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Chen Y, Zhang Y, Jin X, Hong S, Tian H. Exerkines: Benign adaptation for exercise and benefits for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 726:150305. [PMID: 38917635 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Exercise has multiple beneficial effects on human metabolic health and is regarded as a "polypill" for various diseases. At present, the lack of physical activity usually causes an epidemic of chronic metabolic syndromes, including obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Remarkably, NAFLD is emerging as a serious public health issue and is associated with the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Unfortunately, specific drug therapies for NAFLD and its more severe form, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), are currently unavailable. Lifestyle modification is the foundation of treatment recommendations for NAFLD and NASH, especially for exercise. There are under-appreciated organs that crosstalk to the liver during exercise such as muscle-liver crosstalk. Previous studies have reported that certain exerkines, such as FGF21, GDF15, irisin, and adiponectin, are beneficial for liver metabolism and have the potential to be targeted for NAFLD treatment. In addition, some of exerkines can be modified for the new proteins and get enhanced functions, like IL-6/IC7Fc. Another importance of exercise is the physiological adaptation that combats metabolic diseases. Thus, this review aims to summarize the known exerkines and utilize a multi-omics mining tool to identify more exerkines for the future research. Overall, understanding the mechanisms by which exercise-induced exerkines exert their beneficial effects on metabolic health holds promise for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for NAFLD and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Suzhou Yong Ding Hospital, Suzhou, 215200, China
| | - Xingsheng Jin
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Shangyu Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Haili Tian
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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2
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Hansman D, Ma Y, Thomas D, Smith J, Casson R, Peet D. Metabolic reprogramming of the retinal pigment epithelium by cytokines associated with age-related macular degeneration. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20231904. [PMID: 38567515 PMCID: PMC11043024 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20231904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The complex metabolic relationship between the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptors is essential for maintaining retinal health. Recent evidence indicates the RPE acts as an adjacent lactate sink, suppressing glycolysis in the epithelium in order to maximize glycolysis in the photoreceptors. Dysregulated metabolism within the RPE has been implicated in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of vision loss. In the present study, we investigate the effects of four cytokines associated with AMD, TNFα, TGF-β2, IL-6, and IL-1β, as well as a cocktail containing all four cytokines, on RPE metabolism using ARPE-19 cells, primary human RPE cells, and ex vivo rat eyecups. Strikingly, we found cytokine-specific changes in numerous metabolic markers including lactate production, glucose consumption, extracellular acidification rate, and oxygen consumption rate accompanied by increases in total mitochondrial volume and ATP production. Together, all four cytokines could potently override the constitutive suppression of glycolysis in the RPE, through a mechanism independent of PI3K/AKT, MEK/ERK, or NF-κB. Finally, we observed changes in glycolytic gene expression with cytokine treatment, including in lactate dehydrogenase subunit and glucose transporter expression. Our findings provide new insights into the metabolic changes in the RPE under inflammatory conditions and highlight potential therapeutic targets for AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S. Hansman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Yuefang Ma
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Daniel Thomas
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Justine R. Smith
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Robert J. Casson
- Discipline of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Daniel J. Peet
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Ringleb M, Javelle F, Haunhorst S, Bloch W, Fennen L, Baumgart S, Drube S, Reuken PA, Pletz MW, Wagner H, Gabriel HHW, Puta C. Beyond muscles: Investigating immunoregulatory myokines in acute resistance exercise - A systematic review and meta-analysis. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23596. [PMID: 38597350 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301619r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Myokines, released from the muscle, enable communication between the working muscles and other tissues. Their release during physical exercise is assumed to depend on immune-hormonal-metabolic interactions concerning mode (endurance or resistance exercise), duration, and intensity. This meta-analysis aims to examine the acute changes of circulating myokines inducing immunoregulatory effects caused by a bout of resistance exercise and to consider potential moderators of the results. Based on this selection strategy, a systematic literature search was conducted for resistance exercise intervention studies measuring interleukin (IL-) 6, IL-10, IL-1ra, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-) α, IL-15, IL-7, transforming growth factor (TGF-) β1, and fractalkines (FKN) before and immediately after resistance exercise in healthy individuals. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed for each myokine. We identified a moderate positive effect of resistance exercise for IL-6 and IL-1ra. Regarding IL-15 and TNF-α, small to moderate effects were found. For IL-10, no significant effect was observed. Due to no data, meta-analyses for IL-7, TGF-β1, and FKN could not be performed. No moderators (training status, type of exercise, risk of bias, age, sex, time of day, exercise volume, exercise intensity, exercise dose) of the results were detected for all tested myokines. Taken together, this systematic review and meta-analysis showed immediate positive effects of an acute resistance exercise session on IL-6, IL-1ra, TNF-α, and IL-15 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Ringleb
- Department of Movement Science, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Interdisciplinary Prevention of Diseases related to Professional Activities, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Florian Javelle
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Simon Haunhorst
- Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Center for Interdisciplinary Prevention of Diseases related to Professional Activities, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lena Fennen
- Department of Movement Science, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sabine Baumgart
- Institute for Immunology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Drube
- Institute for Immunology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Philipp A Reuken
- Clinic for Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Mathias W Pletz
- Institute for Immunology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Heiko Wagner
- Department of Movement Science, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Holger H W Gabriel
- Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Puta
- Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Center for Interdisciplinary Prevention of Diseases related to Professional Activities, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
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Su Z, Efremov L, Mikolajczyk R. Differences in the levels of inflammatory markers between metabolically healthy obese and other obesity phenotypes in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2024; 34:251-269. [PMID: 37968171 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to systematically review and analyze differences in the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) comparing metabolically healthy but obese (MHO) with metabolically healthy non-obese (MHNO), metabolically unhealthy non-obese (MUNO), and metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO) subjects. DATA SYNTHESIS We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus for studies that matched the relevant search terms. Differences in inflammatory marker levels between MHO and the other three phenotypes were pooled as standardized mean differences (SMD) or differences of medians (DM) using a random-effects model. We included 91 studies reporting data on 435,007 individuals. The CRP levels were higher in MHO than in MHNO subjects (SMD = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.49, 0.76; DM = 0.83 mg/L, 95% CI: 0.56, 1.11). The CRP levels were higher in MHO than in MUNO subjects (SMD = 0.16, 95% CI: 0.05, 0.28; DM = 0.39 mg/L, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.69). The CRP levels were lower in MHO than in MUO individuals (SMD = -0.43, 95% CI: -0.54, -0.31; DM = -0.82 mg/L, 95% CI: -1.16, -0.48). The IL-6 levels in MHO were higher than in MHNO while lower than in MUO subjects. The TNF-α levels in MHO were higher than in MHNO individuals. CONCLUSIONS This review provides evidence that CRP levels in MHO are higher than in MHNO and MUNO subjects but lower than in MUO individuals. Additionally, IL-6 levels in MHO are higher than in MHNO but lower than in MUO subjects, and TNF-α levels in MHO are higher than in MHNO individuals. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO number: CRD42021234948.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouli Su
- Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics (IMEBI), Interdisciplinary Center for Health Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06112 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ljupcho Efremov
- Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics (IMEBI), Interdisciplinary Center for Health Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06112 Halle (Saale), Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Rafael Mikolajczyk
- Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics (IMEBI), Interdisciplinary Center for Health Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06112 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Di Vincenzo A, Granzotto M, Graziani A, Crescenzi M, Foletto M, Prevedello L, Capone F, Vettor R, Rossato M. Soluble P2X7 Receptor Plasma Levels in Obese Subjects before and after Weight Loss via Bariatric Surgery. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16741. [PMID: 38069064 PMCID: PMC10706616 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a systemic disease frequently associated with important complications such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. It has also been proven that obesity is a disease associated with chronic low-grade systemic inflammation and that weight loss improves this low-grade chronic inflammatory condition. The P2X7 purinergic receptor (P2X7R), belonging to the family of the receptors for extracellular ATP, is a main player in inflammation, activating inflammasome and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. In this study, we evaluated the plasma levels of soluble P2X7R (sP2X7R) measured in a group of obese patients before and one year after bariatric surgery. Furthermore, we evaluated the relation of sP2X7R to inflammatory marker plasma levels. We enrolled 15 obese patients who underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, evaluating anthropometric parameters (weight, height, BMI and waist circumference) before and after surgery. Moreover, we measured the plasma levels of inflammatory markers (CRP, TNFα and IL-6) before and after weight loss via bariatric surgery. The results of our study show that one year after bariatric surgery, obese patients significantly decrease body weight with a significant decrease in CRP, TNF-alfa and IL-6 plasma levels. Similarly, after weight loss, obese subjects showed a significant reduction in sP2X7R plasma levels. Moreover, before surgery, plasma levels of sP2X7R were inversely related with those of CRP, TNF-alfa and IL-6. Given the role of P2X7R in inflammation, we hypothesized that, in obese subjects, sP2X7R could represent a possible marker of chronic low-grade inflammation, hypothesizing a possible role as a mediator of obesity complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Di Vincenzo
- Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University Hospital of Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Marnie Granzotto
- Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University Hospital of Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Graziani
- Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University Hospital of Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Marika Crescenzi
- Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University Hospital of Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Mirto Foletto
- Bariatric Surgery Unit, University Hospital of Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Luca Prevedello
- Bariatric Surgery Unit, University Hospital of Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Federico Capone
- Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University Hospital of Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Roberto Vettor
- Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University Hospital of Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Rossato
- Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University Hospital of Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy
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6
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White MR, Yates DT. Dousing the flame: reviewing the mechanisms of inflammatory programming during stress-induced intrauterine growth restriction and the potential for ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intervention. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1250134. [PMID: 37727657 PMCID: PMC10505810 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1250134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) arises when maternal stressors coincide with peak placental development, leading to placental insufficiency. When the expanding nutrient demands of the growing fetus subsequently exceed the capacity of the stunted placenta, fetal hypoxemia and hypoglycemia result. Poor fetal nutrient status stimulates greater release of inflammatory cytokines and catecholamines, which in turn lead to thrifty growth and metabolic programming that benefits fetal survival but is maladaptive after birth. Specifically, some IUGR fetal tissues develop enriched expression of inflammatory cytokine receptors and other signaling cascade components, which increases inflammatory sensitivity even when circulating inflammatory cytokines are no longer elevated after birth. Recent evidence indicates that greater inflammatory tone contributes to deficits in skeletal muscle growth and metabolism that are characteristic of IUGR offspring. These deficits underlie the metabolic dysfunction that markedly increases risk for metabolic diseases in IUGR-born individuals. The same programming mechanisms yield reduced metabolic efficiency, poor body composition, and inferior carcass quality in IUGR-born livestock. The ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are diet-derived nutraceuticals with anti-inflammatory effects that have been used to improve conditions of chronic systemic inflammation, including intrauterine stress. In this review, we highlight the role of sustained systemic inflammation in the development of IUGR pathologies. We then discuss the potential for ω-3 PUFA supplementation to improve inflammation-mediated growth and metabolic deficits in IUGR offspring, along with potential barriers that must be considered when developing a supplementation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dustin T. Yates
- Stress Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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Jigoranu RA, Roca M, Costache AD, Mitu O, Oancea AF, Miftode RS, Haba MȘC, Botnariu EG, Maștaleru A, Gavril RS, Trandabat BA, Chirica SI, Haba RM, Leon MM, Costache II, Mitu F. Novel Biomarkers for Atherosclerotic Disease: Advances in Cardiovascular Risk Assessment. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1639. [PMID: 37629496 PMCID: PMC10455542 DOI: 10.3390/life13081639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a significant health concern with a growing incidence worldwide. It is directly linked to an increased cardiovascular risk and to major adverse cardiovascular events, such as acute coronary syndromes. In this review, we try to assess the potential diagnostic role of biomarkers in the early identification of patients susceptible to the development of atherosclerosis and other adverse cardiovascular events. We have collected publications concerning already established parameters, such as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), as well as newer markers, e.g., apolipoprotein B (apoB) and the ratio between apoB and apoA. Additionally, given the inflammatory nature of the development of atherosclerosis, high-sensitivity c-reactive protein (hs-CRP) or interleukin-6 (IL-6) are also discussed. Additionally, newer publications on other emerging components linked to atherosclerosis were considered in the context of patient evaluation. Apart from the already in-use markers (e.g., LDL-C), emerging research highlights the potential of newer molecules in optimizing the diagnosis of atherosclerotic disease in earlier stages. After further studies, they might be fully implemented in the screening protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul-Alexandru Jigoranu
- Department of Medical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.-A.J.); (O.M.); (A.-F.O.); (R.-S.M.); (M.Ș.C.H.); (A.M.); (R.-S.G.); (M.M.L.); (I.-I.C.); (F.M.)
