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Fuentes-Lerma MG, Zamora-Pérez AL, Robles-Gómez C, Guerrero-Velázquez C, Peregrina-Sandoval J, Gutiérrez-Angulo M, Mariaud-Schmidt RP. Serum nitric oxide concentration in generalized chronic and aggressive periodontitis in the Mexican population is not related to the severity of the disease. BIOMEDICA : REVISTA DEL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD 2023; 43:61-68. [PMID: 37167463 PMCID: PMC10476647 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.6690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that affects the supporting tissues of teeth, the effects of excess of nitric oxide, may contribute to the symptoms of periodontitis. Objective: To determine the serum nitric oxide concentration in generalized chronic and aggressive periodontitis patients and to compare it with a healthy subject group from the Mexican population. Materials and methods: A case and control study was performed. Sixty-nine individuals were recruited from the Clínica de Posgrado de Periodoncia of the Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, México. Patients with clinical features of generalized chronic periodontitis (GCP group, n=19), generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAP group, n=11), and a group of healthy subjects (HS group, n=39) were included in the study. Informed consent was obtained from each subject, and serum nitric oxide concentration was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Nitric oxide concentration in the study groups was greater in the GCP group (462.57 ± 16.57 μmol/L) than in the GAP group (433.84 ± 18.61 μmol/L) and the HS group (422.46 ± 12.07 μmol/L). A comparison using Student’s t-test (one-tailed) between healthy subjects and generalized chronic periodontitis showed borderline significance (p<0.04), whereas no significant differences were observed in HS and GAP groups, with a p-value of 0.64, and the GAP vs. GCP p-value was 0.33. Conclusion: The serum nitric oxide concentration observed in the present study suggests that nitric oxide plays a major role in the inflammatory process, which cannot necessarily be linked to the severity of the disease and periodontal tissue destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Graciela Fuentes-Lerma
- Instituto de Investigación en Odontología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México.
| | - Ana Lourdes Zamora-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigación en Odontología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México.
| | - Cecilia Robles-Gómez
- Instituto de Investigación en Odontología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México.
| | - Celia Guerrero-Velázquez
- Instituto de Investigación en Odontología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México.
| | - Jorge Peregrina-Sandoval
- Instituto de Investigación en Odontología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México.
| | - Melva Gutiérrez-Angulo
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México.
| | - Rocío Patricia Mariaud-Schmidt
- Instituto de Investigación en Odontología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México.
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Gloria MAD, Mouro MG, Geraldini S, Higa EMS, Carvalho AB. Cbfa1 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells may be elevated by increased nitric oxide/iNOS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 42:300-306. [PMID: 32459278 PMCID: PMC7657048 DOI: 10.1590/2175-8239-jbn-2019-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vascular calcification is a common complication of chronic kidney disease. Osteoblast differentiation factor (Cbfa1) is present in histologic sections of arteries from patients with end-stage renal disease. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) can dedifferentiate to osteoblast-like cells, possibly by up-regulation of Cbfa1. There is evidence that the production of nitric oxide (NO) may have an important role in the regulation of osteoblast metabolism. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether increased NO/iNOS expression causes an increase in cbfa1 expression in VSMC. METHODS VSMC were obtained from renal artery of Wistar male rats, treated for 72 hours with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), ß-glycerophosphate (BGF), a donor of phosphate and aminoguanidine (AG), an inhibitor of iNOS, in the following groups: CTL (control), LPS, BGF, LPS + BGF, and LPS + AG. NO synthesis was determined by chemiluminescence. Cbfa1 and iNOS mRNA expressions were analyzed by RT-PCR, Cbfa1 protein expression by immunohistochemistry and cellular viability by acridine orange. RESULTS Cbfa1 and iNOS mRNA expressions were higher in LPS and LPS+ BGF vs CTL (p < 0.05), and they were lower in LPS+AG vs LPS (p < 0.05). The Cbfa1 in the groups LPS and LPS+BGF also resulted in a higher value compared to CTL (p < 0.05), and in LPS+AG it was lower compared to LPS (p < 0.05). NO was higher in LPS and LPS+BGF compared to CTL group (p < 0.05) and lower in LPS + AG compared to LPS group (p < 0.05). Cellular viability showed no statistical difference among groups. CONCLUSION This study showed that increased NO/iNOS expression causes an increase in cbfa1 expression in VSMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Aparecida da Gloria
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Medicina, Programa de pós-graduação em Nefrologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Margaret Gori Mouro
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Medicina, Programa de pós-graduação em Nefrologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Simone Geraldini
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Medicina, Programa de pós-graduação em Nefrologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Elisa Mieko Suemitsu Higa
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Medicina, Programa de pós-graduação em Nefrologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Medicina, Programa de pós-graduação em Medicina Translational, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Aluizio Barbosa Carvalho
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Medicina, Programa de pós-graduação em Nefrologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Chen YP, Chu YL, Tsuang YH, Wu Y, Kuo CY, Kuo YJ. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Adenine Enhance Osteogenesis in the Osteoblast-Like MG-63 Cells. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10070116. [PMID: 32707735 PMCID: PMC7399991 DOI: 10.3390/life10070116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Adenine is a purine with a role in cellular respiration and protein synthesis. It is considered for its pharmacological potential. We investigated whether anti-inflammatory effect of adenine benefits on the proliferation and maturation of osteoblastic cells. Methods: Human osteoblast-like cells (MG-63) were cultured with adenine under control conditions or pre-treated with 10ng/mL of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) followed by adenine treatment. Cell viability was examined using dimethylthiazol diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Expression of cytokines and osteogenic markers were analyzed using quantitative PCR (qPCR) and ELISA. Enzyme activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and collagen content were measured. Results: TNF-α exposure led to a decreased viability of osteoblastic cells. Treatment with adenine suppressed TNF-α-induced elevation in IL-6 expression and nitrite oxide production in MG-63 cells. Adenine induced the osteoblast differentiation with increased transcript levels of collage and increased ALP enzyme activity. Conclusions: Adenine exerts anti-inflammatory activity in an inflammatory cell model. Adenine benefits osteoblast differentiation in normal and inflammatory experimental settings. Adenine has a potential for the use to treat inflammatory bone condition such as osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Pin Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan; (Y.-P.C.); (Y.-L.C.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yo-Lun Chu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan; (Y.-P.C.); (Y.-L.C.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yang-Hwei Tsuang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei 23561, Taiwan;
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yueh Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan; (Y.-P.C.); (Y.-L.C.); (Y.W.)
| | - Cheng-Yi Kuo
- Department and Graduate Institute of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-Y.K.); (Y.-J.K.)
| | - Yi-Jie Kuo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan; (Y.-P.C.); (Y.-L.C.); (Y.W.)
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-Y.K.); (Y.-J.K.)
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Costimulation of Murine Osteoblasts with Interferon- γ and Tumor Necrosis Factor- α Induces Apoptosis through Downregulation of Bcl-2 and Release of Cytochrome c from Mitochondria. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:3979606. [PMID: 30158833 PMCID: PMC6109523 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3979606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During chronic inflammation from diseases, such as periodontal disease, the proinflammatory cytokines interferon-gamma (IFNγ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) alter bone remodeling. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms, we investigated the effect of IFNγ and TNFα on the proliferation and survival of clonal MC3T3-E1 mouse osteoblasts. We found that although IFNγ or TNFα alone affected cell growth and survival only marginally, costimulation with both synergistically inhibited cell growth and reduced cell viability. The diminished cell viability was due to apoptosis, as indicated by increased TUNEL staining and elevated caspase 3, 8, and 9 activities. Western blot also showed that costimulation with IFNγ and TNFα elicited cytochrome c release and downregulated B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) expression without affecting Bcl-2-associated X (Bax) protein expression. Furthermore, stable Bcl-2 overexpression significantly alleviated cell death following costimulation. Collectively, these results suggested that IFNγ and TNFα elicited osteoblast apoptosis via cytochrome c release from damaged mitochondria, caspase activation, and Bcl-2 downregulation.
