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Chen Y, Zhang H, Lu S, Ge Y, Ji J, Chen T. Serum levels of perchlorate and chlorate in pregnant women from south China and the related health risk with thyroid function. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 193:114982. [PMID: 39236867 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Perchlorate and chlorate are recognized as ubiquitously inorganic pollutants inenvrionment owing to their high solubility in water and resistance to degradation. Previous studies have confirmed the potential adverse effects of perchlorate and chlorate on human thyroid function, along with implications for fetal growth and development. The fetus grows and develops pregnant women's womb and absorbs nutrients from her body. However, there is still limited information on prenatal exposure to perchlorate and chlorate and the related health risks, especially in China. In this study, a total of 430 serum specimens obtained from pregnant females residing in Southern China were analyzed to ascertain the levels of perchlorate and chlorate, and explore the relationship between perchlorate and chlorate and thyroid function by linear regression, WQS, and QGC. The measured serum levels of perchlorate and chlorate were comparatively elevated, demonstrating median values of 0.693 μg/L and 1.36 μg/L, respectively. The estimated exposure dose of perchlorate in 19.7% of pregnant women exceeded the USEPA reference dose, indicating potential health risks. Although no significant association was found between serum perchlorate and thyroid hormone levels, the exposure to perchlorate for pregnant women in Southern China is cause for concern given their sensitivity to chemicals during pregnancy and the relatively high internal exposure levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Chen
- China Waterborne Transport Research Institute, Beijing 100088, China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of SunYat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of SunYat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Yiming Ge
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of SunYat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jiajia Ji
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Tao Chen
- Chaozhou People's Hospital, Chaozhou 515600, China.
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2
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Pearce EN. Endocrine Disruptors and Thyroid Health. Endocr Pract 2024; 30:172-176. [PMID: 37956907 DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of thyroidal endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have been identified. Exposure to known thyroidal EDCs is ubiquitous, and many likely remain unidentified. The sources of exposure include contaminated drinking water, air pollution, pesticides and agricultural chemicals, flame retardants, cleaning supplies, personal care products, food additives and packaging materials, coatings and solvents, and medical products and equipment. EDCs can affect thyroid hormone synthesis, transport, metabolism, and action in a myriad of ways. Understanding the health effects of thyroidal EDCs has been challenging because individuals may have multiple concomitant EDC exposures and many potential EDCs are not yet well characterized. Because of the importance of thyroid hormone for brain development in early life, pregnant women and young infants are particularly vulnerable to the effects of environmental thyroid disruption. The thyroidal effects of some EDCs may be exacerbated in iodine-deficient individuals, those with thyroid autoimmunity, and those with mutations in deiodinase genes. Differential exposures to EDCs may exacerbate health disparities in disadvantaged groups. High-throughput in vitro assays and in silico methods and methods that can detect the effects of relevant EDC mixtures are needed. In addition, optimal methods for detecting the effects of thyroidal EDCs on neurodevelopment need to be developed. Common sense precautions can reduce some thyroidal EDC exposures; however, regulation of manufacturing and drinking water content will ultimately be needed to protect populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth N Pearce
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition, and Weight Management, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
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3
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Nicol K, Nugent AP, Woodside JV, Hart KH, Bath SC. Iodine and plant-based diets: a narrative review and calculation of iodine content. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:265-275. [PMID: 37622183 PMCID: PMC10751939 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523001873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of food-based recommendations promote a plant-based diet to address health concerns and environmental sustainability in global food systems. As the main sources of iodine in many countries are fish, eggs and dairy products, it is unclear whether plant-based diets, such as the EAT-Lancet reference diet, would provide sufficient iodine. This is important as iodine, through the thyroid hormones, is required for growth and brain development; adequate iodine intake is especially important before, and during, pregnancy. In this narrative review, we evaluated the current literature and estimated iodine provision from the EAT-Lancet reference diet. There is evidence that those following a strict plant-based diet, such as vegans, cannot reach the recommended iodine intake from food alone and are reliant on iodine supplements. Using the EAT-Lancet reference diet intake recommendations in combination with iodine values from UK food tables, we calculated that the diet would provide 128 μg/d (85 % of the adult recommendation of 150 μg/d and 51–64 % of the pregnancy recommendation of 200–250 μg/d). However, if milk is replaced with unfortified plant-based alternatives, total iodine provision would be just 54 μg/d (34 % and 22–27 % of the recommendations for adults and pregnancy, respectively). Plant-based dietary recommendations might place consumers at risk of iodine deficiency in countries without a fortification programme and where animal products provide the majority of iodine intake, such as the UK and Norway. It is essential that those following a predominantly plant-based diet are given appropriate dietary advice to ensure adequate iodine intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Nicol
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Anne P. Nugent
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Jayne V. Woodside
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
- Centre for Public Health, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Kathryn H. Hart
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Sarah C. Bath
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
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Li J, Tu F, Wan Y, Qian X, Mahai G, Wang A, Ma J, Yang Z, Xia W, Xu S, Zheng T, Li Y. Associations of Trimester-Specific Exposure to Perchlorate, Thiocyanate, and Nitrate with Childhood Neurodevelopment: A Birth Cohort Study in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20480-20493. [PMID: 38015815 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Studies about the impacts of maternal exposure to perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate on offspring neurodevelopment are scarce. Based on a birth cohort in China, 1,028 mothers provided urine samples at three trimesters for determination of the three target analytes, and their offspring neurodevelopment was evaluated at 2 years old. Associations of maternal exposure to the three chemicals with offspring neurodevelopment were estimated using three statistical methods. Trimester-specific analyses using generalized estimating equation models showed that double increment of thiocyanate and nitrate during the first trimester was associated with 1.56 (95% CI: -2.82, -0.30) and 1.22 (-2.40, -0.03) point decreases in the offspring mental development index (MDI), respectively. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression analyses showed that the mixture exposure at the first and second trimesters was negatively associated with the offspring MDI (β = -2.39, 95% CI: -3.85, -0.93; β = -1.75, 95% CI: -3.04, -0.47, respectively) and thiocyanate contributed the most to the association (65.0 and 91.6%, respectively). Bayesian kernel machine regression analyses suggested an inverted U-shape relationship of maternal urinary thiocyanate with the offspring MDI. These findings suggested that prenatal exposure to the three chemicals (at current levels), especially thiocyanate and nitrate, may impair neurodevelopment. Early pregnancy seems to be the sensitive window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juxiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Fengqin Tu
- Wuhan Institute for Food and Cosmetic Control, Key Laboratory of Edible Oil Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Wuhan 430040, China
| | - Yanjian Wan
- Center for Public Health Laboratory Service, Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei 430024, PR China
| | - Xi Qian
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Gaga Mahai
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Aizhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Jiaolong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | | | - Wei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Shunqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Tongzhang Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
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5
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Guan J, Wan Y, Li J, Zheng T, Xia W, Xu S, Li Y. Urinary perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate and their associated risk factors among Chinese pregnant women. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 345:140467. [PMID: 37852377 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate are well-known inhibitors of iodide uptake and thyroid-disrupting chemicals. Widespread human exposure to them has been identified, whereas studies on their internal exposure levels among Chinese pregnant women are scarce and factors associated with them are not well recognized. The objective of this study is to determine their levels and identify the associated factors among pregnant women (n = 1120), based on a prospective birth cohort in Wuhan, central China, using repeated urine samples of three trimesters. Urinary perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate were 100% detected in the samples, and specific gravity-adjusted median concentrations of them in all the samples were 12.6 ng/mL, 367 ng/mL, and 63.7 μg/mL, respectively. Their concentrations were weakly-to-moderately correlated with each other, with Spearman correlation coefficients ranging from 0.27 to 0.54. Poor reproducibility were observed for the three analytes over the three trimesters, with intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.07, 0.19, 0.04 for perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate, respectively. The women who were overweight or used tap water as drinking water had significantly higher perchlorate concentrations, while those with excessive gestational weight gain had significantly higher thiocyanate concentrations (p < 0.05). The women with a college degree or above had lower nitrate concentrations (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the median concentration of perchlorate in urine samples collected in spring, thiocyanate in those collected in winter, and nitrate in those collected in autumn, was significantly higher compared to their median concentrations in the samples collected in other three seasons (p < 0.05), respectively. Urinary perchlorate and nitrate concentrations of pregnant women in this study were higher than the concentrations of pregnant women in other countries, while thiocyanate concentrations were lower than that of most other countries. This study suggested potential covariates for future epidemiological analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guan
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yanjian Wan
- Center for Public Health Laboratory Service, Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430024, PR China.
| | - Juxiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Tongzhang Zheng
- School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Wei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Shunqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
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6
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Xue B, Lei R, Tian X, Zheng J, Li Y, Wang B, Luo B. Perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate and depression: the potential mediating role of sleep. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:16488-16498. [PMID: 36190642 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23138-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate are common thyroid disruptors, but it is not clear whether they are related to depression. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate and depression, and to explore the potential role of sleep in this process. We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). From 2005 to 2016, 6 cycles cross-sectional data were combined. Urinary perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate came from laboratory test; depression was diagnosed by the Nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Weighted generalized liner models, restricted cubic splines, and mediation analysis were used in this study. Totally, 16,715 participants were involved in this study, of which 8295 (49.63%) were male and 8420 (50.37%) were female, with an average age of 46.19 ± 0.32 years. We found that urinary thiocyanate concentration was positively associated with depression (Odds ratios [ORs]: 1.49; 95% confidence intervals [95% CIs]: 1.16, 1.91), but not perchlorate (ORs: 0.71; 95% CIs: 0.52, 0.97) or nitrate (ORs: 0.89, 95% CIs: 0.66, 1.19). Sleep may play a potential mediating role between thiocyanate and depression (9.55%). In conclusion, higher concentrations of thiocyanate exposure may be associated with a higher risk of depression, and the sleep duration may be an important mediating factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baode Xue
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruoyi Lei
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Tian
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanlin Li
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Wang
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Luo
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Kumar KS, Kavitha S, Parameswari K, Sakunthala A, Sathishkumar P. Environmental occurrence, toxicity and remediation of perchlorate - A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:137017. [PMID: 36377118 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate (ClO4-) comes under the class of contaminants called the emerging contaminants that will impact environment in the near future. A strong oxidizer by nature, perchlorate has received significant observation due to its occurrence, reactive nature, and persistence in varied environments such as surface water, groundwater, soil, and food. Perchlorate finds its use in number of industrial products ranging from missile fuel, fertilizers, and fireworks. Perchlorate exposure occurs when naturally occurring or manmade perchlorate in water or food is ingested. Perchlorate ingestion affects iodide absorption into the thyroid, thereby causing a decrease in the synthesis of thyroid hormone, a very crucial component needed for metabolism, neural development, and a number of other physiological functions in the body. Perchlorate remediation from ground water and drinking water is carried out through a series of physical-chemical techniques like ion (particle) transfer and reverse osmosis. However, the generation of waste through these processes are difficult to manage, so the need for alternative treatment methods occur. This review talks about the hybrid technologies that are currently researched and gaining momentum in the treatment of emerging contaminants, namely perchlorate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Suresh Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, 641 114, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subbiah Kavitha
- Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, 641 114, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Kalivel Parameswari
- Department of Chemistry, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, 641 114, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ayyasamy Sakunthala
- Solid State Ionics Lab, Department of Applied Physics, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, 641 114, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Palanivel Sathishkumar
- Green Lab, Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India.
