to evaluate the effect of C21, losartan, or both in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats (type 2 diabetes) on (1) the prevention of myocardial hypertrophy; (2) myocardial expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), a target gene of miR-30a-3p, involved in myocardial remodelling. METHODS Experiments were performed in ZDF (n = 33) and in control Lean (8) rats. From the 6th to the 20th week of age, we administered C21 (0.3 mg/kg/day) to 8 ZDF rats. 8 ZDF rats were treated with losartan (10 mg/kg/day), 8 rats underwent combination treatment, C21+ losartan, and 9 ZDF rats were left untreated. Blood glucose and blood pressure were measured every 4 weeks. At the end of the study the hearts were removed, the apex was cut for the quantification of PTEN mRNA and miR-30a-3p expression (realtime-PCR). Myocardial hypertrophy was evaluated by histomorphometric analysis, and nitrotyrosine expression (as marker of oxidative stress) by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS ZDF rats had higher blood glucose (p < 0.0001) with respect to control Lean rats, while blood pressure did not change. Both parameters were not modified by C21 treatment, while losartan and losartan + C21 reduced blood pressure in ZDF rats (p < 0.05). miR-30a-3p expression was increased in ZDF rats (p < 0.01) and PTEN mRNA expression was decreased (p < 0.05). ZDF rats developed myocardial hypertrophy (p < 0.01) and increased oxidative stress (p < 0.01), both were prevented by C21 or losartan, or combination treatment. C21 or losartan normalized the expression of miR-30a-3p and PTEN. CONCLUSIONS Activation of AT2 receptors or AT1 receptor blockade prevents the development of myocardial hypertrophy in ZDF rats. This occurs through the modulation of the miR-30a-3p/PTEN interaction.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blood Glucose/drug effects
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Cardiomegaly/etiology
- Cardiomegaly/pathology
- Cardiomegaly/prevention & control
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Diabetic Cardiomyopathies/pathology
- Diabetic Cardiomyopathies/prevention & control
- Losartan/pharmacology
- Male
- Obesity/complications
- Obesity/drug therapy
- Obesity/pathology
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Rats
- Rats, Zucker
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/agonists
- Sulfonamides/therapeutic use
- Thiophenes/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Castoldi
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore, 48, 20900, Monza, MB, Italy.
| | - Cira R T di Gioia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Radiologiche, Oncologiche e Anatomopatologiche, Istituto di Anatomia Patologica, Sapienza Universita' di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Roma
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore, 48, 20900, Monza, MB, Italy
| | - Raffaella Carletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Radiologiche, Oncologiche e Anatomopatologiche, Istituto di Anatomia Patologica, Sapienza Universita' di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Manzoni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Riabilitazione, Policlinico di Monza, Monza, Italy
| | - Andrea Stella
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore, 48, 20900, Monza, MB, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Zerbini
- Unità Complicanze del Diabete, Diabetes Research Institute, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Perseghin
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore, 48, 20900, Monza, MB, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Riabilitazione, Policlinico di Monza, Monza, Italy
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11
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Quiroga DT, Muñoz MC, Gil C, Pffeifer M, Toblli JE, Steckelings UM, Giani JF, Dominici FP. Chronic administration of the angiotensin type 2 receptor agonist C21 improves insulin sensitivity in C57BL/6 mice. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13824. [PMID: 30156060 PMCID: PMC6113135 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system modulates insulin action. Angiotensin type 1 receptor exerts a deleterious effect, whereas the angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) appears to have beneficial effects providing protection against insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. To further explore the role of the AT2R on insulin action and glucose homeostasis, in this study we administered C57Bl/6 mice with the synthetic agonist of the AT2R C21 for 12 weeks (1 mg/kg per day; ip). Vehicle-treated animals were used as control. Metabolic parameters, glucose, and insulin tolerance, in vivo insulin signaling in main insulin-target tissues as well as adipose tissue levels of adiponectin, and TNF-α were assessed. C21-treated animals displayed decreased glycemia together with unaltered insulinemia, increased insulin sensitivity, and increased glucose tolerance compared to nontreated controls. This was accompanied by a significant decrease in adipocytes size in epididymal adipose tissue and significant increases in both adiponectin and UCP-1 expression in this tissue. C21-treated mice showed an increase in both basal Akt and ERK1/2 phosphorylation levels in the liver, and increased insulin-stimulated Akt activation in adipose tissue. This positive modulation of insulin action induced by C21 appeared not to involve the insulin receptor. In C21-treated mice, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle became unresponsive to insulin in terms of ERK1/2 phosphorylation levels. Present data show that chronic pharmacological activation of AT2R with C21 increases insulin sensitivity in mice and indicate that the AT2R has a physiological role in the conservation of insulin action.