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Song J, Jing Z, Hu W, Yu J, Cui X. α-Linolenic Acid Inhibits Receptor Activator of NF-κB Ligand Induced (RANKL-Induced) Osteoclastogenesis and Prevents Inflammatory Bone Loss via Downregulation of Nuclear Factor-KappaB-Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthases (NF-κB-iNOS) Signaling Pathways. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:5056-5069. [PMID: 29061958 PMCID: PMC5665607 DOI: 10.12659/msm.904795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation is a major cellular strain causing increased risk of osteo-degenerative diseases. Omega-3 fatty acids have been great source in suppressing inflammation. We investigated the effect of α-linolenic acid (ALA) on RANKL-stimulated osteoclast differentiation, LPS-induced and ovariectomized bone loss in mice models. Material/Methods The bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) were isolated from femurs of ICR mice, stimulated with RANKL, and treated with ALA (100, 200, 300 μM). Major analytical methods include histological analysis, osteoclasts viability assay, serum cytokines and chemokines ELISA, and gene expression by qPCR. Results ALA intervention inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclasts proliferation and differentiation. ALA inhibited bone resorption activity as measured by materialization of F-actin ring structures as well. ALA suppressed the RANKL-induced osteoclast markers c-Fos, c-Jun and NFATc1 together with transcription factor proteins TRAP, OSCAR, cathepsin K and β3-integrin. ALA also suppressed the RANKL-stimulated phosphorylation of JNK, ERK, and AKT as well as NF-κB and BCL-2 proteins. ALA intervention (100 and 300 mg/kg) to LPS-challenged mice showed annulled morphometric changes induced by LPS by suppressing the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. ALA (100 and 300 mg/kg) intervention to estrogen-deficiency induced bone loss mice (ovariectomized) showed reductions in TRAP+ osteoclasts count, CTX-I expression, levels of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL10, TNF-α and MCP-1 and iNOS and COX-2. Conclusions ALA suppresses RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation and prevents inflammatory bone loss via downregulation of NF-κB-iNOS-COX-2 signaling. ALA is suggested to be a preventive herbal medicine against inflammatory bone disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiefu Song
- Department of Orthopedics, Shan Xi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Zhizhen Jing
- Department of Orthopedics, Shan Xi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shan Xi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Jianping Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shan Xi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaoping Cui
- Department of Orthopedics, Shan Xi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China (mainland)
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Rajfer RA, Kilic A, Neviaser AS, Schulte LM, Hlaing SM, Landeros J, Ferrini MG, Ebramzadeh E, Park SH. Enhancement of fracture healing in the rat, modulated by compounds that stimulate inducible nitric oxide synthase: Acceleration of fracture healing via inducible nitric oxide synthase. Bone Joint Res 2017; 6:90-97. [PMID: 28188129 PMCID: PMC5331177 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.62.bjr-2016-0164.r2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives We investigated the effects on fracture healing of two up-regulators of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in a rat model of an open femoral osteotomy: tadalafil, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, and the recently reported nutraceutical, COMB-4 (consisting of L-citrulline, Paullinia cupana, ginger and muira puama), given orally for either 14 or 42 days. Materials and Methods Unilateral femoral osteotomies were created in 58 male rats and fixed with an intramedullary compression nail. Rats were treated daily either with vehicle, tadalafil or COMB-4. Biomechanical testing of the healed fracture was performed on day 42. The volume, mineral content and bone density of the callus were measured by quantitative CT on days 14 and 42. Expression of iNOS was measured by immunohistochemistry. Results When compared with the control group, the COMB-4 group exhibited 46% higher maximum strength (t-test, p = 0.029) and 92% higher stiffness (t-test, p = 0.023), but no significant changes were observed in the tadalafil group. At days 14 and 42, there was no significant difference between the three groups with respect to callus volume, mineral content and bone density. Expression of iNOS at day 14 was significantly higher in the COMB-4 group which, as expected, had returned to baseline levels at day 42. Conclusion This study demonstrates an enhancement in fracture healing by an oral natural product known to augment iNOS expression. Cite this article: R. A. Rajfer, A. Kilic, A. S. Neviaser, L. M. Schulte, S. M. Hlaing, J. Landeros, M. G. Ferrini, E. Ebramzadeh, S-H. Park. Enhancement of fracture healing in the rat, modulated by compounds that stimulate inducible nitric oxide synthase: Acceleration of fracture healing via inducible nitric oxide synthase. Bone Joint Res 2017:6:–97. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.62.BJR-2016-0164.R2.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Rajfer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - A Kilic
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A S Neviaser
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - L M Schulte
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - S M Hlaing
- Department of Health and Life Sciences, College of Science and Health, Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - J Landeros
- Department of Health and Life Sciences, College of Science and Health, Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - M G Ferrini
- Department of Health and Life Sciences, College of Science and Health, Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - E Ebramzadeh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The J. Vernon Luck, Sr., M.D. Orthopaedic Research Center, Orthopaedic Institute for Children, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - S-H Park
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The J. Vernon Luck, Sr., M.D. Orthopaedic Research Center, Orthopaedic Institute for Children, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Di Paola R, Marzocco S, Mazzon E, Dattola F, Rotondo F, Britti D, De Majo M, Genovese T, Cuzzocrea S. Effect of Aminoguanidine in Ligature-induced Periodontitis in Rats. J Dent Res 2016; 83:343-8. [PMID: 15044511 DOI: 10.1177/154405910408300414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species is well-demonstrated in inflammation. In this study, we evaluated the effect of aminoguanidine, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, in a rat model of periodontitis. We induced periodontitis in rats by placing a piece of 2/0 braided silk around the lower left 1st molar. At day 8, the gingivomucosal tissue encircling the mandibular 1st molar was removed for biochemical and histological analysis. Ligation significantly increased inducible nitric oxide synthase activity and expression, and damaged tissue revealed increased neutrophil infiltration, lipid peroxidation, and positive staining for nitrotyrosine formation and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase activation. Ligation significantly increased Evans blue extravasation in gingivomucosal tissue and alveolar bone destruction. Aminoguanidine (100 mg/kg i.p., daily for 8 days) treatment significantly reduced all these inflammatory parameters, indicating that it protects against the tissue damage associated with periodontitis by reducing nitric oxide production and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Di Paola
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Torre Biologica, Policlinico Universitario, Via C. Valeria, Gazzi, 98100 Messina, Italy
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Yang JY, Park MY, Park SY, Yoo HI, Kim MS, Kim JH, Kim WJ, Jung JY. Nitric Oxide-Induced Autophagy in MC3T3-E1 Cells is Associated with Cytoprotection via AMPK Activation. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 19:507-14. [PMID: 26557017 PMCID: PMC4637353 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2015.19.6.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is important in the regulation of bone remodeling, whereas high concentration of NO promotes cell death of osteoblast. However, it is not clear yet whether NO-induced autophagy is implicated in cell death or survival of osteoblast. The present study is aimed to examine the role of NO-induced autophagy in the MC3T3-E1 cells and their underlying molecular mechanism. The effect of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an NO donor, on the cytotoxicity of the MC3T3-E1 cells was determined by MTT assay and expression of apoptosis or autophagy associated molecules was evaluated by western blot analysis. The morphological observation of autophagy and apoptosis by acridine orange stain and TUNEL assay were performed, respectively. Treatment of SNP decreased the cell viability of the MC3T3-E1 cells in dose- and time-dependent manner. SNP increased expression levels of p62, ATG7, Beclin-1 and LC3-II, as typical autophagic markers and augmented acidic autophagolysosomal vacuoles, detected by acridine orange staining. However, pretreatment with 3-methyladenine (3MA), the specific inhibitor for autophagy, decreased cell viability, whereas increased the cleavage of PARP and caspase-3 in the SNP-treated MC3T3-E1 cells. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a major autophagy regulatory kinase, was activated in SNP-treated MC3T3-E1 cells. In addition, pretreatment with compound C, an inhibitor of AMPK, decreased cell viability, whereas increased the number of apoptotic cells, cleaved PARP and caspase-3 levels compared to those of SNP-treated MC3T3-E1 cells. Taken together, it is speculated that NO-induced autophagy functions as a survival mechanism via AMPK activation against apoptosis in the MC3T3-E1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Yoon Yang
- Department of Oral Physiology, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Min Young Park
- Department of Oral Physiology, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Sam Young Park
- Department of Oral Physiology, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Hong Il Yoo
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Min Seok Kim
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Jae Hyung Kim
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Won Jae Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Jung
- Department of Oral Physiology, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
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Cao Y, Gomes SA, Rangel EB, Paulino EC, Fonseca TL, Li J, Teixeira MB, Gouveia CH, Bianco AC, Kapiloff MS, Balkan W, Hare JM. S-nitrosoglutathione reductase-dependent PPARγ denitrosylation participates in MSC-derived adipogenesis and osteogenesis. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1679-91. [PMID: 25798618 DOI: 10.1172/jci73780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a common precursor of both adipocytes and osteoblasts. While it is appreciated that PPARγ regulates the balance between adipogenesis and osteogenesis, the roles of additional regulators of this process remain controversial. Here, we show that MSCs isolated from mice lacking S-nitrosoglutathione reductase, a denitrosylase that regulates protein S-nitrosylation, exhibited decreased adipogenesis and increased osteoblastogenesis compared with WT MSCs. Consistent with this cellular phenotype, S-nitrosoglutathione reductase-deficient mice were smaller, with reduced fat mass and increased bone formation that was accompanied by elevated bone resorption. WT and S-nitrosoglutathione reductase-deficient MSCs exhibited equivalent PPARγ expression; however, S-nitrosylation of PPARγ was elevated in S-nitrosoglutathione reductase-deficient MSCs, diminishing binding to its downstream target fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4). We further identified Cys 139 of PPARγ as an S-nitrosylation site and demonstrated that S-nitrosylation of PPARγ inhibits its transcriptional activity, suggesting a feedback regulation of PPARγ transcriptional activity by NO-mediated S-nitrosylation. Together, these results reveal that S-nitrosoglutathione reductase-dependent modification of PPARγ alters the balance between adipocyte and osteoblast differentiation and provides checkpoint regulation of the lineage bifurcation of these 2 lineages. Moreover, these findings provide pathophysiological and therapeutic insights regarding MSC participation in adipogenesis and osteogenesis.
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Abstract
Regucalcin (RGN/SMP30) was originally discovered in 1978 as a calcium-binding protein that does not contain the EF-hand motif of as a calcium-binding domain. The name, regucalcin, was proposed for this calcium-binding protein, which can regulate various Ca2+-dependent enzymes activation in liver cells. The regucalcin gene is localized on the X chromosome, and its expression is mediated through many signaling factors. Regucalcin plays a pivotal role in regulation of intracellular calcium homeostasis in various cell types. Regucalcin also has a suppressive effect on various signaling pathways from the cytoplasm to nucleus in proliferating cells and regulates nuclear function in including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis. Overexpression of endogenous regucalcin was found to suppress apoptosis in modeled rat hepatoma cells and normal rat kidney proximal epithelial NRK52 cells induced by various signaling factors. Suppressive effect of regucalcin on apoptosis is related to inhibition of nuclear Ca2+-activated DNA fragmentation, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent nitric oxide synthase, caspase-3, Bax, cytochrome C, protein tyrosine kinase, protein tyrosine phosphatase in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Moreover, regucalcin stimulates Bcl-2 mRNA expression and depresses enhancement of caspase-3, Apaf-1 and Akt-1 mRNAs expression. This review discusses that regucalcin plays a pivotal role in rescue of apoptotic cell death, which is mediated through various signaling factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Hematology and Biomedical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 C Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA,
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Organic nitrate maintains bone marrow blood perfusion in ovariectomized female rats: a dynamic, contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study. Pharmaceutics 2012; 5:23-35. [PMID: 24300395 PMCID: PMC3834938 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics5010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of nitrate on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone marrow perfusion in ovariectomized (OVX) female rats, and also the effects of nitrate on in vitro osteoblastic activity and osteoclastic differentiation of murine monocyte/macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Female Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into OVX + nitrate group (isosorbide-5-mononitrate, ISM, 150 mg/kg/ day b.i.d), OVX + vehicle group, and control group. Lumbar spine CT bone densitometry and perfusion MRI were performed on the rats at baseline and week 8 post-OVX. The OVX rats’ BMD decreased by 22.5% ± 5.7% at week 8 (p < 0.001); while the OVX + ISM rats’ BMD decreased by 13.1% ± 2.7% (p < 0.001). The BMD loss difference between the two groups of rats was significant (p = 0.018). The OVX rats’ lumbar vertebral perfusion MRI maximum enhancement (Emax) decreased by 10.3% ± 5.0% at week 8 (p < 0.005), while in OVX + ISM rats, the Emax increased by 5.5% ± 6.9% (p > 0.05). The proliferation of osteoblast-like UMR-106 cells increased significantly with ISM treatment at 0.78 µM to 50 μM. Treatment of UMR-106 cells with ISM also stimulated the BrdU uptake. After the RAW 264.7 cells were co-treated with osteoclastogenesis inducer RANKL and 6.25 μM ~ 100 μM of ISM for 3 days, a trend of dose-dependent increase of osteoclast number was noted.