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King L, Wang Q, Xia L, Wang P, Jiang G, Li W, Huang Y, Liang X, Peng X, Li Y, Chen L, Liu L. Environmental exposure to perchlorate, nitrate and thiocyanate, and thyroid function in Chinese adults: A community-based cross-sectional study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 171:107713. [PMID: 36565572 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence on environmental exposure to perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate, three thyroidal sodium iodine symporter (NIS) inhibitors, and thyroid function in the Chinese population remains limited. OBJECTIVE To investigate the associations of environmental exposure to perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate with markers of thyroid function in Chinese adults. METHODS A total of 2441 non-pregnant adults (mean age 50.4 years and 39.1% male) with a median urinary iodine of 180.1 μg/L from four communities in Shenzhen were included in this cross-sectional study. Urinary perchlorate, nitrate, thiocyanate, and thyroid profiles, including serum free thyroxine (FT4), total thyroxine (TT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), total triiodothyronine (TT3), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), were measured. Generalized linear model was applied to investigate the single-analyte associations. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models were used to examine the association between the co-occurrence of three anions and thyroid profile. RESULTS The median levels of urinary perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate were 5.8 μg/g, 76.4 mg/g, and 274.1 μg/g, respectively. After adjusting for confounders, higher urinary perchlorate was associated with lower serum FT4, TT4, and TT3, and higher serum FT3 and TSH (all P < 0.05). Comparing extreme tertiles, subjects in the highest nitrate tertile had marginally elevated TT3 (β: 0.02, 95% CI: 0.00-0.04). Each 1-unit increase in log-transformed urinary thiocyanate was associated with a 0.04 (95% CI: 0.02-0.06) pmol/L decrease in serum FT3. The WQS indices were inversely associated with serum FT4, TT4, and FT3 (all P < 0.05). In the BKMR model, the mixture of three anions was inversely associated with serum FT4, TT4, and FT3. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides evidence that individual and combined environmental exposure to perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate are associated with significant changes in thyroid function markers in the Chinese population with adequate iodine intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei King
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Xia
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guanhua Jiang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanyi Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoling Liang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolin Peng
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Prevention and Control, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yonggang Li
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Liangkai Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Liegang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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9
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Mullan K, McMullan P, Kayes L, McCance D, Hunter A, Woodside JV. Thyroglobulin levels among iodine deficient pregnant women living in Northern Ireland. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022; 76:1542-1547. [PMID: 35513447 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-022-01144-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iodine deficiency has re-emerged among pregnant cohorts in the UK. Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a protein produced uniquely by the thyroid gland which appears to mount a U-shaped response to extremes of iodine status. Tg has been suggested as an alternative marker for chronic iodine deficiency but the value of Tg in pregnancy has not been fully elucidated. A recent non-European study suggested a median Tg ≤10 µg/L with <3% of values >44 µg/L was indicative of sufficiency in the second trimester of pregnancy. METHODS We measured serum Tg levels in each trimester in 241 pregnant women living in Northern Ireland, a population with mild iodine deficiency at all stages of pregnancy as defined by urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and iodine: creatinine ratio (ICR). Women with Tg antibodies (6% in 1st trimester) were excluded. RESULTS The median UIC in this cohort was in the deficient range at 73, 94 and 117 µg/L in sequential trimesters (adequacy ≥ 150 µg/L). Corresponding median Tg levels were 19, 16 and 16 µg/L respectively. Median Tg for all samples was 17 μg/L (IQR 11-31) suggestive of iodine deficiency. Tg was >44 μg/L in 14.3%, 9.4% and 12.4% of women in sequential trimesters respectively. Women with either UIC/ICR below the cut-offs 150 µg/L and 150 µg/g creatinine had higher Tg concentrations in 1st and 2nd trimester (p < 0.01; p < 0.001) but not in 3rd trimester. CONCLUSION This study adds to the evolving evidence that Tg measurement is of value in reflecting iodine status in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Mullan
- Royal Victoria Hospital (Regional Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes), Belfast, Antrim, UK
| | - Paul McMullan
- Royal Victoria Hospital (Regional Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes), Belfast, Antrim, UK
| | - Lucy Kayes
- Royal Victoria Hospital (Regional Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes), Belfast, Antrim, UK.
| | - David McCance
- Royal Victoria Hospital (Regional Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes), Belfast, Antrim, UK
| | - Alyson Hunter
- Royal Jubilee Maternity Hospital, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Antrim, UK
| | - Jayne V Woodside
- Centre for Public Health, Institute of Clinical Science, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Niziński P, Błażewicz A, Kończyk J, Michalski R. Perchlorate - properties, toxicity and human health effects: an updated review. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2021; 36:199-222. [PMID: 32887207 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2020-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Interest in perchlorate as environmental pollutant has increased since 1997, when high concentrations have been found in the waters of the Colorado River, USA. Perchlorate is very persistent in nature and it is slowly degraded. Although harmful effects of large doses of perchlorate on thyroid function have been proven, the environmental effects are still unclear. The primary objective of the present review is to collect prevailing data of perchlorate exposure and to discuss its impact on human health. The results show that more than 50% of reviewed works found significant associations of perchlorate exposure and human health. This review consists of the following sections: general information of perchlorate sources, its properties and determination methods, role and sources in human body including food and water intake, overview of the scientific literature on the research on the effect of perchlorate on human health from 2010 to 2020. Finally, conclusions and recommendations on future perchlorate studies concerning human exposure are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Niziński
- Chair of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Błażewicz
- Chair of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Kończyk
- Institute of Chemistry, Health and Food Sciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Rajmund Michalski
- Institute of Chemistry, Health and Food Sciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, Czestochowa, Poland
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
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11
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Woodside JV, Mullan KR. Iodine status in UK-An accidental public health triumph gone sour. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2021; 94:692-699. [PMID: 33249610 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The improvement in iodine status among the UK population from the 1930s onwards has been described as an 'accidental public health triumph' despite the lack of any iodine fortification program. However, iodine deficiency in the UK has re-emerged in vulnerable groups and is likely due to a combination of changing farming practices, dietary preferences and public health priorities. The UK is now among only a minority of European countries with no legislative framework for iodine fortification. The experience of folic acid fortification and the 28-year delay in its implementation lays bare the political difficulties of introducing any fortification program in the UK. If iodine fortification is not an imminent possibility, then it is important to explore other options: how to change farming practice especially on organic farms; encourage dairy intake; protect and expand our public health programs of milk provision for vulnerable groups and embark on education programs for women of childbearing potential and healthcare professionals. This review explores how the UK may have arrived at this juncture and how the iodine status of the nation may be improved at this time of major political and public health upheaval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne V Woodside
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Karen R Mullan
- Regional Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Victoria Hospital, BHSCT, Belfast, UK
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12
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Haber LT, Schoeny RS, Allen BC. Impact of updated BMD modeling methods on perchlorate and chlorate assessments of human health hazard. Toxicol Lett 2021; 340:89-100. [PMID: 33429012 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Several exposure limits for perchlorate have been developed based on an early key event, inhibition of radioactive iodide uptake (RAIU) by the thyroid. These assessments have used a variety of definitions of the point of departure. The current assessment revisited the modeling for inhibition of RAIU, using state of the science methods. Bayesian hierarchical modeling was used to account for the repeated measures on the same individuals in the key dataset, and the underlying Beta distribution used for the modeling correctly reflected the bounding of RAIU between 0 and 1. We defined the BMR as a point value of 8% RAIU (rather than a change in RAIU), based on descriptions in the medical literature that RAIU below this value is considered abnormal. Because a definition of the BMR based on the mean response would correspond to about 50% of the population with a response below the BMR at the benchmark dose, we used a hybrid definition of the BMR. That is, the BMD was defined as the dose at which it was estimated that there would be a 10% extra risk in the population of having RAIU of 8% or lower. The resulting point of departure based on the BMDL was 0.03 mg/kg-day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne T Haber
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, 160 Panzeca Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
| | - Rita S Schoeny
- Rita Schoeny LLC, 726 5th St NE, Washington DC, 20002, USA
| | - Bruce C Allen
- Independent Consultant, 101 Corbin Hill Circle, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
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13
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An endocrinologist's journey in iodine nutrition. Eur J Clin Nutr 2020; 76:1-4. [PMID: 33199852 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-00807-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Iodine status of pregnant women with obesity from inner city populations in the United Kingdom. Eur J Clin Nutr 2020; 75:801-808. [PMID: 33184453 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-00796-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Iodine is essential for foetal neurodevelopment and growth. Requirements increase in pregnancy to support increased thyroid hormone synthesis for maternal and foetal requirements, and for foetal transfer. Iodine deficiency in pregnancy is widely reported, and obesity has been associated with sub-optimal thyroid function. We evaluated iodine status and its relation with birthweight in a secondary analysis of pregnant women with obesity from multi-ethnic inner-city settings who participated in the UK Pregnancies Better Eating and Activity trial (UPBEAT). SUBJECTS/METHODS Iodine and creatinine concentrations were evaluated in spot urine samples in the second (15+0-18+6 weeks, n = 954) trimester of pregnancy. We assessed iodine status as urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and urinary iodine-to-creatinine ratio (UI/Cr) and applied WHO/UNICEF/IGN population threshold of median UIC > 150 µg/L for iodine sufficiency. Relationships between iodine status and birthweight were determined using linear and logistic regression with appropriate adjustment, including for maternal BMI and gestational age. RESULTS Median (IQR) UIC and UI/Cr in the second trimester of pregnancy were 147 µg/L (99-257) and 97 µg/g (59-165), respectively. An UI/Cr <150 μg/g was observed in 70% of women. Compared to women with UI/Cr >150 µg/g, there was a trend for women with UI/Cr <150 µg/g to deliver infants with a lower birthweight (β = -60.0 g; 95% CI -120.9 to -1.01, P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Iodine status of pregnant women with obesity from this cohort of UK women was suboptimal. Lower iodine status was associated with lower birthweight.
