1
|
Burcher JT, DeLiberto LK, Allen AM, Kilpatrick KL, Bishayee A. Bioactive phytocompounds for oral cancer prevention and treatment: A comprehensive and critical evaluation. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:2025-2085. [PMID: 37143373 DOI: 10.1002/med.21969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The high incidence of oral cancer combined with excessive treatment cost underscores the need for novel oral cancer preventive and therapeutic options. The value of natural agents, including plant secondary metabolites (phytochemicals), in preventing carcinogenesis and representing expansive source of anticancer drugs have been established. While fragmentary research data are available on antioral cancer effects of phytochemicals, a comprehensive and critical evaluation of the potential of these agents for the prevention and intervention of human oral malignancies has not been conducted according to our knowledge. This study presents a complete and critical analysis of current preclinical and clinical results on the prevention and treatment of oral cancer using phytochemicals. Our in-depth analysis highlights anticancer effects of various phytochemicals, such as phenolics, terpenoids, alkaloids, and sulfur-containing compounds, against numerous oral cancer cells and/or in vivo oral cancer models by antiproliferative, proapoptotic, cell cycle-regulatory, antiinvasive, antiangiogenic, and antimetastatic effects. Bioactive phytochemicals exert their antineoplastic effects by modulating various signaling pathways, specifically involving the epidermal growth factor receptor, cytokine receptors, toll-like receptors, and tumor necrosis factor receptor and consequently alter the expression of downstream genes and proteins. Interestingly, phytochemicals demonstrate encouraging effects in clinical trials, such as reduction of oral lesion size, cell growth, pain score, and development of new lesions. While most phytochemicals displayed minimal toxicity, concerns with bioavailability may limit their clinical application. Future directions for research include more in-depth mechanistic in vivo studies, administration of phytochemicals using novel formulations, investigation of phytocompounds as adjuvants to conventional treatment, and randomized clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack T Burcher
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, Florida, USA
| | - Lindsay K DeLiberto
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, Florida, USA
| | - Andrea M Allen
- School of Dental Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, Florida, USA
| | - Kaitlyn L Kilpatrick
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, Florida, USA
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lee CY. Effects of dietary vitamins on obesity-related metabolic parameters. J Nutr Sci 2023; 12:e47. [PMID: 37123391 PMCID: PMC10131053 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2023.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Genetic factors, some underlying medical conditions, and obesity are risk factors of T2DM. Unlike other risk factors which are non-modifiable, obesity is preventable and usually treatable, and is largely contributed by lifestyle factors. Management of these lifestyle factors may curb the development of T2DM and reduces T2DM prevalence. Dietary vitamins have been recommended as a lifestyle modification intervention to support obesity treatment. Vitamins correlate negatively with body weight, body mass index and body composition. Some of the vitamins may also have anti-adipogenic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. However, results from pre-clinical and clinical studies of the effects of vitamins on obesity are inconsistent. A clear understanding of the effects of vitamins on obesity will help determine dietary intervention that is truly effective in preventing and treating obesity as well as obesity-related complications including T2DM. This article reviews existing evidences of the effects of vitamin supplementation on obesity and obesity-related metabolic status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chooi Yeng Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia
- Corresponding author: Chooi Yeng Lee, email
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Carotenoids, β-Apocarotenoids, and Retinoids: The Long and the Short of It. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071411. [PMID: 35406024 PMCID: PMC9003029 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring retinoids (retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, retinyl esters) are a subclass of β-apocarotenoids, defined by the length of the polyene side chain. Provitamin A carotenoids are metabolically converted to retinal (β-apo-15-carotenal) by the enzyme β-carotene-15,15′-dioxygenase (BCO1) that catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of the central C=C double bond. A second enzyme β-carotene-9′-10′-dioxygenase cleaves the 9′,10′ bond to yield β-apo-10′-carotenal and β-ionone. Chemical oxidation of the other double bonds leads to the generation of other β-apocarotenals. Like retinal, some of these β-apocarotenals are metabolically oxidized to the corresponding β-apocarotenoic acids or reduced to the β-apocarotenols, which in turn are esterified to β-apocarotenyl esters. Other metabolic fates such as 5,6-epoxidation also occur as for retinoids. Whether the same enzymes are involved remains to be understood. β-Apocarotenoids occur naturally in plant-derived foods and, therefore, are present in the diet of animals and humans. However, the levels of apocarotenoids are relatively low, compared with those of the parent carotenoids. Moreover, human studies show that there is little intestinal absorption of intact β-apocarotenoids. It is possible that they are generated in vivo under conditions of oxidative stress. The β-apocarotenoids are structural analogs of the naturally occurring retinoids. As such, they may modulate retinoid metabolism and signaling. In deed, those closest in size to the C-20 retinoids—namely, β-apo-14′-carotenoids (C-22) and β-apo-13-carotenone (C-18) bind with high affinity to purified retinoid receptors and function as retinoic acid antagonists in transactivation assays and in retinoic acid induction of target genes. The possible pathophysiologic relevance in human health remains to be determined.