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MESH Headings
- Adipocytes/drug effects
- Adiponectin/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue/metabolism
- Animals
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Cell Size/drug effects
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods
- Glucose Tolerance Test
- Insulin Resistance/physiology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/physiology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/agonists
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/physiology
- Signal Transduction
- Sulfonamides/administration & dosage
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Thiophenes/administration & dosage
- Thiophenes/pharmacology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Tomás Quiroga
- Departamento de Química Biológica‐Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (CONICET)Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaUniversidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Marina C. Muñoz
- Departamento de Química Biológica‐Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (CONICET)Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaUniversidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Carolina Gil
- Departamento de Química Biológica‐Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (CONICET)Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaUniversidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Marlies Pffeifer
- Departamento de Química Biológica‐Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (CONICET)Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaUniversidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Jorge E. Toblli
- Laboratory of Experimental MedicineHospital Alemán de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Ulrike M. Steckelings
- IMM ‐ Deptartment of Cardiovascular & Renal ResearchUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - Jorge F. Giani
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - Fernando P. Dominici
- Departamento de Química Biológica‐Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (CONICET)Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaUniversidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
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12
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Packer M. Role of the sodium-hydrogen exchanger in mediating the renal effects of drugs commonly used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20:800-811. [PMID: 29227582 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is characterized by increased activity of the sodium-hydrogen exchanger (NHE) in the glomerulus and renal tubules, which contributes importantly to the development of nephropathy. Despite the established role played by the exchanger in experimental studies, it has not been specifically targeted by those seeking to develop novel pharmacological treatments for diabetes. This review demonstrates that many existing drugs that are commonly prescribed to patients with diabetes act on the NHE1 and NHE3 isoforms in the kidney. This action may explain their effects on sodium excretion, albuminuria and the progressive decline of glomerular function in clinical trials; these responses cannot be readily explained by the influence of these drugs on blood glucose. Agents that may affect the kidney in diabetes by virtue of an action on NHE include: (1) insulin and insulin sensitizers; (2) incretin-based agents; (3) sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors; (4) antagonists of the renin-angiotensin system (angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers and angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitors); and (5) inhibitors of aldosterone action and cholesterol synthesis (spironolactone, amiloride and statins). The renal effects of each of these drug classes in patients with type 2 diabetes may be related to a single shared biological mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton Packer
- Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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13
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Yoo YM, Park YC. Streptozotocin-Induced Autophagy Reduces Intracellular Insulin in Insulinoma INS-1E Cells. DNA Cell Biol 2018; 37:160-167. [PMID: 29485914 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2017.3874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptozotocin (STZ), a glucose analog, induces diabetes in experimental animals by inducing preferential cytotoxicity in pancreatic beta cells. We investigated whether STZ reduced the production of intracellular insulin through autophagy in insulinoma INS-1E cells. Typically, 2 mM STZ treatment for 24 h significantly decreased cell survival. STZ treatment led to significant decrease in phospho-AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) level; reduction in levels of phospho-protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) and inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α); significant reduction in levels of p85α, p110, phospho-serine and threonine kinase/protein kinase B (p-Akt/PKB) (Ser473), phospho-extracellular-regulated kinase (p-ERK), and phospho-mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR); increase in levels of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD), Mn-SOD, and catalase; decrease in B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) expression; increase in Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) expression; increase in levels of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) and Beclin 1; and reduction in production of intracellular insulin. These results suggest that insulin synthesis during STZ treatment involves autophagy in INS-1E cells and, subsequently, results in a decrease in intracellular production of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong-Min Yoo
- 1 Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Chul Park
- 2 Division of Forest Science, Institute of Forest Science, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences , Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
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14
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Yan F, Yuan Z, Wang N, Carey RM, Aylor KW, Chen L, Zhou X, Liu Z. Direct Activation of Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptors Enhances Muscle Microvascular Perfusion, Oxygenation, and Insulin Delivery in Male Rats. Endocrinology 2018; 159:685-695. [PMID: 29186390 PMCID: PMC5774251 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II receptors regulate muscle microvascular recruitment and the delivery of nutrients, oxygen, and insulin to muscle. Although angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonism increases muscle microvascular perfusion and insulin action, angiotensin type 2 receptor blockade markedly restricts muscle microvascular blood volume and decreases muscle delivery of insulin. To examine the effects of direct type 2 receptor stimulation using Compound 21 (C21) on microvascular perfusion, insulin delivery and action, and tissue oxygenation in muscle, overnight-fasted adult male rats were infused with C21 systemically. C21 potently increased microvascular blood volume without altering microvascular flow velocity or blood pressure, resulting in a net increase in microvascular blood flow in muscle. This was associated with a substantial increase in muscle interstitial oxygen saturation and insulin delivery into the skeletal and cardiac muscle. These effects were neutralized by coinfusion of the type 2 receptor antagonist or nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. Superimposing C21 infusion on insulin infusion increased insulin-mediated whole body glucose disposal by 50%. C21 significantly relaxed the preconstricted distal saphenous artery ex vivo. We have concluded that direct type 2 receptor stimulation markedly increases muscle microvascular perfusion through nitric oxide biosynthesis and enhances insulin delivery and action in muscle. These findings provide a physiologic mechanistic insight into type 2 receptor modulation of insulin action and suggest that type 2 receptor agonists might have therapeutic potential in the management of diabetes and its associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Zhaoshun Yuan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Nasui Wang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903
- Department of Endocrinology, Shantou University First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Robert M. Carey
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903
| | - Kevin W. Aylor
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Xinmin Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Zhenqi Liu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903
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15
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Bruce EB, de Kloet AD. The intricacies of the renin-angiotensin-system in metabolic regulation. Physiol Behav 2017; 178:157-165. [PMID: 27887998 PMCID: PMC5600901 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over recent years, the renin-angiotensin-system (RAS), which is best-known as an endocrine system with established roles in hydromineral balance and blood pressure control, has emerged as a fundamental regulator of many additional physiological and pathophysiological processes. In this manuscript, we celebrate and honor Randall Sakai's commitment to his trainees, as well as his contribution to science. Scientifically, Randall made many notable contributions to the recognition of the RAS's roles in brain and behavior. His interests, in this regard, ranged from its traditionally-accepted roles in hydromineral balance, to its less-appreciated functions in stress responses and energy metabolism. Here we review the current understanding of the role of the RAS in the regulation of metabolism. In particular, the opposing actions of the RAS within adipose tissue vs. its actions within the brain are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin B Bruce
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, United States
| | - Annette D de Kloet
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, United States.
