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Dhindsa S, Ghanim H, McPhaul MJ, Ghoshal AK, Dandona P. Glucose ingestion does not lower testosterone concentrations in men on testosterone therapy. J Investig Med 2024; 72:487-491. [PMID: 38644376 DOI: 10.1177/10815589241252510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Oral calorie intake causes an acute and transient decline in serum testosterone concentrations. It is not known whether this decline occurs in men on testosterone therapy. In this study, we evaluated the change in testosterone concentrations following oral glucose ingestion in hypogonadal men before and after treatment with testosterone therapy. This is a secondary analysis of samples previously collected from a study of hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes who received testosterone therapy. Study participants (n = 14) ingested 75 grams of oral glucose, and blood samples were collected over 2 h. The test was repeated after 23 weeks of intramuscular testosterone therapy. The mean age and body mass index of study volunteers were 53 ± 8 years and 38 ± 7 kg/m2, respectively. Following glucose intake, testosterone concentrations fell significantly prior to testosterone therapy (week 0, p = 0.04). The nadir of testosterone concentration was at 1 h, followed by recovery to baseline by 2 h. In contrast, there was no change in testosterone concentrations at week 23. The change in serum testosterone concentrations at 60 min was significantly more at week 0 than week 23 (-11 ± 10% vs 0 ± 16%, p = 0.05). We conclude that oral glucose intake has no impact on testosterone concentrations in men on testosterone therapy. Endocrinology societies should consider clarifying in their recommendations that fasting testosterone concentrations are required for the diagnosis of hypogonadism, but not for monitoring testosterone therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Dhindsa
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Husam Ghanim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Michael J McPhaul
- Endocrine Division, Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA, USA
| | - Amit K Ghoshal
- Endocrine Division, Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, Valencia, CA, USA
| | - Paresh Dandona
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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2
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Perez-Leighton C, Kerr B, Scherer PE, Baudrand R, Cortés V. The interplay between leptin, glucocorticoids, and GLP1 regulates food intake and feeding behaviour. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:653-674. [PMID: 38072002 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Nutritional, endocrine, and neurological signals converge in multiple brain centres to control feeding behaviour and food intake as part of the allostatic regulation of energy balance. Among the several neuroendocrine systems involved, the leptin, glucocorticoid, and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) systems have been extensively researched. Leptin is at the top hierarchical level since its complete absence is sufficient to trigger severe hyperphagia. Glucocorticoids are key regulators of the energy balance adaptation to stress and their sustained excess leads to excessive adiposity and metabolic perturbations. GLP1 participates in metabolic adaptation to food intake, regulating insulin secretion and satiety by parallel central and peripheral signalling systems. Herein, we review the brain and peripheral targets of these three hormone systems that integrate to regulate food intake, feeding behaviour, and metabolic homeostasis. We examine the functional relationships between leptin, glucocorticoids, and GLP1 at the central and peripheral levels, including the cross-regulation of their circulating levels and their cooperative or antagonistic actions at different brain centres. The pathophysiological roles of these neuroendocrine systems in dysregulated intake are explored in the two extremes of body adiposity - obesity and lipodystrophy - and eating behaviour disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Perez-Leighton
- Departmento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, 830024, Chile
| | - Bredford Kerr
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina-CEBICEM, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Carmen Sylva 2444, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - René Baudrand
- Departmento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, 830024, Chile
- Centro Translacional de Endocrinología (CETREN), Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, 830024, Chile
| | - Víctor Cortés
- Departmento de Nutrición, Diabetes y Metabolismo, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, 830024, Chile
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3
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Saidi O, Rochette E, Dambel L, St-Onge MP, Duché P. Chrono-nutrition and sleep: lessons from the temporal feature of eating patterns in human studies - A systematic scoping review. Sleep Med Rev 2024; 76:101953. [PMID: 38788519 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2024.101953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
An emerging field of research has revealed a bidirectional relationship between sleep and diet, highlighting the potential role of a healthy diet in improving sleep. However, the impact of chrono-nutrition on sleep remains less explored. Here we conducted a systematic scoping review, considering the multiple dimensions of chrono-nutrition, to describe the extent, range, and nature of the existing literature in this area (PROSPERO: CRD42021274637). There has been a significant increase in the literature exploring this topic over the past six years (almost 67 % of the evolving literature). A breakdown of the included studies was performed according to three major chrono-nutritional dimensions: meal timing [n = 35], irregular eating patterns [n = 84], and frequency of eating occasions [n = 3]. Meal timing included three sub-dimensions: breakfast skipping [n = 13], late eating [n = 16], and earlier vs later meals schedules [n = 6]. Irregular meal patterns included three sub-dimensions: diurnal fasting [n = 65], intermittent fasting [n = 16], and daily meal patterns [n = 3]. Frequency was the least studied dimension (n = 3). We provided a synthetic and illustrative framework underlining important preliminary evidence linking the temporal characteristics of eating patterns to various facets of sleep health. Nonetheless, much work remains to be done to provide chrono-nutrition guidelines to improve sleep health in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Saidi
- JAP2S Laboratory, Toulon University, F-83041, Toulon, France.
| | - Emmanuelle Rochette
- JAP2S Laboratory, Toulon University, F-83041, Toulon, France; Department of Pediatrics, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Auvergne University, INSERM, CIC 1405, CRECHE Unit, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Lou Dambel
- JAP2S Laboratory, Toulon University, F-83041, Toulon, France
| | - Marie-Pierre St-Onge
- Center of Excellence for Sleep & Circadian Research and Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA, 10032
| | - Pascale Duché
- JAP2S Laboratory, Toulon University, F-83041, Toulon, France
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4
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Guarnotta V, Amodei R, Di Gaudio F, Giordano C. Nutritional Intervention in Cushing's Disease: The Ketogenic Diet's Effects on Metabolic Comorbidities and Adrenal Steroids. Nutrients 2023; 15:4647. [PMID: 37960300 PMCID: PMC10649442 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND a very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) is associated with improvement of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. We aimed to evaluate the effects of a VLCKD in patients with Cushing's disease (CD) as adjunctive therapy to treatment for the primary disease. METHODS we evaluated clinical, hormonal and metabolic parameters in 15 patients with CD and 15 controls at baseline after 1 week and 3 weeks of VLCKD and, further, after 2 weeks of a low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (LCKD). RESULTS after 5 weeks of diet, a significant decrease in BMI (p = 0.002), waist circumference (WC) (p = 0.024), systolic blood pressure (p = 0.015), diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.005), ACTH (p = 0.026), cortisone (p = 0.025), total cholesterol (p = 0.006), LDL cholesterol (p = 0.017), triglycerides (p = 0.016) and alkaline phosphatase (p = 0.008) and a significant increase in HDL cholesterol (p = 0.017), vitamin D (p = 0.015) and oral disposition index (oDI) (p = 0.004) was observed in the CD patients. A significant decrease in BMI (p = 0.003), WC (p = 0.002), systolic blood pressure (p = 0.025), diastolic (p = 0.007) blood pressure and total cholesterol (p = 0.026) and an increase in HDL cholesterol (p = 0.001) and oDI (p < 0.001) was observed in controls. CONCLUSIONS the current study confirms that a ketogenic diet is effective in improving metabolic disorders in CD and shows that a nutritional approach may be combined with conventional CD therapy in order to improve metabolic and cardiovascular comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Guarnotta
- Section of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Health Promotion, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties “G. D’Alessandro”, PROMISE, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (V.G.); (R.A.)
| | - Roberta Amodei
- Section of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Health Promotion, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties “G. D’Alessandro”, PROMISE, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (V.G.); (R.A.)
| | - Francesca Di Gaudio
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, CQRC (Quality Control and Chemical Risk) Hospital Company, Hospitals Reunited Villa Sofia Cervello, 90146 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Carla Giordano
- Section of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Health Promotion, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties “G. D’Alessandro”, PROMISE, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (V.G.); (R.A.)