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Lisco G, De Tullio A, Giagulli VA, De Pergola G, Triggiani V. Interference on Iodine Uptake and Human Thyroid Function by Perchlorate-Contaminated Water and Food. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1669. [PMID: 32512711 PMCID: PMC7352877 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perchlorate-induced natrium-iodide symporter (NIS) interference is a well-recognized thyroid disrupting mechanism. It is unclear, however, whether a chronic low-dose exposure to perchlorate delivered by food and drinks may cause thyroid dysfunction in the long term. Thus, the aim of this review was to overview and summarize literature results in order to clarify this issue. METHODS Authors searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, institutional websites and Google until April 2020 for relevant information about the fundamental mechanism of the thyroid NIS interference induced by orally consumed perchlorate compounds and its clinical consequences. RESULTS Food and drinking water should be considered relevant sources of perchlorate. Despite some controversies, cross-sectional studies demonstrated that perchlorate exposure affects thyroid hormone synthesis in infants, adolescents and adults, particularly in the case of underlying thyroid diseases and iodine insufficiency. An exaggerated exposure to perchlorate during pregnancy leads to a worse neurocognitive and behavioral development outcome in infants, regardless of maternal thyroid hormone levels. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The effects of a chronic low-dose perchlorate exposure on thyroid homeostasis remain still unclear, leading to concerns especially for highly sensitive patients. Specific studies are needed to clarify this issue, aiming to better define strategies of detection and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lisco
- ASL Brindisi, Unit of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Clinical Nutrition, Hospital “A. Perrino”, Strada per Mesagne 7, 72100 Brindisi, Puglia, Italy;
| | - Anna De Tullio
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine—Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Puglia, Italy; (A.D.T.); (V.A.G.)
| | - Vito Angelo Giagulli
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine—Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Puglia, Italy; (A.D.T.); (V.A.G.)
- Clinic of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, Conversano Hospital, Via Edmondo de Amicis 36, 70014 Conversano, Bari, Puglia, Italy
| | - Giovanni De Pergola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Puglia, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Triggiani
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine—Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Puglia, Italy; (A.D.T.); (V.A.G.)
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16
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Levie D, Bath SC, Guxens M, Korevaar TIM, Dineva M, Fano E, Ibarluzea JM, Llop S, Murcia M, Rayman MP, Sunyer J, Peeters RP, Tiemeier H. Maternal Iodine Status During Pregnancy Is Not Consistently Associated with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder or Autistic Traits in Children. J Nutr 2020; 150:1516-1528. [PMID: 32171006 PMCID: PMC7269752 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy can cause intellectual disability, presumably through inadequate placental transfer of maternal thyroid hormone to the fetus. The association between mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency and child neurodevelopmental problems is not well understood. OBJECTIVES We investigated the association of maternal iodine status during pregnancy with child attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autistic traits. METHODS This was a collaborative study of 3 population-based birth cohorts: Generation R (n = 1634), INfancia y Medio Ambiente (n = 1293), and the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (n = 2619). Exclusion criteria were multiple fetuses, fertility treatment, thyroid-interfering medication use, and pre-existing thyroid disease. The mean age of assessment in the cohorts was between 4.4 and 7.7 y for ADHD symptoms and 4.5 and 7.6 y for autistic traits. We studied the association of the urinary iodine-to-creatinine ratio (UI/Creat) <150 μg/g-in all mother-child pairs, and in those with a urinary-iodine measurement at ≤18 weeks and ≤14 weeks of gestation-with the risk of ADHD or a high autistic-trait score (≥93rd percentile cutoff), using logistic regression. The cohort-specific effect estimates were combined by random-effects meta-analyses. We also investigated whether UI/Creat modified the associations of maternal free thyroxine (FT4) or thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations with ADHD or autistic traits. RESULTS UI/Creat <150 μg/g was not associated with ADHD (OR: 1.2; 95% CI: 0.7, 2.2; P = 0.56) or with a high autistic-trait score (OR: 0.8; 95% CI: 0.6, 1.1; P = 0.22). UI/Creat <150 μg/g in early pregnancy (i.e., ≤18 weeks or ≤14 weeks of gestation) was not associated with a higher risk of behavioral problems. The association between a higher FT4 and a greater risk of ADHD (OR: 1.3; 95% CI: 1.0, 1.6; P = 0.017) was not modified by iodine status. CONCLUSIONS There is no consistent evidence to support an association of mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency during pregnancy with child ADHD or autistic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Levie
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center For Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre–Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sarah C Bath
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Mònica Guxens
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre–Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tim I M Korevaar
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center For Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mariana Dineva
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Eduardo Fano
- BIODONOSTIA, Health Research Institute, Donostia—San Sebastián, Spain
- Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Donostia—San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jesús M Ibarluzea
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- BIODONOSTIA, Health Research Institute, Donostia—San Sebastián, Spain
- Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Donostia—San Sebastián, Spain
- Basque Government Department of Health, Deputy Directorate of Public Health of Gipuzkoa, Donostia—San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Sabrina Llop
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO–Jaume I University–University of València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mario Murcia
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO–Jaume I University–University of València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Margaret P Rayman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center For Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre–Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Social and Behavioral Science, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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17
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Dineva M, Rayman MP, Levie D, Guxens M, Peeters RP, Vioque J, González L, Espada M, Ibarluzea J, Sunyer J, Korevaar TIM, Bath SC. Similarities and differences of dietary and other determinants of iodine status in pregnant women from three European birth cohorts. Eur J Nutr 2020; 59:371-387. [PMID: 30734058 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-01913-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE As a component of thyroid hormones, adequate iodine intake is essential during pregnancy for fetal neurodevelopment. Across Europe, iodine deficiency is common in pregnancy, but data are lacking on the predictors of iodine status at this life stage. We, therefore, aimed to explore determinants of iodine status during pregnancy in three European populations of differing iodine status. METHODS Data were from 6566 pregnant women from three prospective population-based birth cohorts from the United Kingdom (ALSPAC, n = 2852), Spain (INMA, n = 1460), and The Netherlands (Generation R, n = 2254). Urinary iodine-to-creatinine ratio (UI/Creat, µg/g) was measured in spot-urine samples in pregnancy (≤ 18-weeks gestation). Maternal dietary intake, categorised by food groups (g/day), was estimated from food-frequency questionnaires (FFQs). Multivariable regression models used dietary variables (energy-adjusted) and maternal characteristics as predictors of iodine status. RESULTS Median UI/Creat in pregnant women of ALSPAC, INMA, and Generation R was 121, 151, and 210 µg/g, respectively. Maternal age was positively associated with UI/Creat in all cohorts (P < 0.001), while UI/Creat varied by ethnicity only in Generation R (P < 0.05). Of the dietary predictors, intake of milk and dairy products (per 100 g/day) was positively associated with UI/Creat in all cohorts [ALSPAC (B = 3.73, P < 0.0001); INMA (B = 6.92, P = 0.002); Generation R (B = 2.34, P = 0.001)]. Cohort-specific dietary determinants positively associated with UI/Creat included fish and shellfish in ALSPAC and INMA, and eggs and cereal/cereal products in Generation R. CONCLUSIONS The cohort-specific dietary determinants probably reflect not only dietary habits but iodine-fortification policies; hence, public-health interventions to improve iodine intake in pregnancy need to be country-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Dineva
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Margaret P Rayman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Deborah Levie
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Centre for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mònica Guxens
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Centre for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jesus Vioque
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Miguel Hernández University, ISABIAL-FISABIO, Alicante, Spain
| | - Llúcia González
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Predepartamental Unit of Medicine, University Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Mercedes Espada
- Departamento de Salud del Gobierno Vasco, Public Health Laboratory of Bilbao, Basque Government, Derio, Spain
- BIODONOSTIA Health Research Institute, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jesús Ibarluzea
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- BIODONOSTIA Health Research Institute, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento de Salud del Gobierno Vasco, Subdirección de Salud Pública de Guipúzcoa, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Facultad de Psicología, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tim I M Korevaar
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Centre for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah C Bath
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.