Collapse
|
4
|
A2E-induced inflammation and angiogenesis in RPE cells in vitro are modulated by PPAR-α, -β/δ, -γ, and RXR antagonists and by norbixin. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:22040-22058. [PMID: 34544906 PMCID: PMC8507260 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine (A2E) plays a central role in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) by inducing angiogenesis and inflammation. A2E effects are mediated at least partly via the retinoic acid receptor (RAR)-α. Here we show that A2E binds and transactivates also peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) and retinoid X receptors (RXR). 9’-cis-norbixin, a di-apocarotenoid is also a ligand of these nuclear receptors (NR). Norbixin inhibits PPAR and RXR transactivation induced by A2E. Moreover, norbixin reduces protein kinase B (AKT) phosphorylation, NF-κB and AP-1 transactivation and mRNA expression of the inflammatory interleukins (IL) -6 and -8 and of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) enhanced by A2E. By contrast, norbixin increases matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) mRNA expression in response to A2E. Selective PPAR-α, -β/δ and –γ antagonists inhibit the expression of IL-6 and IL-8 while only the antagonist of PPAR-γ inhibits the transactivation of NF-κB following A2E exposure. In addition, a cocktail of all three PPARs antagonists and also HX531, an antagonist of RXR reproduce norbixin effects on inflammation. Altogether, A2E’s deleterious biological effects could be inhibited through PPAR and RXR regulation. Moreover, the modulation of these NR by norbixin may open new avenues for the treatment of AMD.
Collapse
|
5
|
Pandelides Z, Aluru N, Thornton C, Watts HE, Willett KL. Transcriptomic Changes and the Roles of Cannabinoid Receptors and PPARγ in Developmental Toxicities Following Exposure to Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol. Toxicol Sci 2021; 182:44-59. [PMID: 33892503 PMCID: PMC8285010 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human consumption of cannabinoid-containing products during early life or pregnancy is rising. However, information about the molecular mechanisms involved in early life stage Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) toxicities is critically lacking. Here, larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) were used to measure THC- and CBD-mediated changes on transcriptome and the roles of cannabinoid receptors (Cnr) 1 and 2 and peroxisome proliferator activator receptor γ (PPARγ) in developmental toxicities. Transcriptomic profiling of 96-h postfertilization (hpf) cnr+/+ embryos exposed (6 - 96 hpf) to 4 μM THC or 0.5 μM CBD showed differential expression of 904 and 1095 genes for THC and CBD, respectively, with 360 in common. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways enriched in the THC and CBD datasets included those related to drug, retinol, and steroid metabolism and PPAR signaling. The THC exposure caused increased mortality and deformities (pericardial and yolk sac edemas, reduction in length) in cnr1-/- and cnr2-/- fish compared with cnr+/+ suggesting Cnr receptors are involved in protective pathways. Conversely, the cnr1-/- larvae were more resistant to CBD-induced malformations, mortality, and behavioral alteration implicating Cnr1 in CBD-mediated toxicity. Behavior (decreased distance travelled) was the most sensitive endpoint to THC and CBD exposure. Coexposure to the PPARγ inhibitor GW9662 and CBD in cnr+/+ and cnr2-/- strains caused more adverse outcomes compared with CBD alone, but not in the cnr1-/- fish, suggesting that PPARγ plays a role in CBD metabolism downstream of Cnr1. Collectively, PPARγ, Cnr1, and Cnr2 play important roles in the developmental toxicity of cannabinoids with Cnr1 being the most critical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zacharias Pandelides
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
| | - Neelakanteswar Aluru
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
| | - Cammi Thornton
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
| | - Haley E Watts
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
| | - Kristine L Willett
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jang HY, Han Y, Yoo HJ, Lee JH, Kim M. Effects of short-term dietary restriction on plasma metabolites and the subcutaneous fat area according to metabolic status in obese individuals: a case-control study. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2021; 13:62. [PMID: 34099056 PMCID: PMC8186103 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-021-00679-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research elucidating the metabolic mechanisms that differentiate subtypes of obesity has been increasing. We aimed to investigate the effects of a 12-week dietary intervention on the metabolomic profiles of obese subjects. METHODS Subjects followed a 12-week dietary restriction protocol consisting of a 300 kcal/day reduction in their usual caloric intake. Twenty-nine obese subjects were included and divided into two groups: the metabolic status maintenance group (n = 17, controls) and the metabolic status improvement group (n = 12, tests). We analyzed the somatometric and biochemical parameters and performed ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the plasma metabolites. RESULTS At 12 weeks, the fat percentage, whole fat area (WFA), subcutaneous fat area (SFA) at the L1 vertebra, and the levels of triglycerides, gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma-GT), and leptin were markedly decreased in the metabolic status improvement group, while the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased compared with that in the metabolic status maintenance group. Metabolomic profiling at 12 weeks showed substantial differences in 4-aminobutyraldehyde (p = 0.005) and 4'-apo-β-carotenal (p = 0.024) between the two groups. Furthermore, an AUC value of 0.89 was obtained for the following seven featured biomarkers: triglycerides, gamma-GT, leptin, fat percentage, WFA, and SFA at the L1 vertebra, and 4-aminobutyraldehyde. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that 4-aminobutyraldehyde and related regional fat distribution parameters were strongly associated with obesity according to metabolic status. Thus, these biomarkers are potentially valuable in confirming the efficacy of short-term interventions and predicting metabolic status in obese individuals. TRIALS REGISTRATION This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under NCT03135132 (registered 1 May 2017-retrospectively registered).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Yoon Jang
- Department of Science for Aging, Graduate School of Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Youngmin Han
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Hye Jin Yoo
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
- Research Center for Silver Science, Institute of Symbiotic Life-TECH, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Jong Ho Lee
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
- Research Center for Silver Science, Institute of Symbiotic Life-TECH, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Minjoo Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Life Science and Nano Technology, Hannam University, Daejeon, 34054, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Dietary intake and tissue levels of carotenoids have been associated with a reduced risk of several chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, obesity, brain-related diseases and some types of cancer. However, intervention trials with isolated carotenoid supplements have mostly failed to confirm the postulated health benefits. It has thereby been speculated that dosing, matrix and synergistic effects, as well as underlying health and the individual nutritional status plus genetic background do play a role. It appears that our knowledge on carotenoid-mediated health benefits may still be incomplete, as the underlying mechanisms of action are poorly understood in relation to human relevance. Antioxidant mechanisms - direct or via transcription factors such as NRF2 and NF-κB - and activation of nuclear hormone receptor pathways such as of RAR, RXR or also PPARs, via carotenoid metabolites, are the basic principles which we try to connect with carotenoid-transmitted health benefits as exemplified with described common diseases including obesity/diabetes and cancer. Depending on the targeted diseases, single or multiple mechanisms of actions may play a role. In this review and position paper, we try to highlight our present knowledge on carotenoid metabolism and mechanisms translatable into health benefits related to several chronic diseases.