- Department of Cardiology, “St. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihai Roca
- Department of Medical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.-A.J.); (O.M.); (A.-F.O.); (R.-S.M.); (M.Ș.C.H.); (A.M.); (R.-S.G.); (M.M.L.); (I.-I.C.); (F.M.)
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandru-Dan Costache
- Department of Medical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.-A.J.); (O.M.); (A.-F.O.); (R.-S.M.); (M.Ș.C.H.); (A.M.); (R.-S.G.); (M.M.L.); (I.-I.C.); (F.M.)
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Mitu
- Department of Medical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.-A.J.); (O.M.); (A.-F.O.); (R.-S.M.); (M.Ș.C.H.); (A.M.); (R.-S.G.); (M.M.L.); (I.-I.C.); (F.M.)
- Department of Cardiology, “St. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandru-Florinel Oancea
- Department of Medical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.-A.J.); (O.M.); (A.-F.O.); (R.-S.M.); (M.Ș.C.H.); (A.M.); (R.-S.G.); (M.M.L.); (I.-I.C.); (F.M.)
- Department of Cardiology, “St. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Radu-Stefan Miftode
- Department of Medical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.-A.J.); (O.M.); (A.-F.O.); (R.-S.M.); (M.Ș.C.H.); (A.M.); (R.-S.G.); (M.M.L.); (I.-I.C.); (F.M.)
- Department of Cardiology, “St. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihai Ștefan Cristian Haba
- Department of Medical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.-A.J.); (O.M.); (A.-F.O.); (R.-S.M.); (M.Ș.C.H.); (A.M.); (R.-S.G.); (M.M.L.); (I.-I.C.); (F.M.)
- Department of Cardiology, “St. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Eosefina Gina Botnariu
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
- Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, “St. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandra Maștaleru
- Department of Medical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.-A.J.); (O.M.); (A.-F.O.); (R.-S.M.); (M.Ș.C.H.); (A.M.); (R.-S.G.); (M.M.L.); (I.-I.C.); (F.M.)
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Radu-Sebastian Gavril
- Department of Medical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.-A.J.); (O.M.); (A.-F.O.); (R.-S.M.); (M.Ș.C.H.); (A.M.); (R.-S.G.); (M.M.L.); (I.-I.C.); (F.M.)
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Bogdan-Andrei Trandabat
- Department of Surgery II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Sabina Ioana Chirica
- Faculty of General Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (S.I.C.); (R.M.H.)
| | - Raluca Maria Haba
- Faculty of General Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (S.I.C.); (R.M.H.)
| | - Maria Magdalena Leon
- Department of Medical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.-A.J.); (O.M.); (A.-F.O.); (R.-S.M.); (M.Ș.C.H.); (A.M.); (R.-S.G.); (M.M.L.); (I.-I.C.); (F.M.)
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Irina-Iuliana Costache
- Department of Medical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.-A.J.); (O.M.); (A.-F.O.); (R.-S.M.); (M.Ș.C.H.); (A.M.); (R.-S.G.); (M.M.L.); (I.-I.C.); (F.M.)
- Department of Cardiology, “St. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Florin Mitu
- Department of Medical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.-A.J.); (O.M.); (A.-F.O.); (R.-S.M.); (M.Ș.C.H.); (A.M.); (R.-S.G.); (M.M.L.); (I.-I.C.); (F.M.)
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
- Romanian Academy of Medical Sciences, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
- Romanian Academy of Scientists, 050045 Bucharest, Romania
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de Baat A, Trinh B, Ellingsgaard H, Donath MY. Physiological role of cytokines in the regulation of mammalian metabolism. Trends Immunol 2023:S1471-4906(23)00110-2. [PMID: 37423882 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The innate cytokine system is involved in the response to excessive food intake. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of the physiological role of three prominent cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), in mammalian metabolic regulation. This recent research highlights the pleiotropic and context-dependent functions in the immune-metabolic interplay. IL-1β is activated in response to overloaded mitochondrial metabolism, stimulates insulin secretion, and allocates energy to immune cells. IL-6 is released by contracting skeletal muscle and adipose tissue and directs energy from storing tissues to consuming tissues. TNF induces insulin resistance and prevents ketogenesis. Additionally, the therapeutic potential of modulating the activity of each cytokine is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel de Baat
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beckey Trinh
- The Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helga Ellingsgaard
- The Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc Y Donath
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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9
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Wang HW, Tang J, Sun L, Li Z, Deng M, Dai Z. Mechanism of immune attack in the progression of obesity-related type 2 diabetes. World J Diabetes 2023; 14:494-511. [PMID: 37273249 PMCID: PMC10236992 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i5.494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and overweight are widespread issues in adults, children, and adolescents globally, and have caused a noticeable rise in obesity-related complications such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Chronic low-grade inflammation is an important promotor of the pathogenesis of obesity-related T2DM. This proinflammatory activation occurs in multiple organs and tissues. Immune cell-mediated systemic attack is considered to contribute strongly to impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance, and other metabolic disorders. This review focused on highlighting recent advances and underlying mechanisms of immune cell infiltration and inflammatory responses in the gut, islet, and insulin-targeting organs (adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscle) in obesity-related T2DM. There is current evidence that both the innate and adaptive immune systems contribute to the development of obesity and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Wei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ming Deng
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhe Dai
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
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10
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New Insights into the Identification of Metabolites and Cytokines Predictive of Outcome for Patients with Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection Showed Similarity with Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054922. [PMID: 36902351 PMCID: PMC10003544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection is characterized by several clinical manifestations, ranging from the absence of symptoms to severe forms that necessitate intensive care treatment. It is known that the patients with the highest rate of mortality develop increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, called the "cytokine storm", which is similar to inflammatory processes that occur in cancer. Additionally, SARS-CoV-2 infection induces modifications in host metabolism leading to metabolic reprogramming, which is closely linked to metabolic changes in cancer. A better understanding of the correlation between perturbed metabolism and inflammatory responses is necessary. We evaluated untargeted plasma metabolomics and cytokine profiling via 1H-NMR (proton nuclear magnetic resonance) and multiplex Luminex assay, respectively, in a training set of a limited number of patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection classified on the basis of their outcome. Univariate analysis and Kaplan-Meier curves related to hospitalization time showed that lower levels of several metabolites and cytokines/growth factors, correlated with a good outcome in these patients and these data were confirmed in a validation set of patients with similar characteristics. However, after the multivariate analysis, only the growth factor HGF, lactate and phenylalanine retained a significant prediction of survival. Finally, the combined analysis of lactate and phenylalanine levels correctly predicted the outcome of 83.3% of patients in both the training and the validation set. We highlighted that the cytokines and metabolites involved in COVID-19 patients' poor outcomes are similar to those responsible for cancer development and progression, suggesting the possibility of targeting them by repurposing anticancer drugs as a therapeutic strategy against severe SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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11
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Hepatokines and Adipokines in Metabolic Syndrome. ANNALS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES (INDIA) 2023. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1760087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractHepatokines and adipokines are secretory proteins derived from hepatocytes and adipocytes, respectively. These proteins play a main role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome (MetS), characterized by obesity, dysglycemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Adipose tissue and liver are important endocrine organs because they regulate metabolic homeostasis as well as inflammation because they secrete adipokines and hepatokines, respectively. These adipokines and hepatokines communicate their action through different autocrine, paracrine and endocrine pathways. Liver regulates systemic homeostasis and also glucose and lipid metabolism through hepatokines. Dysregulation of hepatokines can lead to progression toward MetS, type 2 diabetes (T2D), inflammation, hypertension, and other diseases. Obesity is now a worldwide epidemic. Increasing cases of obesity and obesity-associated metabolic syndrome has brought the focus on understanding the biology of adipocytes and the mechanisms occurring in adipose tissue of obese individuals. A lot of facts are now available on adipose tissue as well. Adipose tissue is now given the status of an endocrine organ. Recent evidence indicates that obesity contributes to systemic metabolic dysfunction. Adipose tissue plays a significant role in systemic metabolism by communicating with other central and peripheral organs via the production and secretion of a group of proteins known as adipokines. Adipokine levels regulate metabolic state of our body and are potent enough to have a direct impact upon energy homeostasis and systemic metabolism. Dysregulation of adipokines contribute to obesity, T2D, hypertension and several other pathological changes in various organs. This makes characterization of hepatokines and adipokines extremely important to understand the pathogenesis of MetS. Hepatokines such as fetuin-A and leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2, and adipokines such as resistin, leptin, TNF-α, and adiponectin are some of the most studied proteins and they can modulate the manifestations of MetS. Detailed insight into the function and mechanism of these adipokines and hepatokines in the pathogenesis of MetS can show the path for devising better preventative and therapeutic strategies against this present-day pandemic.