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Blakytny R, Spraul M, Jude EB. Review: The diabetic bone: a cellular and molecular perspective. INT J LOW EXTR WOUND 2011; 10:16-32. [PMID: 21444607 DOI: 10.1177/1534734611400256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing worldwide prevalence of diabetes the resulting complications, their consequences and treatment will lead to a greater social and financial burden on society. One of the many organs to be affected is bone. Loss of bone is observed in type 1 diabetes, in extreme cases mirroring osteoporosis, thus a greater risk of fracture. In the case of type 2 diabetes, both a loss and an increase of bone has been observed, although in both cases the quality of the bone overall was poorer, again leading to a greater risk of fracture. Once a fracture has occurred, healing is delayed in diabetes, including nonunion. The reasons leading to such changes in the state of the bone and fracture healing in diabetes is under investigation, including at the cellular and the molecular levels. In comparison with our knowledge of events in normal bone homeostasis and fracture healing, that for diabetes is much more limited, particularly in patients. However, progress is being made, especially with the use of animal models for both diabetes types. Identifying the molecular and cellular changes in the bone in diabetes and understanding how they arise will allow for targeted intervention to improve diabetic bone, thus helping to counter conditions such as Charcot foot as well as preventing fracture and accelerating healing when a fracture does occur.
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Zhou H, Wei J, Wu X, Shi J, Liu C, Jia J, Dai C, Gan Q. The bio-functional role of calcium in mesoporous silica xerogels on the responses of osteoblasts in vitro. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2010; 21:2175-2185. [PMID: 20411307 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-010-4083-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Mesoporous silica xerogels with various amount of calcium (0, 5, 10 and 15%, named m-SXC0, m-SXC5, m-SXC10 and m-SXC15, respectively) were synthesized by template sol-gel methods, and cell responses to m-SXCs were studied using murine pre-osteoblast MC3T3-E1 in vitro. The results showed that cell morphology was not affected by m-SXCs indicating good biocompatibility. Furthermore, cell proliferation ratio on the m-SXCs increased over time, among which m-SXC10 was highest. NO production obviously rose with the increase of Ca content in m-SXCs. ALP activity and PGE(2) level on m-SXC5 significantly improved compared with m-SXC0 while decreased with the increase of Ca content for m-SXC10 and m-SXC15. No obvious discrepancy on osteopontin mRNA expressions was observed among m-SXCs. The collagen I and osteocalcin mRNA expression on m-SXC5 were up-regulated, while decreased on m-SXC15 evidently. The phosphorylation level of ERK 1/2 for the m-SXC10 was highest after 7 days. In conclusion, calcium in m-SXCs plays an important role in osteoblast activity, which indicates mesoporous silica xerogel containing appropriate calcium could stimulate osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, gene expression via the activation of ERK 1/2 signaling pathway, and shows great prospects in bone regeneration field using as a drug controlled release filler.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanjun Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, and Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
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Carvalho RS, de Souza CM, Neves JCS, Holanda-Pinto SA, Pinto LMS, Brito GAC, de Andrade GM. Effect of venlafaxine on bone loss associated with ligature-induced periodontitis in Wistar rats. J Negat Results Biomed 2010; 9:3. [PMID: 20546603 PMCID: PMC2895576 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5751-9-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study investigated the effects of venlafaxine, an antidepressant drug with immunoregulatory properties on the inflammatory response and bone loss associated with experimental periodontal disease (EPD). Materials and Methods Wistar rats were subjected to a ligature placement around the second upper left molar. The treated groups received orally venlafaxine (10 or 50 mg/kg) one hour before the experimental periodontal disease induction and daily for 10 days. Vehicle-treated experimental periodontal disease and a sham-operated (SO) controls were included. Bone loss was analyzed morphometrically and histopathological analysis was based on cell influx, alveolar bone, and cementum integrity. Lipid peroxidation quantification and immunohistochemistry to TNF-α and iNOS were performed. Results Experimental periodontal disease rats showed an intense bone loss compared to SO ones (SO = 1.61 ± 1.36; EPD = 4.47 ± 1.98 mm, p < 0.001) and evidenced increased cellular infiltration and immunoreactivity for TNF-α and iNOS. Venlafaxine treatment while at low dose (10 mg/kg) afforded no significant protection against bone loss (3.25 ± 1.26 mm), a high dose (50 mg/kg) caused significantly enhanced bone loss (6.81 ± 3.31 mm, p < 0.05). Venlafaxine effectively decreased the lipid peroxidation but showed no significant change in TNF-α or iNOS immunoreactivity. Conclusion The increased bone loss associated with high dose venlafaxine may possibly be a result of synaptic inhibition of serotonin uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosimary S Carvalho
- Laboratory of Neurosciences and Behavior, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, CEP 60430-270, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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Kim HS, Kim HY, Heo SS, Kang KH, Kim SC. Expression of nitric oxide synthases in the mandibular condyle of anterior repositioned rat mandibles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.4041/kjod.2010.40.4.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ho-Young Kim
- Graduate Student, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Korea
| | - Sung-Su Heo
- Resident, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Korea
| | - Kyang-Hwa Kang
- Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Korea
| | - Sang-Cheol Kim
- Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Korea
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Hu R, Guille M, Arbault S, Lin CJ, Amatore C. In situ electrochemical monitoring of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species released by single MG63 osteosarcoma cell submitted to a mechanical stress. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:10048-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00398k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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van Faassen EE, Bahrami S, Feelisch M, Hogg N, Kelm M, Kim-Shapiro DB, Kozlov AV, Li H, Lundberg JO, Mason R, Nohl H, Rassaf T, Samouilov A, Slama-Schwok A, Shiva S, Vanin AF, Weitzberg E, Zweier J, Gladwin MT. Nitrite as regulator of hypoxic signaling in mammalian physiology. Med Res Rev 2009; 29:683-741. [PMID: 19219851 PMCID: PMC2725214 DOI: 10.1002/med.20151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this review we consider the effects of endogenous and pharmacological levels of nitrite under conditions of hypoxia. In humans, the nitrite anion has long been considered as metastable intermediate in the oxidation of nitric oxide radicals to the stable metabolite nitrate. This oxidation cascade was thought to be irreversible under physiological conditions. However, a growing body of experimental observations attests that the presence of endogenous nitrite regulates a number of signaling events along the physiological and pathophysiological oxygen gradient. Hypoxic signaling events include vasodilation, modulation of mitochondrial respiration, and cytoprotection following ischemic insult. These phenomena are attributed to the reduction of nitrite anions to nitric oxide if local oxygen levels in tissues decrease. Recent research identified a growing list of enzymatic and nonenzymatic pathways for this endogenous reduction of nitrite. Additional direct signaling events not involving free nitric oxide are proposed. We here discuss the mechanisms and properties of these various pathways and the role played by the local concentration of free oxygen in the affected tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst E van Faassen
- Department of Interface Physics, Debye Institute, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Wimalawansa SJ, Grimes JP, Wilson AC, Hoover DR. Transdermal nitroglycerin therapy may not prevent early postmenopausal bone loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:3356-64. [PMID: 19549739 PMCID: PMC2741715 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-2225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Osteoporosis is common among postmenopausal women; animal studies and human pilot studies support the concept of nitric oxide (NO) donors reducing bone mineral density loss. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to evaluate whether NO donor, nitroglycerin, prevents postmenopausal bone loss. DESIGN This was a 3-yr randomized, double blinded, single-center, placebo-controlled clinical trial. SETTING The single-center study was conducted at the University of Medicine and Dentistry-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (New Brunswick, NJ). PARTICIPANTS Participants included 186 postmenopausal women aged 40-65 yr, with lumbar bone mineral density (BMD) T-scores of 0 to -2.5. INTERVENTION Women, stratified by lumbar T-score (<-1.50 and >or=-1.50) and years since menopause (5 yr), were randomized to receive nitroglycerin ointment (22.5 mg as Nitro-Bid) or placebo ointment received daily for 3 yr. Both groups took 630 mg daily calcium plus 400 IU vitamin D supplements. MEASUREMENTS BMD was measured at 6 months and annually by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Percent change in lumbar vertebrae BMD was the primary outcome. Hip BMD, total body bone mineral content, and height were secondary outcomes. RESULTS After 36 months of therapy, changes of -2.1% in the active group (n = 88) and -2.5% in the placebo group (n = 82) in lumbar spine BMD were seen (P = 0.59; 95% confidence interval -1.001, 1.975). Secondary outcomes also did not differ by intervention arm. The active group reported more headaches compared with the placebo group (57 vs. 14%, P < 0.001). Other adverse and serious adverse events were not different. CONCLUSIONS BMD changes did not substantially differ between postmenopausal women who received the dose of nitroglycerin tested, in comparison with a placebo. Once-daily dosing with 22.5 mg of transdermal-administered nitroglycerin was not effective (compliance adjusted dose was only approximately 16 mg/d); a sub-therapeutic dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil J Wimalawansa
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0019, USA.