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy
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BaHammam AS, Pirzada A. Timing Matters: The Interplay between Early Mealtime, Circadian Rhythms, Gene Expression, Circadian Hormones, and Metabolism-A Narrative Review. Clocks Sleep 2023; 5:507-535. [PMID: 37754352 PMCID: PMC10528427 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep5030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Achieving synchronization between the central and peripheral body clocks is essential for ensuring optimal metabolic function. Meal timing is an emerging field of research that investigates the influence of eating patterns on our circadian rhythm, metabolism, and overall health. This narrative review examines the relationship between meal timing, circadian rhythm, clock genes, circadian hormones, and metabolic function. It analyzes the existing literature and experimental data to explore the connection between mealtime, circadian rhythms, and metabolic processes. The available evidence highlights the importance of aligning mealtime with the body's natural rhythms to promote metabolic health and prevent metabolic disorders. Specifically, studies show that consuming meals later in the day is associated with an elevated prevalence of metabolic disorders, while early time-restricted eating, such as having an early breakfast and an earlier dinner, improves levels of glucose in the blood and substrate oxidation. Circadian hormones, including cortisol and melatonin, interact with mealtimes and play vital roles in regulating metabolic processes. Cortisol, aligned with dawn in diurnal mammals, activates energy reserves, stimulates appetite, influences clock gene expression, and synchronizes peripheral clocks. Consuming meals during periods of elevated melatonin levels, specifically during the circadian night, has been correlated with potential implications for glucose tolerance. Understanding the mechanisms of central and peripheral clock synchronization, including genetics, interactions with chronotype, sleep duration, and hormonal changes, provides valuable insights for optimizing dietary strategies and timing. This knowledge contributes to improved overall health and well-being by aligning mealtime with the body's natural circadian rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S. BaHammam
- The University Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11324, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrouf Pirzada
- North Cumbria Integrated Care (NCIC), National Health Service (NHS), Carlisle CA2 7HY, UK;
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Bini J, Parikh L, Lacadie C, Hwang JJ, Shah S, Rosenberg SB, Seo D, Lam K, Hamza M, De Aguiar RB, Constable T, Sherwin RS, Sinha R, Jastreboff AM. Stress-level glucocorticoids increase fasting hunger and decrease cerebral blood flow in regions regulating eating. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 36:103202. [PMID: 36126514 PMCID: PMC9486604 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The neural regulation of appetite and energy homeostasis significantly overlaps with the neurobiology of stress. Frequent exposure to repeated acute stressors may cause increased allostatic load and subsequent dysregulation of the cortico-limbic striatal system leading to inefficient integration of postprandial homeostatic and hedonic signals. It is therefore important to understand the neural mechanisms by which stress generates alterations in appetite that may drive weight gain. OBJECTIVE To determine glucocorticoid effects on metabolic, neural and behavioral factors that may underlie the association between glucocorticoids, appetite and obesity risk. METHODS A randomized double-blind cross-over design of overnight infusion of hydrocortisone or saline followed by a fasting morning perfusion magnetic resonance imaging to assess regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) was completed. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) hunger, cortisol and metabolic hormones were also measured. RESULTS Hydrocortisone relative to saline significantly decreased whole brain voxel based CBF responses in the hypothalamus and related cortico-striatal-limbic regions. Hydrocortisone significantly increased hunger VAS pre-scan, insulin, glucose and leptin, but not other metabolic hormones versus saline CBF groups. Hydrocortisone related increases in hunger were predicted by less reduction of CBF (hydrocortisone minus saline) in the medial OFC, medial brainstem and thalamus, left primary sensory cortex and right superior and medial temporal gyrus. Hunger ratings were also positively associated with plasma insulin on hydrocortisone but not saline day. CONCLUSIONS Increased glucocorticoids at levels akin to those experienced during psychological stress, result in increased fasting hunger and decreased regional cerebral blood flow in a distinct brain network of prefrontal, emotional, reward, motivation, sensory and homeostatic regions that underlie control of food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Bini
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Lisa Parikh
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Cheryl Lacadie
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Janice J Hwang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Saloni Shah
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Samuel B Rosenberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Dongju Seo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Katherine Lam
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Muhammad Hamza
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Renata Belfort De Aguiar
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Todd Constable
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Robert S Sherwin
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
| | - Ania M Jastreboff
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
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7
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Dias JP, Carlson O, Schweitzer M, Shardell M, Clark JM, Brown TT, Egan JM, Lee CJ. GDF15 and Cortisol Response to Meal Tolerance Test in Post-Sleeve Gastrectomy Patients with Weight Regain. Obes Surg 2022; 32:2641-2648. [PMID: 35672598 PMCID: PMC9972254 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-022-06140-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hormonal factors behind weight regain (WR) after surgical weight loss remain inadequately understood. Growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) has emerged as a potential therapeutic target in obesity treatment. Cortisol, another stress hormone, has also been associated with weight gain at both low and high circulating concentrations. We aimed to compare meal-stimulated GDF15 and cortisol response in adults with and without WR after sleeve gastrectomy (SG). We hypothesized that GDF15 and cortisol response to meal tolerance test (MTT) will be lower in those with versus without WR after SG. METHODS Cross-sectional study comprised 21 adults without diabetes, who underwent SG. WR was defined as 100 × (current weight - nadir)/(preoperative weight - nadir) > 10%. GDF15, cortisol, insulin, glucose, and incretins (total glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) circulating concentrations) were measured during MTT (0-240 min) after 3-6 years post-bariatric surgery. RESULTS All participants were 48% White, 85% female, with mean (SD) age: 43(10) years, and BMI: 36.2(7.6) kg/m2. Compared to the non-WR group (n = 6), the WR group (n = 15) had significantly higher BMI (WR: 38.6 ± 7.6 kg/m2, non-WR: 30.3 ± 3.5 kg/m2, p = 0.02) and showed lower GDF15 response (WR AUC vs non-WR AUC (116143 ± 13973 vs 185798 ± 38884 ng*min/L, p = 0.047)) and lower cortisol response (WR AUC vs non-WR AUC (3492 ± 210 vs 4880 ± 655 µg*min/dL, p = 0.015)). Incretin response did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSIONS GDF15 and cortisol responses to MTT were lower in those who regained the weight after SG compared to those who did not, suggesting that dysregulation in GDF15 and cortisol response following bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Pena Dias
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 E. Monument St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,National Institute of Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Olga Carlson
- National Institute of Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Schweitzer
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 E. Monument St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Michelle Shardell
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeanne M. Clark
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 E. Monument St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Todd T. Brown
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 E. Monument St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Clare J. Lee
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 E. Monument St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet: A Potential Application in the Treatment of Hypercortisolism Comorbidities. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122388. [PMID: 35745118 PMCID: PMC9228456 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) is characterized by low daily caloric intake (less than 800 kcal/day), low carbohydrate intake (<50 g/day) and normoproteic (1−1.5 g of protein/kg of ideal body weight) contents. It induces a significant weight loss and an improvement in lipid parameters, blood pressure, glycaemic indices and insulin sensitivity in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cushing’s syndrome (CS) is characterized by an endogenous or exogenous excess of glucocorticoids and shows many comorbidities including cardiovascular disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and lipid disorders. The aim of this speculative review is to provide an overview on nutrition in hypercortisolism and analyse the potential use of a VLCKD for the treatment of CS comorbidities, analysing the molecular mechanisms of ketogenesis.
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9
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Zavala E. Misaligned hormonal rhythmicity: Mechanisms of origin and their clinical significance. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13144. [PMID: 35514212 PMCID: PMC9286602 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Rhythmic hormonal secretion is key for sustaining health. While a central pacemaker in the hypothalamus is the main driver of circadian periodicity, many hormones oscillate with different frequencies and amplitudes. These rhythms carry information about healthy physiological functions, while at the same time they must be able to respond to external cues and maintain their robustness against severe perturbations. Since endocrine disruptions can lead to hormonal misalignment and disease, understanding the clinical significance of these rhythms can help support diagnosis and disease management. While the misalignment of dynamic hormone profiles can be quantitatively analysed though statistical and computational techniques, mathematical modelling can provide fundamental understanding about the mechanisms underpinning endocrine rhythms, particularly around the question of what makes them robust to some perturbations but fragile to others. In this study, I will review the key challenges of understanding hormonal rhythm misalignment from a mathematical perspective, including their causes and clinical significance. By reviewing modelling examples of coupled endocrine axes, I will address the question of how perturbations in one endocrine axis propagate to another, leading to the more complex issue of disentangling the contribution of each endocrine system to a robust dynamic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eder Zavala
- Centre for Systems Modelling & Quantitative BiomedicineUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonUK
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10
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Nagel R, Kaiser S, Stainfield C, Toscani C, Fox‐Clarke C, Paijmans AJ, Costa Castro C, Vendrami DLJ, Forcada J, Hoffman JI. Low heritability and high phenotypic plasticity of salivary cortisol in response to environmental heterogeneity in a wild pinniped. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8757. [PMID: 35356576 PMCID: PMC8956859 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals are unique in how they interact with and respond to their environment. Correspondingly, unpredictable challenges or environmental stressors often produce an individualized response of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis and its downstream effector cortisol. We used a fully crossed, repeated measures design to investigate the factors shaping individual variation in baseline cortisol in Antarctic fur seal pups and their mothers. Saliva samples were collected from focal individuals at two breeding colonies, one with low and the other with high density, during two consecutive years of contrasting food availability. Mothers and pups were sampled concurrently at birth and shortly before weaning, while pups were additionally sampled every 20 days. We found that heritability was low for baseline cortisol, while within‐individual repeatability and among‐individual variability were high. A substantial proportion of the variation in baseline cortisol could be explained in pups and mothers by a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors including sex, weight, day, season, and colony of birth. Our findings provide detailed insights into the individualization of endocrine phenotypes and their genetic and environmental drivers in a wild pinniped. Furthermore, the strong associations between cortisol and life history traits that we report in fur seals could have important implications for understanding the population dynamics of species impacted by environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Nagel
- Department of Animal Behaviour Bielefeld University Bielefeld Germany
| | - Sylvia Kaiser
- Department of Behavioural Biology University of Münster Münster Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Joseph I. Hoffman
- Department of Animal Behaviour Bielefeld University Bielefeld Germany
- British Antarctic Survey Cambridge UK
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11
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Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Cardiometabolic Health: An Energy Metabolism Perspective. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030489. [PMID: 35276847 PMCID: PMC8839160 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the effects of different types of intermittent fasting (IF) on human cardiometabolic health, with a focus on energy metabolism. First, we discuss the coordinated metabolic adaptations (energy expenditure, hormonal changes and macronutrient oxidation) occurring during a 72 h fast. We then discuss studies investigating the effects of IF on cardiometabolic health, energy expenditure and substrate oxidation. Finally, we discuss how IF may be optimized by combining it with exercise. In general, IF regimens improve body composition, ectopic fat, and classic cardiometabolic risk factors, as compared to unrestricted eating, especially in metabolically unhealthy participants. However, it is still unclear whether IF provides additional cardiometabolic benefits as compared to continuous daily caloric restriction (CR). Most studies found no additional benefits, yet some preliminary data suggest that IF regimens may provide cardiometabolic benefits in the absence of weight loss. Finally, although IF and continuous daily CR appear to induce similar changes in energy expenditure, IF regimens may differentially affect substrate oxidation, increasing protein and fat oxidation. Future tightly controlled studies are needed to unravel the underlying mechanisms of IF and its role in cardiometabolic health and energy metabolism.