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12
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Joo SK, Kim W. Interaction between sarcopenia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Mol Hepatol 2023; 29:S68-S78. [PMID: 36472051 PMCID: PMC10029947 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2022.0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are common health problems related to aging. Despite the differences in their diagnostic methods, several cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have revealed the close link between sarcopenia and NAFLD. Sarcopenia and NAFLD are linked by several shared pathogenetic mechanisms, including insulin resistance, hormonal imbalance, systemic inflammation, myostatin and adiponectin dysregulation, nutritional deficiencies, and physical inactivity, thus implicating a bidirectional relationship between sarcopenia and NAFLD. However, there is not sufficient data to support a direct causal relationship between sarcopenia and NAFLD. Moreover, it is currently difficult to conclude whether sarcopenia is a risk factor for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) or is a consequence of NASH. Therefore, this review intends to touch on the shared common mechanisms and the bidirectional relationship between sarcopenia and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae Kyung Joo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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13
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Is the fundamental pathology in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy caused by a failure of glycogenolysis–glycolysis in costameres? J Genet 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-022-01410-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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14
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Ahsan M, Garneau L, Aguer C. The bidirectional relationship between AMPK pathway activation and myokine secretion in skeletal muscle: How it affects energy metabolism. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1040809. [PMID: 36479347 PMCID: PMC9721351 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1040809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Myokines are peptides and proteins secreted by skeletal muscle cells, into the interstitium, or in the blood. Their regulation may be dependent or independent of muscle contraction to induce a variety of metabolic effects. Numerous myokines have been implicated in influencing energy metabolism via AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signalling. As AMPK is centrally involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, it is important to understand how myokines influence its signalling, and vice versa. Such insight will better elucidate the mechanism of metabolic regulation during exercise and at rest. This review encompasses the latest research conducted on the relationship between AMPK signalling and myokines within skeletal muscles via autocrine or paracrine signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Ahsan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Léa Garneau
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Institut du Savoir Montfort –Recherche, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Céline Aguer
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Institut du Savoir Montfort –Recherche, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University—Campus Outaouais, Gatineau, QC, Canada
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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15
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Oligo-Fucoidan supplementation enhances the effect of Olaparib on preventing metastasis and recurrence of triple-negative breast cancer in mice. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:70. [PMID: 36109724 PMCID: PMC9479298 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00855-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seaweed polysaccharides have been recommended as anticancer supplements and for boosting human health; however, their benefits in the treatment of triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) and improving immune surveillance remain unclear. Olaparib is a first-in-class poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor. Oligo-Fucoidan, a low-molecular-weight sulfated polysaccharide purified from brown seaweed (Laminaria japonica), exhibits significant bioactivities that may aid in disease management. METHODS Macrophage polarity, clonogenic assays, cancer stemness properties, cancer cell trajectory, glucose metabolism, the TNBC 4T1 cells and a 4T1 syngeneic mouse model were used to inspect the therapeutic effects of olaparib and Oligo-Fucoidan supplementation on TNBC aggressiveness and microenvironment. RESULTS Olaparib treatment increased sub-G1 cell death and G2/M arrest in TNBC cells, and these effects were enhanced when Oligo-Fucoidan was added to treat the TNBC cells. The levels of Rad51 and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and the activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) facilitate drug resistance and TNBC metastasis. However, the combination of olaparib and Oligo-Fucoidan synergistically reduced Rad51 and PD-L1 levels, as well as the activity of EGFR and AMPK; consistently, TNBC cytotoxicity and stemness were inhibited. Oligo-Fucoidan plus olaparib better inhibited the formation of TNBC stem cell mammospheroids with decreased subpopulations of CD44high/CD24low and EpCAMhigh cells than monotherapy. Importantly, Oligo-Fucoidan plus olaparib repressed the oncogenic interleukin-6 (IL-6)/p-EGFR/PD-L1 pathway, glucose uptake and lactate production. Oligo-Fucoidan induced immunoactive and antitumoral M1 macrophages and attenuated the side effects of olaparib, such as the promotion on immunosuppressive and protumoral M2 macrophages. Furthermore, olaparib plus Oligo-Fucoidan dramatically suppressed M2 macrophage invasiveness and repolarized M2 to the M0-like (F4/80high) and M1-like (CD80high and CD86high) phenotypes. In addition, olaparib- and Oligo-Fucoidan-pretreated TNBC cells resulted in the polarization of M0 macrophages into CD80(+) M1 but not CD163(+) M2 macrophages. Importantly, olaparib supplemented with oral administration of Oligo-Fucoidan in mice inhibited postsurgical TNBC recurrence and metastasis with increased cytotoxic T cells in the lymphatic system and decreased regulatory T cells and M2 macrophages in tumors. CONCLUSION Olaparib supplemented with natural compound Oligo-Fucoidan is a novel therapeutic strategy for reprogramming cancer stemness, metabolism and the microenvironment to prevent local postsurgical recurrence and distant metastasis. The combination therapy may advance therapeutic efficacy that prevent metastasis, chemoresistance and mortality in TNBC patients.
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16
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Matz I, Pappritz K, Springer J, Van Linthout S. Left ventricle- and skeletal muscle-derived fibroblasts exhibit a differential inflammatory and metabolic responsiveness to interleukin-6. Front Immunol 2022; 13:947267. [PMID: 35967380 PMCID: PMC9366145 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.947267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an important player in chronic inflammation associated with heart failure and tumor-induced cachexia. Fibroblasts are salient mediators of both inflammation and fibrosis. Whereas the general outcome of IL-6 on the heart’s function and muscle wasting has been intensively studied, the influence of IL-6 on fibroblasts of the heart and skeletal muscle (SM) has not been analyzed so far. We illustrate that SM-derived fibroblasts exhibit higher basal mRNA expression of α-SMA, extracellular matrix molecules (collagen1a1/3a1/5a1), and chemokines (CCL2, CCL7, and CX3CL1) as compared to the left ventricle (LV)-derived fibroblasts. IL-6 drives the transdifferentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts as indicated by an increase in α-SMA expression and upregulates NLRP3 inflammasome activity in both LV- and SM-derived fibroblasts. IL-6 increases the release of CCL7 to CX3CL1 in the supernatant of SM-derived fibroblasts associated with the attraction of more pro(Ly6Chi) versus anti(Ly6Clo) inflammatory monocytes as compared to unstimulated fibroblasts. IL-6-stimulated LV-derived fibroblasts attract less Ly6Chi to Ly6Clo monocytes compared to IL-6-stimulated SM-derived fibroblasts. In addition, SM-derived fibroblasts have a higher mitochondrial energy turnover and lower glycolytic activity versus LV-derived fibroblasts under basal and IL-6 conditions. In conclusion, IL-6 modulates the inflammatory and metabolic phenotype of LV- and SM-originated fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Matz
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathleen Pappritz
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen Springer
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Van Linthout
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Sophie Van Linthout,
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17
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Maioli G, Caporali R, Favalli EG. Lessons learned from the preclinical discovery and development of sarilumab for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:799-813. [PMID: 35757853 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2093852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathogenesis is driven by a complex network of proinflammatory cytokines, among which interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays a key role in inducing and perpetuating chronic inflammation. Targeting the IL-6 pathway has shown to be an invaluable treatment strategy, as demonstrated by the results accrued in the last decade with the first IL-6 inhibitor, tocilizumab. More recently, a second monoclonal antibody blocking IL-6, sarilumab, has enriched our armamentarium by proving outstanding efficacy in RA treatment. AREAS COVERED After exploring the IL-6 pathway under physiological conditions and in the RA pathogenesis, in this review we discuss the pharmacologic properties of sarilumab and the clinical trials that constitute the sarilumab development program and have enabled its licensed application. EXPERT OPINION Results from clinical trials confirmed the efficacy and safety of sarilumab for the treatment of RA, similar to its precursor tocilizumab. Blocking IL-6 pathway results in comprehensive control of the disease, from both physician's and patient's perspective, and of RA comorbidities and extra-articular manifestations which are largely IL-6 driven. Finally, the proven efficacy of sarilumab as monotherapy arises the drug as a required therapeutic alternative considering the large proportion of patients intolerant or inadequate to receive conventional synthetic disease-modifying drugs (csDMARDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Maioli
- Division of Clinical Rheumatology, ASST Gaetano Pini-CTO Institute, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Research Center for Adult and Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Caporali
- Division of Clinical Rheumatology, ASST Gaetano Pini-CTO Institute, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Research Center for Adult and Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ennio Giulio Favalli
- Division of Clinical Rheumatology, ASST Gaetano Pini-CTO Institute, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Research Center for Adult and Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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18
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Balakrishnan R, Thurmond DC. Mechanisms by Which Skeletal Muscle Myokines Ameliorate Insulin Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4636. [PMID: 35563026 PMCID: PMC9102915 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeletal muscle is the largest organ in the body and secretes circulating factors, including myokines, which are involved in various cellular signaling processes. Skeletal muscle is vital for metabolism and physiology and plays a crucial role in insulin-mediated glucose disposal. Myokines have autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine functions, serving as critical regulators of myogenic differentiation, fiber-type switching, and maintaining muscle mass. Myokines have profound effects on energy metabolism and inflammation, contributing to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and other metabolic diseases. Myokines have been shown to increase insulin sensitivity, thereby improving glucose disposal and regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. Many myokines have now been identified, and research on myokine signaling mechanisms and functions is rapidly emerging. This review summarizes the current state of the field regarding the role of myokines in tissue cross-talk, including their molecular mechanisms, and their potential as therapeutic targets for T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debbie C. Thurmond
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
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19
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Inflammatory cytokines and metabolic responses to high-intensity intermittent training: effect of the exercise intensity. Biol Sport 2022; 39:263-272. [PMID: 35309531 PMCID: PMC8919870 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2022.104914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the effects of two high-intensity intermittent training (HIIT) programs of varying intensities (100% vs. 110% of maximal aerobic velocity [MAV]) on metabolic, hormonal and inflammatory markers in young men. Thirty-seven active male volunteers were randomly assigned into: HIIT experimental groups (100% MAV [EG100, n = 9] and 110% MAV [EG110, n = 9]) and a control groups (CG100, n = 9 and CG110, n = 9). Particpants performed high intesity intermittent exercise test (HIIE) at 100% or 110% MAV. Venous blood samples were obtained before, at the end of HIIE and at 15 min of recovery, and before and after 8 weeks of HIIT programs. After training, Glucose was lower (p < 0.01) in EG100 (d = 0.72) and EG110 (d = 1.20) at the end of HIIE, and at 15 min recovery only in EG110 (d = 0.95). After training, Insulin and Cortisol were lower than before training in EG100 and EG110 at the end of HIIE (p < 0.001). After HIIT, IL-6 deceased (p < 0.001) in EG100 (d = 1.43) and EG110 (d = 1.56) at rest, at the end of HIIE (d = 1.03; d = 1.75, respectively) and at 15 min of recovery (d = 0.88;d = 1.7, respectively). This decrease was more robust (p < 0.05) in EG110 compared to EG100. After HIIT, TNF-α deceased (p < 0.001) in EG100 (d = 1.43) and EG110 (d = 0.60) at rest, at the end of HIIE (0.71 < d < 0.98) and at 15 min of recovery (0.70 < d < 2.78). HIIT with 110% MAV is more effective in young males on the improvements of some metabolic (Glucose), hormonal (Cortisol) and inflammatory (IL-6) markers at rest, at the end of HIIE and 15 min of recovery than training at 100 % MAV.