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16
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Angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) in renal and cardiovascular disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 130:1307-26. [PMID: 27358027 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is well-considered to be the principal effector of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which binds with strong affinity to the angiotensin II type 1 (AT1R) and type 2 (AT2R) receptor subtype. However, activation of both receptors is likely to stimulate different signalling mechanisms/pathways and produce distinct biological responses. The haemodynamic and non-haemodynamic effects of Ang II, including its ability to regulate blood pressure, maintain water-electrolyte balance and promote vasoconstriction and cellular growth are well-documented to be mediated primarily by the AT1R. However, its biological and functional effects mediated through the AT2R subtype are still poorly understood. Recent studies have emphasized that activation of the AT2R regulates tissue and organ development and provides in certain context a potential counter-regulatory mechanism against AT1R-mediated actions. Thus, this review will focus on providing insights into the biological role of the AT2R, in particular its actions within the renal and cardiovascular system.
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17
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Hallberg M, Sumners C, Steckelings UM, Hallberg A. Small-molecule AT2 receptor agonists. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:602-624. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, BMC; Uppsala University; P.O. Box 591 SE751 24 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Colin Sumners
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida; College of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute; Gainesville FL 32611
| | - U. Muscha Steckelings
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research; University of Southern Denmark; P.O. Box 5230 Odense Denmark
| | - Anders Hallberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC; Uppsala University; P.O. Box 574 SE-751 23 Uppsala Sweden
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18
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Tamargo M, Tamargo J. Future drug discovery in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system intervention. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:827-848. [PMID: 28541811 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1335301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASIs), including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin AT1 receptor blockers and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), are the cornerstone for the treatment of cardiovascular and renal diseases. Areas covered: The authors searched MEDLINE, PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov to identify eligible full-text English language papers. Herein, the authors discuss AT2-receptor agonists and ACE2/angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas-receptor axis modulators, direct renin inhibitors, brain aminopeptidase A inhibitors, biased AT1R blockers, chymase inhibitors, multitargeted drugs, vaccines and aldosterone receptor antagonists as well as aldosterone synthase inhibitors. Expert opinion: Preclinical studies have demonstrated that activation of the protective axis of the RAAS represents a novel therapeutic strategy for treating cardiovascular and renal diseases, but there are no clinical trials supporting our expectations. Non-steroidal MRAs might become the third-generation of MRAs for the treatment of heart failure, diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. The main challenge for these new drugs is that conventional RAASIs are safe, effective and cheap generics. Thus, the future of new RAASIs will be directed by economical/strategic reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tamargo
- a Department of Cardiology , Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, CIBERCV , Madrid , Spain
| | - Juan Tamargo
- b Department of Pharmacology , School of Medicine, University Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, CIBERCV , Madrid , Spain
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19
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Microvascular vasodilator properties of the angiotensin II type 2 receptor in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45625. [PMID: 28361992 PMCID: PMC5374544 DOI: 10.1038/srep45625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus is associated with severe cardiovascular disorders involving the renin-angiotensin system, mainly through activation of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R). Although the type 2 receptor (AT2R) opposes the effects of AT1R, with vasodilator and anti-trophic properties, its role in diabetes is debatable. Thus we investigated AT2R-mediated dilatation in a model of type 1 diabetes induced by streptozotocin in 5-month-old male mice lacking AT2R (AT2R−/y). Glucose tolerance was reduced and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress (cyclooxygenase-2, gp91phox p22phox and p67phox) were increased in AT2R−/y mice compared to wild-type (WT) animals. Streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemia was higher in AT2R−/y than in WT mice. Arterial gp91phox and MnSOD expression levels in addition to blood 8-isoprostane and creatinine were further increased in diabetic AT2R−/y mice compared to diabetic WT mice. AT2R-dependent dilatation in both isolated mesenteric resistance arteries and perfused kidneys was greater in diabetic mice than in non-diabetic animals. Thus, in type 1 diabetes, AT2R may reduce glycaemia and display anti-oxidant and/or anti-inflammatory properties in association with greater vasodilatation in mesenteric arteries and in the renal vasculature, a major target of diabetes. Therefore AT2R might represent a new therapeutic target in diabetes.
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Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Activation With Compound 21 Augments Islet Function and Regeneration in Streptozotocin-Induced Neonatal Rats and Human Pancreatic Progenitor Cells. Pancreas 2017; 46:395-404. [PMID: 28099262 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the effects of compound 21 (C21), a nonpeptide angiotensin II type 2 receptor agonist, on islet cell function and survival in streptozotocin (STZ)-treated neonatal rats and human pancreatic progenitor cells. METHODS Neonatal rats were randomized into 5 groups, including a control, an STZ (100 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), and 3 STZ + C21 (0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg per day for 7 days, intraperitoneally) groups. Body weight and blood glucose were monitored daily. On the last experimental day, serum insulin levels and glucose tolerance were assessed, and the rat pups' pancreata were extracted for examination of islet cell function/mass and involvement of signaling pathways. RESULTS The C21-treated STZ rats, particularly in the 0.5- and 1 mg/kg-dosage groups, had significantly decreased blood glucose, increased serum insulin concentrations, higher glucose-stimulated insulin secretion activity, and greater islet-cell mass and up-regulated expression of insulin and Ngn3 in the pancreas than did the control groups; these rats also demonstrated increased β-cell proliferation, lower superoxide levels and enhanced SOD1 expression, and up-regulated phospho-AKT expression; consistently, similar results were also observed in human pancreatic progenitor cells. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that C21 has a beneficial effect on islet cell function and regeneration, probably via proliferative and antioxidative pathways.