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12
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Uçar C, Özgöçer T, Yıldız S. Effects of late-night eating of easily-or slowly-digestible meals on sleep, hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, and autonomic nervous system in healthy young males. Stress Health 2021; 37:640-649. [PMID: 33426778 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Aim of the current study was to assess the effects of the digestibility of late-night high calorie meal on sleep and the activities of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and autonomous nervous system (ANS) in healthy young males. For that purpose, effects of an easily digestible meal (starch + sugar-rich meal, SSR, i.e., dessert) or a slowly digestible meal (protein + fat-rich, PFR, i.e. kebab) were investigated in a crossover design in 16 participants (20-26 year old). They did not eat anything after 07:00 PM on Day 0; had an SSR meal on Day 1 and a PFR meal on Day 2 at 10:00 PM. HPA and ANS activities were measured by cortisol awakening response (CAR) and heart rate variability (HRV), respectively. The participants provided salivary samples for CAR; had a 5-min continuous electrocardiogram recording for HRV; and filled in sleep questionnaires. Late-night eating of SSR and PFR diets increased the area under the curve of CAR (p < 0.05) but did not affect HRV parameters (p > 0.05). PFR meal significantly disturbed sleep (p < 0.05). The data suggests that increased activity of HPA, but not ANS, might be involved in pathophysiology of late-night eating and that this might be due to disturbed sleep if slowly-digestible meal is consumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cihat Uçar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Adıyaman, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Tuba Özgöçer
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Harran, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Sedat Yıldız
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Inonu, Malatya, Turkey
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13
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Chawla S, Beretoulis S, Deere A, Radenkovic D. The Window Matters: A Systematic Review of Time Restricted Eating Strategies in Relation to Cortisol and Melatonin Secretion. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082525. [PMID: 34444685 PMCID: PMC8399962 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Time-Restricted Eating is an eating pattern based on the circadian rhythm which limits daily food intake (usually to ≤12 h/day), unique in that no overt restriction is imposed on the quality, nor quantity, of food intake. This paper aimed to examine the effects of two patterns of TRE, traditional TRE, and Ramadan fasting, on two markers of circadian rhythm, cortisol and melatonin. PubMed and Web of Science were searched up to December 2020 for studies examining the effects of time restricted eating on cortisol and melatonin. Fourteen studies met our inclusion criteria. All Ramadan papers found statistically significant decrease in melatonin (p < 0.05) during Ramadan. Two out of the three Ramadan papers noted an abolishing of the circadian rhythm of cortisol (p < 0.05). The non-Ramadan TRE papers did not examine melatonin, and cortisol changes were mixed. In studies comparing TRE to control diets, Stratton et al. found increased cortisol levels in the non-TRE fasting group (p = 0.0018) and McAllister et al. noted no difference. Dinner-skipping resulted in significantly reduced evening cortisol and non-significantly raised morning cortisol. Conversely, breakfast skipping resulted in significantly reduced morning cortisol. This blunting indicates a dysfunctional HPA axis, and may be associated with poor cardio-metabolic outcomes. There is a paucity of research examining the effects of TRE on cortisol and melatonin. The contrasting effect of dinner and breakfast-skipping should be further examined to ascertain whether timing the feeding window indeed has an impact on circadian rhythmicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Chawla
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK;
| | - Spyridon Beretoulis
- HOOKE London owned by Health Longevity Optimisation Ltd., London EC1V 3QJ, UK; (S.B.); (A.D.)
| | - Aaron Deere
- HOOKE London owned by Health Longevity Optimisation Ltd., London EC1V 3QJ, UK; (S.B.); (A.D.)
| | - Dina Radenkovic
- HOOKE London owned by Health Longevity Optimisation Ltd., London EC1V 3QJ, UK; (S.B.); (A.D.)
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
- Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK
- Correspondence:
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14
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Chantzichristos D, Svensson PA, Garner T, Glad CA, Walker BR, Bergthorsdottir R, Ragnarsson O, Trimpou P, Stimson RH, Borresen SW, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Jansson PA, Skrtic S, Stevens A, Johannsson G. Identification of human glucocorticoid response markers using integrated multi-omic analysis from a randomized crossover trial. eLife 2021; 10:62236. [PMID: 33821793 PMCID: PMC8024021 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Glucocorticoids are among the most commonly prescribed drugs, but there is no biomarker that can quantify their action. The aim of the study was to identify and validate circulating biomarkers of glucocorticoid action. Methods: In a randomized, crossover, single-blind, discovery study, 10 subjects with primary adrenal insufficiency (and no other endocrinopathies) were admitted at the in-patient clinic and studied during physiological glucocorticoid exposure and withdrawal. A randomization plan before the first intervention was used. Besides mild physical and/or mental fatigue and salt craving, no serious adverse events were observed. The transcriptome in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and adipose tissue, plasma miRNAomic, and serum metabolomics were compared between the interventions using integrated multi-omic analysis. Results: We identified a transcriptomic profile derived from two tissues and a multi-omic cluster, both predictive of glucocorticoid exposure. A microRNA (miR-122-5p) that was correlated with genes and metabolites regulated by glucocorticoid exposure was identified (p=0.009) and replicated in independent studies with varying glucocorticoid exposure (0.01 ≤ p≤0.05). Conclusions: We have generated results that construct the basis for successful discovery of biomarker(s) to measure effects of glucocorticoids, allowing strategies to individualize and optimize glucocorticoid therapy, and shedding light on disease etiology related to unphysiological glucocorticoid exposure, such as in cardiovascular disease and obesity. Funding: The Swedish Research Council (Grant 2015-02561 and 2019-01112); The Swedish federal government under the LUA/ALF agreement (Grant ALFGBG-719531); The Swedish Endocrinology Association; The Gothenburg Medical Society; Wellcome Trust; The Medical Research Council, UK; The Chief Scientist Office, UK; The Eva Madura’s Foundation; The Research Foundation of Copenhagen University Hospital; and The Danish Rheumatism Association. Clinical trial number: NCT02152553. Several diseases, including asthma, arthritis, some skin conditions, and cancer, are treated with medications called glucocorticoids, which are synthetic versions of human hormones. These drugs are also used to treat people with a condition call adrenal insufficiency who do not produce enough of an important hormone called cortisol. Use of glucocorticoids is very common, the proportion of people in a given country taking them can range from 0.5% to 21% of the population depending on the duration of the treatment. But, like any medication, glucocorticoids have both benefits and risks: people who take glucocorticoids for a long time have an increased risk of diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and death. Because of the risks associated with taking glucocorticoids, it is very important for physicians to tailor the dose to each patient’s needs. Doing this can be tricky, because the levels of glucocorticoids in a patient’s blood are not a good indicator of the medication’s activity in the body. A test that can accurately measure the glucocorticoid activity could help physicians personalize treatment and reduce harmful side effects. As a first step towards developing such a test, Chantzichristos et al. identified a potential way to measure glucocorticoid activity in patient’s blood. In the experiments, blood samples were collected from ten patients with adrenal insufficiency both when they were on no medication, and when they were taking a glucocorticoid to replace their missing hormones. Next, the blood samples were analyzed to determine which genes were turned on and off in each patient with and without the medication. They also compared small molecules in the blood called metabolites and tiny pieces of genetic material called microRNAs that turn genes on and off. The experiments revealed networks of genes, metabolites, and microRNAs that are associated with glucocorticoid activity, and one microRNA called miR-122-5p stood out as a potential way to measure glucocorticoid activity. To verify this microRNA’s usefulness, Chantzichristos et al. looked at levels of miR-122-5p in people participating in three other studies and confirmed that it was a good indicator of the glucocorticoid activity. More research is needed to confirm Chantzichristos et al.’s findings and to develop a test that can be used by physicians to measure glucocorticoid activity. The microRNA identified, miR-122-5p, has been previously linked to diabetes, so studying it further may also help scientists understand how taking glucocorticoids may increase the risk of developing diabetes and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Chantzichristos
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per-Arne Svensson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Terence Garner
- Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Camilla Am Glad
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Brian R Walker
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ragnhildur Bergthorsdottir
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Oskar Ragnarsson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Penelope Trimpou
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Roland H Stimson
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stina W Borresen
- Department of Medical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen
- Department of Medical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per-Anders Jansson
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stanko Skrtic
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Innovation Strategies and External Liaison, Pharmaceutical Technologies and Development, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Adam Stevens
- Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gudmundur Johannsson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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15
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Anderson AJ, Andrew R, Homer NZM, Hughes KA, Boyle LD, Nixon M, Karpe F, Stimson RH, Walker BR. Effects of Obesity and Insulin on Tissue-Specific Recycling Between Cortisol and Cortisone in Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e1206-e1220. [PMID: 33270115 PMCID: PMC7947841 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11βHSD1) reduces inert cortisone into active cortisol but also catalyzes reverse dehydrogenase activity. Drivers of cortisol/cortisone equilibrium are unclear. With obesity, 11βHSD1 transcripts are more abundant in adipose, but the consequences for oxidation vs reduction remain unknown. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to determine whether 11βHSD1 equilibrium in metabolic tissues is regulated by insulin and obesity. METHODS A 2-phase, randomized, crossover, single-blinded study in a clinical research facility was conducted of 10 lean and obese healthy men. 11β-Reductase and 11β-dehydrogenase activities were measured during infusion of 9,11,12,12-[2H]4-cortisol and 1,2-[2H]2-cortisone, respectively, on 2 occasions: once during saline infusion and once during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Arterialized and venous samples were obtained across forearm skeletal muscle and abdominal subcutaneous adipose. Steroids were quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and adipose tissue transcripts by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Neither whole-body nor tissue-specific rates of production of cortisol or cortisone differed between lean and obese men, however insulin attenuated the diurnal decrease. Whole-body 11β-HSD1 reductase activity tended to be higher in obesity (~ 10%) and was further increased by insulin. Across adipose tissue, 11β-reductase activity was detected in obese individuals only and increased in the presence of insulin (18.99 ± 9.62 vs placebo 11.68 ± 3.63 pmol/100 g/minute; P < .05). Across skeletal muscle, 11β-dehydrogenase activity was reduced by insulin in lean men only (2.55 ± 0.90 vs 4.50 ± 1.42 pmol/100 g/minute, P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Regeneration of cortisol is upregulated by insulin in adipose tissue but not skeletal muscle. In obesity, the equilibrium between 11β-reductase and 11β-dehydrogenase activities likely promotes cortisol accumulation in adipose, which may lead to adverse metabolic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J Anderson