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Levie D, Korevaar TIM, Bath SC, Murcia M, Dineva M, Llop S, Espada M, van Herwaarden AE, de Rijke YB, Ibarluzea JM, Sunyer J, Tiemeier H, Rayman MP, Guxens M, Peeters RP. Association of Maternal Iodine Status With Child IQ: A Meta-Analysis of Individual Participant Data. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:5957-5967. [PMID: 30920622 PMCID: PMC6804415 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-02559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Although the consequences of severe iodine deficiency are beyond doubt, the effects of mild to moderate iodine deficiency in pregnancy on child neurodevelopment are less well established. OBJECTIVE To study the association between maternal iodine status during pregnancy and child IQ and identify vulnerable time windows of exposure to suboptimal iodine availability. DESIGN Meta-analysis of individual participant data from three prospective population-based birth cohorts: Generation R (Netherlands), INMA (Spain), and ALSPAC (United Kingdom); pregnant women were enrolled between 2002 and 2006, 2003 and 2008, and 1990 and 1992, respectively. SETTING General community. PARTICIPANTS 6180 mother-child pairs with measures of urinary iodine and creatinine concentrations in pregnancy and child IQ. Exclusion criteria were multiple pregnancies, fertility treatment, medication affecting the thyroid, and preexisting thyroid disease. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Child nonverbal and verbal IQ assessed at 1.5 to 8 years of age. RESULTS There was a positive curvilinear association of urinary iodine/creatinine ratio (UI/Creat) with mean verbal IQ only. UI/Creat <150 µg/g was not associated with lower nonverbal IQ (-0.6 point; 95% CI: -1.7 to 0.4 points; P = 0.246) or lower verbal IQ (-0.6 point; 95% CI: -1.3 to 0.1 points; P = 0.082). Stratified analyses showed that the association of UI/Creat with verbal IQ was only present up to 14 weeks of gestation. CONCLUSIONS Fetal brain development is vulnerable to mild to moderate iodine deficiency, particularly in the first trimester. Our results show that potential randomized controlled trials investigating the effect of iodine supplementation in women with mild to moderate iodine deficiency on child neurodevelopment should begin supplementation not later than the first trimester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Levie
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Centre, CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center For Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Centre, CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre–Sophia Children’s Hospital, CB Rotterdam, Netherlands
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tim I M Korevaar
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Centre, CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center For Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Centre, CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sarah C Bath
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Mario Murcia
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mariana Dineva
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Sabrina Llop
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mercedes Espada
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Clinical Chemistry Unit, Public Health Laboratory of Bilbao, Basque Government, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio, Spain
| | - Antonius E van Herwaarden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Yolanda B de Rijke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center For Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Centre, CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, CN Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jesús M Ibarluzea
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Gobierno Vasco, Subdirección de Salud Pública de Guipúzcoa, Donostia – San Sebastián, Spain
- BIODONOSTIA Health Research Institute, Donostia – San Sebastián, Spain
- Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia – San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre–Sophia Children’s Hospital, CB Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Social and Behavioral Science, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Margaret P Rayman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Mònica Guxens
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre–Sophia Children’s Hospital, CB Rotterdam, Netherlands
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center For Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Centre, CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
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McMullan P, Hamill L, Doolan K, Hunter A, McCance D, Patterson C, Smyth P, Woodside JV, Mullan K. Iodine deficiency among pregnant women living in Northern Ireland. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2019; 91:639-645. [PMID: 31325189 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mild iodine deficiency has re-emerged among school girls in the UK. We wished to study a contemporaneous pregnant population because a relationship between maternal iodine deficiency and offspring cognitive scores has recently been reported. The WHO has set a median population urinary iodine concentration (UIC) of ≥100 and ≥150 µg/L to define adequacy outside of and during pregnancy, respectively. Iodine creatinine ratio (ICR) is also used to correct for dilution effects (sufficiency ≥150 µg/g creatinine in pregnancy). DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 241 women were followed across trimesters (T) into the postpartum period (PPP) along with 80 offspring with spot urine sampling and food frequency questionnaires. RESULTS Median UIC was 73 µg/L in the 1st T (ICR 102 µg/g creatinine) despite 55% taking iodine-containing supplements. Median UICs were 94, 117 and 90 µg/L in the 2nd T, 3rd T and PPP, respectively. Corresponding ICRs were 120, 126 and 60 µg/g creatinine. ICR was associated with volume of milk consumed throughout pregnancy. Median UIC among the offspring was 148 µg/L, with no difference between the breast- and formula-fed babies. CONCLUSIONS Pregnant women living in Northern Ireland may be at risk of iodine deficiency across pregnancy and into the PPP while the offspring are iodine sufficient. This is the first study of its kind in the UK with data for pregnant women and their offspring. The UK does not provide an iodine fortification programme nor offer routine iodine dietary advice in pregnancy and this requires consideration by public health agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul McMullan
- Regional Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes Royal Victoria Hospital Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | | | | | - David McCance
- Regional Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes Royal Victoria Hospital Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | | | | | - Karen Mullan
- Regional Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes Royal Victoria Hospital Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Wan D, Li Q, Chen J, Niu Z, Liu Y, Li H, Xiao S. Simultaneous bio-electrochemical reduction of perchlorate and electro-disinfection in a novel Moving-Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) based on proton-exchange membrane electrolysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 679:288-297. [PMID: 31085409 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A novel Moving-Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR), based on proton-exchange membrane electrolysis, was developed and tested for perchlorate transformation. The bacteria growing on the carrier in the cathode chamber could use in situ-generated hydrogen to reduce perchlorate to chloride via electrolysis; the resulting chloride ions and chloride ions in raw water were then oxidized into chlorine by anode reaction to disinfect the final effluent and improve water quality. For a ClO4- concentration of 10.00 ± 0.08 mg/L in the influent, at hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 4.0, 2.0, and 1.5 h, the optimal applied currents (OACs) were 130, 240, and 270 mA, with a corresponding removal efficiencies of 99.90 ± 0.21, 96.70 ± 0.36, and 78.50 ± 0.24%, respectively. Active chlorine concentration was in the range of 0.063-0.096 mg/L, contributing to simultaneous electro-disinfection. Along the water flow direction, OH- generated by the cathode could be neutralized in the anode chamber; thus, the final effluent pH was kept a balance with the influent pH. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes were the dominant bacteria in the MBBR. The maximum value of current efficiency (13.32 ± 0.69%) was obtained at 100 mA and an HRT of 4.0 h, which was in accordance with the abundance of Thauera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjin Wan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qi Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhenhua Niu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yongde Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Haisong Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shuhu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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21
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Mullan K, Hamill L, Doolan K, Young I, Smyth P, Flynn A, Walton J, Meharg AA, Carey M, McKernan C, Bell M, Black N, Graham U, McCance D, McHugh C, McMullan P, McQuaid S, O'Loughlin A, Tuthill A, Bath SC, Rayman M, Woodside JV. Iodine status of teenage girls on the island of Ireland. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:1859-1867. [PMID: 31321499 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-02037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Mullan
- Regional Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Victoria Hospital Belfast, Belfast, Ireland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Una Graham
- Regional Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Victoria Hospital Belfast, Belfast, Ireland
| | - David McCance
- Regional Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Victoria Hospital Belfast, Belfast, Ireland
| | | | - Paul McMullan
- Regional Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Victoria Hospital Belfast, Belfast, Ireland
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study reviewed the literature on iodine status among women of childbearing age and pregnant women in the UK. Particular attention was given to study quality and methods used to assess iodine status. DESIGN A systematic review was conducted to examine the literature and critically evaluate study design. SETTING Studies were identified in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Ovid MEDLINE databases, as well as from secondary references. PARTICIPANTS Women of childbearing age or pregnant, living in the UK. RESULTS Fifty-seven articles were identified and twelve articles were selected, including a total of 5283 women. Nine studies conducted urinary iodine assessments, three studies conducted dietary assessments only, and seven studies classified their target population as iodine deficient according to WHO criteria. CONCLUSIONS No single study from the selected articles could produce nationally representative results regarding the prevalence of iodine deficiency among the female population in the UK. Consideration of the evidence as a whole suggests that women of childbearing age and pregnant women in the UK are generally iodine insufficient. Further large-scale research is required for more accurate and reliable evidence on iodine status in the UK.
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23
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Shamir D, Meyerstein D, Zilbermann I, Burg A, Albo Y, Shames AI, Vainer R, Borojovich EJ, Yardeni G, Kornweitz H, Maimon E. Copper(II) catalyses the reduction of perchlorate by both formaldehyde and by dihydrogen in aqueous solutions. J COORD CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2018.1506114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dror Shamir
- Chemistry Department, Nuclear Research Centre Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Dan Meyerstein
- Chemical Sciences Department, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
- Chemistry Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Israel Zilbermann
- Chemistry Department, Nuclear Research Centre Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Chemistry Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ariela Burg
- Chemical Engineering Department, The Sami Shamoon College of Engineering, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yael Albo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | | | - Radion Vainer
- Chemistry Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Guy Yardeni
- Chemistry Department, Nuclear Research Centre Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Haya Kornweitz
- Chemical Sciences Department, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Eric Maimon
- Chemistry Department, Nuclear Research Centre Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Chemistry Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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24
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Li Y, Liao R, Gan Z, Qu B, Wang R, Chen M, Ding S, Su S. Seasonal Variation and Exposure Risks of Perchlorate in Soil, Indoor Dust, and Outdoor Dust in China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 75:367-376. [PMID: 29691615 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-018-0526-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A total of 97 paired soil, outdoor dust, and indoor dust samples were collected in the national scale of China in summer, and the perchlorate levels were compared with those in soil and outdoor dust samples collected in winter in our previous study. The median perchlorate concentrations in the outdoor dust, indoor dust, and soil samples were 8.10, 11.4, and 0.05 mg/kg, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the winter samples due to the natural factors and human activities. No significant differences in perchlorate concentrations were found between Northern and Southern China in the dust samples, whereas the difference was obtained in the soil samples. In the terms of possible source, the perchlorate levels in the outdoor dust exhibited strong correlation with SO42- (r2 = 0.458**) and NO3- (r2 = 0.389**), indicating part of perchlorate in outdoor environment was likely from atmospheric oxidative process in summer. The perchlorate, SO42-, and Cl- levels in the indoor dust were significantly related to those in the outdoor dust, suggesting that outdoor contaminants might be an important source for indoor environment. Furthermore, the human exposure to perchlorate was under relatively safe state in China except for special sites or periods with high perchlorate levels. Dust made an unexpected contribution of 41.3% to the total daily perchlorate intake for children, whereas 2.46% for adults in China based on biomonitoring, which deserves more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Li
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Ruoying Liao
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zhiwei Gan
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
| | - Bing Qu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Rong Wang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Mengqin Chen
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Sanglan Ding
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Shijun Su
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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25
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Pleus RC, Corey LM. Environmental exposure to perchlorate: A review of toxicology and human health. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 358:102-109. [PMID: 30184474 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Perchlorate pharmacology and toxicology studies date back at least 65 years in the peer-reviewed literature. Repeated studies in animals and humans have demonstrated perchlorate's mechanism of action, dose-response, and adverse effects over a range of doses. The first measurable effect of perchlorate is inhibition of iodine uptake to the thyroid gland. Adequate levels of thyroid hormones are critical for the development of the fetal nervous system. With sufficient dose and exposure duration, perchlorate can reduce thyroid hormones in the pregnant or non-pregnant woman via this mechanism. The developing fetus is the most sensitive life stage for chemical agents that affect iodide uptake to the thyroid. Perchlorate has a half-life of eight hours, is not metabolized, does not bioaccumulate, is not a mutagen or carcinogen, and is not reprotoxic or immunotoxic. More recently, epidemiological and biomonitoring studies have been published in the peer-reviewed literature characterizing the thyroidal effects of perchlorate and other goitrogens. While the results from most populations report no consistent association, a few studies report thyroidal effects at environmentally relevant levels of perchlorate. We reviewed the literature on health effects of perchlorate at environmental exposure levels, with a focus on exposures during pregnancy and neurodevelopmental effects. Based on the studies we reviewed, health effects are expected to only occur at doses substantially higher than environmental levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Pleus
- Intertox, Inc., 600 Stewart Street, Suite 1101 Seattle, WA 98101, United States.