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20
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Zhang Y, Guo H, Zhang Z, Lu W, Zhu J, Shi J. IL-6 promotes chemoresistance via upregulating CD36 mediated fatty acids uptake in acute myeloid leukemia. Exp Cell Res 2022; 415:113112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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21
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Lee-Ødegård S, Olsen T, Norheim F, Drevon CA, Birkeland KI. Potential Mechanisms for How Long-Term Physical Activity May Reduce Insulin Resistance. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12030208. [PMID: 35323652 PMCID: PMC8950317 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12030208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin became available for the treatment of patients with diabetes 100 years ago, and soon thereafter it became evident that the biological response to its actions differed markedly between individuals. This prompted extensive research into insulin action and resistance (IR), resulting in the universally agreed fact that IR is a core finding in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T2DM is the most prevalent form of diabetes, reaching epidemic proportions worldwide. Physical activity (PA) has the potential of improving IR and is, therefore, a cornerstone in the prevention and treatment of T2DM. Whereas most research has focused on the acute effects of PA, less is known about the effects of long-term PA on IR. Here, we describe a model of potential mechanisms behind reduced IR after long-term PA to guide further mechanistic investigations and to tailor PA interventions in the therapy of T2DM. The development of such interventions requires knowledge of normal glucose metabolism, and we briefly summarize an integrated physiological perspective on IR. We then describe the effects of long-term PA on signaling molecules involved in cellular responses to insulin, tissue-specific functions, and whole-body IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindre Lee-Ødegård
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Thomas Olsen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway; (T.O.); (F.N.); (C.A.D.)
| | - Frode Norheim
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway; (T.O.); (F.N.); (C.A.D.)
| | - Christian Andre Drevon
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway; (T.O.); (F.N.); (C.A.D.)
- Vitas Ltd. Analytical Services, Oslo Science Park, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kåre Inge Birkeland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway;
- Correspondence:
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22
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Rai M, Demontis F. Muscle-to-Brain Signaling Via Myokines and Myometabolites. Brain Plast 2022; 8:43-63. [DOI: 10.3233/bpl-210133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle health and function are important determinants of systemic metabolic homeostasis and organism-wide responses, including disease outcome. While it is well known that exercise protects the central nervous system (CNS) from aging and disease, only recently this has been found to depend on the endocrine capacity of skeletal muscle. Here, we review muscle-secreted growth factors and cytokines (myokines), metabolites (myometabolites), and other unconventional signals (e.g. bioactive lipid species, enzymes, and exosomes) that mediate muscle-brain and muscle-retina communication and neuroprotection in response to exercise and associated processes, such as the muscle unfolded protein response and metabolic stress. In addition to impacting proteostasis, neurogenesis, and cognitive functions, muscle-brain signaling influences complex brain-dependent behaviors, such as depression, sleeping patterns, and biosynthesis of neurotransmitters. Moreover, myokine signaling adapts feeding behavior to meet the energy demands of skeletal muscle. Contrary to protective myokines induced by exercise and associated signaling pathways, inactivity and muscle wasting may derange myokine expression and secretion and in turn compromise CNS function. We propose that tailoring muscle-to-CNS signaling by modulating myokines and myometabolites may combat age-related neurodegeneration and brain diseases that are influenced by systemic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Rai
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Fabio Demontis
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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23
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Zouhal H, Zare-Kookandeh N, Haghighi MM, Daraei A, de Sousa M, Soltani M, Abderrahman AB, M Tijani J, Hackney AC, Laher I, Saeidi A. Physical activity and adipokine levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes: A literature review and practical applications. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2021; 22:987-1011. [PMID: 33931803 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09657-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We review the effects of acute and long-term physical activity on adipokine levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Three electronic databases were searched. Studies made in animal models were excluded, while studies based on participants with and without T2D, and also studies with type 1 diabetes were included. Of the 2,450 citations, 63 trials, including randomised control trials, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, met our inclusion criteria. Seventy and five percent of studies reported the effects of physical activity on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), interleukin 6 (IL-6), adiponectin, visfatin, omentin-1, and leptin levels. There are no robust results due to variations in exercise modality, intensity, duration, and also differences in cohort characteristics in the literature. Only four studies described the effects of an acute session of physical activity on adipokine levels. Overall, physical activity improves diabetes status by regulating adipokine levels. However, long-term aerobic + resistance training combined with dietary modifications is likely to be a more effective strategy for improving adipokines profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassane Zouhal
- M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, University of Rennes, 1274, F-35000, Sport, Santé), France.
| | | | | | - Ali Daraei
- Department of Biological Sciences in Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Soltani
- Department of Biological Sciences in Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Anthony C Hackney
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ismail Laher
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, The University of British Columbia, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ayoub Saeidi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran.
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24
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Abstract
The endothelium acts as the barrier that prevents circulating lipids such as lipoproteins and fatty acids into the arterial wall; it also regulates normal functioning in the circulatory system by balancing vasodilation and vasoconstriction, modulating the several responses and signals. Plasma lipids can interact with endothelium via different mechanisms and produce different phenotypes. Increased plasma-free fatty acids (FFAs) levels are associated with the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Because of the multi-dimensional roles of plasma FFAs in mediating endothelial dysfunction, increased FFA level is now considered an essential link in the onset of endothelial dysfunction in CVD. FFA-mediated endothelial dysfunction involves several mechanisms, including dysregulated production of nitric oxide and cytokines, metaflammation, oxidative stress, inflammation, activation of the renin-angiotensin system, and apoptosis. Therefore, modulation of FFA-mediated pathways involved in endothelial dysfunction may prevent the complications associated with CVD risk. This review presents details as to how endothelium is affected by FFAs involving several metabolic pathways.