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Sosroseno W, Bird PS, Seymour GJ. Nitric oxide production by a human osteoblast cell line stimulated with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 24:50-5. [PMID: 19121070 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2008.00475.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Human osteoblasts induced by inflammatory stimuli express an inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide stimulates the production of nitric oxide (NO) by a human osteoblast-like cell line (HOS cells). METHODS Cells were stimulated directly with A. actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide or pretreated with the following l-NIL (an iNOS inhibitor), anti-CD14, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), or TLR4 antibody before stimulation with A. actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide. The role of the cyclic nucleotides was assessed by pretreating the cells with the following; ODQ (a guanylyl cyclase inhibitor); SQ22536 (an adenylyl cyclase inhibitor); db-cAMP (a cyclic adenosine monophosphate analog); br-cGMP (a cyclic guanosine monophosphate analog); forskolin (an adenylyl cyclase activator), IBMX [a non-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor], or KT5720 [a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor]. The cells were also preincubated with genistein [a protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitor], bisindolylmaleimide [a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor], BPB [a phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor], and NDGA (a lipoxygenase inhibitor). The iNOS activity and nitrite production in the cell cultures were determined spectrophotometrically. RESULTS The results showed that A. actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide stimulated both iNOS activity and nitrite production by HOS cells; this was reduced by l-NIL, anti-CD14, or anti-TLR4 antibody, SQ22536, KT5720, genistein, bisindolylmaleimde, BPB, and NDGA, but was enhanced by db-cAMP, IBMX, and forskolin. CONCLUSION These results therefore suggest that A. actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide may induce the production of NO by HOS cells via a CD14-TLR4 molecule complex, a cAMP-PKA pathway, as well as by a PTK, PKC, PLA2, and lipoxygenase-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Sosroseno
- School of Dentistry, AIMST University, Semeling, Bedong, Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia.
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Park YG, Kim KW, Song KH, Lee JM, Hong JJ, Moon SK, Kim CH. Combinatory responses of proinflamamtory cytokines on nitric oxide-mediated function in mouse calvarial osteoblasts. Cell Biol Int 2008; 33:92-9. [PMID: 18957328 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2008.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Combinatory responses of proinflamamtory cytokines have been examined on the nitric oxide-mediated function in cultured mouse calvarial osteoblasts. Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) induced iNOS gene expression and NO production, although these actions were inhibited by L-NG-monomethylarginine (L-NMMA) and decreased alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) activity. Furthermore, NO donors, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and NONOate dose-dependently elevated ALPase activity. In contrast, transforming-growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) decreased NO production stimulated by IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). iNOS was expressed by mouse calvarial osteoblast cells after stimulation with IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma. Incubation of mouse calvarial osteoblast cells with the cytokines inhibited growth and ALPase activity. However, TGF-beta-treatment abolished these effects of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma on growth inhibition and stimulation of ALPase in mouse calvarial osteoblast cells. In contrast, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma exerted growth-inhibiting effects on mouse calvarial osteoblast cells which were partly NO-dependent. The results suggest that NO may act predominantly as a modulator of cytokine-induced effects on mouse calvarial osteoblast cells and TGF-beta is a negative regulator of the NO production stimulated by IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Guk Park
- Department of Orthodondritics, Kyung-Hee University College of Dental Medicine, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
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Jin UH, Kim KS, Park SY, Chung KH, Kim DS, Chang YC, Kim CH. Effect ofButhus martensiKarsch on Aromatase Activity and Cytokine-Inducded NOS and NO Production in Osteoblasts and Leukaemic Cell Line FLG 29.1. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2008; 28:241-58. [PMID: 16873093 DOI: 10.1080/08923970600816723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Among the different scorpion species, Buthus martensi Karsch, a widely distributed scorpion species in Asia especially in Korea, has received a lot of attention. Indeed, over the past decade, more than 70 different peptides, toxins, or homologues have been isolated. It may prove a valuable resource for identifying potential anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs. The recent observation has suggested that the aromatase is a possible local modulator of bone remodeling in osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. In the present study, therefore, the effect of Buthus martensi Karsch (BMK) extract, traditional immunosuppressive Korean aqua-acupuncture water, on the bone function of human osteoblastic cells was studied. To provide insights into the effect of BMK on aromatase activity in bone-derived cells, we examined the human leukaemic cell line FLG 29.1, which is induced to differentiate toward the osteoclastic phenotype by 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, and the primary first-passage osteoblastic cells (hOB). Gene expression of the aromatase was not affected by Buthus martensi Karsch in FLG 29.1 and hOB cells. However, enzyme activity was stimulated in a time-dependent fashion by 10.0 microg/ml BMK and by either 1-50 nM TPA or 0.01-0.5 ng/ml TGF-beta1, with maximal responses after 2-3 hr exposure. On the other hand, BMK strongly inhibited interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)- and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha-induced Nitricoxide (NO) synthase expression with little effect on constitutive NO synthase expression. BMK extracts (10 microg/ml) inhibited cytokine-induced iNOS and nNOS expression. BMK (10 microg/ml) did not affect the ecNOS expression, indicating the extracts are not working on the constitutive NOS expression. BMK strongly inhibited the cytokine-induced NO production (p < 0.01). BMK also showed significant inhibition on NO production in both induced by TNF-alpha+IL-1beta. NO donors, sodium nitroprusside, and NONOate dose-dependently elevated alkaline phosphatase activity. These results suggest that NO directly facilitates osteoblastic differentiation. This result also suggests that BMK is effective for bone resorptive action in bone cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Un-Ho Jin
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Science, SungKyunKwan University, Suwon City, Kyunggi, Korea
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Broderick KE, Zhang T, Rangaswami H, Zeng Y, Zhao X, Boss GR, Pilz RB. Guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP)/cGMP-dependent protein kinase induce interleukin-6 transcription in osteoblasts. Mol Endocrinol 2007; 21:1148-62. [PMID: 17341596 DOI: 10.1210/me.2005-0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natriuretic peptides and nitric oxide (NO) activate the cGMP/cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) signaling pathway and play an important role in bone development and adult bone homeostasis. The cytokine IL-6 regulates bone turnover and osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation. We found that C-type natriuretic peptide and the NO donor Deta-NONOate induced IL-6 mRNA expression in primary human osteoblasts, an effect mimicked by the membrane-permeable cGMP analog 8-chlorophenylthio-cGMP (8-CPT-cGMP). Similar results were obtained in rat UMR106 osteosarcoma cells, where C-type natriuretic peptide and 8-CPT-cGMP stimulated transcription of the human IL-6 promoter and increased IL-6 secretion into the medium. Cotransfection of type I PKG enhanced the cGMP effect on the IL-6 promoter, whereas small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of PKG I expression prevented the cGMP effect on IL-6 mRNA expression. Step-wise deletion of the IL-6 promoter demonstrated a cAMP response element to be critical for transcriptional effects of cGMP, and experiments with dominant interfering proteins showed that cGMP activation of the promoter required cAMP response element binding-related proteins, and, to a lesser extent, proteins of the CAAT enhancer-binding protein and activator protein-1 (Fos/Jun) families. 8-CPT-cGMP induced nuclear translocation of type I PKG and increased cAMP response element binding-related protein phosphorylation on Ser(133). PKG regulation of the IL-6 promoter appeared to be of physiological significance, because inhibitors of the NO/cGMP/PKG signaling pathway largely prevented fluid shear stress-induced increases of IL-6 mRNA in UMR106 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Broderick
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0652, USA
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Mei YF, Yamaza T, Atsuta I, Danjo A, Yamashita Y, Kido MA, Goto M, Akamine A, Tanaka T. Sequential expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and nitrotyrosine in odontoblasts and pulp cells during dentin repair after tooth preparation in rat molars. Cell Tissue Res 2007; 328:117-27. [PMID: 17216200 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-005-0003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2005] [Accepted: 05/03/2005] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) stimulates osteoblast differentiation, but whether NO contributes to odontoblast differentiation during dentin repair is unknown. By using reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction and immunostaining, we investigated the gene expression and/or immunolocalization of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), inducible NOS (iNOS), and nitrotyrosine (a biomarker for NO-derived peroxinitrite), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin (early and terminal differentiation markers of odontoblasts, respectively) in dental pulp tissue after rat tooth preparation. At the early stage (1-3 days) post-preparation, markedly increased expression of iNOS and nitrotyrosine was found in odontoblasts and pulp cells beneath the cavity, whereas eNOS expression was significantly decreased. ALP mRNA expression was significantly increased after 1 day but decreased after 3 days, whereas ALP activity was weak in the dentin-pulp interface under the cavity after 1 day but strong after 3 days. Osteocalcin mRNA expression was significantly increased at this stage. At 7 days post-preparation, tertiary dentin was formed under the cavity. All the molecules studied were expressed at control levels in odontoblasts/pulp cells beneath the cavity. These findings show that abundant NO is released from odontoblasts and pulp cells at an early stage after tooth preparation and indicate that, after tooth preparation, the up-regulation of iNOS and nitrotyrosine in odontoblasts is synchronized with increased cellular expression of ALP and osteocalcin. Therefore, the NO synthesized by iNOS after tooth preparation probably participates in regulating odontoblast differentiation during tertiary dentinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Feng Mei
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Dental Science, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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Kuzushima M, Mogi M, Togari A. Cytokine-induced nitric-oxide-dependent apoptosis in mouse osteoblastic cells: Involvement of p38MAP kinase. Arch Oral Biol 2006; 51:1048-53. [PMID: 16806046 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2006.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2005] [Revised: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 05/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The apoptotic signalling induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines was examined in mouse osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Annexin-V/propidium iodine double-staining analysis demonstrated that the combination of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta and interferon-gamma caused cell death in osteoblastic cells mediated by apoptosis, not necrosis. Treatment with these cytokines resulted in potent enhancement of inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA and nitric-oxide (NO) in the cells. A specific inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, i.e. SB203580, dose dependently inhibited the induction of iNOS mRNA, its enzyme product, NO and DNA fragmentation (as an apoptosis index) in the cytokine-treated cells (P<0.05). In contrast, PD98059, a specific inhibitor of MEK that acts immediately upstream of classic MAP kinase, had no effect on the induction of iNOS, NO or DNA fragmentation in the cells. These results demonstrate that this cytokine-induced apoptosis in mouse osteoblastic cells was mediated by a p38MAP-kinase-dependent iNOS system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Kuzushima
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan
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Oktem G, Uslu S, Vatansever SH, Aktug H, Yurtseven ME, Uysal A. Evaluation of the relationship between inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity and effects of melatonin in experimental osteoporosis in the rat. Surg Radiol Anat 2005; 28:157-62. [PMID: 16362227 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-005-0065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 10/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. iNOS generates nitric oxide (NO), a free radical contributing to the imbalance between bone formation and resorption caused by estrogen depletion. Melatonin is the major product of the pineal gland which is known to diminish iNOS expression and NO production significantly. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of iNOS and the amount of apoptotic cells after melatonin treatment in ovariectomized rats. Since previous studies have shown that constitution of bone formation is primarily sustained in nucleus pulposus and epiphyseal cartilage, experiments were carried out on nucleus pulposus and epiphyseal cartilage; additional quantitation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts were evaluated on vertebral area as well. Vertebral sections of ovariectomized rats were obtained from formalin-fixed and parafin-embedded blocks. iNOS expression and quantitation of apoptotic cells in nucleus pulposus and epiphyseal cartilage were evaluated using indirect immunoperoxidase and TUNEL techniques, respectively. The number of osteoclasts and osteoblasts in trabecular bone was determined using histomorphometry. Ovariectomy increased iNOS expression and the number of apoptotic cells in nucleus pulposus and epiphyseal cartilage, whereas a 4-week treatment with melatonin (10 mg/kg/day) resulted in the reduction of both effects. These data indicate that there is strong influence of melatonin application on expression of iNOS, apoptosis, osteoclast and osteoblast numbers after ovariectomy. In conclusion, melatonin besides its usual use as an antiaging hormone, may also be an effective hormone in treatment of bone changes in estrogen deficiency states.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Oktem
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Ege University, Histoloji ve Embriyoloji A D, TR-35100 Izmir, Turkey.