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21
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Muñoz MC, Burghi V, Miquet JG, Cervino IA, Quiroga DT, Mazziotta L, Dominici FP. Chronic blockade of the AT2 receptor with PD123319 impairs insulin signaling in C57BL/6 mice. Peptides 2017; 88:37-45. [PMID: 27979738 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system modulates insulin action. Angiotensin type 1 receptor exerts a deleterious effects while the angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) appears to have beneficial effects providing protection against insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Although recent reports indicate that agonism of AT2R ameliorates diabetes and insulin resistance, the phenotype of AT2R-knockout mice seems to be controversial relating this aspect. Thus, in this study we have explored the role of AT2R in the control of insulin action. To that end, C57Bl/6 mice were administered the synthetic AT2R antagonist PD123319 for 21days (10mg/kg/day ip); vehicle treated animals were used as control. Glucose tolerance, metabolic parameters, in vivo insulin signaling in main insulin-target tissues as well as levels of adiponectin, TNF-α, MCP-1 and IL-6 in adipose tissue were assessed. AT2R blockade with PD123319 induced a marginal effect on glucose homeostasis but an important reduction in the insulin-induced phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and Akt in both liver and adipose tissue. Insulin signaling in skeletal muscle remained unaltered after treatment with PD123319, which could explain the minimal effect on glucose homeostasis induced by PD123319. Our current results reinforce the notion that the AT2R has a physiological role in the conservation of insulin action.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Muñoz
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires IQUIFIB-CONICET, Junín 956, 6to piso, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - V Burghi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires IQUIFIB-CONICET, Junín 956, 6to piso, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J G Miquet
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires IQUIFIB-CONICET, Junín 956, 6to piso, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - I A Cervino
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires IQUIFIB-CONICET, Junín 956, 6to piso, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D T Quiroga
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires IQUIFIB-CONICET, Junín 956, 6to piso, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L Mazziotta
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires IQUIFIB-CONICET, Junín 956, 6to piso, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - F P Dominici
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires IQUIFIB-CONICET, Junín 956, 6to piso, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Paulis L, Foulquier S, Namsolleck P, Recarti C, Steckelings UM, Unger T. Combined Angiotensin Receptor Modulation in the Management of Cardio-Metabolic Disorders. Drugs 2016; 76:1-12. [PMID: 26631237 PMCID: PMC4700059 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-015-0509-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, such as hypertension, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia or obesity are linked with chronic low-grade inflammation and dysregulation of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS). Consequently, RAS inhibition by ACE inhibitors or angiotensin AT1 receptor (AT1R) blockers is the evidence-based standard for cardiovascular risk reduction in high-risk patients, including diabetics with albuminuria. In addition, RAS inhibition reduces the new onset of diabetes mellitus. Yet, the high and increasing prevalence of metabolic disorders, and the high residual risk even in properly treated patients, calls for additional means of pharmacological intervention. In the past decade, the stimulation of the angiotensin AT2 receptor (AT2R) has been shown to reduce inflammation, improve cardiac and vascular remodeling, enhance insulin sensitivity and increase adiponectin production. Therefore, a concept of dual AT1R/AT2R modulation emerges as a putative means for risk reduction in cardio-metabolic diseases. The approach employing simultaneous RAS blockade (AT1R) and RAS stimulation (AT2R) is distinct from previous attempts of double intervention in the RAS by dual blockade. Dual blockade abolishes the AT1R-linked RAS almost completely with subsequent risk of hypotension and hypotension-related events, i.e. syncope or renal dysfunction. Such complications might be especially prominent in patients with renal impairment or patients with isolated systolic hypertension and normal-to-low diastolic blood pressure values. In contrast to dual RAS blockade, the add-on of AT2R stimulation does not exert significant blood pressure effects, but it may complement and enhance the anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic/de-stiffening effects of the AT1R blockade and improve the metabolic profile. Further studies will have to investigate these putative effects in particular for settings in which blood pressure reduction is not primarily desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovit Paulis
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathological Physiology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 81108, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewiczova 1, 81371, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Sébastien Foulquier
- CARIM-School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pawel Namsolleck
- CARIM-School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Chiara Recarti
- CARIM-School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ulrike Muscha Steckelings
- Institute of Molecular Medicine-Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas Unger
- CARIM-School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Ramalingam L, Menikdiwela K, LeMieux M, Dufour JM, Kaur G, Kalupahana N, Moustaid-Moussa N. The renin angiotensin system, oxidative stress and mitochondrial function in obesity and insulin resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1863:1106-1114. [PMID: 27497523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a complex disease characterized by excessive expansion of adipose tissue and is an important risk factor for chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disorders, hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Moreover, obesity is a major contributor to inflammation and oxidative stress, all of which are key underlying causes for diabetes and insulin resistance. Specifically, adipose tissue secretes bioactives molecules such as inflammatory hormone angiotensin II, generated in the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) from its precursor angiotensinogen. Accumulated evidence suggests that RAS may serve as a strong link between obesity and insulin resistance. Dysregulation of RAS also occurs in several other tissues including those involved in regulation of glucose and whole body homeostasis as well as insulin sensitivity such as muscle, liver and pancreas and heart. Here we review the scientific evidence for these interactions and potential roles for oxidative stress, inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction in these target tissues which may mediate effects of RAS in metabolic diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Quality in Diabetes/Obesity and Critical Illness Spectrum of Diseases - edited by P. Hemachandra Reddy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latha Ramalingam
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States; Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Kalhara Menikdiwela
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Monique LeMieux
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Women's University, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Jannette M Dufour
- Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States; Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Gurvinder Kaur
- Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States; Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Nishan Kalupahana
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States; Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Naima Moustaid-Moussa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States; Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States.