Collapse
|
8
|
Takatani N, Beppu F, Yamano Y, Maoka T, Hosokawa M. Seco-type β-Apocarotenoid Generated by β-Carotene Oxidation Exerts Anti-inflammatory Effects against Activated Macrophages. J Oleo Sci 2021; 70:549-558. [PMID: 33692243 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess20329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Apocarotenoids are the cleavage products of β-carotene. They are found in plants, carotenoid-containing foods, and animal tissues. However, limited information is available regarding the health benefits of β-apocarotenoids. Here, we prepared seco-type β-apocarotenoids through the chemical oxidation of β-carotene and investigated their anti-inflammatory effects against activated macrophages. Oxidation of β-carotene with potassium permanganate produced seco-β-apo-8'-carotenal, in which one end-group formed an "open" β-ring and the other was cleaved at the C-7',8' position. In lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells, seco-β-apo-8'-carotenal inhibited the secretion and mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Furthermore, seco-β-apo-8'-carotenal suppressed phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and the inhibitor of nuclear factor (NF)-κB as well as the nuclear accumulation of NF-κB p65. Notably, since seco-β-apo-8'-carotenal exhibited remarkable anti-inflammatory activity compared with β-apo-8'-carotenal, its anti-inflammatory action could depend on the opened β-ring structure. These results suggest that seco-β-apo-8'-carotenal has high potential for the prevention of inflammation-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yumiko Yamano
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry for Life Science, Kobe Pharmaceutical University
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bandara S, Thomas LD, Ramkumar S, Khadka N, Kiser PD, Golczak M, von Lintig J. The Structural and Biochemical Basis of Apocarotenoid Processing by β-Carotene Oxygenase-2. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:480-490. [PMID: 33600157 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, carotenoids are converted by two carotenoid cleavage oxygenases into apocarotenoids, including vitamin A. Although knowledge about β-carotene oxygenase-1 (BCO1) and vitamin A metabolism has tremendously increased, the function of β-carotene oxygenase-2 (BCO2) remains less well-defined. We here studied the role of BCO2 in the metabolism of long chain β-apocarotenoids, which recently emerged as putative regulatory molecules in mammalian biology. We showed that recombinant murine BCO2 converted the alcohol, aldehyde, and carboxylic acid of a β-apocarotenoid substrate by oxidative cleavage at position C9,C10 into a β-ionone and a diapocarotenoid product. Chain length variation (C20 to C40) and ionone ring site modifications of the apocarotenoid substrate did not impede catalytic activity or alter the regioselectivity of the double bond cleavage by BCO2. Isotope labeling experiments revealed that the double bond cleavage of an apocarotenoid followed a dioxygenase reaction mechanism. Structural modeling and site directed mutagenesis identified amino acid residues in the substrate tunnel of BCO2 that are critical for apocarotenoid binding and catalytic processing. Mice deficient for BCO2 accumulated apocarotenoids in their livers, indicating that the enzyme engages in apocarotenoid metabolism. Together, our study provides novel structural and functional insights into BCO2 catalysis and establishes the enzyme as a key component of apocarotenoid homeostasis in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Philip D. Kiser
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, California 90822, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Uppal S, Dergunov SA, Zhang W, Gentleman S, Redmond TM, Pinkhassik E, Poliakov E. Xanthophylls Modulate Palmitoylation of Mammalian β-Carotene Oxygenase 2. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030413. [PMID: 33803144 PMCID: PMC8000801 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An extensive body of work has documented the antioxidant role of xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin) in human health and specifically how they provide photoprotection in human vision. More recently, evidence is emerging for the transcriptional regulation of antioxidant response by lutein/lutein cleavage products, similar to the role of β-carotene cleavage products in the modulation of retinoic acid receptors. Supplementation with xanthophylls also provides additional benefits for the prevention of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and attenuation of Alzheimer's disease symptoms. Mammalian β-carotene oxygenase 2 (BCO2) asymmetrically cleaves xanthophylls as well as β-carotene in vitro. We recently demonstrated that mouse BCO2 (mBCO2) is a functionally palmitoylated enzyme and that it loses palmitoylation when cells are treated with β-carotene. The mouse enzyme is the easiest model to study mammalian BCO2 because it has only one isoform, unlike human BCO2 with several major isoforms with various properties. Here, we used the same acyl-RAC methodology and confocal microscopy to elucidate palmitoylation and localization status of mBCO2 in the presence of xanthophylls. We created large unilamellar vesicle-based nanocarriers for the successful delivery of xanthophylls into cells. We demonstrate here that, upon treatment with low micromolar concentration of lutein (0.15 µM), mBCO2 is depalmitoylated and shows partial nuclear localization (38.00 ± 0.04%), while treatment with zeaxanthin (0.45 µM) and violaxanthin (0.6 µM) induces depalmitoylation and protein translocation from mitochondria to a lesser degree (20.00 ± 0.01% and 35.00 ± 0.02%, respectively). Such a difference in the behavior of mBCO2 toward various xanthophylls and its translocation into the nucleus in the presence of various xanthophylls suggests a possible mechanism for transport of lutein/lutein cleavage products to the nucleus to affect transcriptional regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Uppal
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell & Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.U.); (S.G.)
| | - Sergey A. Dergunov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (S.A.D.); (W.Z.)
| | - Weiyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (S.A.D.); (W.Z.)
| | - Susan Gentleman
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell & Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.U.); (S.G.)
| | - T. Michael Redmond
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell & Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.U.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence: (T.M.R.); (E.P.); (E.P.)
| | - Eugene Pinkhassik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (S.A.D.); (W.Z.)