| | - Lisa M Corey
- Intertox, Inc., 600 Stewart Street, Suite 1101 Seattle, WA 98101, United States
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26
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Knight BA, Shields BM, He X, Pearce EN, Braverman LE, Sturley R, Vaidya B. Effect of perchlorate and thiocyanate exposure on thyroid function of pregnant women from South-West England: a cohort study. Thyroid Res 2018; 11:9. [PMID: 30002731 PMCID: PMC6035476 DOI: 10.1186/s13044-018-0053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Iodine is important for thyroid hormone synthesis, and iodine deficiency in pregnancy may impair fetal neurological development. As perchlorate and thiocyanate inhibit sodium-iodide symporter reducing the transport of iodine from circulation into the thyroid follicular cells, environmental exposure to these substances in pregnancy may impair maternal thyroid hormone synthesis. We aimed to explore the impact of perchlorate and thiocyanate exposure on thyroid status in a cohort of pregnant mothers from South West England. Methods Urine samples were obtained from 308 women participating in a study of breech presentation in late pregnancy. They had no known thyroid disease and a singleton pregnancy at 36–38 weeks gestation. Samples were analysed for urinary concentrations of iodine (UIC), perchlorate (UPC) and thiocyanate (UTC). Blood samples were taken for free T4 (FT4), thyrotropin (TSH) and thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO-Ab). Baseline data included age, parity, smoking status, ethnicity and BMI at booking. Following delivery, data on offspring’s sex, gestational age at birth and birthweight were collected. Results Participants had a mean (SD) age 31 (5) years, median (IQR) BMI 24.4 (22.0, 28.3) kg/m2, 42% were primiparous, 10% were smokers, and 96% were Caucasian. Median UIC was 88 μg/l, and 174/308 (57%) women had UIC < 100 μg/l. Log transformed UPC negatively correlated with FT4, but not with TSH, in the whole cohort (r = − 0.12, p = 0.03) and in the subgroup of women with UIC < 100 μg/l (r = − 0.15, p = 0.04). Regression analysis with the potential confounders (TPO-Ab status, UIC and UTC) identified UPC to be negatively associated with FT4 (p = 0.01). There was no correlation between UTC and FT4 or TSH. Maternal UPC or UTC was not associated with offspring birthweight. Conclusion Environmental perchlorate exposure is negatively associated with circulating FT4 levels in third trimester pregnant women. This may have an adverse impact on neurocognitive development of the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget A Knight
- 1NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX2 5DW UK.,2Research & Development Department, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Beverley M Shields
- 1NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX2 5DW UK
| | - Xuemei He
- 3Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Elizabeth N Pearce
- 3Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Lewis E Braverman
- 3Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Rachel Sturley
- Centre for Women's Health, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Bijay Vaidya
- 5Department of Endocrinology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK.,6University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
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27
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Taylor PN, Albrecht D, Scholz A, Gutierrez-Buey G, Lazarus JH, Dayan CM, Okosieme OE. Global epidemiology of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2018; 14:301-316. [PMID: 29569622 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2018.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 644] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are essential for growth, neuronal development, reproduction and regulation of energy metabolism. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are common conditions with potentially devastating health consequences that affect all populations worldwide. Iodine nutrition is a key determinant of thyroid disease risk; however, other factors, such as ageing, smoking status, genetic susceptibility, ethnicity, endocrine disruptors and the advent of novel therapeutics, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, also influence thyroid disease epidemiology. In the developed world, the prevalence of undiagnosed thyroid disease is likely falling owing to widespread thyroid function testing and relatively low thresholds for treatment initiation. However, continued vigilance against iodine deficiency remains essential in developed countries, particularly in Europe. In this report, we review the global incidence and prevalence of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, highlighting geographical differences and the effect of environmental factors, such as iodine supplementation, on these data. We also highlight the pressing need for detailed epidemiological surveys of thyroid dysfunction and iodine status in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N Taylor
- Thyroid Research Group, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Diana Albrecht
- University Medicine Greifswald, Institute for Community Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anna Scholz
- Thyroid Research Group, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Gala Gutierrez-Buey
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Pamplona, Spain
| | - John H Lazarus
- Thyroid Research Group, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Colin M Dayan
- Thyroid Research Group, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Onyebuchi E Okosieme
- Thyroid Research Group, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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28
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Torlinska B, Bath SC, Janjua A, Boelaert K, Chan SY. Iodine Status during Pregnancy in a Region of Mild-to-Moderate Iodine Deficiency is not Associated with Adverse Obstetric Outcomes; Results from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10030291. [PMID: 29494520 PMCID: PMC5872709 DOI: 10.3390/nu10030291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy has been associated with pregnancy/neonatal loss, and adverse pregnancy outcomes; however, the impact of mild–to–moderate iodine insufficiency, though prevalent in pregnancy, is not well-documented. We assessed whether mild iodine deficiency during pregnancy was associated with pregnancy/infant loss, or with other adverse pregnancy outcomes. We used samples and data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), from 3140 singleton pregnancies and from a further 42 women with pregnancy/infant loss. The group was classified as mildly-to-moderately iodine deficient with a median urinary iodine concentration of 95.3 µg/L (IQR 57.0–153.0; median urinary iodine-to-creatinine ratio (UI/Creat) 124 µg/g, IQR 82–198). The likelihood of pregnancy/infant loss was not different across four UI/Creat groups (<50, 50–149, 150–250, >250 µg/g). The incidence of pre-eclampsia, non-proteinuric gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, glycosuria, anaemia, post-partum haemorrhage, preterm delivery, mode of delivery, being small for gestational age, and large for gestational age did not differ significantly among UI/Creat groups, nor were there any significant differences in the median UI/Creat. We conclude that maternal iodine status was not associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes in a mildly-to-moderately iodine-deficient pregnant population. However, in view of the low number of women with pregnancy/infant loss in our study, further research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Torlinska
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Sarah C Bath
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Aisha Janjua
- Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK.
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Kristien Boelaert
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK.
| | - Shiao-Yng Chan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore.
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29
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Liu G, Zong G, Dhana K, Hu Y, Blount BC, Morel-Espinosa M, Sun Q. Exposure to perchlorate, nitrate and thiocyanate, and prevalence of diabetes mellitus. Int J Epidemiol 2017; 46:1913-1923. [PMID: 29025080 PMCID: PMC5837594 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyx188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is known that perchlorate, nitrate and thiocyanate have the property of inhibiting sodium iodide symporter. Animal studies have suggested that these compounds, especially perchlorate, might also interfere with insulin secretion. However, the association between their exposure and diabetes risk is largely unknown in humans. Methods Among 11 443 participants (mean age 42.3 years) from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 2001-14, urinary perchlorate, nitrate and thiocyanate were measured by using ion chromatography coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Diabetes was defined as self-reported doctor diagnosis, use of oral hypoglycaemic medication or insulin, fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dl or glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) ≥ 6.5%. Results The median (interquartile range) levels of urinary perchlorate, nitrate and thiocyanate were 3.32 (1.84, 5.70) μg/l, 46.4 (27.9, 72.0) mg/l and 1.23 (0.59, 2.78) mg/l, respectively. Higher levels of urinary perchlorate were associated with elevated levels of fasting glucose, HbA1c, insulin and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (all Ptrend < 0.001). After multivariate adjustment including urinary creatinine, smoking status and body mass index (BMI), higher urinary perchlorate, but not nitrate or thiocyanate, was associated with an increased prevalence of diabetes mellitus. Comparing extreme quintiles, the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of diabetes was 1.53 (1.21, 1.93; Ptrend < 0.001) for perchlorate, 1.01 (0.77, 1.32; Ptrend = 0.44) for nitrate and 0.98 (0.73, 1.31; Ptrend = 0.64) for thiocyanate. When urinary perchlorate, nitrate and thiocyanate were further mutually adjusted, the results did not materially change. Similar results were observed when analyses were stratified by smoking status, as well as by age, gender, kidney function and BMI. Conclusions Higher urinary perchlorate levels are associated with an increased prevalence of diabetes mellitus, independent of traditional risk factors. Future prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Geng Zong
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Klodian Dhana
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin C Blount
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA and
| | - Maria Morel-Espinosa
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA and
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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30
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Benjamini G, Bar‐Ziv R, Zidki T, Borojovich EJC, Yardeni G, Kornweitz H, Meyerstein D. Pd
0
‐ and Au
0
‐Nanoparticles Catalyze the Reduction of Perchlorate by ·C(CH
3
)
2
OH Radicals. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201700654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gadi Benjamini
- Chemistry Department Ben‐Gurion University of the Negev 84105 Beer‐Sheva Israel
| | - Ronen Bar‐Ziv
- Chemistry Department Nuclear Research Centre Negev 84190 Beer‐Sheva Israel
| | - Tomer Zidki
- Chemical Sciences Department Ariel University 40700 Ariel Israel
- The Schlesinger Family Center for Compact Accelerators Radiation Sources and Applications Ariel University 40700 Ariel Israel
| | | | - Guy Yardeni
- Chemistry Department Nuclear Research Centre Negev 84190 Beer‐Sheva Israel
| | - Haya Kornweitz
- Chemical Sciences Department Ariel University 40700 Ariel Israel
| | - Dan Meyerstein
- Chemistry Department Ben‐Gurion University of the Negev 84105 Beer‐Sheva Israel
- Chemical Sciences Department Ariel University 40700 Ariel Israel
- The Schlesinger Family Center for Compact Accelerators Radiation Sources and Applications Ariel University 40700 Ariel Israel
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31
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McMullen J, Ghassabian A, Kohn B, Trasande L. Identifying Subpopulations Vulnerable to the Thyroid-Blocking Effects of Perchlorate and Thiocyanate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:2637-2645. [PMID: 28430972 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Common environmental contaminants can disrupt normal thyroid function, which plays essential but varying roles at different ages. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship of perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate, three sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) inhibitors, and thyroid function in different age-sex-stratified populations. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, AND INTERVENTION This was a cross-sectional analysis of data from the 2009 to 2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey evaluating the exposure to perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate in 3151 participants aged 12 to 80. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Blood serum free thyroxine (FT4) as both a continuous and categorical variable. We also assessed blood serum thyroid stimulating hormone. RESULTS Controlling for serum cotinine, body mass index, total daily energy consumption, race/ethnicity, and poverty-to-income ratio, for each log unit increase in perchlorate, FT4 decreased by 0.03 ng/dL in both the general population (P = 0.004) and in all women (P = 0.005), and by 0.06 ng/dL in adolescent girls (P = 0.029), corresponding to 4% and 8% decreases relative to median FT4, respectively. For each log unit increase thiocyanate, FT4 decreased by 0.07 ng/dL in adolescent boys (P = 0.003), corresponding to a 9% decrease relative to median FT4, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that adolescent boys and girls represent vulnerable subpopulations to the thyroid-blocking effects of NIS symporter inhibitors. These results suggest a valuable screening and intervention opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenica McMullen
- School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10003
| | - Akhgar Ghassabian
- School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10003
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10003
| | - Brenda Kohn
- School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10003
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10003
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10003
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10003
- Wagner School of Public Service, New York University, New York, New York 10003
- College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York 10003
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Bath SC, Pop VJM, Furmidge-Owen VL, Broeren MAC, Rayman MP. Thyroglobulin as a Functional Biomarker of Iodine Status in a Cohort Study of Pregnant Women in the United Kingdom. Thyroid 2017; 27:426-433. [PMID: 27762729 PMCID: PMC5337401 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2016.0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though iodine deficiency in pregnancy is a matter of public-health concern, a functional measure of iodine status is lacking. The thyroid-specific protein thyroglobulin (Tg), which reflects thyroid size, has shown promise as a functional measure in studies of children and adults, but data in pregnancy are sparse. In a cohort of mildly to moderately iodine-deficient pregnant women, this study aimed to explore whether serum Tg is a sensitive functional biomarker of iodine status and to examine longitudinal change in Tg with gestational age. METHOD A total of 230 pregnant women were recruited at an antenatal clinic at 12 weeks of gestation to the Selenium in PRegnancy INTervention study, in Oxford, United Kingdom. Repeated measures of urinary iodine-to-creatinine ratio, serum thyrotropin (TSH), and Tg at 12, 20, and 35 weeks of gestation were made. Women were dichotomized by their iodine-to-creatinine ratio (<150 or ≥150 μg/g) to group them broadly as iodine deficient or iodine sufficient. Women with thyroid antibodies were excluded; data and samples were available for 191 women. RESULTS Median Tg concentrations were 21, 19, and 23 μg/L in the first, second, and third trimesters, respectively. In a linear mixed model, controlling for confounders, Tg was higher in the <150 μg/g group than it was in the ≥150 μg/g group (p < 0.001) but there was no difference in TSH (p = 0.27). Gestational week modified the effect of iodine status on TSH (p = 0.01) and Tg (p = 0.012); Tg did not increase with gestational week in the ≥150 μg/g group, but it did in the <150 μg/g group, and TSH increased more steeply in the <150 μg/g group. CONCLUSIONS Low iodine status (<150 μg/g) in pregnancy is associated with higher serum Tg, suggesting that the thyroid is hyperstimulated by iodine deficiency, which causes it to enlarge. Tg is a more sensitive biomarker of iodine status in pregnancy than is TSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Bath
- 1 Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey , Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Victor J M Pop
- 2 Department of Primary Care, University of Tilburg , Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Victoria L Furmidge-Owen