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24
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Merlo E, Podratz PL, Sena GC, de Araújo JFP, Lima LCF, Alves ISS, Gama-de-Souza LN, Pelição R, Rodrigues LCM, Brandão PAA, Carneiro MTWD, Pires RGW, Martins-Silva C, Alarcon TA, Miranda-Alves L, Silva IV, Graceli JB. The Environmental Pollutant Tributyltin Chloride Disrupts the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis at Different Levels in Female Rats. Endocrinology 2016; 157:2978-95. [PMID: 27267847 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tributyltin chloride (TBT) is an environmental contaminant that is used as a biocide in antifouling paints. TBT has been shown to induce endocrine-disrupting effects. However, studies evaluating the effects of TBT on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are especially rare. The current study demonstrates that exposure to TBT is critically responsible for the improper function of the mammalian HPA axis as well as the development of abnormal morphophysiology in the pituitary and adrenal glands. Female rats were treated with TBT, and their HPA axis morphophysiology was assessed. High CRH and low ACTH expression and high plasma corticosterone levels were detected in TBT rats. In addition, TBT leads to an increased in the inducible nitric oxide synthase protein expression in the hypothalamus of TBT rats. Morphophysiological abnormalities, including increases in inflammation, a disrupted cellular redox balance, apoptosis, and collagen deposition in the pituitary and adrenal glands, were observed in TBT rats. Increases in adiposity and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ protein expression in the adrenal gland were observed in TBT rats. Together, these data provide in vivo evidence that TBT leads to functional dissociation between CRH, ACTH, and costicosterone, which could be associated an inflammation and increased of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in hypothalamus. Thus, TBT exerts toxic effects at different levels on the HPA axis function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Merlo
- Department of Morphology (E.M., P.L.P., G.C.S., J.F.P.d.A., I.S.S.A., L.N.G.-d.S., I.V.S., J.B.G.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Biophysics and Physiology (L.C.F.L.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences (R.P., L.C.M.R., R.G.W.P., C.M.-S., T.A.A.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Chemistry (P.A.A.B., M.T.W.D.C.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Experimental Endocrinology Research Group (L.M.-A.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; and Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology (L.M.-A.), School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil
| | - Priscila L Podratz
- Department of Morphology (E.M., P.L.P., G.C.S., J.F.P.d.A., I.S.S.A., L.N.G.-d.S., I.V.S., J.B.G.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Biophysics and Physiology (L.C.F.L.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences (R.P., L.C.M.R., R.G.W.P., C.M.-S., T.A.A.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Chemistry (P.A.A.B., M.T.W.D.C.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Experimental Endocrinology Research Group (L.M.-A.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; and Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology (L.M.-A.), School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil
| | - Gabriela C Sena
- Department of Morphology (E.M., P.L.P., G.C.S., J.F.P.d.A., I.S.S.A., L.N.G.-d.S., I.V.S., J.B.G.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Biophysics and Physiology (L.C.F.L.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences (R.P., L.C.M.R., R.G.W.P., C.M.-S., T.A.A.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Chemistry (P.A.A.B., M.T.W.D.C.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Experimental Endocrinology Research Group (L.M.-A.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; and Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology (L.M.-A.), School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil
| | - Julia F P de Araújo
- Department of Morphology (E.M., P.L.P., G.C.S., J.F.P.d.A., I.S.S.A., L.N.G.-d.S., I.V.S., J.B.G.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Biophysics and Physiology (L.C.F.L.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences (R.P., L.C.M.R., R.G.W.P., C.M.-S., T.A.A.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Chemistry (P.A.A.B., M.T.W.D.C.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Experimental Endocrinology Research Group (L.M.-A.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; and Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology (L.M.-A.), School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil
| | - Leandro C F Lima
- Department of Morphology (E.M., P.L.P., G.C.S., J.F.P.d.A., I.S.S.A., L.N.G.-d.S., I.V.S., J.B.G.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Biophysics and Physiology (L.C.F.L.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences (R.P., L.C.M.R., R.G.W.P., C.M.-S., T.A.A.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Chemistry (P.A.A.B., M.T.W.D.C.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Experimental Endocrinology Research Group (L.M.-A.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; and Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology (L.M.-A.), School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil
| | - Izabela S S Alves
- Department of Morphology (E.M., P.L.P., G.C.S., J.F.P.d.A., I.S.S.A., L.N.G.-d.S., I.V.S., J.B.G.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Biophysics and Physiology (L.C.F.L.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences (R.P., L.C.M.R., R.G.W.P., C.M.-S., T.A.A.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Chemistry (P.A.A.B., M.T.W.D.C.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Experimental Endocrinology Research Group (L.M.-A.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; and Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology (L.M.-A.), School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil
| | - Letícia N Gama-de-Souza
- Department of Morphology (E.M., P.L.P., G.C.S., J.F.P.d.A., I.S.S.A., L.N.G.-d.S., I.V.S., J.B.G.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Biophysics and Physiology (L.C.F.L.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences (R.P., L.C.M.R., R.G.W.P., C.M.-S., T.A.A.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Chemistry (P.A.A.B., M.T.W.D.C.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Experimental Endocrinology Research Group (L.M.-A.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; and Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology (L.M.-A.), School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil
| | - Renan Pelição
- Department of Morphology (E.M., P.L.P., G.C.S., J.F.P.d.A., I.S.S.A., L.N.G.-d.S., I.V.S., J.B.G.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Biophysics and Physiology (L.C.F.L.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences (R.P., L.C.M.R., R.G.W.P., C.M.-S., T.A.A.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Chemistry (P.A.A.B., M.T.W.D.C.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Experimental Endocrinology Research Group (L.M.-A.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; and Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology (L.M.-A.), School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil
| | - Lívia C M Rodrigues
- Department of Morphology (E.M., P.L.P., G.C.S., J.F.P.d.A., I.S.S.A., L.N.G.-d.S., I.V.S., J.B.G.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Biophysics and Physiology (L.C.F.L.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences (R.P., L.C.M.R., R.G.W.P., C.M.-S., T.A.A.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Chemistry (P.A.A.B., M.T.W.D.C.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Experimental Endocrinology Research Group (L.M.-A.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; and Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology (L.M.-A.), School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil
| | - Poliane A A Brandão
- Department of Morphology (E.M., P.L.P., G.C.S., J.F.P.d.A., I.S.S.A., L.N.G.-d.S., I.V.S., J.B.G.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Biophysics and Physiology (L.C.F.L.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences (R.P., L.C.M.R., R.G.W.P., C.M.-S., T.A.A.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Chemistry (P.A.A.B., M.T.W.D.C.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Experimental Endocrinology Research Group (L.M.-A.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; and Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology (L.M.-A.), School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil
| | - Maria T W D Carneiro
- Department of Morphology (E.M., P.L.P., G.C.S., J.F.P.d.A., I.S.S.A., L.N.G.-d.S., I.V.S., J.B.G.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Biophysics and Physiology (L.C.F.L.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences (R.P., L.C.M.R., R.G.W.P., C.M.-S., T.A.A.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Chemistry (P.A.A.B., M.T.W.D.C.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Experimental Endocrinology Research Group (L.M.-A.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; and Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology (L.M.-A.), School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil
| | - Rita G W Pires
- Department of Morphology (E.M., P.L.P., G.C.S., J.F.P.d.A., I.S.S.A., L.N.G.-d.S., I.V.S., J.B.G.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Biophysics and Physiology (L.C.F.L.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences (R.P., L.C.M.R., R.G.W.P., C.M.-S., T.A.A.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Chemistry (P.A.A.B., M.T.W.D.C.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Experimental Endocrinology Research Group (L.M.-A.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; and Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology (L.M.-A.), School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil
| | - Cristina Martins-Silva
- Department of Morphology (E.M., P.L.P., G.C.S., J.F.P.d.A., I.S.S.A., L.N.G.-d.S., I.V.S., J.B.G.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Biophysics and Physiology (L.C.F.L.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences (R.P., L.C.M.R., R.G.W.P., C.M.-S., T.A.A.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Chemistry (P.A.A.B., M.T.W.D.C.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Experimental Endocrinology Research Group (L.M.-A.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; and Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology (L.M.-A.), School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil
| | - Tamara A Alarcon
- Department of Morphology (E.M., P.L.P., G.C.S., J.F.P.d.A., I.S.S.A., L.N.G.-d.S., I.V.S., J.B.G.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Biophysics and Physiology (L.C.F.L.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences (R.P., L.C.M.R., R.G.W.P., C.M.-S., T.A.A.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Chemistry (P.A.A.B., M.T.W.D.C.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Experimental Endocrinology Research Group (L.M.-A.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; and Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology (L.M.-A.), School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil
| | - Leandro Miranda-Alves
- Department of Morphology (E.M., P.L.P., G.C.S., J.F.P.d.A., I.S.S.A., L.N.G.-d.S., I.V.S., J.B.G.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Biophysics and Physiology (L.C.F.L.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences (R.P., L.C.M.R., R.G.W.P., C.M.-S., T.A.A.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Chemistry (P.A.A.B., M.T.W.D.C.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Experimental Endocrinology Research Group (L.M.-A.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; and Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology (L.M.-A.), School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil
| | - Ian V Silva
- Department of Morphology (E.M., P.L.P., G.C.S., J.F.P.d.A., I.S.S.A., L.N.G.-d.S., I.V.S., J.B.G.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Biophysics and Physiology (L.C.F.L.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences (R.P., L.C.M.R., R.G.W.P., C.M.-S., T.A.A.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Chemistry (P.A.A.B., M.T.W.D.C.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Experimental Endocrinology Research Group (L.M.-A.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; and Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology (L.M.-A.), School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil
| | - Jones B Graceli
- Department of Morphology (E.M., P.L.P., G.C.S., J.F.P.d.A., I.S.S.A., L.N.G.-d.S., I.V.S., J.B.G.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Biophysics and Physiology (L.C.F.L.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences (R.P., L.C.M.R., R.G.W.P., C.M.-S., T.A.A.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Chemistry (P.A.A.B., M.T.W.D.C.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Experimental Endocrinology Research Group (L.M.-A.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; and Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology (L.M.-A.), School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil
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25
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Patel SN, Ali Q, Hussain T. Angiotensin II Type 2-Receptor Agonist C21 Reduces Proteinuria and Oxidative Stress in Kidney of High-Salt-Fed Obese Zucker Rats. Hypertension 2016; 67:906-15. [PMID: 27021008 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.06881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative and nitrosative stress have been implicated in high-sodium diet (HSD)-related hypertensive renal injury. In this study, we investigated angiotensin II type 2-receptor-mediated renoprotection in obese Zucker rats fed HSD. Obese Zucker rats were fed normal sodium diet or HSD 4%, for 14 days, with/without angiotensin II type 2-receptor agonist C21, delivered subcutaneously via osmotic pump, 1 mg/kg per day. Compared with normal sodium diet controls, HSD rats exhibited increase in cortical nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity, urinary H2O2, and 8-isoprostanes, which were associated with severe glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate, and an increase in urinary leak and activity of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, a lysosomal enzyme and a marker of tubular damage. These changes were improved by C21 treatment. Cortical expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, phospho-endothelial nitric oxide synthase (Ser(1177)), and plasma nitrites were reduced after HSD intake, whereas nitrosative stress (3-nitrotyrosine) and enzymatic defense (superoxide dismutase-to-catalase activity) remained unaltered. However, C21 preserved plasma nitrites in HSD-fed obese Zucker rat. C21 treatment reduced protein-to-creatinine, albumin-to-creatinine, as well as fractional excretion of protein and albumin in HSD-fed obese Zucker rat, which is independent of changes in protein recycling receptors, megalin, and cubilin. HSD intake also altered renal excretory and reabsorptive capacity as evident by elevated plasma urea nitrogen-to-creatinine and fractional excretion of urea nitrogen, and reduced urine-to-plasma creatinine, which were modestly, but insignificantly, improved by C21 treatment. Together results demonstrate that angiotensin II type 2-receptor activation protects against HSD-induced kidney damage in obesity plausibly by reducing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity and rescuing nitrites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket N Patel
- From the Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, TX
| | - Quaisar Ali
- From the Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, TX
| | - Tahir Hussain
- From the Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, TX.