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Young N, Mikhalkevich N, Yan Y, Chen D, Zheng WP. Differential regulation of osteoblast activity by Th cell subsets mediated by parathyroid hormone and IFN-gamma. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2005; 175:8287-95. [PMID: 16339569 PMCID: PMC2647996 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.12.8287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bone loss is a typical pathological feature of chronic inflammatory bone diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, in which CD4 effector T cells play critical roles. We found that activated mouse Th2 and not Th1 cells produced the parathyroid hormone (PTH). Unlike in the parathyroid cells, PTH expression in Th2 cells was not regulated by the fluctuation of calcium level, but rather it required the full activation of the T cells. Although PTH was expressed in immature Th2 cells, and its receptor was transiently expressed during Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation, PTH did not significantly affect the outcome of the differentiation. In primary osteoblasts cultured in Th2 cell condition medium, the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was maintained at a basal level. However, antagonizing PTH in the condition medium resulted in a significant reduction of the ALP activity. These results demonstrated an important role of the Th2 cell-derived PTH in maintaining the bone-forming activity of the osteoblasts under inflammatory conditions. In osteoblasts cultured in the Th1 cell condition medium, the ALP activity was significantly suppressed. Neutralizing IFN-gamma alleviated the suppression. Conversely, treatment of osteoblasts with IFN-gamma suppressed the ALP activity. Unlike ALP, expression of the major bone matrix proteins by the osteoblasts was only minimally affected by either Th1 or Th2 cytokine environment. In addition, the Th2 cytokine environment also regulated to expression of receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand and osteoprotegerin through both PTH-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Our study therefore identified new regulatory events in bone remodeling under inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Young
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Natallia Mikhalkevich
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Ying Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Wei-ping Zheng
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
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Priante G, Musacchio E, Pagnin E, Calò LA, Baggio B. Specific effect of arachidonic acid on inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression in human osteoblastic cells. Clin Sci (Lond) 2005; 109:177-82. [PMID: 15801909 DOI: 10.1042/cs20040369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A specific modulatory effect of PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) on gene expression of some cytokines involved in bone remodelling has been reported previously. In particular, although a direct action of AA (arachidonic acid) on bone cytokine gene expression has been shown in human osteoblastic cells, OA (oleic acid) and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) were ineffective. Since the NO (nitric oxide) system has also been shown to have an important modulatory activity on osteoblasts, osteoclasts and bone metabolism, in the present study we have investigated the effects of PUFAs on iNOS (inducible NO synthase) gene expression in a human osteoblast-like cell line. AA induced a significant increase in iNOS mRNA expression, whereas EPA and OA had no stimulatory effects but instead caused a significant inhibition of AA-induced iNOS gene expression. Blocking of the COX (cyclo-oxygenase) pathway did not inhibit AA-induced iNOS expression. AA action was inhibited instead by the addition of calphostin C and genistein, inhibitors of PKC (protein kinase C) and tyrosine kinases respectively. Experiments performed with specific anti-cytokine antibodies showed a significant decrease in iNOS expression in AA-treated osteoblastic cells, suggesting that both cytokine-dependent and -independent mechanisms account for the effects of AA on iNOS gene expression. In conclusion, our investigation clearly shows specific effects of PUFAs on iNOS expression in human osteoblast-like cells with a cytokine-dependent and -independent mechanism. These results might have clinical relevance and are of interest for understanding the reported beneficial effects of dietary PUFA manipulation on the prevention and/or treatment of primary and secondary bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Priante
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
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Choi EM. The licorice root derived isoflavan glabridin increases the function of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 70:363-8. [PMID: 15922308 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2005] [Revised: 04/17/2005] [Accepted: 04/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glabridin, an isoflavan purified from licorice root, exhibits diverse biological activities, including estrogen-like activity. To investigate the bioactivities of glabridin, which act on bone metabolism, the effects of glabridin on the function of mouse osteoblastic cell line (MC3T3-E1) and the production of local factors in osteoblasts were studied. Glabridin (1-10microM) significantly increased the growth of MC3T3-E1 cells and caused a significant elevation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, collagen content and osteocalcin secretion in the cells (P<0.05). The effect of glabridin (10microM) in increasing ALP activity and collagen content was completely prevented by the presence of 10(-6)M cycloheximide and 10(-6)M tamoxifen, suggesting that glabridin's effect results from a newly synthesized protein component and might be partly involved in estrogen action. Then, the effects of glabridin on the TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis and production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and nitric oxide (NO) in osteoblasts were examined. Treatment with glabridin (1-10microM) prevented apoptosis induced by TNF-alpha (10(-10)M) in osteoblastic cells. Moreover, glabridin (50microM) decreased the 10(-10)M TNF-alpha-induced production of PGE2 and NO in osteoblasts. Our data indicate that the enhancement of osteoblast function by glabridin may result in the prevention for osteoporosis and inflammatory bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Mi Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Oh HM, Kang YJ, Kim SH, Lee YS, Park MK, Heo JM, Sun JJ, Kim HJ, Kang ES, Kim HJ, Seo HG, Lee JH, Yun-Choi HS, Chang KC. Agastache rugosa leaf extract inhibits the iNOS expression in ROS 17/2.8 cells activated with TNF-α and IL-1β. Arch Pharm Res 2005; 28:305-10. [PMID: 15832818 DOI: 10.1007/bf02977797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that nitric oxide (NO) derived from inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) may act as a mediator of cytokine-induced effects on bone turn-over. NO is also recognized as an important factor in bone remodeling, i.e., participating in osteoblast apoptosis in an arthritic joint. The components of Agastache rugosa are known to have many pharmacological activities. In the present study, we investigated the effects of Agastache rugosa leaf extract (ELAR) on NO production and the iNOS expression in ROS 17/2.8 cells activated by a mixture of inflammatory cytokines including TNF-alpha and IL-1beta. A preincubation with ELAR significantly and concentration-dependently reduced the expression of iNOS protein in ROS 17/2.8 cells activated with the cytokine mixture. Consequently, the NO production was also significantly reduced by ELAR with an IC50 of 0.75 mg/mL. The inhibitory mechanism of iNOS induction by ELAR prevented the activation and translocation of NF-kappaB (p65) to the nucleus from the cytosol fraction. Furthermore, ELAR concentration-dependently reduced the cellular toxicity induced by sodium nitroprusside, an NO-donor. These results suggest that ELAR may be beneficial in NO-mediated inflammatory conditions such as osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Min Oh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-751, Korea
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Cake MA, Read RA, Appleyard RC, Hwa SY, Ghosh P. The nitric oxide donor glyceryl trinitrate increases subchondral bone sclerosis and cartilage degeneration following ovine meniscectomy. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2004; 12:974-81. [PMID: 15564064 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2004.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2004] [Accepted: 08/26/2004] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM To examine the effect of glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), a nitric oxide (NO) donor compound, on the concurrent progression of cartilage and subchondral bone changes in an ovine meniscectomy model of osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS Bilateral lateral meniscectomy (MX) was performed on 12 ewes to induce OA. Six were treated with topical GTN (0.7mg/kg twice weekly) (MX+GTN). Six other sheep formed non-operated controls (NOC). After sacrifice at six months, the subchondral bone density (BMD) of the lateral and medial femoral condyles (LFC, MFC) and tibial plateau (LTP, MTP) was assessed by DEXA. Dynamic biomechanical testing was performed across the MTP and LTP. Histological sections from each region were scored qualitatively and the thickness of the subchondral bone plate (SCB) was determined by image analysis. RESULTS MX+GTN displayed significantly greater SCB thickness relative to MX in the LFC (mean increase +88% and +42%, respectively) and the MFC. SCB BMD was 10-12% greater in MX+GTN relative to MX in the LFC, LTP and MTP. MX+GTN sheep also showed greater increases in some histopathology variables, greater central erosion of the LTP, and changes in dynamic stiffness (decreased) and phase lag (increased) in the outer zone of the LTP. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with GTN significantly increased subchondral bone thickness and density during subchondral remodelling following meniscectomy. In addition, it slightly but significantly worsened degeneration of cartilage structure and function. These results suggest that clinical use of GTN may accelerate both cartilage degeneration and subchondral bone sclerosis if used in the presence of OA, and demonstrate that NO has the potential be an important mediator of the subchondral bone changes seen in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Cake
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6105, Australia.