- 1 Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey , Guildford, United Kingdom
- 3 Danone Nutricia Early Life Nutrition , Trowbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maarten A C Broeren
- 4 Department of Clinical Chemistry, Máxima Medical Center , Veldhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Margaret P Rayman
- 1 Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey , Guildford, United Kingdom
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Knight BA, Shields BM, He X, Pearce EN, Braverman LE, Sturley R, Vaidya B. Iodine deficiency amongst pregnant women in South-West England. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2017; 86:451-455. [PMID: 27805280 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Iodine deficiency in pregnancy may impair foetal neurological development. The UK population is generally thought to be iodine sufficient; however, recent studies have questioned this assumption. Our study aimed to explore the prevalence of iodine deficiency in a cohort of pregnant mothers from South-West England. METHODS Urine samples were obtained from 308 women participating in a study of breech presentation in late pregnancy. They had no known thyroid disease and a singleton pregnancy at 36-38 weeks' gestation. Samples were analysed for urinary iodine concentrations (UIC). Baseline data included age, parity, smoking status, ethnicity, body mass index (BMI) at booking, prenatal vitamin use and a dietary questionnaire. There was no difference in median UIC between women with (n = 156) or without (n = 152) a breech presentation (P = 0·3), so subsequent analyses were carried out as a combined group. RESULTS Participants had a mean (SD) age 31(5) years, median (IQR) BMI 24·4 (22·0, 28·3) kg/m2 ; 42% were primiparous, 10% smoked during pregnancy, and 35% took iodine-containing vitamins. Ninety-six per cent were Caucasian. Median (IQR) UIC was 88·0 (54·3, 157·5) μg/l, which is consistent with iodine deficiency by WHO criteria. A total of 224/308 (73%) of women had UIC values <150 μg/l. Increasing milk intake was associated with higher UIC (P = 0·02). There was no difference in median (IQR) UIC between those women who took iodine-containing vitamins (n = 108) and those who did not (n = 200): 88 (54, 168) vs 88 (54, 150) μg/l, P = 0·7. CONCLUSION Iodine deficiency in pregnancy is common in South-West England. Measures to develop optimum prevention and treatment strategies are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget A Knight
- NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Research & Development Department, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Beverley M Shields
- NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Xuemei He
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth N Pearce
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lewis E Braverman
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel Sturley
- Centre for Women's Health, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Bijay Vaidya
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
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de Souza JS, Kizys MML, da Conceição RR, Glebocki G, Romano RM, Ortiga-Carvalho TM, Giannocco G, da Silva IDCG, Dias da Silva MR, Romano MA, Chiamolera MI. Perinatal exposure to glyphosate-based herbicide alters the thyrotrophic axis and causes thyroid hormone homeostasis imbalance in male rats. Toxicology 2017; 377:25-37. [PMID: 27916585 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are widely used in agriculture. Recently, several animal and epidemiological studies have been conducted to understand the effects of these chemicals as an endocrine disruptor for the gonadal system. The aim of the present study was to determine whether GBHs could also disrupt the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Female pregnant Wistar rats were exposed to a solution containing GBH Roundup®Transorb (Monsanto). The animals were divided into three groups (control, 5mg/kg/day or 50mg/kg/day) and exposed from gestation day 18 (GD18) to post-natal day 5 (PND5). Male offspring were euthanized at PND 90, and blood and tissues samples from the hypothalamus, pituitary, liver and heart were collected for hormonal evaluation (TSH-Thyroid stimulating hormone, T3-triiodothyronine and T4-thyroxine), metabolomic and mRNA analyses of genes related to thyroid hormone metabolism and function. The hormonal profiles showed decreased concentrations of TSH in the exposed groups, with no variation in the levels of the thyroid hormones (THs) T3 and T4 between the groups. Hypothalamus gene expression analysis of the exposed groups revealed a reduction in the expression of genes encoding deiodinases 2 (Dio2) and 3 (Dio3) and TH transporters Slco1c1 (former Oatp1c1) and Slc16a2 (former Mct8). In the pituitary, Dio2, thyroid hormone receptor genes (Thra1 and Thrb1), and Slc16a2 showed higher expression levels in the exposed groups than in the control group. Interestingly, Tshb gene expression did not show any difference in expression profile between the control and exposed groups. Liver Thra1 and Thrb1 showed increased mRNA expression in both GBH-exposed groups, and in the heart, Dio2, Mb, Myh6 (former Mhca) and Slc2a4 (former Glut4) showed higher mRNA expression in the exposed groups. Additionally, correlation analysis between gene expression and metabolomic data showed similar alterations as detected in hypothyroid rats. Perinatal exposure to GBH in male rats modified the HPT set point, with lower levels of TSH likely reflecting post-translational events. Several genes regulated by TH or involved in TH metabolism and transport presented varying degrees of gene expression alteration that were probably programmed during intrauterine exposure to GBHs and reflects in peripheral metabolism. In conclusion, the role of GBH exposure in HPT axis disruption should be considered in populations exposed to this herbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina Sena de Souza
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Unifesp/EPM, Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Endocrinologia Clínica, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular e Translacional (LEMT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Malta Letro Kizys
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Unifesp/EPM, Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Endocrinologia Clínica, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular e Translacional (LEMT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Rodrigues da Conceição
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Unifesp/EPM, Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Endocrinologia Clínica, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular e Translacional (LEMT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Glebocki
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Unifesp/EPM, Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Endocrinologia Clínica, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular e Translacional (LEMT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Marino Romano
- Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Departamento de Farmácia, Guarapuava, Brazil
| | - Tania Maria Ortiga-Carvalho
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Translacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gisele Giannocco
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Unifesp/EPM, Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Endocrinologia Clínica, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular e Translacional (LEMT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Magnus Regios Dias da Silva
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Unifesp/EPM, Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Endocrinologia Clínica, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular e Translacional (LEMT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Romano
- Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Departamento de Farmácia, Guarapuava, Brazil
| | - Maria Izabel Chiamolera
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Unifesp/EPM, Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Endocrinologia Clínica, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular e Translacional (LEMT), São Paulo, Brazil.
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Bath SC, Combet E, Scully P, Zimmermann MB, Hampshire-Jones KHC, Rayman MP. A multi-centre pilot study of iodine status in UK schoolchildren, aged 8-10 years. Eur J Nutr 2016; 55:2001-9. [PMID: 26276556 PMCID: PMC5009164 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1014-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Iodine, as an essential constituent of thyroid hormones, is required for brain development. Iodine status is low in some UK population groups, notably in teenage girls, women of childbearing age and pregnant women. We aimed to assess iodine status of UK schoolchildren as there are no data on children below 14 years of age. METHODS Children (boys and girls) aged 8-10 years were recruited to a cross-sectional study from schools in three areas of the UK (Omagh, Northern Ireland; Glasgow, Scotland, and Guildford, South-East England). Spot urine samples, for measurement of urinary iodine concentration, were collected in the winter months (November 2012 to March 2013) and in the summer, in Omagh only (September 2013). A food frequency questionnaire was completed. RESULTS A total of 168 schoolchildren provided 165 urine samples. The median urinary iodine concentration was 161 µg/L in winter samples (n = 134) and 127 µg/L in summer samples (n = 31). The median urinary iodine concentration for the whole group was 144 µg/L, weighted to account for the unequal proportion of samples from the two seasons. The children are classified as iodine-sufficient by WHO criteria (100-199 µg/L), even in the summer. Milk intake was positively associated with iodine status. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study suggests that iodine deficiency is unlikely to be a problem in UK children aged 8-10 years. This could be a result of higher intake of milk, the principal UK dietary iodine source, in this age group than in teenagers and adults. Further assessment of iodine status in a representative sample of UK schoolchildren is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Bath
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH UK
| | - Emilie Combet
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G31 2ER UK
| | - Patrick Scully
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH UK
| | - Michael B. Zimmermann
- Human Nutrition Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katharine H. C. Hampshire-Jones
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH UK
| | - Margaret P. Rayman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH UK
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Mortensen ME, Birch R, Wong LY, Valentin-Blasini L, Boyle EB, Caldwell KL, Merrill LS, Moye J, Blount BC. Thyroid antagonists and thyroid indicators in U.S. pregnant women in the Vanguard Study of the National Children's Study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 149:179-188. [PMID: 27208469 PMCID: PMC4907850 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The sodium iodide-symporter (NIS) mediates uptake of iodide into thyroid follicular cells. This key step in thyroid hormone synthesis is inhibited by perchlorate, thiocyanate (SCN) and nitrate (NO3) anions. When these exposures occur during pregnancy the resulting decreases in thyroid hormones may adversely affect neurodevelopment of the human fetus. Our objectives were to describe and examine the relationship of these anions to the serum thyroid indicators, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4), in third trimester women from the initial Vanguard Study of the National Children's Study (NCS); and to compare urine perchlorate results with those in pregnant women from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES). Urinary perchlorate, SCN, NO3, and iodine, serum TSH, FT4, and cotinine were measured and a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was administered to pregnant women enrolled in the initial Vanguard Study. We used multiple regression models of FT4 and TSH that included perchlorate equivalent concentration (PEC, which estimates combined inhibitory effects of the anions perchlorate, SCN, and NO3 on the NIS). We used multiple regression to model predictors of each urinary anion, using FFQ results, drinking water source, season of year, smoking status, and demographic characteristics. Descriptive statistics were calculated for pregnant women in NHANES 2001-2012. The geometric mean (GM) for urinary perchlorate was 4.04µg/L, for TSH 1.46mIU/L, and the arithmetic mean for FT4 1.11ng/dL in 359 NCS women. In 330 women with completed FFQs, consumption of leafy greens, winter season, and Hispanic ethnicity were significant predictors of higher urinary perchlorate, which differed significantly by study site and primary drinking water source, and bottled water was associated with higher urinary perchlorate compared to filtered tap water. Leafy greens consumption was associated with higher urinary NO3 and higher urinary SCN. There was no association between urinary perchlorate or PEC and TSH or FT4, even for women with urinary iodine <100µg/L. GM urinary perchlorate concentrations in the full sample (n=494) of third trimester NCS women (4.03µg/L) were similar to pregnant women in NHANES (3.58µg/L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Mortensen
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | | | - Lee-Yang Wong
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Liza Valentin-Blasini
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Kathleen L Caldwell
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - John Moye
- NCS Program Office, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute for Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes for Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Benjamin C Blount
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Abstract
Pregnancy represents a challenge from a nutritional perspective, because micronutrient intake during the periconceptional period and in pregnancy affects fetal organ development and the mother's health. Inappropriate diet/nutrition in pregnancy can lead to numerous deficiencies including iron deficiency and may impair placental function and play a role in miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, preterm delivery, and preeclampsia. This article reviews the risks associated with nutrient deficiencies in pregnant women and presents an overview of recommendations for dietary supplementation in pregnancy, focusing on oral iron supplementation. Risk factor detection, including dietary patterns and comorbidities, is paramount in optimal pregnancy management. Dietary habits, which can lead to deficiencies (e.g., iron, folate, vitamin D, and calcium) and result in negative health consequences for the mother and fetus/newborn, need to be investigated. Prenatal care should be personalized, accounting for ethnicity, culture, education, information level about pregnancy, and dietary and physical habits. Clinicians should make a plan for appropriate supplementation and prophylaxis/treatment of nutritional and other needs, and consider adequate intake of calcium, iodine, vitamin D, folate, and iron. Among the available oral iron supplements, prolonged-released ferrous sulfate (ferrous sulfate-polymeric complex) presents the lowest incidence of overall and gastrointestinal adverse events, with positive implications for compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Milman
- a Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Obstetrics , Naestved Hospital, Naestved, University of Copenhagen , Naestved , Denmark
| | - Tomasz Paszkowski
- b 3rd Chair and Department of Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin , Lublin , Poland
| | - Irene Cetin
- c Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Milan, Hospital Luigi Sacco , Milan , Italy , and
| | - Camil Castelo-Branco
- d Clínic Institute of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Neonatology, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Faculty of Medicine-University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
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Abstract
Perchlorate exposure occurs from ingestion of natural or man-made perchlorate in food or water. Perchlorate is used in a variety of industrial products including missile fuel, fireworks, and fertilizers, and industrial contamination of drinking water supplies has occurred in a number of areas. Perchlorate blocks iodide uptake into the thyroid and decreases the production of thyroid hormone, a critical hormone for metabolism, neurodevelopment, and other physiologic functions. Occupational and clinical dosing studies have not identified clear adverse effects, but may be limited by small sample sizes, short study durations, and the inclusion of mostly healthy adults. Expanding evidence suggests that young children, pregnant women, fetuses, and people co-exposed to similarly acting agents may be especially susceptible to perchlorate. Given the ubiquitous nature of perchlorate exposure, and the importance of thyroid hormone for brain development, studying the impact of perchlorate on human health could have far-reaching public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig M Steinmaus
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, 1950 Addison St, Suite #204, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA.