- Correspondence: (T.M.R.); (E.P.); (E.P.)
| | - Eugenia Poliakov
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell & Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.U.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence: (T.M.R.); (E.P.); (E.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Takatani N, Taya D, Katsuki A, Beppu F, Yamano Y, Wada A, Miyashita K, Hosokawa M. Identification of Paracentrone in Fucoxanthin-Fed Mice and Anti-Inflammatory Effect against Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Macrophages and Adipocytes. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 65:e2000405. [PMID: 33215789 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Fucoxanthin is converted to fucoxanthinol and amarouciaxanthin A in the mouse body. However, further metabolism such as cleavage products (i.e., apocarotenoids) remains unclear. The fucoxanthin-derived apocarotenoid in vivo is investigated and the anti-inflammatory effect of apocarotenoids with fucoxanthin partial structure such as allenic bond and epoxide residue against activated macrophages and adipocytes in vitro is evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS LC-MS analysis indicates the presence of paracentrone, a C31 -allenic-apocarotenoid, in white adipose tissue of diabetic/obese KK-Ay and normal C57BL/6J mice fed 0.2% fucoxanthin diet for 1 week. In lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW264.7 macrophages, paracentrone as well as C26 - and C28 -allenic-apocarotenoids suppresses the overexpression of inflammatory factors. Further, apo-10'-fucoxanthinal, a fucoxanthin-derived apocarotenoid which retained epoxide residue, exhibits a most potent anti-inflammatory activity through regulating mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor-κB inflammatory signal pathways. In contrast, β-apo-8'-carotenal without allenic bond and epoxide residue lacks suppressed inflammation. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, paracentrone, and apo-10'-fucoxanthinal downregulate the mRNA expression of proinflammatory mediators and chemokines induced by co-culture with RAW264.7 cells. CONCLUSION Dietary fucoxanthin accumulates as paracentrone as well as fucoxanthinol and amarouciaxanthin A in the mouse body. Allenic bond and epoxide residue of fucoxanthin-derived apocarotenoids have pivotal roles for anti-inflammatory action against activated macrophages and adipocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Takatani
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan
| | - Daisuke Taya
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan
| | - Ami Katsuki
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Beppu
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan
| | - Yumiko Yamano
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry for Life Science, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Akimori Wada
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry for Life Science, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Kazuo Miyashita
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan
| | - Masashi Hosokawa
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Structural basis for carotenoid cleavage by an archaeal carotenoid dioxygenase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:19914-19925. [PMID: 32747548 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004116117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Apocarotenoids are important signaling molecules generated from carotenoids through the action of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs). These enzymes have a remarkable ability to cleave carotenoids at specific alkene bonds while leaving chemically similar sites within the polyene intact. Although several bacterial and eukaryotic CCDs have been characterized, the long-standing goal of experimentally visualizing a CCD-carotenoid complex at high resolution to explain this exquisite regioselectivity remains unfulfilled. CCD genes are also present in some archaeal genomes, but the encoded enzymes remain uninvestigated. Here, we address this knowledge gap through analysis of a metazoan-like archaeal CCD from Candidatus Nitrosotalea devanaterra (NdCCD). NdCCD was active toward β-apocarotenoids but did not cleave bicyclic carotenoids. It exhibited an unusual regiospecificity, cleaving apocarotenoids solely at the C14'-C13' alkene bond to produce β-apo-14'-carotenals. The structure of NdCCD revealed a tapered active site cavity markedly different from the broad active site observed for the retinal-forming Synechocystis apocarotenoid oxygenase (SynACO) but similar to the vertebrate retinoid isomerase RPE65. The structure of NdCCD in complex with its apocarotenoid product demonstrated that the site of cleavage is defined by interactions along the substrate binding cleft as well as selective stabilization of reaction intermediates at the scissile alkene. These data on the molecular basis of CCD catalysis shed light on the origins of the varied catalytic activities found in metazoan CCDs, opening the possibility of modifying their activity through rational chemical or genetic approaches.