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ruth Andrew
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Mass Spectrometry Core Laboratory, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Correspondence: Ruth Andrew, PhD, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, EH16 4TJ Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
| | - Natalie Z M Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core Laboratory, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katherine A Hughes
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Luke D Boyle
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark Nixon
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Roland H Stimson
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Brian R Walker
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Translational & Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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16
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Stomby A, Otten J, Ryberg M, Andrew R, Walker BR, Olsson T. Diet-induced weight loss alters hepatic glucocorticoid metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Endocrinol 2020; 182:447-457. [PMID: 32069218 PMCID: PMC7087495 DOI: 10.1530/eje-19-0901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Altered tissue-specific glucocorticoid metabolism has been described in uncomplicated obesity and type 2 diabetes. We hypothesized that weight loss induced by diet and exercise, which has previously been shown to reverse abnormal cortisol metabolism in uncomplicated obesity, also normalizes cortisol metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes. OBJECTIVE Test the effects of a diet intervention with added exercise on glucocorticoid metabolism. DESIGN Two groups followed a Paleolithic diet (PD) for 12 weeks with added 180 min of structured aerobic and resistance exercise per week in one randomized group (PDEX). SETTING Umeå University Hospital. PARTICIPANTS Men and women with type 2 diabetes treated with lifestyle modification ± metformin were included. Twenty-eight participants (PD, n = 15; PDEX, n = 13) completed measurements of glucocorticoid metabolism. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Changes in glucocorticoid metabolite levels in 24-h urine samples, expression of HSD11B1 mRNA in s.c. adipose tissue and conversion of orally administered cortisone to cortisol measured in plasma. Body composition and insulin sensitivity were measured using a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, and liver fat was measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS Both groups lost weight and improved insulin sensitivity. Conversion of orally taken cortisone to plasma cortisol and the ratio of 5α-THF + 5β-THF/THE in urine increased in both groups. CONCLUSIONS These interventions caused weight loss and improved insulin sensitivity with concomitant increases in the conversion of cortisone to cortisol, which is an estimate of hepatic HSD11B1 activity. This suggests that dysregulation of liver glucocorticoid metabolism in these patients is a consequence rather than a cause of metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stomby
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Region Jönköping County, Jönköping, Sweden
- Correspondence should be addressed to A Stomby;
| | - Julia Otten
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mats Ryberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ruth Andrew
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Brian R Walker
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Tommy Olsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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17
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Bhake R, Russell GM, Kershaw Y, Stevens K, Zaccardi F, Warburton VEC, Linthorst ACE, Lightman SL. Continuous Free Cortisol Profiles in Healthy Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5570194. [PMID: 31529059 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT In humans, approximately 95% of circulating cortisol is bound to corticosteroid-binding globulin and albumin. It is only the free fraction that is biologically active and can activate signaling pathways via glucocorticoid hormone receptors in cells. Microdialysis is a well-established technique that enables the sampling of molecules in different compartments of the body, including extracellular fluid. This is the first study validating a rapid sampling microdialysis method measuring free cortisol in the subcutaneous and blood compartments of healthy volunteers. METHODS Healthy nonsmoking volunteers (42 men, aged 18-24 years; body mass index 18-25 kg/m2) received placebo (saline), 250 μg Synacthen, or 1 mg dexamethasone with 10-minute sampling to measure total and free cortisol (subcutaneous, intravenous, and saliva) for an hour before and 4 hours after administration. RESULTS Following stimulation by Synacthen, total serum cortisol and free cortisol in both compartments rose significantly, achieving and maintaining maximum levels between 2 and 3 hours following the stimulus. A decline in cortisol levels was evident after the administration of dexamethasone or placebo, but there was a clear pulsatile activity around lunchtime in the latter group, which was prominent in the blood compartment (total and free cortisol). There was good correlation between serum total and free cortisol (subcutaneous and intravenous) in the Synacthen and dexamethasone groups with no significant delay (less than 5 minutes) between total and free cortisol. CONCLUSIONS This seminal study demonstrated the dynamic responses of total blood cortisol and microdialysis derived free cortisol in blood, subcutaneous tissue, and saliva in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragini Bhake
- University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Georgina M Russell
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Yvonne Kershaw
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kara Stevens
- Medical Statistics, Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Francesco Zaccardi
- Leicester Real World Evidence Unit, Leicester Diabetes Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Astrid C E Linthorst
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Stafford L Lightman
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
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18
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Human Postprandial Nutrient Metabolism and Low-Grade Inflammation: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11123000. [PMID: 31817857 PMCID: PMC6950246 DOI: 10.3390/nu11123000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the postprandial state has been acknowledged, since hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia are linked with several chronic systemic low-grade inflammation conditions. Humans spend more than 16 h per day in the postprandial state and the postprandial state is acknowledged as a complex interplay between nutrients, hormones and diet-derived metabolites. The purpose of this review is to provide insight into the physiology of the postprandial inflammatory response, the role of different nutrients, the pro-inflammatory effects of metabolic endotoxemia and the anti-inflammatory effects of bile acids. Moreover, we discuss nutritional strategies that may be linked to the described pathways to modulate the inflammatory component of the postprandial response.
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19
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Sinha R, Gu P, Hart R, Guarnaccia JB. Food craving, cortisol and ghrelin responses in modeling highly palatable snack intake in the laboratory. Physiol Behav 2019; 208:112563. [PMID: 31145919 PMCID: PMC6620125 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Overeating of highly palatable (HP) foods in the ubiquitous HP food cue environment and under stress is associated with weight gain and contributes to the global obesity epidemic. However, subjective and biobehavioral processes that may increase HP overeating are not clear. Using a novel experimental approach, we examined HP food motivation and intake and neuroendocrine responses in the context of food cues, stress and a control neutral relaxing cue exposure in healthy individuals. METHODS Twenty individuals (12 M; 8F; ages 18-45) with body mass index (BMI) in the lean (LN: N = 8; 3/8 female BMI: 18-24.9) or overweight/obese (OW: N = 12; 5/12 female; BMI: 25-37) range were enrolled in a controlled, hospital-based, 3-day laboratory experiment. On each day, subjects were exposed to a brief 5-min individualized guided imagery of stress, food cue or an active neutral-relaxing control cue script, followed by a food snack test (FST), with one imagery condition per day and order of imagery exposure randomized and counterbalanced across subjects. Subjective HP food craving and caloric intake, anxiety, cortisol and total ghrelin was assessed repeatedly during each test day. RESULTS Significant condition and condition × group effects for food craving, anxiety and HP calorie intake were observed, with food cue relative to neutral condition increasing HP food craving and intake across all subjects (p < .001), but stress relative to neutral condition increased HP food craving and intake in the OW but not LN group (p < .01). Pre-snack increases in food craving after exposure to food cues and to stress predicted greater subsequent HP food intake (p's < 0.01). Furthermore, ghrelin increased in the food cue and stress conditions (p < .01), but stress-induced increases in ghrelin was associated with HP food intake only in the OW/OB condition (p < .01). Finally, cortisol increased during food cue exposure and increased cortisol responses were associated with greater HP food caving and with intake (p's < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings, while preliminary, validate a laboratory model of HP food motivation and intake and identify specific subjective and neuroendocrine responses that may play a role in HP snacking with implications for weight gain and obesity risk. (342 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajita Sinha
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT 06159, United States of America.
| | - Peihua Gu
- Yale University, Yale Center for Analytic Sciences, New Haven, CT 06159, United States of America
| | - Rachel Hart
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT 06159, United States of America
| | - J B Guarnaccia
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, New Haven, CT 06519, United States of America
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20
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Nutrient Intake Prior to Exercise Is Necessary for Increased Osteogenic Marker Response in Diabetic Postmenopausal Women. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071494. [PMID: 31261978 PMCID: PMC6682903 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes increases bone fracture risk in postmenopausal women. Usual treatment with anti-resorptive bisphosphonate drugs has some undesirable side effects, which justified our interest in the osteogenic potential of nutrition and exercise. Since meal eating reduces bone resorption, downhill locomotion increases mechanical stress, and brief osteogenic responsiveness to mechanical stress is followed by several hours of refractoriness, we designed a study where 40-min of mechanical stress was manipulated by treadmill walking uphill or downhill. Exercise preceded or followed two daily meals by one hour, and the meals and exercise bouts were 7 hours apart. Fifteen subjects each performed two of five trials: No exercise (SED), uphill exercise before (UBM) or after meals (UAM), and downhill exercise before (DBM) or after meals (DAM). Relative to SED trial, osteogenic response, defined as the ratio of osteogenic C-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (CICP) over bone-resorptive C-terminal telopeptide of type-I collagen (CTX) markers, increased in exercise-after-meal trials, but not in exercise-before-meal trials. CICP/CTX response rose significantly after the first exercise-after-meal bout in DAM, and after the second one in UAM, due to a greater CICP rise, and not a decline in CTX. Post-meal exercise, but not the pre-meal exercise, also significantly lowered serum insulin response and homeostatic model (HOMA-IR) assessment of insulin resistance.