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25
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Bahadoran A, Bezavada L, Smallwood HS. Fueling influenza and the immune response: Implications for metabolic reprogramming during influenza infection and immunometabolism. Immunol Rev 2021; 295:140-166. [PMID: 32320072 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies support the notion that glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation are rheostats in immune cells whose bioenergetics have functional outputs in terms of their biology. Specific intrinsic and extrinsic molecular factors function as molecular potentiometers to adjust and control glycolytic to respiratory power output. In many cases, these potentiometers are used by influenza viruses and immune cells to support pathogenesis and the host immune response, respectively. Influenza virus infects the respiratory tract, providing a specific environmental niche, while immune cells encounter variable nutrient concentrations as they migrate in response to infection. Immune cell subsets have distinct metabolic programs that adjust to meet energetic and biosynthetic requirements to support effector functions, differentiation, and longevity in their ever-changing microenvironments. This review details how influenza coopts the host cell for metabolic reprogramming and describes the overlap of these regulatory controls in immune cells whose function and fate are dictated by metabolism. These details are contextualized with emerging evidence of the consequences of influenza-induced changes in metabolic homeostasis on disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Bahadoran
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lavanya Bezavada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Heather S Smallwood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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26
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Prestwood TR, Asgariroozbehani R, Wu S, Agarwal SM, Logan RW, Ballon JS, Hahn MK, Freyberg Z. Roles of inflammation in intrinsic pathophysiology and antipsychotic drug-induced metabolic disturbances of schizophrenia. Behav Brain Res 2021; 402:113101. [PMID: 33453341 PMCID: PMC7882027 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a debilitating psychiatric illness that remains poorly understood. While the bulk of symptomatology has classically been associated with disrupted brain functioning, accumulating evidence demonstrates that schizophrenia is characterized by systemic inflammation and disturbances in metabolism. Indeed, metabolic disease is a major determinant of the high mortality rate associated with schizophrenia. Antipsychotic drugs (APDs) have revolutionized management of psychosis, making it possible to rapidly control psychotic symptoms. This has ultimately reduced relapse rates of psychotic episodes and improved overall quality of life for people with schizophrenia. However, long-term APD use has also been associated with significant metabolic disturbances including weight gain, dysglycemia, and worsening of the underlying cardiometabolic disease intrinsic to schizophrenia. While the mechanisms for these intrinsic and medication-induced metabolic effects remain unclear, inflammation appears to play a key role. Here, we review the evidence for roles of inflammatory mechanisms in the disease features of schizophrenia and how these mechanisms interact with APD treatment. We also discuss the effects of common inflammatory mediators on metabolic disease. Then, we review the evidence of intrinsic and APD-mediated effects on systemic inflammation in schizophrenia. Finally, we speculate about possible treatment strategies. Developing an improved understanding of inflammatory processes in schizophrenia may therefore introduce new, more effective options for treating not only schizophrenia but also primary metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R Prestwood
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Roshanak Asgariroozbehani
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sally Wu
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sri Mahavir Agarwal
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Banting and Best Diabetes Centre (BBDC), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ryan W Logan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Systems Neurogenetics of Addiction, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Jacob S Ballon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Margaret K Hahn
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Banting and Best Diabetes Centre (BBDC), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Zachary Freyberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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27
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Xiao N, Nie M, Pang H, Wang B, Hu J, Meng X, Li K, Ran X, Long Q, Deng H, Chen N, Li S, Tang N, Huang A, Hu Z. Integrated cytokine and metabolite analysis reveals immunometabolic reprogramming in COVID-19 patients with therapeutic implications. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1618. [PMID: 33712622 PMCID: PMC7955129 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21907-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is a major cause of the multi-organ injury and fatal outcome induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection in severe COVID-19 patients. Metabolism can modulate the immune responses against infectious diseases, yet our understanding remains limited on how host metabolism correlates with inflammatory responses and affects cytokine release in COVID-19 patients. Here we perform both metabolomics and cytokine/chemokine profiling on serum samples from healthy controls, mild and severe COVID-19 patients, and delineate their global metabolic and immune response landscape. Correlation analyses show tight associations between metabolites and proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines, such as IL-6, M-CSF, IL-1α, IL-1β, and imply a potential regulatory crosstalk between arginine, tryptophan, purine metabolism and hyperinflammation. Importantly, we also demonstrate that targeting metabolism markedly modulates the proinflammatory cytokines release by peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from SARS-CoV-2-infected rhesus macaques ex vivo, hinting that exploiting metabolic alterations may be a potential strategy for treating fatal CRS in COVID-19. Metabolism changes can modulate immune responses in many contexts, and vice versa. Here the authors associate metabolomic, as well as cytokine and chemokine, data from stratified COVID-19 patients to find that arginine, tryptophan and purine metabolic pathways correlate with hyperproliferation, thus hinting at potential therapeutic targets for severe COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Meng Nie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Huanhuan Pang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Bohong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jieli Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangjun Meng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ke Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiaorong Ran
- Agilent Technologies (China), Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Quanxin Long
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haijun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Na Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shao Li
- Institute for TCM-X, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Division, BNRIST, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ni Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Ailong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Zeping Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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28
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Nederveen JP, Warnier G, Di Carlo A, Nilsson MI, Tarnopolsky MA. Extracellular Vesicles and Exosomes: Insights From Exercise Science. Front Physiol 2021; 11:604274. [PMID: 33597890 PMCID: PMC7882633 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.604274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The benefits of exercise on health and longevity are well-established, and evidence suggests that these effects are partially driven by a spectrum of bioactive molecules released into circulation during exercise (e.g., exercise factors or 'exerkines'). Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs), including microvesicles (MVs) and exosomes or exosome-like vesicles (ELVs), were shown to be secreted concomitantly with exerkines. These EVs have therefore been proposed to act as cargo carriers or 'mediators' of intercellular communication. Given these findings, there has been a rapidly growing interest in the role of EVs in the multi-systemic, adaptive response to exercise. This review aims to summarize our current understanding of the effects of exercise on MVs and ELVs, examine their role in the exercise response and long-term adaptations, and highlight the main methodological hurdles related to blood collection, purification, and characterization of ELVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Nederveen
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Centre (MUMC), Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Warnier
- Institut of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Alessia Di Carlo
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Centre (MUMC), Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mats I Nilsson
- Exerkine Corporation, McMaster University Medical Centre (MUMC), Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mark A Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Centre (MUMC), Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Exerkine Corporation, McMaster University Medical Centre (MUMC), Hamilton, ON, Canada
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29
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Klymenko O, Brecklinghaus T, Dille M, Springer C, de Wendt C, Altenhofen D, Binsch C, Knebel B, Scheller J, Hardt C, Herwig R, Chadt A, Pfluger PT, Al-Hasani H, Kabra DG. Histone deacetylase 5 regulates interleukin 6 secretion and insulin action in skeletal muscle. Mol Metab 2020; 42:101062. [PMID: 32771698 PMCID: PMC7481569 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Physical exercise training is associated with increased glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and improved glycemic control. HDAC5, a class IIa histone deacetylase, has been shown to regulate transcription of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter GLUT4 in cultured muscle cells. In this study, we analyzed the contribution of HDAC5 to the transcriptional network in muscle and the beneficial effect of muscle contraction and regular exercise on glucose metabolism. METHODS HDAC5 knockout mice (KO) and wild-type (WT) littermates were trained for 8 weeks on treadmills, metabolically phenotyped, and compared to sedentary controls. Hdac5-deficient skeletal muscle and cultured Hdac5-knockdown (KD) C2C12 myotubes were utilized for studies of gene expression and glucose metabolism. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) studies were conducted to analyze Il6 promoter activity using H3K9ac and HDAC5 antibodies. RESULTS Global transcriptome analysis of Hdac5 KO gastrocnemius muscle demonstrated activation of the IL-6 signaling pathway. Accordingly, knockdown of Hdac5 in C2C12 myotubes led to higher expression and secretion of IL-6 with enhanced insulin-stimulated activation of AKT that was reversed by Il6 knockdown. Moreover, Hdac5-deficient myotubes exhibited enhanced glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, and elevated expression levels of the glucose transporter GLUT4. Transcription of Il6 was further enhanced by electrical pulse stimulation in Hdac5-deficient C2C12 myotubes. ChIP identified a ∼1 kb fragment of the Il6 promoter that interacts with HDAC5 and demonstrated increased activation-associated histone marker AcH3K9 in Hdac5-deficient muscle cells. Exercise intervention of HDAC5 KO mice resulted in improved systemic glucose tolerance as compared to WT controls. CONCLUSIONS We identified HDAC5 as a negative epigenetic regulator of IL-6 synthesis and release in skeletal muscle. HDAC5 may exert beneficial effects through two different mechanisms, transcriptional control of genes required for glucose disposal and utilization, and HDAC5-dependent IL-6 signaling cross-talk to improve glucose uptake in muscle in response to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksiy Klymenko
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Medical faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tim Brecklinghaus
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Medical faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Dille
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Medical faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Springer
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Medical faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian de Wendt
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Medical faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Delsi Altenhofen
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Medical faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Binsch
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Medical faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Birgit Knebel
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Medical faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Scheller
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Heinrich Heine University, Medical faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christopher Hardt
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Herwig
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Chadt
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Medical faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Paul T Pfluger
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany; Research Unit Neurobiology of Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Hadi Al-Hasani
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Medical faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Dhiraj G Kabra
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Medical faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
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30
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Batista TM, Jayavelu AK, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Iovino S, Lebastchi J, Pan H, Dreyfuss JM, Krook A, Zierath JR, Mann M, Kahn CR. A Cell-Autonomous Signature of Dysregulated Protein Phosphorylation Underlies Muscle Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes. Cell Metab 2020; 32:844-859.e5. [PMID: 32888406 PMCID: PMC7875546 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle insulin resistance is the earliest defect in type 2 diabetes (T2D), preceding and predicting disease development. To what extent this reflects a primary defect or is secondary to tissue cross talk due to changes in hormones or circulating metabolites is unknown. To address this question, we have developed an in vitro disease-in-a-dish model using iPS cells from T2D patients differentiated into myoblasts (iMyos). We find that T2D iMyos in culture exhibit multiple defects mirroring human disease, including an altered insulin signaling, decreased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, and reduced mitochondrial oxidation. More strikingly, global phosphoproteomic analysis reveals a multidimensional network of signaling defects in T2D iMyos going beyond the canonical insulin-signaling cascade, including proteins involved in regulation of Rho GTPases, mRNA splicing and/or processing, vesicular trafficking, gene transcription, and chromatin remodeling. These cell-autonomous defects and the dysregulated network of protein phosphorylation reveal a new dimension in the cellular mechanisms underlying the fundamental defects in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago M Batista
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar Jayavelu
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Salvatore Iovino
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jasmin Lebastchi
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Hui Pan
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jonathan M Dreyfuss
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Anna Krook
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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31
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Kaur M, Kumar A, Siddaraju NK, Fairoze MN, Chhabra P, Ahlawat S, Vijh RK, Yadav A, Arora R. Differential expression of miRNAs in skeletal muscles of Indian sheep with diverse carcass and muscle traits. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16332. [PMID: 33004825 PMCID: PMC7529745 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73071-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The study presents the miRNA profiles of two Indian sheep populations with divergent carcass and muscle traits. The RNA sequencing of longissimus thoracis muscles from the two populations revealed a total of 400 known miRNAs. Myomirs or miRNAs specific to skeletal muscles identified in our data included oar-miR-1, oar-miR-133b, oar-miR-206 and oar-miR-486. Comparison of the two populations led to identification of 100 differentially expressed miRNAs (p < 0.05). A total of 45 miRNAs exhibited a log2 fold change of ≥ ( ±) 3.0. Gene Ontology analysis revealed cell proliferation, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, apoptosis, immune response and cell differentiation as the most significant functions of the differentially expressed miRNAs. The differential expression of some miRNAs was validated by qRT-PCR analysis. Enriched pathways included metabolism of proteins and lipids, PI3K-Akt, EGFR and cellular response to stress. The microRNA-gene interaction network revealed miR-21, miR-155, miR-143, miR-221 and miR-23a as the nodal miRNAs, with multiple targets. MicroRNA-21 formed the focal point of the network with 42 interactions. The hub miRNAs identified in our study form putative regulatory candidates for future research on meat quality traits in Indian sheep. Our results provide insight into the biological pathways and regulatory molecules implicated in muscling traits of sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Kaur
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India.,Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, 136119, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India.,Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, 136119, India
| | | | | | - Pooja Chhabra
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Sonika Ahlawat
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar Vijh
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Anita Yadav
- Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, 136119, India
| | - Reena Arora
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India.