Collapse
|
13
|
Wei C, Tan X, Liu G, Wan F, Zhao H, Zhang C, You W, Liu X, Zhang X, Jin Q. β-carotene as a dietary factor affecting expression of genes connected with carotenoid, vitamin A and lipid metabolism in the subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue of beef cattle. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/117866/2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
14
|
Tian H, Liu G, Guo Y, Li Y, Deng M, Liu D, Sun B. Lycopene supplementation regulates the gene expression profile and fat metabolism of breeding hens. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 104:936-945. [PMID: 32170789 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of lycopene on the gene expression profile and expression of genes related to fat metabolism of Xinghua breeding hens. Seven hundred and twenty healthy breeding hens were randomly assigned to four treatments; each treatment was replicated six times with 30 hens each. Broken rice and soybean meal were adopted for the basal diet and added with 0 (control group), 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg lycopene respectively. Gene expression profile of the liver induced by lycopene and expression of genes related to fat metabolism in hens liver and intestine were analysed after 42-day feeding trial including 7-day pre-feeding period and 35-day formal period. The genes involved in fat metabolism were analysed, and we found that lycopene significantly increased the expression of PGC1α, PPARα, RXRα and RARα in the liver, PPARγ, RXRα and RXRγ in the jejunum, and RARα in the duodenum (p < .05); reduced the expression of FABP1 and FABP10 in the liver, and FATP4 in the jejunum (p < .05). By analysing gene expression profile, 158 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) including 69 up-regulated genes and 89 down-regulated genes were obtained between control group and 40 mg/kg group. KEGG pathway analysis was performed on all DEGs, and 5 pathways were obtained. In conclusion, lycopene can affect the expression of related genes, and this may be one of the reasons that lycopene can regulate fat metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanchen Tian
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangbin Liu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongqing Guo
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaokun Li
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Deng
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dewu Liu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baoli Sun
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bonet ML, Ribot J, Galmés S, Serra F, Palou A. Carotenoids and carotenoid conversion products in adipose tissue biology and obesity: Pre-clinical and human studies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158676. [PMID: 32120014 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antiobesity activities of carotenoids and carotenoid conversion products (CCPs) have been demonstrated in pre-clinical studies, and mechanisms behind have begun to be unveiled, thus suggesting these compounds may help obesity prevention and management. The antiobesity action of carotenoids and CCPs can be traced to effects in multiple tissues, notably the adipose tissues. Key aspects of the biology of adipose tissues appear to be affected by carotenoid and CCPs, including adipogenesis, metabolic capacities for energy storage, release and inefficient oxidation, secretory function, and modulation of oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways. Here, we review the connections of carotenoids and CCPs with adipose tissue biology and obesity as revealed by cell and animal intervention studies, studies addressing the role of endogenous retinoid metabolism, and human epidemiological and intervention studies. We also consider human genetic variability influencing carotenoid and vitamin A metabolism, particularly in adipose tissues, as a potentially relevant aspect towards personalization of dietary recommendations to prevent or manage obesity and optimize metabolic health. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Carotenoids recent advances in cell and molecular biology edited by Johannes von Lintig and Loredana Quadro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Luisa Bonet
- Grup de Recerca Nutrigenòmica i Obesitat, Laboratori de Biologia Molecular, Nutrició i Biotecnologia (LBNB), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Spain.
| | - Joan Ribot
- Grup de Recerca Nutrigenòmica i Obesitat, Laboratori de Biologia Molecular, Nutrició i Biotecnologia (LBNB), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Spain
| | | | - Francisca Serra
- Grup de Recerca Nutrigenòmica i Obesitat, Laboratori de Biologia Molecular, Nutrició i Biotecnologia (LBNB), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Spain
| | - Andreu Palou
- Grup de Recerca Nutrigenòmica i Obesitat, Laboratori de Biologia Molecular, Nutrició i Biotecnologia (LBNB), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
The placenta, a hallmark of mammalian embryogenesis, allows nutrients to be exchanged between the mother and the fetus. Vitamin A (VA), an essential nutrient, cannot be synthesized by the embryo, and must be acquired from the maternal circulation through the placenta. Our understanding of how this transfer is accomplished is still in its infancy. In this chapter, we recapitulate the early studies about the relationship between maternal dietary/supplemental VA intake and fetal VA levels. We then describe how the discovery of retinol-binding protein (RBP or RBP4), the development of labeling and detection techniques, and the advent of knockout mice shifted this field from a macroscopic to a molecular level. The most recent data indicate that VA and its derivatives (retinoids) and the pro-VA carotenoid, β-carotene, are transferred across the placenta by distinct proteins, some of which overlap with proteins involved in lipoprotein uptake. The VA status and dietary intake of the mother influence the expression of these proteins, creating feedback signals that control the uptake of retinoids and that may also regulate the uptake of lipids, raising the intriguing possibility of crosstalk between micronutrient and macronutrient metabolism. Many questions remain about the temporal and spatial patterns by which these proteins are expressed and transferred throughout gestation. The answers to these questions are highly relevant to human health, considering that those with either limited or excessive intake of retinoids/carotenoids during pregnancy may be at risk of obtaining improper amounts of VA that ultimately impact the development and health of their offspring.
Collapse
|
17
|
Schierle S, Merk D. Therapeutic modulation of retinoid X receptors – SAR and therapeutic potential of RXR ligands and recent patents. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2019; 29:605-621. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2019.1643322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Schierle
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mounien L, Tourniaire F, Landrier JF. Anti-Obesity Effect of Carotenoids: Direct Impact on Adipose Tissue and Adipose Tissue-Driven Indirect Effects. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071562. [PMID: 31373317 PMCID: PMC6683027 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes current knowledge on the biological relevance of carotenoids and some of their metabolites in obesity management. The relationship between carotenoids and obesity is considered in clinical studies and in preclinical studies. Adipose tissue is a key organ in obesity etiology and the main storage site for carotenoids. We thus first describe carotenoid metabolism in adipocyte and adipose tissue and the effects of carotenoids on biological processes in adipose tissue that may be linked to obesity management in in vitro and preclinical studies. It is also now well established that the brain is strongly involved in obesity processes. A section is accordingly devoted to the potential effect of carotenoids on obesity via their direct and/or adipose tissue-driven indirect biological effects on the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Mounien
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Franck Tourniaire
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, 13385 Marseille, France
- CriBioM, criblage biologique Marseille, faculté de Médecine de la Timone, 13256 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Francois Landrier
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, 13385 Marseille, France.