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21
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Anderson GW, Kenyon CJ, Al-Dujaili EAS. Post-Prandial Changes in Salivary Glucocorticoids: Effects of Dietary Cholesterol and Associations with Bile Acid Excretion. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020360. [PMID: 30744113 PMCID: PMC6412185 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms to explain post-prandial increases in circulating glucocorticoids are not well understood and may involve increased adrenal secretion and/or altered steroid metabolism. We have compared salivary levels of cortisol and cortisone levels in healthy male and female volunteers fed either a low or cholesterol-rich midday meal. Urinary levels of steroids, bile acids and markers of lipid peroxidation were also measured. Males and females showed expected circadian changes in salivary steroids and postprandial peaks within 1h of feeding. After a high-cholesterol meal, postprandial cortisol increases were higher in males whereas post-prandial cortisone levels were higher in females. Urinary cortisol but not cortisone levels were higher on the day when males and females ate a high-cholesterol meal. Urinary bile acid excretion and anti-oxidant markers of lipid peroxidation, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and total phenol content were not affected by dietary cholesterol but tended to be higher in males. Cross-tabulation of correlation coefficients indicated positive associations between urinary markers of peroxidation, bile acids, and cortisol:cortisone ratios. We conclude that dietary cholesterol (a substrate for steroidogenesis) does not have an acute effect on adrenal glucocorticoid synthesis and that gender but not a high-cholesterol meal may influence the interconversion of cortisol and cortisone. Longer term studies of the effects of dietary cholesterol are needed to analyze the associations between bile acids, steroid metabolism, and secretion and lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham W Anderson
- Department of Dietetics, Nutrition & Biological Sciences, Queen Margaret University, Musselburgh, EH21 6UU, UK.
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Christopher J Kenyon
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Emad A S Al-Dujaili
- Department of Dietetics, Nutrition & Biological Sciences, Queen Margaret University, Musselburgh, EH21 6UU, UK.
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
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Morgan RA, Keen JA, Homer N, Nixon M, McKinnon-Garvin AM, Moses-Williams JA, Davis SR, Hadoke PWF, Walker BR. Dysregulation of Cortisol Metabolism in Equine Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3791-3800. [PMID: 30289445 PMCID: PMC6202856 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Equine Cushing disease [pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID)] is a common condition of older horses, but its pathophysiology is complex and poorly understood. In contrast to pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism in other species, PPID is characterized by elevated plasma ACTH but not elevated plasma cortisol. In this study, we address this paradox and the hypothesis that PPID is a syndrome of ACTH excess in which there is dysregulation of peripheral glucocorticoid metabolism and binding. In 14 horses with PPID compared with 15 healthy controls, we show that in plasma, cortisol levels and cortisol binding to corticosteroid binding globulin were not different; in urine, glucocorticoid and androgen metabolites were increased up to fourfold; in liver, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) expression was reduced; in perirenal adipose tissue, 11β-HSD1 and carbonyl reductase 1 expression was increased; and tissue cortisol levels were not measurably different. The combination of normal plasma cortisol with markedly enhanced urinary cortisol metabolite excretion and dysregulated tissue-specific steroid-metabolizing enzymes suggests that cortisol clearance is increased in horses with PPID. We infer that the ACTH excess may be compensatory and pituitary pathology and autonomous secretion may be a secondary rather than primary pathology. It is possible that successful therapy in PPID may be targeted either at lowering ACTH or, paradoxically, at reducing cortisol clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A Morgan
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - John A Keen
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Homer
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Nixon
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Anna M McKinnon-Garvin
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Jodie A Moses-Williams
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah R Davis
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick W F Hadoke
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Brian R Walker
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Stirrat LI, Walker JJ, Stryjakowska K, Jones N, Homer NZM, Andrew R, Norman JE, Lightman SL, Reynolds RM. Pulsatility of glucocorticoid hormones in pregnancy: Changes with gestation and obesity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2018; 88:592-600. [PMID: 29314170 PMCID: PMC5887976 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) activity is decreased in obese pregnancy and associates with increased foetal size. Pulsatile release of glucocorticoid hormones regulates their action in target tissues. Glucocorticoids are essential for normal foetal growth, but little is known about glucocorticoid pulsatility in pregnancy. We aimed to investigate the ultradian rhythm of glucocorticoid secretion during obese and lean pregnancy and nonpregnancy. DESIGN Serum cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone and 11-dehydrocorticosterone were measured by LC-MS/MS from samples obtained at 10-minute intervals between 08.00-11.00 hours and 16.00-19.00 hours, from 8 lean (BMI <25 kg/m2 ) and 7 obese (BMI > 35 kg/m2 ) pregnant women between 16-24 weeks gestation and again at 30-36 weeks), and nonpregnant controls (lean n = 3, obese n = 4) during the luteal phase of their menstrual cycle. Interstitial fluid cortisol was measured by ELISA, from samples obtained using a portable microdialysis and automated collection device at 20-minute intervals over 24 hours. RESULTS Serum cortisol AUC, highest peak and lowest trough increased significantly with gestation in lean and obese pregnant compared with nonpregnant subjects. Pulsatility of cortisol was detected in interstitial fluid. In pregnant subjects, interstitial fluid pulse frequency was significantly lower with advancing gestation in obese, but not in lean. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate cortisol pulsatility in interstitial fluid. Pulse frequency is altered with increased gestation and BMI. This may be a novel mechanism to explain decreased HPA activity in obese pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura I. Stirrat
- Tommy's Centre for Maternal and Fetal HealthMedical Research Council Centre for Reproductive HealthUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Jamie J. Walker
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and EndocrinologyUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Biomedical Modelling and AnalysisUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
- EPSRC Centre for Predictive Modelling in HealthcareUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Ksenia Stryjakowska
- Tommy's Centre for Maternal and Fetal HealthMedical Research Council Centre for Reproductive HealthUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Natalie Jones
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Natalie Z. M. Homer
- Mass Spectrometry CoreEdinburgh Clinical Research FacilityUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Ruth Andrew
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Jane E. Norman
- Tommy's Centre for Maternal and Fetal HealthMedical Research Council Centre for Reproductive HealthUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Stafford L. Lightman
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and EndocrinologyUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Rebecca M. Reynolds
- Tommy's Centre for Maternal and Fetal HealthMedical Research Council Centre for Reproductive HealthUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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Quantification of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 kinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of inhibitors in brain using mass spectrometry imaging and stable-isotope tracers in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 148:88-99. [PMID: 29248595 PMCID: PMC5821700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1; EC 1.1.1.146) generates active glucocorticoid hormones. Small molecule inhibitors have been developed to target 11β-HSD1 for the treatment of dementia; these must enter brain subregions, such as the hippocampus, to be effective. We previously reported mass spectrometry imaging measurement of murine tissue steroids, and deuterated steroid tracer infusion quantification of 11β-HSD1 turnover in humans. Here, these tools are combined to assess tissue pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor that accesses the brain. [9,11,12,12-2H]4-Cortisol was infused (1.75 mg/day) by minipump for 2 days into C57Bl6 mice (male, age 12 weeks, n = 3/group) after which an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor (UE2316) was administered (25 mg/kg oral gavage) and animals culled immediately or 1, 2 and 4 h post-dosing. Mice with global genetic disruption of Hsd11B1 were studied similarly. Turnover of d4-cortisol to d3-cortisone (by loss of the 11-deuterium) and regeneration of d3-cortisol (by 11β-HSD1-mediated reduction) were assessed in plasma, liver and brain using matrix assisted laser desorption ionization coupled to Fourier transform cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. The tracer d4-cortisol was detected in liver and brain following a two day infusion. Turnover to d3-cortisone and on to d3-cortisol was slower in brain than liver. In contrast, d3-cortisol was not detected in mice lacking 11β-HSD1. UE2316 impaired d3-cortisol generation measured in whole body (assessed in plasma; 53.1% suppression in rate of appearance in d3-cortisol), liver and brain. Differential inhibition in brain regions was observed; active glucocorticoids were suppressed to a greater in extent hippocampus or cortex than in amygdala. These data confirm that the contribution of 11β-HSD1 to the tissue glucocorticoid pool, and the consequences of enzyme inhibition on active glucocorticoid concentrations, are substantial, including in the brain. They further demonstrate the value of mass spectrometry imaging in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies.
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Abstract
The metabolic syndrome describes a clustering of risk factors—visceral obesity, dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance, and salt-sensitive hypertension—that increases mortality related to cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The prevalence of these concurrent comorbidities is ~ 25–30% worldwide, and metabolic syndrome therefore presents a significant global public health burden. Evidence from clinical and preclinical studies indicates that glucocorticoid excess is a key causal feature of metabolic syndrome. This is not increased systemic in circulating cortisol, rather increased bioavailability of active glucocorticoids within tissues. This review examines the role of covert glucocorticoid excess on the hypertension of the metabolic syndrome. Here, the role of the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes, which exert intracrine and paracrine control over glucocorticoid signalling, is examined. 11βHSD1 amplifies glucocorticoid action in cells and contributes to hypertension through direct and indirect effects on the kidney and vasculature. The deactivation of glucocorticoid by 11βHSD2 controls ligand access to glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors: loss of function promotes salt retention and hypertension. As for hypertension in general, high blood pressure in the metabolic syndrome reflects a complex interaction between multiple systems. The clear association between high dietary salt, glucocorticoid production, and metabolic disorders has major relevance for human health and warrants systematic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Bailey
- The British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
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26
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Role of addiction and stress neurobiology on food intake and obesity. Biol Psychol 2017; 131:5-13. [PMID: 28479142 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The US remains at the forefront of a global obesity epidemic with a significant negative impact on public health. While it is well known that a balance between energy intake and expenditure is homeostatically regulated to control weight, growing evidence points to multifactorial social, neurobehavioral and metabolic determinants of food intake that influence obesity risk. This review presents factors such as the ubiquitous presence of rewarding foods in the environment and increased salience of such foods that stimulate brain reward motivation and stress circuits to influence eating behaviors. These rewarding foods via conditioned and reinforcing effects stimulate not only metabolic, but also stress hormones, that, in turn, hijack the brain emotional (limbic) and motivational (striatal) pathways, to promote food craving and excessive food intake. Furthermore, the impact of high levels of stress and trauma and altered metabolic environment (e.g. higher weight, altered insulin sensitivity) on prefrontal cortical self-control processes that regulate emotional, motivational and visceral homeostatic mechanisms of food intake and obesity risk are also discussed. A heuristic framework is presented in which the interactive dynamic effects of neurobehavioral adaptations in metabolic, motivation and stress neurobiology may further support food craving, excessive food intake and weight gain in a complex feed-forward manner. Implications of such adaptations in brain addictive-motivational and stress pathways and their effects on excessive food intake and weight gain are discussed to highlight key questions that requires future research attention in order to better understand and address the growing obesity epidemic.