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32
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Patsalos O, Dalton B, Himmerich H. Effects of IL-6 Signaling Pathway Inhibition on Weight and BMI: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6290. [PMID: 32878032 PMCID: PMC7504579 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of the IL-6 signaling pathway, such as tocilizumab, are frequently administered for the treatment of immune diseases, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis and multicentric Castleman's disease. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to ascertain the effects of IL-6 pathway inhibitors on weight and body mass index (BMI). Using PRISMA guidelines, we systematically reviewed relevant articles from three databases (PubMed, OVID, EMBASE). A random effects model was used to estimate standardized mean change (SMCC). Ten studies with a total of 1531 patients were included in the meta-analysis for weight and ten studies with a total of 1537 patients were included in the BMI meta-analysis. The most commonly administered IL-6 pathway inhibitor was tocilizumab. IL-6 pathway inhibitors were associated with increases in weight (SMCC = 0.09, p = 0.016, 95% CI [0.03, 0.14]) and BMI (SMCC = 0.10, p = 0.0001, 95% CI [0.05, 0.15]). These findings suggest that the IL-6 pathway is involved in weight regulation. Modulating IL-6 signaling may be a potential future therapeutic avenue used as an adjunct for the treatment of disorders associated with weight changes, such as cancer cachexia and anorexia nervosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Patsalos
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (O.P.); (B.D.)
| | - Bethan Dalton
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (O.P.); (B.D.)
| | - Hubertus Himmerich
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (O.P.); (B.D.)
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 8AZ, UK
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33
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Guo A, Li K, Xiao Q. Sarcopenic obesity: Myokines as potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets? Exp Gerontol 2020; 139:111022. [PMID: 32707318 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is a condition characterized by the occurrence of both sarcopenia and obesity and imposes a heavy burden on the health of the elderly. Controversies and challenges regarding the definition, diagnosis and treatment of SO still remain because of its complex pathogenesis and limitations. Over the past few decades, numerous studies have revealed that myokines secreted from skeletal muscle play significant roles in the regulation of muscle mass and function as well as metabolic homeostasis. Abnormalities in myokines may trigger and promote the pathogenesis underlying age-related and metabolic diseases, including obesity, sarcopenia, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and SO. This review mainly focuses on the role of myokines as potential biomarkers for the early diagnosis and therapeutic targets in SO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Guo
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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34
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Raudenska M, Gumulec J, Balvan J, Masarik M. Caveolin-1 in oncogenic metabolic symbiosis. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:1793-1807. [PMID: 32196654 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic phenotypes of cancer cells are heterogeneous and flexible as a tumor mass is a hurriedly evolving system capable of constant adaptation to oxygen and nutrient availability. The exact type of cancer metabolism arises from the combined effects of factors intrinsic to the cancer cells and factors proposed by the tumor microenvironment. As a result, a condition termed oncogenic metabolic symbiosis in which components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) promote tumor growth often occurs. Understanding how oncogenic metabolic symbiosis emerges and evolves is crucial for perceiving tumorigenesis. The process by which tumor cells reprogram their TME involves many mechanisms, including changes in intercellular communication, alterations in metabolic phenotypes of TME cells, and rearrangement of the extracellular matrix. It is possible that one molecule with a pleiotropic effect such as Caveolin-1 may affect many of these pathways. Here, we discuss the significance of Caveolin-1 in establishing metabolic symbiosis in TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Raudenska
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromir Gumulec
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Balvan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Masarik
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
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35
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Ahn N, Kim K. Effects of Aerobic and Resistance Exercise on Myokines in High Fat Diet-Induced Middle-Aged Obese Rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17082685. [PMID: 32295130 PMCID: PMC7215661 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on myokines expression in the skeletal muscle of middle-aged rats with high fat diet-induced obesity, to investigate the feasibility of using exercise training to reduce inflammation. Male 50-week-old Sprague Dawley rats were divided into normal diet, normal diet + exercise, high fat diet, and high fat diet + exercise groups. After six weeks on a high fat diet to induce obesity, a 12-week exercise program was implemented, which combined aerobic exercise (treadmill running) and resistance exercise (ladder climbing) three times a week for 75 min per session. We analyzed the protein levels of interleukins (IL) 6, 7, and 8, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 2, and vascular endothelial growth factor in skeletal muscles by western blotting. Body weight decreased significantly during the 12-week exercise program in the exercise groups compared to the non-exercise groups (p < 0.05). The levels of all myokines analyzed were significantly lower in the skeletal muscle of the high fat diet group compared to the normal diet group (p < 0.05). After completing the 12-week exercise program, IL-7, IL-8, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 2, and vascular endothelial growth factor expressions were significantly higher in the high fat diet + exercise group compared to the high fat diet group (p < 0.05). However, while IL-6 expression was significantly lower in the high fat diet and high fat diet + exercise groups compared to the normal diet group (p < 0.05), it was not significantly affected by exercise. In conclusion, high fat diet-induced obesity resulted in decreased myokines in the skeletal muscles, but combined exercise training of aerobic and resistance exercise increased myokines secretion in the skeletal muscle of obese rats, and is thought to help reduce inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kijin Kim
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-580-5256
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36
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Garneau L, Parsons SA, Smith SR, Mulvihill EE, Sparks LM, Aguer C. Plasma Myokine Concentrations After Acute Exercise in Non-obese and Obese Sedentary Women. Front Physiol 2020; 11:18. [PMID: 32132925 PMCID: PMC7040180 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise and physical activity levels influence myokine release from skeletal muscle and contribute to circulating concentrations. Indeed, many myokines, including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-15, secreted protein acidic rich in cysteine (SPARC), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 are higher in the circulation after an exercise bout. Since these peptides modulate muscle metabolism and can also be targeted toward other tissues to induce adaptations to energy demand, they are of great interest regarding metabolic diseases. Therefore, we set out to compare, in six women with obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) and five healthy women (BMI 22–29.9 kg/m2), the effect of an acute bout of moderate-intensity, continuous cycling exercise (60 min, 60% VO2peak) on the release of myokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, IL-15, SPARC, and FGF21) in plasma for a 24-h time course. We found that plasma IL-8 and SPARC levels were reduced in the group of women with obesity, whereas plasma IL-13 concentrations were elevated in comparison to non-obese women both before and after the exercise bout. We also found that plasma FGF21 concentration during the 24 h following the bout of exercise was regulated differently in the non-obese in comparison to obese women. Plasma concentrations of FGF21, IL-6, IL-8, IL-15, and IL-18 were regulated by acute exercise. Our results confirm the results of others concerning exercise regulation of circulating myokines while providing insight into the time course of myokine release in circulation after an acute exercise bout and the differences in circulating myokines after exercise in women with or without obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Garneau
- Institut du Savoir Montfort, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Stephanie A Parsons
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Steven R Smith
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Erin E Mulvihill
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Energy Substrate Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Lauren M Sparks
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Céline Aguer
- Institut du Savoir Montfort, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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37
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Méndez-García LA, Cid-Soto M, Aguayo-Guerrero JA, Carrero-Aguirre M, Trejo-Millán F, Islas-Andrade S, Fragoso JM, Olivos-García A, Escobedo G. Low Serum Interleukin-6 Is a Differential Marker of Obesity-Related Metabolic Dysfunction in Women and Men. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2020; 40:131-138. [PMID: 31944871 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2019.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is scant information regarding the role of interleukin (IL)-6 in obesity-related metabolic dysfunction in humans. Thus, we studied the serum levels of IL-6 in normal weight, overweight, and obese subjects, and examined associations of IL-6 with hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and systemic inflammation. One hundred three women and men were included in the study. Anthropometric parameters, blood glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, and triglycerides were measured. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-10, and IL-6 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a 2.5-fold significant decrease in serum IL-6 in overweight and obese individuals when compared with normal weight controls. Serum IL-6 exhibited significant inverse correlations with body mass index (r = -0.39/P < 0.0001), waist circumference (r = -0.42/P < 0.001), blood glucose (r = -0.40/P < 0.0001), triglycerides (r = -0.34/P < 0.0001), and TNF-alpha (r = -0.48/P < 0.0001), whereas a strongly positive correlation was found with IL-10 (r = 0.77/P < 0.0001). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that behavior of IL-6 was mainly influenced by IL-10 (beta = 0.28/P = 1.95 × 10-6), TNF-alpha (beta = -0.67/P = 0.0017), and body fat percentage (beta = -5.95/P = 7.67 × 10-5) in women. In contrast, IL-10 (beta = 0.37/P = 1.34 × 10-9), TNF-alpha (beta = -0.85/P = 0.0005), and triglycerides (beta = 1.07/P = 0.0007) were major influencing factors of IL-6 in men. This study demonstrates that IL-6 is a marker of metabolic dysfunction that is differentially regulated in obese women and men. [Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia A Méndez-García
- Laboratory for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Research Division, General Hospital of Mexico "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga," Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel Cid-Soto
- Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, SS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José A Aguayo-Guerrero
- Laboratory for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Research Division, General Hospital of Mexico "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga," Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel Carrero-Aguirre
- Laboratory for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Research Division, General Hospital of Mexico "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga," Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fernanda Trejo-Millán
- Laboratory for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Research Division, General Hospital of Mexico "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga," Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sergio Islas-Andrade
- Laboratory for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Research Division, General Hospital of Mexico "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga," Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José M Fragoso
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Olivos-García
- Unit of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, General Hospital of Mexico "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga," Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Galileo Escobedo
- Laboratory for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Research Division, General Hospital of Mexico "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga," Mexico City, Mexico
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38
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Lee HJ, Moon J, Chung I, Chung JH, Park C, Lee JO, Han JA, Kang MJ, Yoo EH, Kwak SY, Jo G, Park W, Park J, Kim KM, Lim S, Ngoei KRW, Ling NXY, Oakhill JS, Galic S, Murray-Segal L, Kemp BE, Mantzoros CS, Krauss RM, Shin MJ, Kim HS. ATP synthase inhibitory factor 1 (IF1), a novel myokine, regulates glucose metabolism by AMPK and Akt dual pathways. FASEB J 2019; 33:14825-14840. [PMID: 31670977 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901440rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