- CriBioM, criblage biologique Marseille, faculté de Médecine de la Timone, 13256 Marseille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Krężel W, Rühl R, de Lera AR. Alternative retinoid X receptor (RXR) ligands. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 491:110436. [PMID: 31026478 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) control a wide variety of functions by virtue of their dimerization with other nuclear hormone receptors (NRs), contributing thereby to activities of different signaling pathways. We review known RXR ligands as transcriptional modulators of specific RXR-dimers and the associated biological processes. We also discuss the physiological relevance of such ligands, which remains frequently a matter of debate and which at present is best met by member(s) of a novel family of retinoids, postulated as Vitamin A5. Through comparison with other natural, but also with synthetic ligands, we discuss high diversity in the modes of ligand binding to RXRs resulting in agonistic or antagonistic profiles and selectivity towards specific subtypes of permissive heterodimers. Despite such diversity, direct ligand binding to the ligand binding pocket resulting in agonistic activity was preferentially preserved in the course of animal evolution pointing to its functional relevance, and potential for existence of other, species-specific endogenous RXR ligands sharing the same mode of function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Krężel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 1258, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
| | - Ralph Rühl
- Paprika Bioanalytics BT, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Angel R de Lera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sun C, Gu Y, Chen G, Du Y. Bioinformatics Analysis of Stromal Molecular Signatures Associated with Breast and Prostate Cancer. J Comput Biol 2019; 26:1130-1139. [PMID: 31180245 DOI: 10.1089/cmb.2019.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify stromal molecular signatures associated with breast and prostate cancer. The microarray data GSE26910 was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus database, including six invasive breast tumor stroma, six matched normal controls, six invasive prostate tumor stroma, and six matched controls. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in invasive breast and prostate tumors stroma were, respectively, identified. Then common stromal genes (B_P.DEGs) were further screened. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed and Gene Ontology analysis was performed. Besides, gene-chemical interactions were mapped in Comparative Toxicogenomics Database to screen the chemicals related to feature genes. The results showed that, in total, 16 B_P.DEGs were identified. Thereinto, only seven B_P.DEGs were mapped into PPI, and only four functional modules (adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide 1 (pituitary) receptor type I (ADCYAP1R1) module, aspartoacylase (ASPA) module, glutathione S-transferase mu 5 (GSTM5) module, and periplakin (PPL) module) were involved in important biological processes associated with cancer progression. In addition, the chemicals, such as dihydrotestosterone, apocarotenal, testosterone, and progesterone, were screened for the roles of feature genes in the progression of breast and prostate cancer. In conclusion, ADCYAP1R1, GSTM5, and PPL were stromal molecular signatures and might play a key role in the progression of breast and prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Gu
- Department of General Surgery, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqing Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yibao Du
- Department of General Surgery, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Guo J, Li B, Zuo Z, Chen M, Wang C. Maternal Supplementation with β‐Carotene During Pregnancy Disturbs Lipid Metabolism and Glucose Homoeostasis in F1 Female Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1900072. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress BiologySchool of Life SciencesXiamen University Xiamen 36110 P. R. China
| | - Bingshui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress BiologySchool of Life SciencesXiamen University Xiamen 36110 P. R. China
| | - Zhenghong Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress BiologySchool of Life SciencesXiamen University Xiamen 36110 P. R. China
| | - Meng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress BiologySchool of Life SciencesXiamen University Xiamen 36110 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem ResearchXiamen University Xiamen 36110 P. R. China
| | - Chonggang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress BiologySchool of Life SciencesXiamen University Xiamen 36110 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem ResearchXiamen University Xiamen 36110 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Durojaye BO, Riedl KM, Curley RW, Harrison EH. Uptake and metabolism of β-apo-8'-carotenal, β-apo-10'-carotenal, and β-apo-13-carotenone in Caco-2 cells. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1121-1135. [PMID: 30846527 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m093161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Apocarotenoids are eccentric cleavage products of carotenoids formed by chemical and enzymatic oxidations. They occur in foods containing carotenoids and thus might be directly absorbed from the diet. However, there is limited information about their intestinal absorption. The present research examined the kinetics of uptake and metabolism of β-apocarotenoids. Caco-2 cells were grown on 6-well plastic plates until a differentiated cell monolayer was achieved. β-Apocarotenoids were prepared in Tween 40 micelles, delivered to differentiated cells in serum-free medium, and incubated at 37°C for up to 8 h. There was rapid uptake of β-apo-8'-carotenal into cells, and β-apo-8'-carotenal was largely converted to β-apo-8'-carotenoic acid and a minor metabolite that we identified as 5,6-epoxy-β-apo-8'-carotenol. There was also rapid uptake of β-apo-10'-carotenal into cells, and β-apo-10'-carotenal was converted into a major metabolite identified as 5,6-epoxy-β-apo-10'-carotenol and a minor metabolite that is likely a dihydro-β-apo-10'-carotenol. Finally, there was rapid cellular uptake of β-apo-13-carotenone, and this compound was extensively degraded. These results suggest that dietary β-apocarotenals are extensively metabolized in intestinal cells via pathways similar to the metabolism of retinal. Thus, they are likely not absorbed directly from the diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth M Riedl
- Food Science and Technology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Robert W Curley
- College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Earl H Harrison
- Departments of Human Sciences Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mussagy CU, Winterburn J, Santos-Ebinuma VC, Pereira JFB. Production and extraction of carotenoids produced by microorganisms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 103:1095-1114. [PMID: 30560452 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9557-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are a group of isoprenoid pigments naturally synthesized by plants and microorganisms, which are applied industrially in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical product formulations. In addition to their use as coloring agents, carotenoids have been proposed as health additives, being able to prevent cancer, macular degradation, and cataracts. Moreover, carotenoids may also protect cells against oxidative damage, acting as an antioxidant agent. Considering the interest in greener and sustainable industrial processing, the search for natural carotenoids has increased over the last few decades. In particular, it has been suggested that the use of bioprocessing technologies can improve carotenoid production yields or, as a minimum, increase the efficiency of currently used production processes. Thus, this review provides a short but comprehensive overview of the recent biotechnological developments in carotenoid production using microorganisms. The hot topics in the field are properly addressed, from carotenoid biosynthesis to the current technologies involved in their extraction, and even highlighting the recent advances in the marketing and application of "microbial" carotenoids. It is expected that this review will improve the knowledge and understanding of the most appropriate and economic strategies for a biotechnological production of carotenoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassamo Ussemane Mussagy
- Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú/Km 01, Campos Ville, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - James Winterburn
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Valéria Carvalho Santos-Ebinuma
- Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú/Km 01, Campos Ville, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Jorge Fernando Brandão Pereira
- Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú/Km 01, Campos Ville, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Carotenoids and apocarotenoids determination in intact human blood samples by online supercritical fluid extraction-supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1032:40-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
25
|
Giordano E, Quadro L. Lutein, zeaxanthin and mammalian development: Metabolism, functions and implications for health. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 647:33-40. [PMID: 29654731 PMCID: PMC5949277 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that nutrition during critical periods in early development, both pre- and postnatal, may have lifetime consequences in determining health or onset of major diseases in the adult life. Dietary carotenoids have shown beneficial health effects throughout the life cycle due to their potential antioxidant properties, their ability to serves as precursors of vitamin A and to the emerging signaling functions of their metabolites. The non-provitamin A carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin are emerging as important modulators of infant and child visual and cognitive development, as well as critical effectors in the prevention and treatment of morbidity associated with premature births. This review provides a general overview of lutein and zeaxanthin metabolism in mammalian tissues and highlights the major advancements and remaining gaps in knowledge in regards to their metabolism and health effects during pre- and early post-natal development. Furthering our knowledge in this area of research will impact dietary recommendation and supplementation strategies aimed at sustaining proper fetal and infant growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Giordano
- Department of Food Science; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research; New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
| | - Loredana Quadro
- Department of Food Science; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research; New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Apocarotenoids are cleavage products of C40 isoprenoid pigments, named carotenoids, synthesized exclusively by plants and microorganisms. The colors of flowers and fruits and the photosynthetic process are examples of the biological properties conferred by carotenoids to these organisms. Mammals do not synthesize carotenoids but obtain them from foods of plant origin. Apocarotenoids are generated upon enzymatic and nonenzymatic cleavage of the parent compounds both in plants and in the tissues of mammals that have ingested carotenoid-containing foods. The best-characterized apocarotenoids are retinoids (vitamin A and its derivatives), generated upon central oxidative cleavage of provitamin A carotenoids, mainly β-carotene. In addition to the well-known biological actions of vitamin A, it is becoming apparent that nonretinoid apocarotenoids also have the potential to regulate a broad spectrum of critical cellular functions, thus influencing mammalian health. This review discusses the current knowledge about the generation and biological activities of nonretinoid apocarotenoids in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Earl H Harrison
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA;
| | - Loredana Quadro
- Department of Food Science; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research; and New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Rodriguez-Concepcion M, Avalos J, Bonet ML, Boronat A, Gomez-Gomez L, Hornero-Mendez D, Limon MC, Meléndez-Martínez AJ, Olmedilla-Alonso B, Palou A, Ribot J, Rodrigo MJ, Zacarias L, Zhu C. A global perspective on carotenoids: Metabolism, biotechnology, and benefits for nutrition and health. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 70:62-93. [PMID: 29679619 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are lipophilic isoprenoid compounds synthesized by all photosynthetic organisms and some non-photosynthetic prokaryotes and fungi. With some notable exceptions, animals (including humans) do not produce carotenoids de novo but take them in their diets. In photosynthetic systems carotenoids are essential for photoprotection against excess light and contribute to light harvesting, but perhaps they are best known for their properties as natural pigments in the yellow to red range. Carotenoids can be associated to fatty acids, sugars, proteins, or other compounds that can change their physical and chemical properties and influence their biological roles. Furthermore, oxidative cleavage of carotenoids produces smaller molecules such as apocarotenoids, some of which are important pigments and volatile (aroma) compounds. Enzymatic breakage of carotenoids can also produce biologically active molecules in both plants (hormones, retrograde signals) and animals (retinoids). Both carotenoids and their enzymatic cleavage products are associated with other processes positively impacting human health. Carotenoids are widely used in the industry as food ingredients, feed additives, and supplements. This review, contributed by scientists of complementary disciplines related to carotenoid research, covers recent advances and provides a perspective on future directions on the subjects of carotenoid metabolism, biotechnology, and nutritional and health benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier Avalos
- Department of Genetics, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - M Luisa Bonet
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Albert Boronat
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lourdes Gomez-Gomez
- Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Damaso Hornero-Mendez
- Department of Food Phytochemistry, Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - M Carmen Limon
- Department of Genetics, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio J Meléndez-Martínez
- Food Color & Quality Laboratory, Area of Nutrition & Food Science, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | | | - Andreu Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Joan Ribot
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Maria J Rodrigo
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Zacarias
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Changfu Zhu
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hiebl V, Ladurner A, Latkolik S, Dirsch VM. Natural products as modulators of the nuclear receptors and metabolic sensors LXR, FXR and RXR. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1657-1698. [PMID: 29548878 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) represent attractive targets for the treatment of metabolic syndrome-related diseases. In addition, natural products are an interesting pool of potential ligands since they have been refined under evolutionary pressure to interact with proteins or other biological targets. This review aims to briefly summarize current basic knowledge regarding the liver X (LXR) and farnesoid X receptors (FXR) that form permissive heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXR). Natural product-based ligands for these receptors are summarized and the potential of LXR, FXR and RXR as targets in precision medicine is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Hiebl