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Li X, Wang J, Yang Q, Shao S. 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 in Obese Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Am J Med Sci 2017; 354:408-414. [PMID: 29078846 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is one of the most significant contributors to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Tissue-specific glucocorticoids regulated by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme (11β-HSD) type 1 are involved in central obesity and obesity-related comorbidities. Moderate downregulation of 11β-HSD1 can attenuate insulin insensitivity and the impairment of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Some of the beneficial effects of 11β-HSD1 inhibition may be mediated, at least in part, through inactivation of tissue-specific glucocorticoid action related to insulin signaling mechanisms, alleviation of abnormal cytokine profile and the improvement of β-cell function. Thus, 11β-HSD1 is a promising target for the treatment and prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Division of Endocrinology, The First People׳s Hospital of Yichang, Three Gorges University People׳s Hospital, Yichang, P.R. China
| | - Jingli Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Jingzhou Central Hospital, Jingzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qin Yang
- Division of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.
| | - Shiying Shao
- Division of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.
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28
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Mass spectrometry and its evolving role in assessing tissue specific steroid metabolism. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 44:645-51. [PMID: 27068983 DOI: 10.1042/bst20150234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid hormones play vital roles in regulating diverse biological processes in health and disease. Tissue levels are regulated by enzymes which activate and inactivate hormones. The enzyme, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1), in particular, has been identified as a potential drug target; inhibiting this enzyme attenuates glucocorticoid action by lowering local levels of active hormone. A variety of mass spectrometric approaches have been developed to characterize this enzymein vivo Endogenous glucocorticoids and their metabolites can be profiled in urine by GC-MS and circulating steroids are now more commonly quantified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Tracer dilution studies have allowed rates of generation of glucocorticoids by the enzyme to be distinguished from hormone generated directly by the adrenal glands and, in combination with arterio-venous (AV) sampling, rates of production by specific tissues have been quantified. This has allowed the contribution of liver, adipose, muscle and brain to cortisol production in metabolic disease and hence prioritized drug targets. Most recently MS imaging in combination with on-tissue derivatization has been developed to profile oxo-steroids in tissue sections, allowing molecular maps to be generated across complex tissues, where regional functions are important. The review provides a synopsis of how measurement of steroids by MS has evolved with technological advances and this has provided insight into the dynamic turnover of glucocorticoidsin vivo, highlighting the milestones that have advanced the field and identifying the remaining challenges for researchers, in terms of analytical chemistry and endocrine physiology and biochemistry.
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29
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Mezzullo M, Fanelli F, Fazzini A, Gambineri A, Vicennati V, Di Dalmazi G, Pelusi C, Mazza R, Pagotto U, Pasquali R. Validation of an LC-MS/MS salivary assay for glucocorticoid status assessment: Evaluation of the diurnal fluctuation of cortisol and cortisone and of their association within and between serum and saliva. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 163:103-12. [PMID: 27108942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Salivary steroid testing represents a valuable source of biological information; however, the proper measurement of low salivary levels is challenging for direct immunoassays, lacking adequate sensitivity and specificity and causing poor inter-laboratory reproducibility. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has overcome previous analytical limits, often providing results deviating from previous knowledge. Nowadays, LC-MS/MS is being introduced in clinical laboratories for salivary cortisol testing; however, so far only a few studies have reported thorough biological validation based on LC-MS/MS data. In this study, we provide a thorough analytical, pre-analytical and biological validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the measurement of salivary cortisol (F) and of its inactive metabolite cortisone (E). Analytes were extracted from 50μl of saliva, were then separated in 7.5min LC-gradient and detected by negative electrospray ionization-multiple reaction monitoring. The reliability of a widely diffused collection device, Salivette(®), was assessed and the overall procedure was validated. The diurnal cortisol and cortisone fluctuation in saliva and serum was described by a four paired collection protocol (8 am, 12 am, 4 pm and 8 pm) in 19 healthy subjects. The assay allowed the quantitation of F and E down to 39.1 and 78.1pg/ml, with an imprecision range of 5.5-9.5%, 3.9-14.1% and 2.6-14.4%, and an accuracy range of 105.5-113.1%, 88.5-98.7% and 90.7-96.7% for both analytes at low, medium and high levels, respectively. Salivette(®) provided comparable results and better precision (CV<1.0%) as referred to direct spitting (CV<13.0%). A parallel diurnal rhythm in saliva and serum was observed for cortisol and cortisone, with values lowering from the morning to the evening time points (P<0.0001). While salivary E linearly correlated to total serum F (R(2)=0.854, P<0.001), salivary F showed an exponential relationship (R(2)=0.903, P<0.001) with serum F reflecting the free circulating fraction. A non linear association between E and F was observed in saliva (R(2)=0.941, p<0.001) consistent with the type II 11β-HSD activity. We concluded that our LC-MS/MS method allowed a sensitive evaluation of salivary levels of cortisol and cortisone. The simultaneous determination of both hormones in saliva allowed the differential estimation of the active and of the total glucocorticoid exposure over the daytime. The assay could provide further insight into the comprehension of normal and dysfunctional glucocorticoid circadian rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mezzullo
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Centre for Applied Biomedical Research (C.R.B.A.), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Flaminia Fanelli
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Centre for Applied Biomedical Research (C.R.B.A.), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessia Fazzini
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Centre for Applied Biomedical Research (C.R.B.A.), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gambineri
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Centre for Applied Biomedical Research (C.R.B.A.), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Vicennati
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Centre for Applied Biomedical Research (C.R.B.A.), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Guido Di Dalmazi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Centre for Applied Biomedical Research (C.R.B.A.), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlotta Pelusi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Centre for Applied Biomedical Research (C.R.B.A.), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Mazza
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Centre for Applied Biomedical Research (C.R.B.A.), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Uberto Pagotto
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Centre for Applied Biomedical Research (C.R.B.A.), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Renato Pasquali
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Centre for Applied Biomedical Research (C.R.B.A.), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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30
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Shearrer GE, Daniels MJ, Toledo-Corral CM, Weigensberg MJ, Spruijt-Metz D, Davis JN. Associations among sugar sweetened beverage intake, visceral fat, and cortisol awakening response in minority youth. Physiol Behav 2016; 167:188-193. [PMID: 27660033 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Abdominal adiposity has long been associated with excess caloric intake possibly resulting from increased psychosocial stress and associated cortisol dysfunction. However, the relationship of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake specifically with cortisol variability and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is unknown. OBJECTIVE To examine the relationships between SSB intake, VAT, and cortisol response in minority youth. DESIGN A cross-sectional analysis. SETTING The University of Southern California. PARTICIPANTS 60 overweight/obese Non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic adolescents ages 14-18years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES VAT via Magnet Resonance Imaging (MRI), cortisol awakening response (CAR) via multiple salivary samples, and SSB intake via multiple 24-hour diet recalls. SSB intake was divided into the following: low SSB consumers (<1 servings per day), medium SSB consumers (≥1-<2 servings per day), high SSB consumers (≥2 servings per day). Analysis of covariance were run with VAT and CAR as dependent variables and SSB intake categories (independent variable) with the following a priori covariates: sex, Tanner stage, ethnicity, caloric intake, and body mass index. RESULTS The high SSB intake group exhibited a 7% higher VAT compared to the low SSB intake group (β=0.25, CI:(0.03, 0.33), p=0.02). CAR was associated with VAT (β=0.31, CI:(0.01,0.23), p=0.02). The high SSB intake group exhibited 22% higher CAR compared to the low SSB intake group (β=0.30, CI:(0.02,0.48), p=0.04). CONCLUSION This is the first study exploring the relationship between SSB, VAT, and CAR. SSB consumption appears to be independently associated greater abdominal adiposity and higher morning cortisol variability in overweight and obese minority youth. This study highlights potential targets for interventions specifically to reduce SSB intake in a minority youth population.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Shearrer
- Department of Nutrition, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States.
| | - M J Daniels
- Department of Statistics & Data Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States; Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States
| | - C M Toledo-Corral
- Department of Public Health, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - M J Weigensberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Integrative Health, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, CA, Unites States
| | - D Spruijt-Metz
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, CA, Unites States
| | - J N Davis
- Department of Nutrition, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States
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31
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Ramage LE, Akyol M, Fletcher AM, Forsythe J, Nixon M, Carter RN, van Beek EJR, Morton NM, Walker BR, Stimson RH. Glucocorticoids Acutely Increase Brown Adipose Tissue Activity in Humans, Revealing Species-Specific Differences in UCP-1 Regulation. Cell Metab 2016; 24:130-41. [PMID: 27411014 PMCID: PMC4949380 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans presents a new therapeutic target for metabolic disease; however, little is known about the regulation of human BAT. Chronic glucocorticoid excess causes obesity in humans, and glucocorticoids suppress BAT activation in rodents. We tested whether glucocorticoids regulate BAT activity in humans. In vivo, the glucocorticoid prednisolone acutely increased (18)fluorodeoxyglucose uptake by BAT (measured using PET/CT) in lean healthy men during mild cold exposure (16°C-17°C). In addition, prednisolone increased supraclavicular skin temperature (measured using infrared thermography) and energy expenditure during cold, but not warm, exposure in lean subjects. In vitro, glucocorticoids increased isoprenaline-stimulated respiration and UCP-1 in human primary brown adipocytes, but substantially decreased isoprenaline-stimulated respiration and UCP-1 in primary murine brown and beige adipocytes. The highly species-specific regulation of BAT function by glucocorticoids may have important implications for the translation of novel treatments to activate BAT to improve metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne E Ramage
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
| | - Murat Akyol
- Department of Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, Scotland, UK
| | - Alison M Fletcher
- Clinical Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
| | - John Forsythe
- Department of Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, Scotland, UK
| | - Mark Nixon
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
| | - Roderick N Carter
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
| | - Edwin J R van Beek
- Clinical Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
| | - Nicholas M Morton
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
| | - Brian R Walker
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
| | - Roland H Stimson
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK.