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Steinmaus C, Pearl M, Kharrazi M, Blount BC, Miller MD, Pearce EN, Valentin-Blasini L, DeLorenze G, Hoofnagle AN, Liaw J. Thyroid Hormones and Moderate Exposure to Perchlorate during Pregnancy in Women in Southern California. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:861-7. [PMID: 26485730 PMCID: PMC4892913 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Findings from national surveys suggest that everyone in the United States is exposed to perchlorate. At high doses, perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate inhibit iodide uptake into the thyroid and decrease thyroid hormone production. Small changes in thyroid hormones during pregnancy, including changes within normal reference ranges, have been linked to cognitive function declines in the offspring. OBJECTIVES We evaluated the potential effects of low environmental exposures to perchlorate on thyroid function. METHODS Serum thyroid hormones and anti-thyroid antibodies and urinary perchlorate, thiocyanate, nitrate, and iodide concentrations were measured in 1,880 pregnant women from San Diego County, California, during 2000-2003, a period when much of the area's water supply was contaminated from an industrial plant with perchlorate at levels near the 2007 California regulatory standard of 6 μg/L. Linear regression was used to evaluate associations between urinary perchlorate and serum thyroid hormone concentrations in models adjusted for urinary creatinine and thiocyanate, maternal age and education, ethnicity, and gestational age at serum collection. RESULTS The median urinary perchlorate concentration was 6.5 μg/L, about two times higher than in the general U.S. POPULATION Adjusted associations were identified between increasing log10 perchlorate and decreasing total thyroxine (T4) [regression coefficient (β) = -0.70; 95% CI: -1.06, -0.34], decreasing free thyroxine (fT4) (β = -0.053; 95% CI: -0.092, -0.013), and increasing log10 thyroid-stimulating hormone (β = 0.071; 95% CI: 0.008, 0.133). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that environmental perchlorate exposures may affect thyroid hormone production during pregnancy. This could have implications for public health given widespread perchlorate exposure and the importance of thyroid hormone in fetal neurodevelopment. CITATION Steinmaus C, Pearl M, Kharrazi M, Blount BC, Miller MD, Pearce EN, Valentin-Blasini L, DeLorenze G, Hoofnagle AN, Liaw J. 2016. Thyroid hormones and moderate exposure to perchlorate during pregnancy in women in Southern California. Environ Health Perspect 124:861-867; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409614.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Steinmaus
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, California, USA
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | | | - Martin Kharrazi
- Environmental Health Investigations Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA
| | - Benjamin C. Blount
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mark D. Miller
- Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth N. Pearce
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Liza Valentin-Blasini
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gerald DeLorenze
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Andrew N. Hoofnagle
- Department of Lab Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jane Liaw
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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Horton MK, Blount BC, Valentin-Blasini L, Wapner R, Whyatt R, Gennings C, Factor-Litvak P. CO-occurring exposure to perchlorate, nitrate and thiocyanate alters thyroid function in healthy pregnant women. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 143:1-9. [PMID: 26408806 PMCID: PMC4641782 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adequate maternal thyroid function during pregnancy is necessary for normal fetal brain development, making pregnancy a critical window of vulnerability to thyroid disrupting insults. Sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) inhibitors, namely perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate, have been shown individually to competitively inhibit uptake of iodine by the thyroid. Several epidemiologic studies examined the association between these individual exposures and thyroid function. Few studies have examined the effect of this chemical mixture on thyroid function during pregnancy OBJECTIVES We examined the cross sectional association between urinary perchlorate, thiocyanate and nitrate concentrations and thyroid function among healthy pregnant women living in New York City using weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression. METHODS We measured thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FreeT4) in blood samples; perchlorate, thiocyanate, nitrate and iodide in urine samples collected from 284 pregnant women at 12 (±2.8) weeks gestation. We examined associations between urinary analyte concentrations and TSH or FreeT4 using linear regression or WQS adjusting for gestational age, urinary iodide and creatinine. RESULTS Individual analyte concentrations in urine were significantly correlated (Spearman's r 0.4-0.5, p<0.001). Linear regression analyses did not suggest associations between individual concentrations and thyroid function. The WQS revealed a significant positive association between the weighted sum of urinary concentrations of the three analytes and increased TSH. Perchlorate had the largest weight in the index, indicating the largest contribution to the WQS. CONCLUSIONS Co-exposure to perchlorate, nitrate and thiocyanate may alter maternal thyroid function, specifically TSH, during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K Horton
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York.
| | - Benjamin C Blount
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Liza Valentin-Blasini
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ronald Wapner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Robin Whyatt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Chris Gennings
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Pam Factor-Litvak
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Lazarus JH. The importance of iodine in public health. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2015; 37:605-618. [PMID: 25663362 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-015-9681-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Iodine (I) deficiency has been known for more than a century and is known to cause cretinism at the extreme end of the spectrum but also, importantly, impaired development and neurocognition in areas of mild deficiency. The WHO has indicated that median urinary iodine of 100-199 μg/l in a population is regarded as indicative of an adequate iodine intake. The understanding of the spectrum of iodine deficiency disorders led to the formation of The International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders which has promulgated the use of household iodized salt and the use of such salt in food processing and manufacture. Iodine deficiency is particularly important in pregnancy as the fetus relies on maternal thyroxine (T4) exclusively during the first 14 weeks and also throughout gestation. As this hormone is critical to brain and nervous system maturation, low maternal T4 results in low child intelligence quotient. The recommendation for I intake in pregnancy is 250 μg/day to prevent fetal and child brain function impairment. During the past 25 years, the number of countries with I deficiency has reduced to 32; these still include many European developed countries. Sustainability of adequate iodine status must be achieved by continuous monitoring and where this has not been performed I deficiency has often recurred. More randomized controlled trials of iodine supplementation in pregnancy are required in mild iodine-deficient areas to inform public health strategy and subsequent government action on suitable provision of iodine to the population at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Lazarus
- Thyroid Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,
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Bath SC, Rayman MP. A review of the iodine status of UK pregnant women and its implications for the offspring. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2015; 37:619-29. [PMID: 25663363 PMCID: PMC4442695 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-015-9682-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Iodine, as a component of the thyroid hormones, is crucial for brain development and is therefore especially important during pregnancy when the brain is developing most rapidly. While randomised controlled trials of pregnant women in regions of severe iodine deficiency have shown that prenatal iodine deficiency causes impaired cognition, less is known of the effects in regions of mild deficiency. This is relevant to the UK as the World Health Organisation now classifies the UK as mildly iodine deficient, based on a national study of 14-15 year old schoolgirls in 2011. We have previously published a study using samples and data from the UK-based Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) that found an association between low iodine status in early pregnancy (urinary iodine-to-creatinine ratio <150 μg/g) and lower verbal IQ and reading scores in the offspring. Though the women in ALSPAC were recruited in the early 1990s, the results of the study are still relevant as their iodine status was similar to that reported in recent studies of UK pregnant women. This review discusses the evidence that mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency during pregnancy has deleterious effects on child neurodevelopment and relates that evidence to the data on iodine status in the UK. It has highlighted a need for nationwide data on iodine status of pregnant women and that a randomised controlled trial of iodine supplementation in pregnant women in a region of mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency with child outcomes as the primary endpoint is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Bath
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK,
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Bath SC, Furmidge-Owen VL, Redman CW, Rayman MP. Gestational changes in iodine status in a cohort study of pregnant women from the United Kingdom: season as an effect modifier. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 101:1180-7. [PMID: 25948667 PMCID: PMC4441812 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.105536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iodine is required throughout pregnancy for thyroid hormone production, which is essential for fetal brain development. Studies of iodine status in pregnant women from the United Kingdom (UK) have focused on early gestation (<16 wk). Data on the effect of advancing gestation on urinary iodine excretion are conflicting, with suggestions of both an increase and a decrease. OBJECTIVES The aims were to evaluate iodine status in a cohort of UK pregnant women and to explore how it changes throughout gestation. DESIGN We used samples and data from 230 UK pregnant women who were recruited to the Selenium in PRegnancy INTervention study. Iodine concentration was measured in spot-urine samples that were collected at ∼12, 20, and 35 wk of gestation; creatinine concentration was also measured to correct for urine dilution. A linear mixed model was used to explore the effect of gestational week on iodine-to-creatinine ratio, with change in season, body mass index, daily milk intake, and maternal age controlled for. RESULTS The median urinary iodine concentration from urine samples collected at all time points (n = 662) was 56.8 μg/L, and the iodine-to-creatinine ratio was 116 μg/g, thus classifying this cohort as mildly-to-moderately iodine deficient. The median iodine-to-creatinine ratios at 12, 20, and 35 wk were 102.5, 120.0, and 126.0 μg/g, respectively. Only 3% of women were taking iodine-containing prenatal supplements. The iodine-to-creatinine ratio increased with advancing gestation, and there was a significant interaction between gestational week and season (P = 0.026). For a 1-wk increase in gestation, the iodine-to-creatinine ratio increased by a factor of 1.05 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.08) in winter and by a factor of 1.04 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.08) in summer. CONCLUSIONS This group of UK pregnant women was mildly-to-moderately iodine deficient at all trimesters, which is of public health concern. The finding that the iodine-to-creatinine ratio increased over the course of gestation may not be generalizable to populations with different iodine status from ours and merits further investigation. This trial was registered at www.isrctn.com as ISRCTN37927591.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Bath
- From the University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom (SCB, VF-O, and MPR); Danone Nutricia Early Life Nutrition, Trowbridge, United Kingdom (VF-O); and the Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (CWGR)
| | - Victoria L Furmidge-Owen
- From the University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom (SCB, VF-O, and MPR); Danone Nutricia Early Life Nutrition, Trowbridge, United Kingdom (VF-O); and the Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (CWGR)
| | - Christopher Wg Redman
- From the University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom (SCB, VF-O, and MPR); Danone Nutricia Early Life Nutrition, Trowbridge, United Kingdom (VF-O); and the Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (CWGR)
| | - Margaret P Rayman
- From the University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom (SCB, VF-O, and MPR); Danone Nutricia Early Life Nutrition, Trowbridge, United Kingdom (VF-O); and the Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (CWGR).