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26
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Noll C, Labbé SM, Pinard S, Shum M, Bilodeau L, Chouinard L, Phoenix S, Lecomte R, Carpentier AC, Gallo-Payet N. Postprandial fatty acid uptake and adipocyte remodeling in angiotensin type 2 receptor-deficient mice fed a high-fat/high-fructose diet. Adipocyte 2016; 5:43-52. [PMID: 27144096 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2015.1115582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the angiotensin type-2 receptor in adipose physiology remains controversial. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate whether genetic angiotensin type-2 receptor-deficiency prevents or worsens metabolic and adipose tissue morphometric changes observed following a 6-week high-fat/high-fructose diet with injection of a small dose of streptozotocin. We compared tissue uptake of nonesterified fatty acid and dietary fatty acid in wild-type and angiotensin type-2 receptor-deficient mice by using the radiotracer 14(R,S)-[(1) (8)F]-fluoro-6-thia-heptadecanoic acid in mice fed a standard or high-fat diet. Postprandial fatty acid uptake in the heart, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney and adipose tissue was increased in wild-type mice after a high-fat diet and in angiotensin type-2 receptor-deficient mice on both standard and high-fat diets. Compared to the wild-type mice, angiotensin type-2 receptor-deficient mice had a lower body weight, an increase in fasting blood glucose and a decrease in plasma insulin and leptin levels. Mice fed a high-fat diet exhibited increased adipocyte size that was prevented by angiotensin type-2 receptor-deficiency. Angiotensin type-2 receptor-deficiency abolished the early hypertrophic adipocyte remodeling induced by a high-fat diet. The small size of adipocytes in the angiotensin type-2 receptor-deficient mice reflects their inability to store lipids and explains the increase in fatty acid uptake in non-adipose tissues. In conclusion, a genetic deletion of the angiotensin type-2 receptor is associated with metabolic dysfunction of white adipose depots, and indicates that adipocyte remodeling occurs before the onset of insulin resistance in the high-fat fed mouse model.
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27
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Koulis C, Chow BSM, McKelvey M, Steckelings UM, Unger T, Thallas-Bonke V, Thomas MC, Cooper ME, Jandeleit-Dahm KA, Allen TJ. AT2R agonist, compound 21, is reno-protective against type 1 diabetic nephropathy. Hypertension 2015; 65:1073-81. [PMID: 25776077 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.05204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The hemodynamic and nonhemodynamic effects of angiotensin II on diabetic complications are considered to be primarily mediated by the angiotensin II type 1 receptor subtype. However, its biological and functional effect mediated through the angiotensin II type 2 receptor subtype is still unclear. Activation of the angiotensin II type 2 receptors has been postulated to oppose angiotensin II type 1 receptor-mediated actions and thus attenuate fibrosis. This study aimed to elucidate the reno-protective role of the novel selective angiotensin II type 2 receptor agonist, Compound 21, in an experimental model of type 1 diabetic nephropathy. Compound 21 treatment significantly attenuated diabetes mellitus-induced elevated levels of cystatin C, albuminuria, mesangial expansion, and glomerulosclerosis in diabetic mice. Moreover, Compound 21 markedly inhibited the expression of various proteins implicated in oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis, in association with decreased extracellular matrix production. These findings demonstrate that monotherapy of Compound 21 is protective against the progression of experimental diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting renal oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Koulis
- From the Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (C.K., B.S.M.C., M.M., V.T.-B., M.C.T., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., T.J.A.); the Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash, Australia (M.C.T., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., T.J.A.); IMM-Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense. Denmark (U.M.S.); and CARIM-School of Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands (T.U.)
| | - Bryna S M Chow
- From the Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (C.K., B.S.M.C., M.M., V.T.-B., M.C.T., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., T.J.A.); the Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash, Australia (M.C.T., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., T.J.A.); IMM-Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense. Denmark (U.M.S.); and CARIM-School of Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands (T.U.)
| | - Maria McKelvey
- From the Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (C.K., B.S.M.C., M.M., V.T.-B., M.C.T., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., T.J.A.); the Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash, Australia (M.C.T., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., T.J.A.); IMM-Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense. Denmark (U.M.S.); and CARIM-School of Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands (T.U.)
| | - Ulrike M Steckelings
- From the Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (C.K., B.S.M.C., M.M., V.T.-B., M.C.T., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., T.J.A.); the Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash, Australia (M.C.T., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., T.J.A.); IMM-Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense. Denmark (U.M.S.); and CARIM-School of Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands (T.U.)
| | - Thomas Unger
- From the Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (C.K., B.S.M.C., M.M., V.T.-B., M.C.T., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., T.J.A.); the Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash, Australia (M.C.T., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., T.J.A.); IMM-Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense. Denmark (U.M.S.); and CARIM-School of Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands (T.U.)
| | - Vicki Thallas-Bonke
- From the Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (C.K., B.S.M.C., M.M., V.T.-B., M.C.T., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., T.J.A.); the Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash, Australia (M.C.T., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., T.J.A.); IMM-Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense. Denmark (U.M.S.); and CARIM-School of Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands (T.U.)
| | - Merlin C Thomas
- From the Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (C.K., B.S.M.C., M.M., V.T.-B., M.C.T., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., T.J.A.); the Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash, Australia (M.C.T., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., T.J.A.); IMM-Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense. Denmark (U.M.S.); and CARIM-School of Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands (T.U.)
| | - Mark E Cooper
- From the Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (C.K., B.S.M.C., M.M., V.T.-B., M.C.T., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., T.J.A.); the Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash, Australia (M.C.T., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., T.J.A.); IMM-Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense. Denmark (U.M.S.); and CARIM-School of Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands (T.U.)
| | - Karin A Jandeleit-Dahm
- From the Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (C.K., B.S.M.C., M.M., V.T.-B., M.C.T., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., T.J.A.); the Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash, Australia (M.C.T., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., T.J.A.); IMM-Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense. Denmark (U.M.S.); and CARIM-School of Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands (T.U.)
| | - Terri J Allen
- From the Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (C.K., B.S.M.C., M.M., V.T.-B., M.C.T., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., T.J.A.); the Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash, Australia (M.C.T., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., T.J.A.); IMM-Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense. Denmark (U.M.S.); and CARIM-School of Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands (T.U.).