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Ohlsson B, Darwiche G, Roth B, Höglund P. Two meals with different carbohydrate, fat and protein contents render equivalent postprandial plasma levels of calprotectin, cortisol, triglycerides and zonulin. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2016; 67:872-80. [PMID: 27354090 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2016.1202214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim was to compare postprandial plasma levels of calprotectin, cortisol, triglycerides and zonulin between a control breakfast and a moderately low-carbohydrate test breakfast, given randomly after 10-h fast. Blood samples were collected before and repeatedly after the meal. Plasma calprotectin, cortisol, triglycerides and zonulin were analyzed. The total area under the curve (tAUC) and change in AUC from baseline (dAUC) were calculated. Ratios between the test and control values were calculated to investigate equivalence. Healthy volunteers (8 men and 12 women; 46.0 ± 14.5 years) were included. tAUCs of cortisol and triglycerides did not differ between the breakfasts (p = 0.158 versus p = 0.579). Cortisol dAUCs were decreased and triglyceride dAUCs were increased after both breakfasts, with no differences between the breakfasts (p = 0.933 versus p = 0.277). Calprotectin and zonulin levels were unaffected. The meals were bioequivalent for cortisol, triglycerides and zonulin, but not for calprotectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodil Ohlsson
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Lund University, Skane University Hospital , Malmö , Sweden
| | - Gassan Darwiche
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Lund University, Skane University Hospital , Malmö , Sweden
| | - Bodil Roth
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Lund University, Skane University Hospital , Malmö , Sweden
| | - Peter Höglund
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry & Pharmacology , Lund University, Skane University Hospital , Lund , Sweden
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Zeugswetter FK, Zwack D, Luckschander-Zeller N, Schwendenwein I. The acute effects of a protein-rich meal on the urinary corticoid:creatinine ratio in healthy dogs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 101:75-80. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. K. Zeugswetter
- Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - D. Zwack
- Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - N. Luckschander-Zeller
- Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - I. Schwendenwein
- Department of Pathobiology; Central Laboratory; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna; Vienna Austria
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Nakamura Y, Walker BR, Ikuta T. Systematic review and meta-analysis reveals acutely elevated plasma cortisol following fasting but not less severe calorie restriction. Stress 2016; 19:151-7. [PMID: 26586092 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2015.1121984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated plasma cortisol has been reported following caloric restriction, and may contribute to adverse effects including stress-induced overeating, but results from published studies are inconsistent. To clarify the effects of caloric restriction on plasma cortisol, and to assess cortisol as an indicator of stress during caloric restriction, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies in which cortisol was measured following caloric restriction without other manipulations in humans. We further compared effects of fasting, very low calorie diet (VLCD), and other less intense low calorie diet (LCD), as well as the duration of caloric restriction by meta-regression. Overall, caloric restriction significantly increased serum cortisol level in 13 studies (357 total participants). Fasting showed a very strong effect in increasing serum cortisol, while VLCD and LCD did not show significant increases. The meta-regression analysis showed a negative association between the serum cortisol level and the duration of caloric restriction, indicating serum cortisol is increased in the initial period of caloric restriction but decreased to the baseline level after several weeks. These results suggest that severe caloric restriction causes activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which may be transient, but results in elevated cortisol which could mediate effects of starvation on brain and metabolic function as well as ameliorate weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Nakamura
- a The John B. Pierce Laboratory , New Haven, CT , USA
| | - Brian R Walker
- b BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh , Scotland , UK , and
| | - Toshikazu Ikuta
- c Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, School of Applied Sciences , University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA
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Stirrat LI, O'Reilly JR, Barr SM, Andrew R, Riley SC, Howie AF, Bowman M, Smith R, Lewis JG, Denison FC, Forbes S, Seckl JR, Walker BR, Norman JE, Reynolds RM. Decreased maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in very severely obese pregnancy: Associations with birthweight and gestation at delivery. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 63:135-43. [PMID: 26444587 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis (HPAA) undergoes dramatic activation during pregnancy. Increased cortisol and corticotrophin-releasing-hormone (CRH) associate with low birthweight and preterm labor. In non-pregnant obesity, the HPAA is activated but circulating cortisol levels are normal or lower than in lean women. We hypothesized that maternal cortisol levels would be lower in obese pregnancy, and would associate with increased fetal size and length of gestation. METHOD Fasting serum cortisol was measured at 16, 28 and 36 weeks gestation and at 3-6 months postpartum in 276 severely obese and 135 lean women. In a subset of obese (n=20) and lean (n=20) we measured CRH, hormones that regulate bioavailable cortisol (corticosteroid-binding-globulin, estradiol, estriol, and progesterone). Urinary glucocorticoid metabolites were measured in pregnant (obese n=6, lean n=5) and non-pregnant (obese n=7, lean n=7) subjects. RESULTS Maternal cortisol and HPAA hormones were lower in obese pregnancy. Total urinary glucocorticoid metabolites increased significantly in lean pregnancy, but not in obese. Lower maternal cortisol in obese tended to be associated with increased birthweight (r=-0.13, p=0.066). In obese, CRH at 28 weeks correlated inversely with gestational length (r=-0.49, p=0.04), and independently predicted gestational length after adjustment for confounding factors (mean decrease in CRH of -0.25 pmol/L (95% CI -0.45 to -0.043 pmol/L) per/day increase in gestation). CONCLUSION In obese pregnancy, lower maternal cortisol without an increase in urinary glucocorticoid clearance may indicate a lesser activation of the HPAA than in lean pregnancy. This may offer a novel mechanism underlying increased birthweight and longer gestation in obese pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura I Stirrat
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Tommy's Centre for Maternal and Fetal Health, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James R O'Reilly
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah M Barr
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Tommy's Centre for Maternal and Fetal Health, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Andrew
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Simon C Riley
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Tommy's Centre for Maternal and Fetal Health, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander F Howie
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Bowman
- Mothers and Babies Unit, University of Newcastle, Australia
| | - Roger Smith
- Mothers and Babies Unit, University of Newcastle, Australia
| | - John G Lewis
- Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Fiona C Denison
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Tommy's Centre for Maternal and Fetal Health, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Shareen Forbes
- Tommy's Centre for Maternal and Fetal Health, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R Seckl
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Brian R Walker
- Tommy's Centre for Maternal and Fetal Health, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jane E Norman
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Tommy's Centre for Maternal and Fetal Health, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca M Reynolds
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Tommy's Centre for Maternal and Fetal Health, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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Rácz B, Dušková M, Jandíková H, Hill M, Vondra K, Stárka L. How Does Energy Intake Influence the Levels of Certain Steroids? Prague Med Rep 2015; 116:290-302. [DOI: 10.14712/23362936.2015.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of steroid hormones on food intake is well described. However, there are only a few studies on the effect of food intake on steroid levels. The study involved eight non-smoker women (average age 29.48 ± 2.99 years; average BMI 21.3 ± 1.3 kg/m2); they did not use any kind of medication affecting steroidogenesis. We analysed the influence of four various stimuli on the levels of steroid hormones and melatonin. During their follicular phase of menstrual cycle, each woman had an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT), a standard breakfast and psyllium (a non-caloric fibre). Cortisol declined during each test, which is a physiological decline in the morning hours. In all tests (except of the application of the non-caloric fibre, psyllium), however, this decline was modified. After the standard breakfast there was an increase in cortisol at 40th minute. The OGTT and IVGTT tests led to a plateau in cortisol levels. Testosterone levels and those of other steroid hormones showed no relationships to tested stimulations. Oral and intravenous glucose have influenced physiological decline of melatonin levels. During the IVGTT test, melatonin levels started to increase at 20th minute, reaching a maximum at 40th minute. The OGTT test led to a delayed increase in melatonin levels, compared to IVGTT. Despite the fact that we performed the tests in the morning hours, when steroid hormone levels physiologically start to change due to their diurnal rhythm, we still found that food intake influences some of the hormone levels.