ATPase inhibitory factor 1 (IF1) is an ATP synthase-interacting protein that suppresses the hydrolysis activity of ATP synthase. In this study, we observed that the expression of IF1 was up-regulated in response to electrical pulse stimulation of skeletal muscle cells and in exercized mice and healthy men. IF1 stimulates glucose uptake via AMPK in skeletal muscle cells and primary cultured myoblasts. Reactive oxygen species and Rac family small GTPase 1 (Rac1) function in the upstream and downstream of AMPK, respectively, in IF1-mediated glucose uptake. In diabetic animal models, the administration of recombinant IF1 improved glucose tolerance and down-regulated blood glucose level. In addition, IF1 inhibits ATP hydrolysis by β-F1-ATPase in plasma membrane, thereby increasing extracellular ATP and activating the protein kinase B (Akt) pathway, ultimately leading to glucose uptake. Thus, we suggest that IF1 is a novel myokine and propose a mechanism by which AMPK and Akt contribute independently to IF1-mediated improvement of glucose tolerance impairment. These results demonstrate the importance of IF1 as a potential antidiabetic agent.-Lee, H. J., Moon, J., Chung, I., Chung, J. H., Park, C., Lee, J. O., Han, J. A., Kang, M. J., Yoo, E. H., Kwak, S.-Y., Jo, G., Park, W., Park, J., Kim, K. M., Lim, S., Ngoei, K. R. W., Ling, N. X. Y., Oakhill, J. S., Galic, S., Murray-Segal, L., Kemp, B. E., Mantzoros, C. S., Krauss, R. M., Shin, M.-J., Kim, H. S. ATP synthase inhibitory factor 1 (IF1), a novel myokine, regulates glucose metabolism by AMPK and Akt dual pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jeong Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jiyoung Moon
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Metabolism, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - InHyeok Chung
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyung Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, Pocheon, South Korea
| | - Chan Park
- Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, Pocheon, South Korea
| | - Jung Ok Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Ah Han
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min Ju Kang
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Hye Yoo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - So-Young Kwak
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Garam Jo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wonil Park
- Department of Physical Education, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jonghoon Park
- Department of Physical Education, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyoung Min Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Kevin R W Ngoei
- Protein Chemistry and Metabolism, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Naomi X Y Ling
- Metabolic Signaling Laboratory, St Vincenf's Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan S Oakhill
- Metabolic Signaling Laboratory, St Vincenf's Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sandra Galic
- Protein Chemistry and Metabolism, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa Murray-Segal
- Protein Chemistry and Metabolism, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bruce E Kemp
- Protein Chemistry and Metabolism, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center-Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ronald M Krauss
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Min-Jeong Shin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeon Soo Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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39
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Chen Y, Yu CY, Deng WM. The role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in lipid metabolism of metabolic diseases. Int Rev Immunol 2019; 38:249-266. [PMID: 31353985 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2019.1645138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue has been considered as a crucial source of certain pro-inflammatory cytokines; conversely, these pro-inflammatory cytokines are involved in regulating the proliferation and apoptosis of adipocytes, promoting lipolysis, inhibiting lipid synthesis and decreasing blood lipids, etc. In recent decades, extensive studies have indicated that pro-inflammatory cytokines play important roles in the development of lipid metabolism of metabolic diseases, including obesity, atherosclerosis, steatohepatitis and hyperlipoproteinemia. However, the involved pro-inflammatory cytokines types and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. The "re-discovery" of cancer as a metabolic disorder largely occurred in the last five years. Although pro-inflammatory cytokines have been intensively investigated in cancer research, there are very few studies about the roles of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lipid metabolism of cancer. In the current review, we provide an overview of the progress that has been made in the roles of different pro-inflammatory cytokines in lipid metabolism of metabolic diseases including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Diseases and Microenvironment of Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chun-Yan Yu
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Diseases and Microenvironment of Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei-Min Deng
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Diseases and Microenvironment of Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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40
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Aoi W, Hirano N, Lassiter DG, Björnholm M, Chibalin AV, Sakuma K, Tanimura Y, Mizushima K, Takagi T, Naito Y, Zierath JR, Krook A. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) improves glucose tolerance via AMP-activated protein kinase activation. FASEB J 2019; 33:10551-10562. [PMID: 31225998 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900453r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
During exercise, skeletal muscles release cytokines, peptides, and metabolites that exert autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine effects on glucose homeostasis. In this study, we investigated the effects of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), an exercise-responsive myokine, on glucose metabolism in human and mouse skeletal muscle. SPARC-knockout mice showed impaired systemic metabolism and reduced phosphorylation of AMPK and protein kinase B in skeletal muscle. Treatment of SPARC-knockout mice with recombinant SPARC improved glucose tolerance and concomitantly activated AMPK in skeletal muscle. These effects were dependent on AMPK-γ3 because SPARC treatment enhanced skeletal muscle glucose uptake in wild-type mice but not in AMPK-γ3-knockout mice. SPARC strongly interacted with the voltage-dependent calcium channel, and inhibition of calcium-dependent signaling prevented SPARC-induced AMPK phosphorylation in human and mouse myotubes. Finally, chronic SPARC treatment improved systemic glucose tolerance and AMPK signaling in skeletal muscle of high-fat diet-induced obese mice, highlighting the efficacy of SPARC treatment in the management of metabolic diseases. Thus, our findings suggest that SPARC treatment mimics the effects of exercise on glucose tolerance by enhancing AMPK-dependent glucose uptake in skeletal muscle.-Aoi, W., Hirano, N., Lassiter, D. G., Björnholm, M., Chibalin, A. V., Sakuma, K., Tanimura, Y., Mizushima, K., Takagi, T., Naito, Y., Zierath, J. R., Krook, A. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) improves glucose tolerance via AMP-activated protein kinase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Aoi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nariyuki Hirano
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - David G Lassiter
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Björnholm
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander V Chibalin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kunihiro Sakuma
- Institute for Liberal Arts, School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Tanimura
- Faculty of Human, Aichi-Toho University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Katsura Mizushima
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Takagi
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Naito
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Krook
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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41
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The role of interleukin-6 in glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. Semin Immunopathol 2019; 41:491-499. [PMID: 31101976 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-019-00747-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Low-grade inflammation is recognized as an important factor in the development and progression of a multitude of diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. The potential of using antibody-based therapies that neutralize key players of low-grade inflammation has gained scientific momentum as a novel therapeutic strategy in metabolic diseases. As interleukin-6 (IL-6) is traditionally considered a key pro-inflammatory factor, the potential of expanding the use of anti-IL-6 therapies to metabolic diseases is intriguing. However, IL-6 is a molecule of a very pleiotropic nature that regulates many aspects of not only inflammation but also metabolism. In this review, we give a brief overview of the pro- and anti-inflammatory aspects of IL-6 and provide an update on its role in metabolic regulation, with a specific focus on glucose homeostasis and adipose tissue metabolism. Finally, we shall discuss the metabolic implications and clinical potential of blocking IL-6 signaling, focusing on glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism.
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42
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Moresi V, Adamo S, Berghella L. The JAK/STAT Pathway in Skeletal Muscle Pathophysiology. Front Physiol 2019; 10:500. [PMID: 31114509 PMCID: PMC6502894 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway is a key intracellular mediator of a variety of metabolically relevant hormones and cytokines, including the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family of cytokines. The JAK/STAT pathway transmits extracellular signals to the nucleus, leading to the transcription of genes involved in multiple biological activities. The JAK/STAT pathway has been reported to be required for the homeostasis of different tissues and organs. Indeed, when deregulated, it promotes the initiation and progression of pathological conditions, including cancer, obesity, diabetes, and other metabolic diseases. In skeletal muscle, activation of the JAK/STAT pathway by the IL-6 cytokines accounts for opposite effects: on the one hand, it promotes muscle hypertrophy, by increasing the proliferation of satellite cells; on the other hand, it contributes to muscle wasting. The expression of IL-6 and of key members of the JAK/STAT pathway is regulated at the epigenetic level through histone methylation and histone acetylation mechanisms. Thus, manipulation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway by specific inhibitors and/or drugs that modulate epigenetics is a promising therapeutic intervention for the treatment of numerous diseases. We focus this review on the JAK/STAT pathway functions in striated muscle pathophysiology and the potential role of IL-6 as an effector of the cross talk between skeletal muscle and other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Moresi
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, DAHFMO, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Adamo
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, DAHFMO, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Rome, Italy
| | - Libera Berghella
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, DAHFMO, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.,Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
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43
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Garneau L, Aguer C. Role of myokines in the development of skeletal muscle insulin resistance and related metabolic defects in type 2 diabetes. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2019; 45:505-516. [PMID: 30844447 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Due to its mass, skeletal muscle is the major site of glucose uptake and an important tissue in the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Muscles of patients with T2D are affected with insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction, which result in impaired glucose and fatty acid metabolism. A well-established method of managing the muscle metabolic defects occurring in T2D is physical exercise. During exercise, muscles contract and secrete factors called myokines which can act in an autocrine/paracrine fashion to improve muscle energy metabolism. In patients with T2D, plasma levels as well as muscle levels (mRNA and protein) of some myokines are upregulated, while others are downregulated. The signalling pathways of certain myokines are also altered in skeletal muscle of patients with T2D. Taken together, these findings suggest that myokine secretion is an important factor contributing to the development of muscle metabolic defects during T2D. It is also of interest considering that lack of physical activity is closely linked to the occurrence of this disease. The causal relationships between sedentary behavior, factors secreted by skeletal muscle at rest and during contraction and the development of T2D remain to be elucidated. Many myokines shown to influence muscle energy metabolism still have not been characterized in the context of T2D in skeletal muscle specifically. The purpose of this review is to highlight what is known and what remains to be determined regarding myokine secretion in patients with T2D to uncover potential therapeutic targets for the management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Garneau
- University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada; Institut du Savoir Montfort - recherche, Ottawa, ON, K1K 0T2, Canada
| | - C Aguer
- University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada; Institut du Savoir Montfort - recherche, Ottawa, ON, K1K 0T2, Canada.