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Li H, Samouilov A, Liu X, Zweier JL. Characterization of the effects of oxygen on xanthine oxidase-mediated nitric oxide formation. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:16939-46. [PMID: 14766900 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m314336200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Under anaerobic conditions, xanthine oxidase (XO)-catalyzed nitrite reduction can be an important source of nitric oxide (NO). However, questions remain regarding whether significant XO-mediated NO generation also occurs under aerobic conditions. Therefore, electron paramagnetic resonance, chemiluminescence NO-analyzer, and NO-electrode studies were performed to characterize the kinetics and magnitude of XO-mediated nitrite reduction as a function of oxygen tension. With substrates xanthine or 2,3-dihydroxybenz-aldehyde that provide electrons to XO at the molybdenum site, the rate of NO production followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and oxygen functioned as a competitive inhibitor of nitrite reduction. However, with flavin-adenine dinucleotide site-binding substrate NADH as electron donor, aerobic NO production was maintained at more than 70% of anaerobic levels, and binding of NADH to the flavin-adenine dinucleotide site seemed to prevent oxygen binding. Therefore, under aerobic conditions, NADH would be the main electron donor for XO-catalyzed NO production in tissues. Studies of the pH dependence of NO formation indicated that lower pH values decrease oxygen reduction but greatly increase nitrite reduction, facilitating NO generation. Isotope tracer studies demonstrated that XO-mediated NO formation occurs in normoxic and hypoxic heart tissue. Thus, XO-mediated NO generation occurs under aerobic conditions and is regulated by oxygen tension, pH, nitrite, and reducing substrate concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Li
- Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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McFarlane SI, Muniyappa R, Shin JJ, Bahtiyar G, Sowers JR. Osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease: brittle bones and boned arteries, is there a link? Endocrine 2004; 23:1-10. [PMID: 15034190 DOI: 10.1385/endo:23:1:01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2003] [Revised: 01/28/2004] [Accepted: 01/30/2004] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Both osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are major public health problems leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Although traditionally viewed as separate disease entities that increase in prevalence with aging, accumulating evidence indicates that there are similar pathophysiological mechanisms underlying both diseases. In addition to menopause and advanced age, other risk factors for CVD such as dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, inflammation, hyperhomocystinemia, hypertension, and diabetes have also been associated with increased risk of low bone mineral density (LBMD). Elevated LDL and low HDL cholesterol are associated with LBMD, altered lipid metabolism is associated with both bone remodeling and the atherosclerotic process, which might explain, in part, the co-existence of osteoporosis and atherosclerosis in patients with dyslipidemia. Similarly, inflammation plays a pivotal role in both atherosclerosis and osteoporosis. Elevated plasma homocysteine levels are associated with both CVD and osteoporosis. Nitric oxide (NO), in addition to its known atheroprotective effects, appears to also play a role in osteoblast function and bone turnover. Supporting this notion, in a small randomized controlled trial, nitroglycerine (an NO donor) was found to be as effective as estrogen in preventing bone loss in women with surgical menopause. Statins, agents that reduce atherogenesis, also stimulate bone formation. Furthermore, bis- phosphonates, used in the treatment of osteoporosis, have been shown to inhibit atherogenesis. Intravenous bisphosphonate therapy significantly decreases serum LDL and increases HDL in postmenopausal women The exciting possibilities of newer pharmacological agents that effectively treat both osteoporosis and CVD hold considerable promise. However, it is important to emphasize that the current evidence linking both of these diseases is far from conclusive. Therefore, additional research is necessary to further characterize the relationship between these two common illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy I McFarlane
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, SUNY-Downstate, and Kings County Hospital Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
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Karlidağ T, Ilhan N, Kaygusuz I, Keleş E, Yalçin S. Comparison of Free Radicals and Antioxidant Enzymes in Chronic Otitis Media With and Without Tympanosclerosis. Laryngoscope 2004; 114:85-9. [PMID: 14710000 DOI: 10.1097/00005537-200401000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS The pathogenesis of tympanosclerosis is unclear. The study was performed to investigate the role of nitric oxide, free oxygen radicals, and antioxidants in development of tympanosclerosis in patients with chronic otitis media. STUDY DESIGN A prospective study in patients with nasal polyps. METHODS Sixty-five patients who underwent tympanoplasty or tympanoplasty together with mastoidectomy were included in the study. Preoperative venous blood samples were drawn, and serum sodium, potassium, calcium, alkaline phosphatase, inorganic phosphorus, parathormone, and calcitonin levels were measured. The patients who had tympanosclerotic plaques on tympanic membrane or middle ear mucosa or near the ossicular chain or mastoid bone were designated as group 1 (n = 34), and the remaining patients as group 2 (n = 31). Intraoperatively, specimens were obtained from the middle ear mucosa and tympanic membrane to measure nitric oxide and malondialdehyde levels. In addition, plasma malondialdehyde levels and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase and catalase activity were determined. RESULTS All patients had similar demographic features and serum electrolyte and hormone levels. Nitric oxide and malondialdehyde levels of the specimens obtained from the middle ear mucosa (P =.001) and tympanic membrane (P =.01) and, in parallel to this, the plasma malondialdehyde activity level were higher in group 1 than in group 2. Moreover, group 2 had significantly lower erythrocyte catalase activity levels (P =.001) compared with group 1, whereas such a significant difference was not present for superoxide dismutase activity levels (P >.05). CONCLUSION The study results suggest that nitric oxide, free oxygen radicals, and catalase may have a role in the development of tympanosclerosis in patients with chronic otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turgut Karlidağ
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty, Firat University, Elaziğ, Turkey.
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36
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Cenni V, Sirri A, De Pol A, Maraldi NM, Marmiroli S. Interleukin-1-receptor-associated kinase 2 (IRAK2)-mediated interleukin-1-dependent nuclear factor kappaB transactivation in Saos2 cells requires the Akt/protein kinase B kinase. Biochem J 2003; 376:303-11. [PMID: 12906710 PMCID: PMC1223745 DOI: 10.1042/bj20030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2003] [Revised: 07/02/2003] [Accepted: 08/07/2003] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The post-receptor pathway that leads to nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation begins with the assembly of a membrane-proximal complex among the interleukin 1 (IL-1) receptors and the adaptor molecules, myeloid differentiation protein 88 (MyD88), IL-1-receptor-associated kinases (IRAKs) and tumour-necrosis-factor-receptor-associated factor 6. Eventually, phosphorylation of the inhibitor of NF-kappaB (IkappaB) by the IkappaB kinases releases NF-kappaB, which translocates to the nucleus and modulates gene expression. In this paper, we report that IRAK2 and MyD88, but not IRAK1, interact physically with Akt, as demonstrated by co-immunoprecipitation and pull-down experiments. Interestingly, the association of Akt with recombinant IRAK2 is decreased by stimulation with IL-1, and is favoured by pre-treatment with phosphatase. Likewise, Akt association with IRAK2 is increased considerably by overexpression of PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10), while it is completely abrogated by overexpression of phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1. These data indicate that Akt takes part in the formation of the signalling complex that conveys the signal from the IL-1 receptors to NF-kappaB, a step that is much more membrane-proximal than was reported previously. We also demonstrate that Akt activity is necessary for IL-1-dependent NF-kappaB transactivation, since a kinase-defective mutant of Akt impairs IRAK2- and MyD88-dependent, but not IRAK1-dependent, NF-kappaB activity, as monitored by a gene reporter assay. Accordingly, IRAK2 failed to trigger inducible nitric oxide synthase and IL-1beta production in cells expressing dominant-negative Akt. However, NF-kappaB binding to DNA was not affected by inhibition of Akt, indicating that Akt regulates NF-kappaB at a level distinct from the dissociation of p65 from IkappaBalpha and its translocation to the nucleus, possibly involving phosphorylation of the p65 transactivation domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Cenni
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, Codivilla-Putti Research Institute, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
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Abe T, Hikiji H, Shin WS, Koshikiya N, Shima SI, Nakata J, Susami T, Takato T, Toyo-oka T. Targeting of iNOS with antisense DNA plasmid reduces cytokine-induced inhibition of osteoblastic activity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003; 285:E614-21. [PMID: 12657566 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00267.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatry cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha combined with interleukin-1beta, induce excessive production of nitric oxide (NO) and its cytotoxic metabolite peroxynitrite (ONOO-) via inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in murine osteoblasts. In this study, to properly estimate the effects of antisense DNA of iNOS on osteoblastic activity, we produced transformed cell lines with antisense plasmid that specifically targets the iNOS gene for potential long-lasting inhibition. Transformed antisense cell lines were identified by 1) the detection of antisense transcripts, 2) the attenuated expression of iNOS protein, 3) the reduction of NO synthase activity, and 4) the level of NO production. These cell lines targeting iNOS, which showed decreased production of both NO and ONOO-, prevented the inhibition of osteoblastic differentiation as was assayed by the mRNA expression of type I collagen, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and Core binding factor in the presence of proinflammatory cytokines. Present results indicate that the antisense DNA plasmid of iNOS is potent to reduce the cytokine-induced inhibition of osteoblastic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Abe
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Izumi T, Tsurusaki Y, Yamaguchi M. Suppressive effect of endogenous regucalcin on nitric oxide synthase activity in cloned rat hepatoma H4-II-E cells overexpressing regucalcin. J Cell Biochem 2003; 89:800-7. [PMID: 12858345 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The role of endogenous regucalcin, which is a regulatory protein in calcium signaling, in the regulation of nitric oxide (NO) synthase activity in the cloned rat hepatoma H4-II-E cells was investigated. Hepatoma cells were cultured for 24-72 h in the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS; 10%). NO synthase activity in the 5,500 g supernatant of cell homogenate was significantly increased by the addition of calcium chloride (10 microM) and calmodulin (2.5 microg/ml) in the enzyme reaction mixture. The presence of trifluoperazine (TFP; 50 microM), an antagonist of calmodulin, inhibited the effect of calcium (10 microM) addition in increasing NO synthase activity, indicating the existence of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent NO synthase in hepatoma cells. NO synthase activity was significantly decreased by the addition of regucalcin (10(-8) or 10(-7) M) in the reaction mixture without or with Ca(2+)/calmodulin addition. The effect of regucalcin (10(-7) M) in decreasing NO synthase activity was also seen in the presence of TFP (50 microM) or EGTA (1 mM). The presence of anti-regucalcin monoclonal antibody (10-50 ng/ml) in the reaction mixture caused a significant elevation of NO synthase activity. NO synthase activity was significantly suppressed in the hepatoma cells (transfectants) overexpressing regucalcin. This decrease was completely abolished in the presence of anti-regucalcin monoclonal antibody (50 ng/ml) in the reaction mixture. Moreover, the effect of Ca(2+)/calmodulin addition in increasing NO synthase activity in the hepatoma cells (wild-type) was completely prevented in transfectants. The present study demonstrates that endogenous regucalcin has a suppressive effect on NO synthase activity in the cloned rat hepatoma H4-II-E cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Izumi