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Schröder M, Müller K, Falkenstein M, Stehle P, Kersting M, Libuda L. Short-term effects of lunch on children's executive cognitive functioning: The randomized crossover Cognition Intervention Study Dortmund PLUS (CogniDo PLUS). Physiol Behav 2015; 152:307-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Estrogens protect male mice from obesity complications and influence glucocorticoid metabolism. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 39:1539-47. [PMID: 26032810 PMCID: PMC4564952 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the prevalence of obesity is higher among women than men, they are somewhat protected from the associated cardiometabolic consequences. The increase in cardiovascular disease risk seen after the menopause suggests a role for estrogens. There is also growing evidence for the importance of estrogen on body fat and metabolism in males. We hypothesized that that estrogen administration would ameliorate the adverse effects of obesity on metabolic parameters in males. METHODS Male and female C57Bl/6 mice were fed control or obesogenic (DIO) diets from 5 weeks of age until adulthood. Glucose tolerance testing was performed at 13 weeks of age. Mice were killed at 15 weeks of age and liver and adipose tissue were collected for analysis of gene expression. A second cohort of male mice underwent the same experimental design with the addition of estradiol pellet implantation or sham surgery at 6 weeks. RESULTS DIO males had greater mesenteric adipose deposition and more severe increases in plasma glucose, insulin and lipids than females. Treatment of males with estradiol from 6 weeks of age prevented DIO-induced increases in adipose tissue mass and alterations in glucose-insulin homeostasis. We also identified sex differences in the transcript levels and activity of hepatic and adipose glucocorticoid metabolizing enzymes. Estrogen treatment feminized the pattern of DIO-induced changes in glucocorticoid metabolism, rendering males similar to females. CONCLUSIONS Thus, DIO induces sex-specific changes in glucose-insulin homeostasis, which are ameliorated in males treated with estrogen, highlighting the importance of sex steroids in metabolism. Given that altered peripheral glucocorticoid metabolism has been observed in rodent and human obesity, our results also suggest that sexually dimorphic expression and activity of glucocorticoid metabolizing enzymes may have a role in the differential metabolic responses to obesity in males and females.
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Hunter RW, Bailey MA. Glucocorticoids and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: mechanisms for hypertension. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2015; 21:105-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
The purpose of this article is to review fundamentals in adrenal gland histophysiology. Key findings regarding the important signaling pathways involved in the regulation of steroidogenesis and adrenal growth are summarized. We illustrate how adrenal gland morphology and function are deeply interconnected in which novel signaling pathways (Wnt, Sonic hedgehog, Notch, β-catenin) or ionic channels are required for their integrity. Emphasis is given to exploring the mechanisms and challenges underlying the regulation of proliferation, growth, and functionality. Also addressed is the fact that while it is now well-accepted that steroidogenesis results from an enzymatic shuttle between mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, key questions still remain on the various aspects related to cellular uptake and delivery of free cholesterol. The significant progress achieved over the past decade regarding the precise molecular mechanisms by which the two main regulators of adrenal cortex, adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) and angiotensin II act on their receptors is reviewed, including structure-activity relationships and their potential applications. Particular attention has been given to crucial second messengers and how various kinases, phosphatases, and cytoskeleton-associated proteins interact to ensure homeostasis and/or meet physiological demands. References to animal studies are also made in an attempt to unravel associated clinical conditions. Many of the aspects addressed in this article still represent a challenge for future studies, their outcome aimed at providing evidence that the adrenal gland, through its steroid hormones, occupies a central position in many situations where homeostasis is disrupted, thus highlighting the relevance of exploring and understanding how this key organ is regulated. © 2014 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 4:889-964, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Gallo-Payet
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, and Centre de Recherche Clinique Étienne-Le Bel of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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Walker BR, Andrew R, Escoubet B, Zennaro MC. Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in adults with mineralocorticoid receptor haploinsufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E1586-91. [PMID: 24712576 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-1420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) contribute to the negative feedback of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in rodents. Studies with MR antagonists suggest a similar role in humans. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to establish whether loss-of-function mutations in NR3C2, encoding MR, cause activation of the HPA axis. DESIGN AND SETTING This was a case-control study in members of pedigrees from the PHA1.NET cohort, comprising patients with pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1 (PHA1) who are heterozygous for loss-of-function mutations in NR3C2 and healthy controls who are unaffected family members. PARTICIPANTS Twelve adult patients with PHA1 (six men, six women) and 20 age-matched healthy controls (seven men, 13 women) participated in the study. RESULTS Patients with PHA1 had higher morning plasma cortisol (816 ± 85 vs 586 ± 50 nmol/L, P = .02) and increased 24-hour urinary excretion of cortisol metabolites (985 ± 150 vs 640 ± 46 μg/mmol creatinine, P = .03), independently of gender. After adjustment for gender, age, PHA1 diagnosis, and percentage body fat, higher plasma cortisol was associated with higher plasma renin, lower serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and higher waist circumference but not with blood pressure, carotid intima-media thickness, or echocardiographic parameters. CONCLUSIONS Haploinsufficiency of MR in PHA1 causes HPA axis activation, providing genetic evidence that MR contributes to negative feedback in the human HPA axis. With limited sample size, initial indications suggest the resulting hypercortisolemia is related to the severity of MR deficiency and has adverse effects mediated by glucocorticoid receptors on liver lipid metabolism and adipose tissue distribution but does not adversely affect cardiac and vascular remodeling in the absence of normal signaling through the MR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Walker
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (B.R.W., R.A.), Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (B.E.), Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, 75018 Paris, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 1138 (B.E.), INSERM, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot (B.E.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 970 (M.-C.Z.), INSERM, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, 75015 Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (M.-C.Z.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (M.-C.Z.), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, 75015 Paris, France
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Upreti R, Hughes KA, Livingstone DEW, Gray CD, Minns FC, Macfarlane DP, Marshall I, Stewart LH, Walker BR, Andrew R. 5α-reductase type 1 modulates insulin sensitivity in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E1397-406. [PMID: 24823464 PMCID: PMC4207930 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT 5α-Reductase (5αR) types 1 and 2 catalyze the A-ring reduction of steroids, including androgens and glucocorticoids. 5α-R inhibitors lower dihydrotestosterone in benign prostatic hyperplasia; finasteride inhibits 5αR2, and dutasteride inhibits both 5αR2 and 5αR1. In rodents, loss of 5αR1 promotes fatty liver. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to test the hypothesis that inhibition of 5αR1 causes metabolic dysfunction in humans. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This double-blind randomized controlled parallel group study at a clinical research facility included 46 men (20-85 years) studied before and after intervention. INTERVENTION Oral dutasteride (0.5 mg daily; n = 16), finasteride (5 mg daily; n = 16), or control (tamsulosin; 0.4 mg daily; n = 14) was administered for 3 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Glucose disposal was measured during a stepwise hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Data are mean (SEM). RESULTS Dutasteride and finasteride had similar effects on steroid profiles, with reduced urinary androgen and glucocorticoid metabolites and reduced circulating DHT but no change in plasma or salivary cortisol. Dutasteride, but not finasteride, reduced stimulation of glucose disposal by high-dose insulin (dutasteride by -5.7 [3.2] μmol/kg fat-free mass/min, versus finasteride +7.2 [3.0], and tamsulosin +7.0 [2.0]). Dutasteride also reduced suppression of nonesterified fatty acids by insulin and increased body fat (by 1.6% [0.6%]). Glucose production and glycerol turnover were unchanged. Consistent with metabolic effects of dutasteride being mediated in peripheral tissues, mRNA for 5αR1 but not 5αR2 was detected in human adipose tissue. CONCLUSION Dual inhibition of 5αRs, but not inhibition of 5αR2 alone, modulates insulin sensitivity in human peripheral tissues rather than liver. This may have important implications for patients prescribed dutasteride for prostatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Upreti
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (R.U., K.A.H., D.E.W.L., D.P.M., I.M., B.R.W., R.A.) and Clinical Research Imaging Centre (C.D.G.), University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; and Radiology (F.C.M.) and Urology (L.H.S.) Departments, National Health Service Lothian University Hospitals Division, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
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Stomby A, Andrew R, Walker BR, Olsson T. Tissue-specific dysregulation of cortisol regeneration by 11βHSD1 in obesity: has it promised too much? Diabetologia 2014; 57:1100-10. [PMID: 24710966 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3228-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cushing's syndrome, caused by increased production of cortisol, leads to metabolic dysfunction including visceral adiposity, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and type 2 diabetes. The similarities with the metabolic syndrome are striking and major efforts have been made to find obesity-associated changes in the regulation of glucocorticoid action and synthesis, both at a systemic level and tissue level. Obesity is associated with tissue-specific alterations in glucocorticoid metabolism, with increased activity of the glucocorticoid-regenerating enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) in subcutaneous adipose tissue and decreased conversion of cortisone to cortisol, interpreted as decreased 11βHSD1 activity, in the liver. In addition, genetic manipulation of 11βHSD1 activity in rodents can either induce (by overexpression of Hsd11b1, the gene encoding 11βHSD1) or prevent (by knocking out Hsd11b1) obesity and metabolic dysfunction. Taken together with earlier evidence that non-selective inhibitors of 11βHSD1 enhance insulin sensitivity, these results led to the hypothesis that inhibition of 11βHSD1 might be a promising target for treatment of the metabolic syndrome. Several selective 11βHSD1 inhibitors have now been developed and shown to improve metabolic dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes, but the small magnitude of the glucose-lowering effect has precluded their further commercial development.This review focuses on the role of 11βHSD1 as a tissue-specific regulator of cortisol exposure in obesity and type 2 diabetes in humans. We consider the potential of inhibition of 11βHSD1 as a therapeutic strategy that might address multiple complications in patients with type 2 diabetes, and provide our thoughts on future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stomby
- Department for Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Ebrahimkhani MR, Neiman JAS, Raredon MSB, Hughes DJ, Griffith LG. Bioreactor technologies to support liver function in vitro. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 69-70:132-57. [PMID: 24607703 PMCID: PMC4144187 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Liver is a central nexus integrating metabolic and immunologic homeostasis in the human body, and the direct or indirect target of most molecular therapeutics. A wide spectrum of therapeutic and technological needs drives efforts to capture liver physiology and pathophysiology in vitro, ranging from prediction of metabolism and toxicity of small molecule drugs, to understanding off-target effects of proteins, nucleic acid therapies, and targeted therapeutics, to serving as disease models for drug development. Here we provide perspective on the evolving landscape of bioreactor-based models to meet old and new challenges in drug discovery and development, emphasizing design challenges in maintaining long-term liver-specific function and how emerging technologies in biomaterials and microdevices are providing new experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad R Ebrahimkhani
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jaclyn A Shepard Neiman
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Micha Sam B Raredon
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Linda G Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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