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Lee JH, Jun HS. Role of Myokines in Regulating Skeletal Muscle Mass and Function. Front Physiol 2019; 10:42. [PMID: 30761018 PMCID: PMC6363662 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength has recently become a hot research topic with the extension of life span and an increasingly sedentary lifestyle in modern society. Maintenance of skeletal muscle mass is considered an essential determinant of muscle strength and function. Myokines are cytokines synthesized and released by myocytes during muscular contractions. They are implicated in autocrine regulation of metabolism in the muscle as well as in the paracrine/endocrine regulation of other tissues and organs including adipose tissue, the liver, and the brain through their receptors. Till date, secretome analysis of human myocyte culture medium has revealed over 600 myokines. In this review article, we summarize our current knowledge of major identified and characterized myokines focusing on their biological activity and function, particularly in muscle mass and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Han Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea.,Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hee-Sook Jun
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea.,Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea.,Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon Medical and Convergence Institute, Incheon, South Korea
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Wu Y, Han M, Wang Y, Gao Y, Cui X, Xu P, Ji C, Zhong T, You L, Zeng Y. A Comparative Peptidomic Characterization of Cultured Skeletal Muscle Tissues Derived From db/db Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:741. [PMID: 31736878 PMCID: PMC6828820 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As an important secretory organ, skeletal muscle has drawn attention as a potential target tissue for type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM). Recent peptidomics approaches have been applied to identify secreted peptides with potential bioactive. However, comprehensive analysis of the secreted peptides from skeletal muscle tissues of db/db mice and elucidation of their possible roles in insulin resistance remains poorly characterized. Here, we adopted a label-free discovery using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technology and identified 63 peptides (42 up-regulated peptides and 21 down-regulated peptides) differentially secreted from cultured skeletal muscle tissues of db/db mice. Analysis of relative molecular mass (Mr), isoelectric point (pI) and distribution of Mr vs pI of differentially secreted peptides presented the general feature. Furthermore, Gene ontology (GO) and pathway analyses for the parent proteins made a comprehensive functional assessment of these differential peptides, indicating the enrichment in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and striated muscle contraction processes. Intercellular location analysis pointed out most precursor proteins of peptides were cytoplasmic or cytoskeletal. Additionally, cleavage site analysis revealed that Lysine (N-terminal)-Alanine (C-terminal) and Lysine (N-terminal)-Leucine (C-terminal) represents the preferred cleavage sites for identified peptides and proceeding peptides respectively. Mapped to the precursors' sequences, most identified peptides were observed cleaved from creatine kinase m-type (KCRM) and fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A (Aldo A). Based on UniProt and Pfam database for specific domain structure or motif, 44 peptides out of total were positioned in the functional motif or domain from their parent proteins. Using C2C12 myotubes as cell model in vitro, we found several candidate peptides displayed promotive or inhibitory effects on insulin and mitochondrial-related pathways by an autocrine manner. Taken together, this study will encourage us to investigate the biologic functions and the potential regulatory mechanism of these secreted peptides from skeletal muscle tissues, thus representing a promising strategy to treat insulin resistance as well as the associated metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Wu
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
- Affiliated Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nantong University, NanTong, China
| | - Mei Han
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | - Yao Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianwei Cui
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | - Chenbo Ji
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | - Tianying Zhong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | - Lianghui You
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Lianghui You
| | - Yu Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
- Yu Zeng
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Nylén C, Aoi W, Abdelmoez AM, Lassiter DG, Lundell LS, Wallberg-Henriksson H, Näslund E, Pillon NJ, Krook A. IL6 and LIF mRNA expression in skeletal muscle is regulated by AMPK and the transcription factors NFYC, ZBTB14, and SP1. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E995-E1004. [PMID: 29688769 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00398.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) controls glucose and lipid metabolism and modulates inflammatory responses to maintain metabolic and inflammatory homeostasis during low cellular energy levels. The AMPK activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-4-ribofuranoside (AICAR) interferes with inflammatory pathways in skeletal muscle, but the mechanisms are undefined. We hypothesized that AMPK activation reduces cytokine mRNA levels by blocking transcription through one or several transcription factors. Three skeletal muscle models were used to study AMPK effects on cytokine mRNA: human skeletal muscle strips obtained from healthy men incubated in vitro, primary human muscle cells, and rat L6 cells. In all three skeletal muscle systems, AICAR acutely reduced cytokine mRNA levels. In L6 myotubes treated with the transcriptional blocker actinomycin D, AICAR addition did not further reduce Il6 or leukemia inhibitory factor ( Lif) mRNA, suggesting that AICAR modulates cytokine expression through regulating transcription rather than mRNA stability. A cross-species bioinformatic approach identified novel transcription factors that may regulate LIF and IL6 mRNA. The involvement of these transcription factors was studied after targeted gene-silencing by siRNA. siRNA silencing of the transcription factors nuclear transcription factor Y subunit c ( Nfyc), specificity protein 1 ( Sp1), and zinc finger and BTB domain containing 14 ( Zbtb14), or AMPK α1/α2 subunits, increased constitutive levels of Il6 and Lif. Our results identify novel candidates in the regulation of skeletal muscle cytokine expression and identify AMPK, Nfyc, Sp1, and Zbtb14 as novel regulators of immunometabolic signals from skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Nylén
- Integrative Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Wataru Aoi
- Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences Kyoto Prefectural University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Ahmed M Abdelmoez
- Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - David G Lassiter
- Integrative Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Leonidas S Lundell
- Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Harriet Wallberg-Henriksson
- Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Erik Näslund
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Nicolas J Pillon
- Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Anna Krook
- Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
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Zhang S, Carriere J, Lin X, Xie N, Feng P. Interplay between Cellular Metabolism and Cytokine Responses during Viral Infection. Viruses 2018; 10:v10100521. [PMID: 30249998 PMCID: PMC6213852 DOI: 10.3390/v10100521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolism and immune responses are two fundamental biological processes that serve to protect hosts from viral infection. As obligate intracellular pathogens, viruses have evolved diverse strategies to activate metabolism, while inactivating immune responses to achieve maximal reproduction or persistence within their hosts. The two-way virus-host interaction with metabolism and immune responses choreograph cytokine production via reprogramming metabolism of infected cells/hosts. In return, cytokines can affect the metabolism of virus-infected and bystander cells to impede viral replication processes. This review aims to summarize our current understanding of the cross-talk between metabolic reprogramming and cytokine responses, and to highlight future potential research topics. Although the focus is placed on viral pathogens, relevant findings from other microbes are integrated to provide an overall picture, particularly when corresponding information on viral infection is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhang
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA.
| | - Jessica Carriere
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA.
| | - Xiaoxi Lin
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA.
| | - Na Xie
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA.
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA.
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Xu Y, Zhang Y, Ye J. IL-6: A Potential Role in Cardiac Metabolic Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092474. [PMID: 30134607 PMCID: PMC6164544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is implicated in multiple biological functions including immunity, neural development, and haematopoiesis. Recently, mounting evidence indicates that IL-6 plays a key role in metabolism, especially lipid metabolic homeostasis. A working heart requires a high and constant energy input which is largely generated by fatty acid (FA) β-oxidation. Under pathological conditions, the precise balance between cardiac FA uptake and metabolism is perturbed so that excessive FA is accumulated, thereby predisposing to myocardial dysfunction (cardiac lipotoxicity). In this review, we summarize the current evidence that suggests the involvement of IL-6 in lipid metabolism. Cardiac metabolic features and consequences of myocardial lipotoxicity are also briefly analyzed. Finally, the roles of IL-6 in cardiac FA uptake (i.e., serum lipid profile and myocardial FA transporters) and FA metabolism (namely, β-oxidation, mitochondrial function, biogenesis, and FA de novo synthesis) are discussed. Overall, understanding how IL-6 transmits signals to affect lipid metabolism in the heart might allow for development of better clinical therapies for obesity-associated cardiac lipotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitao Xu
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W120NN, UK.
| | - Yubin Zhang
- State Key laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210006, China.
| | - Junmei Ye
- State Key laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210006, China.
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IL-6 signalling pathways and the development of type 2 diabetes. Inflammopharmacology 2018; 26:685-698. [PMID: 29508109 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-018-0458-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 6 (IL-6), a multifunctional cytokine, has been implicated in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The elevated circulating level of IL-6 is an independent predictor of T2D and is considered to be involved in the development of inflammation, insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction. On the other hand, an increasing number of evidence suggests that IL-6 has an anti-inflammatory role and improves glucose metabolism. The complex signal transduction mechanism of IL-6 may help explain the pleiotropic nature of the cytokine. IL-6 acts via two distinct signalling pathways called classic signalling and trans-signalling. While both signalling modes lead to activation of the same receptor subunit, their final biological effects are completely different. The aim of this review is to summarize our current knowledge about the role of IL-6 in the development of T2D. We will also discuss the importance of specific blockade of IL-6 trans-signalling rather than inhibiting both signalling pathways as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of T2D and its associated macrovascular complications.
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Alikhah A, Pahlevan Kakhki M, Ahmadi A, Dehghanzad R, Boroumand MA, Behmanesh M. The role of lnc-DC long non-coding RNA and SOCS1 in the regulation of STAT3 in coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Complications 2018; 32:258-265. [PMID: 29398326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Coronary artery disease (CAD) can be classified as an inflammatory disease, which affected by type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Elevated levels of many inflammatory molecules were found in the serum of patients with CAD. STAT3 molecule as a transcription factor plays an important role in the cytokines expression. Here, we examined the expression levels of STAT3 and its important regulatory genes lnc-DC and SOCS1, in patients with CAD and T2DM. METHODS Blood samples were obtained from 37 CAD+ and 36 CAD- patients. These patients were enrolled in this study based on angiography findings and categorized based on T2DM status. The expression levels of STAT3, lnc-DC and SOCS1 genes were examined with Real time PCR method. RESULTS A significant increase was observed in expression of STAT3 and lnc-DC genes but not SOCS1 in CAD+ versus CAD- patients. These results replicated partially in some groups categorized based on T2DM and CAD status. However, severity of CAD had no effect on expressions of these genes. Moreover, we found some significant correlations between expressions of lnc-DC with SOCS1 and STAT3, which confirmed by in silico analysis. CONCLUSION Our results shed further light to the inflammatory aspects of CAD and T2DM with emphasis to JAK/STAT pathway and the regulatory role of long non-coding RNAs in the physiopathology of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asieh Alikhah
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Pahlevan Kakhki
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossain Ahmadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Dehghanzad
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mehrdad Behmanesh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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