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Molecular Metabolism, Graduate School of Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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Choi EM, Koo SJ. Effects of soybean ethanol extract on the cell survival and oxidative stress in osteoblastic cells. Phytother Res 2003; 17:627-32. [PMID: 12820230 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that high concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and nitric oxide (NO) are thought to increase the apoptosis in osteoblasts and bone resorption and may have important roles in the regulation of osteoblast and osteoclast metabolism, especially in rheumatoid arthritis. The present study was performed to investigate the effect of soybean ethanol extract on the scavenging properties using DPPH and the TNF-alpha and NO production of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. The soy extract and its fractions according to polarity displayed a strong free radical scavenger activity at 0.01 approximately 0.1g/L, except for aquous fraction which had no significant effect on the function of MC3T3-E1 cells (p < 0.05). TNF-alpha secretion by MC3T3-E1 cells was reduced significantly when stimulated with soy extract (0.05 g/L). Nitrite accumulation in culture medium and apoptosis of MC3T3-E1 cells were induced by the addition of 10(-10) M TNF-alpha, and inhibited by the simultaneous addition of soy extract (0.05g/L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Mi Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul Korea
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Pelt P, Zimmermann B, Ulbrich N, Bernimoulin JP. Effects of lipopolysaccharide extracted from Prevotella intermedia on bone formation and on the release of osteolytic mediators by fetal mouse osteoblasts in vitro. Arch Oral Biol 2002; 47:859-66. [PMID: 12450517 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9969(02)00150-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prevotella intermedia, a Gram-negative obligate anaerobic black-pigmented oral bacterium, belongs to a small group of microorganisms that is closely associated with the initiation of periodontal diseases. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an outer membrane component, is one of the main virulence factors of this bacterium. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of Prev. intermedia lipopolysaccharide, extracted by the hot-phenol-water method, on differentiation (alkaline phosphatase activity) and mineralisation (calcium incorporation) of fetal mouse calvarial cells in vitro and to determine the release of the important osteolytic factors nitric oxide, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and matrix metalloproteinases by these cells after treatment with different concentrations of Prev. intermedia lipopolysaccharide (0.2-25 microg/ml). By gelatin zymography, we also characterized the matrix metalloproteinases released by these osteoblasts. Treatment with Prev. intermedia lipopolysaccharide dose-dependently inhibited bone formation by reducing alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium incorporation and induced the release of nitric oxide, IL-6 and the latent proforms of MMP-2 and MMP-9 by fetal mouse osteoblasts in organoid culture. These results indicate that the lipopolysaccharide from Prev. intermedia not only participates in periodontal tissue destruction and alveolar bone resorption, but also inhibits bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paco Pelt
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Garystrasse 5, Berlin D-14195, Germany.
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Ozeki N, Mogi M, Nakamura H, Togari A. Differential expression of the Fas-Fas ligand system on cytokine-induced apoptotic cell death in mouse osteoblastic cells. Arch Oral Biol 2002; 47:511-7. [PMID: 12208075 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9969(02)00035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Apoptotic signalling, particularly in the Fas-Fas ligand (FasL) system, was studied in a mouse osteoblastic cell line, MC3T3-E1. A combination of the cytokines tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta and interferon-gamma activated the Fas-FasL-dependent cell-death system. The cytokines caused significant enhancement of Fas mRNA and Fas protein, and led to apoptotic cell death. Western blot demonstrated that FasL protein was continuously present in MC3T3-E1 cells, although the cytokines had no effect on the induction of FasL. Exogenous FasL caused a decrease in cell viability and a large increase in apoptotic cell death in cells pre-treated with cytokines, indicating that the Fas-FasL system has the potential to cause apoptosis in osteoblastic cells. Treatment with anti-Fas IgG (antagonistic antibody) inhibited the DNA fragmentation induced by cytokines in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that cytokine-induced Fas may cause apoptotic cell death in MC3T3-E1 cells. Taken together, these findings show that cytokine-induced apoptotic cell death was mediated by the autocrine or paracrine Fas-FasL system in mouse osteoblastic cells, and suggest that cytokine-induced apoptosis could have an important role in localised bone destruction associated with inflammatory bone diseases such as periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Ozeki
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan
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42
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Watanuki M, Sakai A, Sakata T, Tsurukami H, Miwa M, Uchida Y, Watanabe K, Ikeda K, Nakamura T. Role of inducible nitric oxide synthase in skeletal adaptation to acute increases in mechanical loading. J Bone Miner Res 2002; 17:1015-25. [PMID: 12054156 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2002.17.6.1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the role of nitric oxide (NO) in regulation of bone metabolism in response to skeletal loading, we examined inducible NO synthase (iNOS) gene knockout mice in the tail-suspension model. Histomorphometric analyses of proximal tibias revealed that 7 days of tail suspension decreased the bone volume (BV/TV) and bone formation rate (BFR/BS) and increased the osteoclast surface (Oc.S/BS) in mice with all iNOS genotypes. Both iNOS+/+ and iNOS+/- mice responded to subsequent 14-day reloading, with increases in BV/TV and BFR/BS and a decrease in Oc.S/BS, whereas these responses were abolished in iNOS-/- mice. The osteoblasts flattened after tail suspension appeared cuboidal during subsequent reloading. Immunoreactivity for iNOS was detected in these osteoblasts and osteocytes by immunohistochemistry. These defective responses after reloading were rescued in iNOS-/- mice by treatment with an NO donor nitroglycerine (NG). Conversely, the responses in iNOS+/+ mice were inhibited by treatment with an NOS inhibitor aminoguanidine (AG). In bone marrow cell cultures, mineralized nodules derived from iNOS-/- mice after reloading were significantly reduced. Taken together, our results suggest that NO generated by iNOS in osteoblasts plays a critical role in adjusting bone turnover and increasing osteogenic activity in response to the acute increase in mechanical loading after tail suspension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Watanuki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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43
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Lee HT, Yang SW, Kim KH, Seo EK, Mar W. Pseudoguaianolides isolated from Inula britannica var. chinenis as inhibitory constituents against inducible nitric oxide synthase. Arch Pharm Res 2002; 25:151-3. [PMID: 12009027 DOI: 10.1007/bf02976555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Three pseudoguaianolide type sesquiterpenes, bigelovin (1), 2,3-dihydroaromaticin (2), and ergolide (3) were isolated as inhibitory constituents against inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) from the flowers of Inula britannica var. chinensis. Bigelovin (1) exhibited a highly potent inhibitory activity on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced iNOS in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells with an IC50 value of 0.46 mM, which is about 8 times more potent than the known selective inhibitor of iNOS, L-N6-(1-iminoethyl)lysine (IC50 3.49 microM). 2,3-Dihydroaromaticin (2) and ergolide (3) also exhibited potent inhibitory activities on LPS-induced iNOS with IC50 values of 1.05 and 0.69 microM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Tai Lee
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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44
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Smith LM, Cuthbertson B, Harvie J, Webster N, Robins S, Ralston SH. Increased bone resorption in the critically ill: association with sepsis and increased nitric oxide production. Crit Care Med 2002; 30:837-40. [PMID: 11940755 DOI: 10.1097/00003246-200204000-00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cytokines stimulate nitric oxide production in bone, and high concentrations of cytokine-induced nitric oxide inhibit bone resorption in vitro. This has led to the suggestion that nitric oxide may protect against bone loss in inflammatory and infectious diseases. In this study, we sought to determine whether nitric oxide generated as the result of sepsis was associated with suppression of bone resorption in vivo. DESIGN Observational study. SETTING Adult intensive care unit of a university hospital. PATIENTS We studied 20 consecutive patients who had been admitted to the intensive care unit because of sepsis and three who had been admitted because of trauma. Controls were 29 patients with noninflammatory musculoskeletal conditions. INTERVENTIONS Standard clinical care. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Bone resorption was assessed by measurement of urinary pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline as a ratio to urinary creatinine. Nitric oxide production was assessed by measuring the ratio of the nitric oxide breakdown products nitrate and nitrite to urinary creatinine. Urinary nitrate and nitrite/creatinine values were significantly higher in intensive care patients with sepsis (mean +/- sem, 0.164 +/- 0.053 micromol/mmol) than in intensive care patients with trauma (0.066 +/- 0.008) and controls (0.079 +/- 0.007; p =.007 between groups). Urinary pyridinoline/creatinine values were increased in intensive care patients with sepsis (553.8 +/- 193 nmol/mmol) and trauma (238 +/- 32) compared with controls (44.7 +/- 2.6; p =.001 between groups), and similar differences between the groups were observed for deoxypyridinoline/creatinine values: intensive care patients with sepsis, 86.4 +/- 24.0; intensive care patients with trauma, 46 +/- 4.2; and controls, 10.3 +/- 0.7 (p =.001). CONCLUSIONS Critically ill patients with sepsis have increased nitric oxide production and increased bone resorption, whereas trauma patients have increased bone resorption in the presence of normal nitric oxide production. High concentrations of nitric oxide generated during the course of infection do not afford significant protection against accelerated bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna M Smith
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Aberdeen Medical School, Foresterhill Aberdeen, UK
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45