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Taylor PN, Okosieme OE, Premawardhana L, Lazarus JH. Should All Women Be Screened for Thyroid Dysfunction in Pregnancy? WOMENS HEALTH 2015; 11:295-307. [DOI: 10.2217/whe.15.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The subject of universal thyroid screening in pregnancy generates impassioned debate. Thyroid dysfunction is common, has significant adverse implications for fetal and maternal well-being, is readily detectable and can be effectively and inexpensively treated. Furthermore, the currently recommended case-finding strategy does not identify a substantially proportion of women with thyroid dysfunction thus favoring universal screening. On the other hand subclinical thyroid dysfunction forms the bulk of gestational thyroid disorders and the paucity of high-level evidence to support correction of these asymptomatic biochemical abnormalities weighs against universal screening. This review critically appraises the literature, examines the pros and cons of universal thyroid screening in pregnancy, highlighting the now strong case for implementing universal screening and explores strategies for its implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N Taylor
- Thyroid Research Group, Institute of Molecular & Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Onyebuchi E Okosieme
- Thyroid Research Group, Institute of Molecular & Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lakdasa Premawardhana
- Thyroid Research Group, Institute of Molecular & Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - John H Lazarus
- Thyroid Research Group, Institute of Molecular & Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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Li JJ, Gao MM, Zhang G, Wang XH, Wang SG, Song C, Xu YY. Perchlorate reduction in microbial electrolysis cell with polyaniline modified cathode. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 177:74-79. [PMID: 25479396 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Excellent perchlorate reduction was obtained under various initial concentrations in a non-membrane microbial electrolysis cell with polyaniline (PANI) modified graphite cathode as sole electron donor. PANI modification is conducive to the formation of biofilm due to its porous structure and good electrocatalytic performance. Compared with cathode without biofilm, over 12% higher reduction rates were acquired in the presence of biocathode. The study demonstrates that, instead of perchlorate reduction, the main contribution of biofilm is involved in facilitate electron transfer from cathode to electrolyte. Interestingly, hairlike structure, referred as to pili-like, was observed in the biofilm as well as in the electrolyte. Additionally, the results show that pili were prone to formation under the condition of external electron field as sole electron donor. Analysis of microbial community suggests that perchlorate reduction bacteria community was most consistent with Azospiraoryzae strain DSM 13638 in the subdivision of the class Proteobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jia Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Ming-Ming Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Gang Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xin-Hua Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shu-Guang Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Chao Song
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yan-Yan Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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Petersen AM, Dillon D, Bernhardt RR, Torunsky R, Postlethwait JH, von Hippel FA, Loren Buck C, Cresko WA. Perchlorate disrupts embryonic androgen synthesis and reproductive development in threespine stickleback without changing whole-body levels of thyroid hormone. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 210:130-44. [PMID: 25448260 PMCID: PMC4280913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Perchlorate, an environmental contaminant, disrupts normal functioning of the thyroid. We previously showed that perchlorate disrupts behavior and gonad development, and induces external morphological changes in a vertebrate model organism, the threespine stickleback. Whether perchlorate alters these phenotypes via a thyroid-mediated mechanism, and the extent to which the effects depend on dose, are unknown. To address these questions, we chronically exposed stickleback to control conditions and to three concentrations of perchlorate (10, 30 and 100ppm) at various developmental stages from fertilization to reproductive maturity. Adults chronically exposed to perchlorate had increased numbers of thyroid follicles and decreased numbers of thyrocytes. Surprisingly, T4 and T3 levels in larval, juvenile, and adult whole fish chronically exposed to perchlorate did not differ from controls, except at the lowest perchlorate dose, suggesting a non-monotonic dose response curve. We found no detectable abnormalities in external phenotype at any dose of perchlorate, indicating that the increased number of thyroid follicles compensated for the disruptive effects of these doses. In contrast to external morphology, gonadal development was altered substantially, with the highest dose of perchlorate causing the largest effects. Perchlorate increased the number both of early stage ovarian follicles in females and of advanced spermatogenic stages in males. Perchlorate also disrupted embryonic androgen levels. We conclude that chronic perchlorate exposure may not result in lasting adult gross morphological changes but can produce lasting modifications to gonads when compensation of T3 and T4 levels occurs by thyroid follicle hyperplasia. Perchlorate may therefore affect vertebrate development via both thyroidal and non-thyroidal mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Petersen
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Danielle Dillon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Richard R Bernhardt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Roberta Torunsky
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - John H Postlethwait
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Frank A von Hippel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - C Loren Buck
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - William A Cresko
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
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48
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Effect of low-dose selenium on thyroid autoimmunity and thyroid function in UK pregnant women with mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency. Eur J Nutr 2014; 55:55-61. [PMID: 25524327 PMCID: PMC4737786 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-014-0822-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Selenium is an essential trace mineral and a component of selenoproteins that are involved in the production of thyroid hormones and in regulating the immune response. We aimed to explore the effect of low-dose selenium supplementation on thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) concentration and thyroid function in pregnant women from a mild-to-moderate iodine-deficient population. METHODS Samples and data were from a secondary analysis of Selenium in PRegnancy INTervention (SPRINT), a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study that recruited 230 women with singleton pregnancies from a UK antenatal clinic at 12 weeks of gestation. Women were randomized to receive 60 µg/day selenium or placebo until delivery. Serum thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO-Ab), thyrotropin (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) were measured at 12, 20 and 35 weeks and thyroglobulin antibodies (Tg-Ab) at 12 weeks. RESULTS 93.5% of participants completed the study. Se supplementation had no more effect than placebo in decreasing TPO-Ab concentration or the prevalence of TPO-Ab positivity during the course of pregnancy. In women who were either TPO-Ab or Tg-Ab negative at baseline (Thy-Ab(-ve)), TSH increased and FT4 decreased significantly throughout gestation (P < 0.001), with no difference between treatment groups. In women who were Thy-Ab(+ve) at baseline, TSH tended to decrease and was lower than placebo at 35 weeks (P = 0.050). FT4 fell more on Se than placebo supplementation and was significantly lower at 35 weeks (P = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS Low-dose selenium supplementation in pregnant women with mild-to-moderate deficiency had no effect on TPO-Ab concentration, but tended to change thyroid function in Thy-Ab(+ve) women.
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Bath SC, Sleeth ML, McKenna M, Walter A, Taylor A, Rayman MP. Iodine intake and status of UK women of childbearing age recruited at the University of Surrey in the winter. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:1715-23. [PMID: 25274294 PMCID: PMC4340577 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514002797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
As intra-thyroidal iodine stores should be maximised before conception to facilitate the increased thyroid hormone production during pregnancy, women who are planning to become pregnant should ideally consume 150 μg iodine/d (US RDA). As few UK data exist for this population group, a cross-sectional study was carried out at the University of Surrey to assess the iodine intake and status of women of childbearing age. Total iodine excretion was measured from 24 h urine samples in fifty-seven women; iodine intake was estimated by assuming that 90 % of ingested iodine was excreted. The average iodine intake was also estimated from 48 h food diaries that the participants completed. The median urinary iodine concentration value (63·1 μg/l) indicated the group to be mildly iodine deficient by WHO criteria. By contrast, the median 24 h urinary iodine excretion value (149·8 μg/24 h) indicated a relatively low risk of iodine deficiency. The median estimated iodine intake, extrapolated from urinary excretion, was 167 μg/d, whereas it was lower, at 123 μg/d, when estimated from the 48 h food diaries. Iodine intake estimated from the food diaries and 24 h urinary iodine excretion were strongly correlated (r 0·75, P< 0·001). The intake of milk, eggs and dairy products was positively associated with iodine status. The iodine status of this UK cohort is probably a best-case scenario as the women were mostly nutrition students and were recruited in the winter when milk-iodine content is at its highest; further study in more representative cohorts of UK women is required. The present study highlights the need for revised cut-off values for iodine deficiency that are method- and age group-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Bath
- Department of Nutritional Sciences,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey,Guildford,SurreyGU2 7XH,UK
| | - Michelle L Sleeth
- Department of Nutritional Sciences,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey,Guildford,SurreyGU2 7XH,UK
| | - Marianne McKenna
- Department of Nutritional Sciences,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey,Guildford,SurreyGU2 7XH,UK
| | - Alan Walter
- Department of Nutritional Sciences,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey,Guildford,SurreyGU2 7XH,UK
| | - Andrew Taylor
- Department of Nutritional Sciences,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey,Guildford,SurreyGU2 7XH,UK
| | - Margaret P Rayman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey,Guildford,SurreyGU2 7XH,UK
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50
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Brent GA. Perchlorate exposure in pregnancy and cognitive outcomes in children: it's not your mother's thyroid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:4066-8. [PMID: 25372124 PMCID: PMC4223440 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-3673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Brent
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Departments of Medicine and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90073
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