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28
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Favre GA, Esnault VLM, Van Obberghen E. Modulation of glucose metabolism by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E435-49. [PMID: 25564475 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00391.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is an enzymatic cascade functioning in a paracrine and autocrine fashion. In animals and humans, RAAS intrinsic to tissues modulates food intake, metabolic rate, adiposity, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion. A large array of observations shows that dysregulation of RAAS in the metabolic syndrome favors type 2 diabetes. Remarkably, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, suppressing the synthesis of angiotensin II (ANG II), and angiotensin receptor blockers, targeting the ANG II type 1 receptor, prevent diabetes in patients with hypertensive or ischemic cardiopathy. These drugs interrupt the negative feedback loop of ANG II on the RAAS cascade, which results in increased production of angiotensins. In addition, they change the tissue expression of RAAS components. Therefore, the concept of a dual axis of RAAS regarding glucose homeostasis has emerged. The RAAS deleterious axis increases the production of inflammatory cytokines and raises oxidative stress, exacerbating the insulin resistance and decreasing insulin secretion. The beneficial axis promotes adipogenesis, blocks the production of inflammatory cytokines, and lowers oxidative stress, thereby improving insulin sensitivity and secretion. Currently, drugs targeting RAAS are not given for the purpose of preventing diabetes in humans. However, we anticipate that in the near future the discovery of novel means to modulate the RAAS beneficial axis will result in a decisive therapeutic breakthrough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume A Favre
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, U 1081, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN), "Aging and Diabetes" Team, Nice, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7284, IRCAN, Nice, France; University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France; Nephrology Department, University Hospital, Nice, France; and
| | - Vincent L M Esnault
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, U 1081, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN), "Aging and Diabetes" Team, Nice, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7284, IRCAN, Nice, France; University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France; Nephrology Department, University Hospital, Nice, France; and
| | - Emmanuel Van Obberghen
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, U 1081, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN), "Aging and Diabetes" Team, Nice, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7284, IRCAN, Nice, France; University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France; Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, University Hospital, Nice, France
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29
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Liu M, Jing D, Wang Y, Liu Y, Yin S. Overexpression of angiotensin II type 2 receptor promotes apoptosis and impairs insulin secretion in rat insulinoma cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 400:233-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2280-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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30
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Reporter mouse strain provides a novel look at angiotensin type-2 receptor distribution in the central nervous system. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 221:891-912. [PMID: 25427952 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0943-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin-II acts at its type-1 receptor (AT1R) in the brain to regulate body fluid homeostasis, sympathetic outflow and blood pressure. However, the role of the angiotensin type-2 receptor (AT2R) in the neural control of these processes has received far less attention, largely because of limited ability to effectively localize these receptors at a cellular level in the brain. The present studies combine the use of a bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic AT2R-enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) reporter mouse with recent advances in in situ hybridization (ISH) to circumvent this obstacle. Dual immunohistochemistry (IHC)/ISH studies conducted in AT2R-eGFP reporter mice found that eGFP and AT2R mRNA were highly co-localized within the brain. Qualitative analysis of eGFP immunoreactivity in the brain then revealed localization to neurons within nuclei that regulate blood pressure, metabolism, and fluid balance (e.g., NTS and median preoptic nucleus [MnPO]), as well as limbic and cortical areas known to impact stress responding and mood. Subsequently, dual IHC/ISH studies uncovered the phenotype of specific populations of AT2R-eGFP cells. For example, within the NTS, AT2R-eGFP neurons primarily express glutamic acid decarboxylase-1 (80.3 ± 2.8 %), while a smaller subset express vesicular glutamate transporter-2 (18.2 ± 2.9 %) or AT1R (8.7 ± 1.0 %). No co-localization was observed with tyrosine hydroxylase in the NTS. Although AT2R-eGFP neurons were not observed within the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, eGFP immunoreactivity is localized to efferents terminating in the PVN and within GABAergic neurons surrounding this nucleus. These studies demonstrate that central AT2R are positioned to regulate blood pressure, metabolism, and stress responses.
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31
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Nilsson PM. Hemodynamic Aging as the Consequence of Structural Changes Associated with Early Vascular Aging (EVA). Aging Dis 2014; 5:109-13. [PMID: 24729936 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2014.0500109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An increase in peripheral vascular resistance at rest is not routinely observed in healthy older persons, but often associated with increased stiffness of central elastic arteries, as hallmarks of aging effects on the vasculature, referred to as early vascular aging (EVA). In clinical practice, the increased arterial stiffness translates into increased brachial and central systolic blood pressure and corresponding pulse pressure in subjects above 50 years of age, as well as increased carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (c-f PWV), a marker of arterial stiffness. A c-f PWV value ≥ 10 m/s is currently defined as a threshold for increased cardiovascular risk, based on consensus statement from 2012. Prevention and treatment strategies include a healthy lifestyle and the control of risk factors via appropriate drug therapy to achieve vascular protection related to EVA. New drugs are under development for vascular protection, for example the selective Angiotensin II (AT2) receptor agonist called compound 21. One target group for early intervention could be members of risk families including subjects with early onset cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Sweden
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