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Lohmann CH, Dean DD, Bonewald LF, Schwartz Z, Boyan BD. Nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 production in response to ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene particles depends on osteoblast maturation state. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002; 84:411-9. [PMID: 11886911 DOI: 10.2106/00004623-200203000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that osteoblast-like cells respond directly to ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene particles in culture, suggesting that they may be involved in aseptic loosening of endoprostheses. We tested the hypothesis that the state of cell maturation plays a role in the response of osteogenic cells to ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene particles. METHODS MG63 cells (immature osteoblast-like cells), OCT-1 cells (mature secretory osteoblast-like cells), and MLO-Y4 cells (osteocyte-like cells) were treated for twenty-four hours with commercial ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene particles with an average diameter of 1 mm. The effect of particle treatment on cell proliferation was assessed by measuring the number of cells, whereas the effects on differentiation and local factor production were assessed by measuring the production of osteocalcin, prostaglandin E2, and nitric oxide. The effect of particles on apoptosis was also evaluated. RESULTS The addition of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene particles increased the number of MG63 cells, did not affect the number of OCT-1 cells, and led to a decrease in the number of MLO-Y4 cells. The observed changes in cell number were not due to programmed cell death, as no more than 3% of the cells in cultures treated with the highest concentration of particles were undergoing apoptosis. Osteocalcin production was not affected by the addition of particles. Prostaglandin E2 production was increased in all three types of cultures, but the effect was greatest in OCT-1 cell cultures, as was the absolute amount of prostaglandin E2 produced. Nitric oxide production was unaffected in MG63 cell cultures, but it was stimulated in OCT-1 and MLO-Y4 cell cultures. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study support the hypothesis that osteoblast cell maturation state plays an important role in the response to ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene particles and that the terminally differentiated osteocyte may be involved in the bone response to wear debris in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph H Lohmann
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900, USA
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46
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Omote K, Hazama K, Kawamata T, Kawamata M, Nakayaka Y, Toriyabe M, Namiki A. Peripheral nitric oxide in carrageenan-induced inflammation. Brain Res 2001; 912:171-5. [PMID: 11532433 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02733-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that nitric oxide (NO) peripherally produced by different nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms contributes to edema formation and development of hyperalgesia. The present study was designed to examine the effects of NOS isoforms on NO release in carrageenan-induced inflammation at various time points. A microdialysis probe was implanted subcutaneously into the glabrous skin of hindpaws of Sprague-Dawley rats under pentobarbital anesthesia. After sample collection to obtain the basal level of the total amount of nitrite and nitrate (NO2-/NO3-), modified Ringer solution, a non-selective NOS inhibitor, NG monomethyl-L-arginine acetate (L-NMMA), or an iNOS inhibitor, aminoguanidine hemisulfate (AG) was perfused through the microdialysis probe. 2 mg of carrageenan was injected into the plantar surface of the probe-implanted hindpaw. Carrageenan was also injected in rats that had undergone sciatic nerve sectioning. Carrageenan significantly increased the dialysate concentrations of NO2-/NO3- for more than 8 h. L-NMMA suppressed the carrageenan-induced increase in NO2-/NO3- concentration. Although AG did not suppress the increase in NO2-/NO3- for the first 2 h after carrageenan injection, significant suppression of the increase in NO2-/NO3- was observed from 2.5 h after carrageenan injection. In the rats in which the sciatic nerves had been denervated, the increases in concentrations of NO2-/NO3- were completely suppressed up to 3 h and partially suppressed 4.5-8 h after carrageenan injection. The results of the current study show that carrageenan induces peripheral release of NO, the production of which is mediated by nNOS in the early phase and by both nNOS and iNOS in the late phase of carrageenan-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Omote
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-16, Chuoku, 060-8543, Sapporo, Japan.
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47
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Abstract
We have shown previously that nitric oxide (NO) has regulatory effects on fracture healing. Our aim here was to investigate the temporal expression patterns of the three NO synthase (NOS) isoforms that are responsible for the generation of NO by semiquantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunoblot analysis after femoral fractures in rats. We found that 4 days after fracture, there were increases in the levels of messenger RNA (mRNA) for all three NOS isoforms, with peaks for the inducible NOS (iNOS; 35-fold increase, p < 0.05) at day 4, the endothelial NOS (eNOS; 5-fold increase, p < 0.05) at day 7, and the neuronal NOS (bNOS; 16-fold increase, p < 0.05) at day 21. At a protein level, the time course expression of NOS isoforms was consistent with the results of those at the mRNA level. In addition, we have previously reported a 2.5-fold increase in NOS activity detected by [3H]arginine to [3H]citrulline conversion at day 15 compared with that at day 4 after fracture. The findings that the expression of NOS isoforms during fracture healing is type specific and time dependent are important and may have clinical applications in the regulation of bone repair by NOS inhibitors or stimulators at different stages after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhu
- Orthopedic Research Institute, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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48
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Darlington LG, Stone TW. Antioxidants and fatty acids in the amelioration of rheumatoid arthritis and related disorders. Br J Nutr 2001; 85:251-69. [PMID: 11299072 DOI: 10.1079/bjn2000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The generation of reactive oxygen species (free radicals) is an important factor in the development and maintenance of rheumatoid arthritis in humans and animal models. One source of free radicals is nitric oxide produced within the synoviocytes and chondrocytes and giving rise to the highly toxic radical peroxynitrite. Several cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) are involved in the formation of free radicals, partly by increasing the activity of nitric oxide synthase. Indeed, nitric oxide may mediate some of the deleterious effects of cytokines on bone resorption. Aspirin, tetracyclines, steroids and methotrexate can suppress nitric oxide synthase. Dietary antioxidants include ascorbate and the tocopherols and beneficial effects of high doses have been reported especially in osteoarthritis. There is also evidence for beneficial effects of beta-carotene and selenium, the latter being a component of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase. The polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) include the n-3 compounds, some of which are precursors of eicosanoid synthesis, and the n-6 group which can increase formation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFalpha and interleukin-6, and of reactive oxygen species. Some prostaglandins, however, suppress cytokine formation, so that n-3 PUFA often oppose the inflammatory effects of some n-6-PUFA. gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) is a precursor of prostaglandin E1, a fact which may account for its reported ability to ameliorate arthritic symptoms. Fish oil supplements, rich in n-3 PUFA such as eicosapentaenoic acid have been claimed as beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis, possibly by suppression of the immune system and its cytokine repertoire. Some other oils of marine origin (e.g. from the green-lipped mussel) and a range of vegetable oils (e.g. olive oil and evening primrose oil) have indirect anti-inflammatory actions, probably mediated via prostaglandin E1. Overall, there is a growing scientific rationale for the use of dietary supplements as adjuncts in the treatment of inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Darlington
- Epsom General Hospital, Dorking Rd., Epsom, Surrey KT18 7EG, UK.
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49
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Armour KE, Armour KJ, Gallagher ME, Gödecke A, Helfrich MH, Reid DM, Ralston SH. Defective bone formation and anabolic response to exogenous estrogen in mice with targeted disruption of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Endocrinology 2001; 142:760-6. [PMID: 11159848 DOI: 10.1210/endo.142.2.7977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a pleiotropic signaling molecule that is produced by bone cells constitutively and in response to diverse stimuli such as proinflammatory cytokines, mechanical strain, and sex hormones. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is the predominant NOS isoform expressed in bone, but its physiological role in regulating bone metabolism remains unclear. Here we studied various aspects of bone metabolism in female mice with targeted disruption of the eNOS gene. Mice with eNOS deficiency (eNOS KO) had reduced bone mineral density, and cortical thinning when compared with WT controls and histomorphometric analysis of bone revealed profound abnormalities of bone formation, with reduced osteoblast numbers, surfaces and mineral apposition rate. Studies in vitro showed that osteoblasts derived from eNOS KO mice had reduced rates of growth when compared with WT and were less well differentiated as reflected by lower levels of alkaline phosphatase activity. Mice with eNOS deficiency lost bone normally following ovariectomy but exhibited a significantly blunted anabolic response to high dose exogenous estrogen. We conclude that the eNOS pathway plays an essential role in regulating bone mass and bone turnover by modulating osteoblast function.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Armour
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen Medical School, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
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50
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Buchwalow IB, Schulze W, Karczewski P, Kostic MM, Wallukat G, Morwinski R, Krause EG, Müller J, Paul M, Slezak J, Luft FC, Haller H. Inducible nitric oxide synthase in the myocard. Mol Cell Biochem 2001; 217:73-82. [PMID: 11269668 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007286602865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of significance of nitric oxide synthases (NOS) in cardiovascular regulations has led to intensive research and development of therapies focused on NOS as potential therapeutic targets. However, the NOS isoform profile of cardiac tissue and subcellular localization of NOS isoforms remain a matter of debate. The aim of this study was to investigate the localization of an inducible NOS isoform (NOS2) in cardiomyocytes. Employing a novel immunocytochemical technique of a catalyzed reporter deposition system with tyramide and electron microscopical immunocytochemistry complemented with Western blotting and RT-PCR, we detected NOS2 both in rat neonatal and adult cultured cardiomyocytes and in the normal myocard of adult rats as well as in the human myocard of patients with dilative cardiomyopathy. NOS2 was targeted predominantly to a particulate component of the cardiomyocyte--along contractile fibers, in the plasma membrane including T-tubules, as well as in the nuclear envelope, mitochondria and Golgi complex. Our results point to an involvement of NOS2 in maintaining cardiac homeostasis and contradict to the notion that NOS2 is expressed in cardiac tissue only in response to various physiological and pathogenic factors. NOS2 targeting to mitochondria and contractile fibers suggests a relationship of NO with contractile function and energy production in the cardiac muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- I B Buchwalow
- Franz Volhard Clinic, Medical Faculty of the Charite, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany
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