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Angela Ladurner
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Simone Latkolik
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena M Dirsch
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zheng J, Li Z, Manabe Y, Kim M, Goto T, Kawada T, Sugawara T. Siphonaxanthin, a Carotenoid From Green Algae, Inhibits Lipogenesis in Hepatocytes via the Suppression of Liver X Receptor α Activity. Lipids 2018; 53:41-52. [PMID: 29446839 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has shown an increasing morbidity in recent years. Here, we demonstrated that siphonaxanthin (SPX), a rare marine carotenoid, exhibits a strong inhibitory effect on aggravated hepatic lipogenesis in vitro and would be a promising candidate in the prevention and alleviation of NAFLD in the future. In this study, we conducted a preliminary assessment of the effect of SPX on hepatic lipogenesis by using the HepG2 cell line, derived from human liver cancer, as a model of the liver. SPX significantly suppressed the excess accumulation of triacylglycerol induced by liver X receptor α (LXRα) agonist by downregulating a nuclear transcription factor named sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c and a set of related genes. Moreover, fatty acid translocase (CD36) and fatty acid-binding protein-1, which regulates fatty acid uptake, also exhibited significant decrease in transcriptional levels. Furthermore, we found that SPX blocked LXRα activation and would be a promising candidate for antagonist of LXRα.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Zheng
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Zhuosi Li
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yuki Manabe
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Minji Kim
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Goto
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Teruo Kawada
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sugawara
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ubiquitination of nuclear receptors. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:917-934. [PMID: 28473472 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are cellular proteins, which upon ligand activation, act to exert regulatory control over transcription and subsequent expression. Organized via systemic classification into seven subfamilies, NRs partake in modulating a vast expanse of physiological functions essential for maintenance of life. NRs display particular characteristics towards ubiquitination, the process of addition of specific ubiquitin tags at appropriate locations. Orchestrated through groups of enzymes harboring a diverse array of specialized structural components, the ubiquitination process emphatically alters the fate or downstream effects of NRs. Such influence is especially prominent in transcriptional processes such as promoter clearing for optimization and degradation pathways eliminating or recycling targeted proteins. Ultimately, the ubiquitination of NRs carries significant implications in terms of generating pathological clinical manifestations. Increasing evidence from studies involving patients and disease models suggests a role for ubiquitinated NRs in virtually every organ system. This supports the broad repertoire of roles that NRs play in the body, including modulatory conductors, facilitators, responders to external agents, and critical constituents for pharmacological or biological interventions. This review aims to cover relevant background and mechanisms of NRs and ubiquitination, with a focus towards elucidating subsequent pathophysiology and therapeutics in clinical disorders encompassing such ubiquitinated NRs.
Collapse
|
31
|
Menéndez-Gutiérrez MP, Ricote M. The multi-faceted role of retinoid X receptor in bone remodeling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:2135-2149. [PMID: 28105491 PMCID: PMC11107715 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2458-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) form a unique subclass within the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors. RXRs are obligatory partners for a number of other NRs, placing RXRs in a coordinating role at the crossroads of multiple signaling pathways. In addition, RXRs can function as self-sufficient homodimers. Recent advances have revealed RXRs as novel regulators of osteoclastogenesis and bone remodeling. This review outlines the versatility of RXR action in the control of transcription of bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts, both through heterodimerization with other NRs and through RXR homodimerization. RXR signaling is currently a major therapeutic target and, therefore, knowledge of how RXR signaling affects bone remodeling creates enormous potential for the translation of basic research findings into successful clinical therapies to increase bone mass and improve bone quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María P Menéndez-Gutiérrez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Ricote
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gao YY, Jin L, Peng H, Xu LH, Wang QX, Ji J, Wang CK, Bi YZ. Xanthophylls increased HDLC level and nuclear factor PPARγ, RXRγ and RARα expression in hens and chicks. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 102:e279-e287. [PMID: 28503816 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate effects of xanthophylls on serum lipid profile (triglyceride, TG; cholesterol, CHO; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDLC; and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDLC) and nuclear factor (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, PPARγ; PPAR gamma coactivator 1 alpha, PGC1α; retinoid X receptor gamma, RXRγ; and retinoic acid receptor alpha, RARα) gene expression of breeding hens and chicks. In experiment 1, 432 hens were divided into three groups and fed diets supplemented with 0 (as control group), 20 or 40 mg/kg xanthophylls. Blood was sampled at 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days of trial. Liver, duodenum, jejunum and ileum were sampled at 35 days of trial. Results showed that serum HDLC level of hens was increased after dietary 40 mg/kg xanthophyll addition for 21, 28 and 35 days, while serum TG, CHO and LDLC were not affected. Xanthophyll addition also increased PPARγ expression in jejunum, RXRγ expression in duodenum and jejunum, and RARα expression in liver and duodenum. Experiment 2 was a 2 × 2 factorial design. Male chicks hatched from 0 or 40 mg/kg xanthophyll diet of hens were fed diet containing either 0 or 40 mg/kg xanthophylls. Liver, duodenum, jejunum and ileum were sampled at 0, 7, 14 and 21 days after hatching. Blood samples were also collected at 21 days. Results showed that in ovo xanthophylls elevated PPARγ in duodenum and jejunum, and RXRγ and RARα in liver of chicks mainly within 1 week after hatching, while dietary xanthophylls increased serum HDLC level and PPARγ and RXRγ in liver from 2 weeks onwards. In conclusion, our research suggested xanthophylls can regulate serum lipid profile and nuclear factor expression in hens and chicks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y-Y Gao
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - L Jin
- China National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - H Peng
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - L-H Xu
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Q-X Wang
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - J Ji
- China-UK-NYNU-Rres Joint Libratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, Henan, China
| | - C-K Wang
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Y-Z Bi
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Condron KN, Waddell JN, Claeys MC, Lemenager RP, Schoonmaker JP. Effect of supplemental β-carotene compared to retinyl palmitate on fatty acid profile and expression of mRNA from genes involved in vitamin A metabolism in beef feedlot cattle. Anim Sci J 2017; 88:1380-1387. [PMID: 28370816 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To examine the effects of dietary β-carotene (βC) or retinyl palmitate (RP) on fatty acid (FA) profile and mRNA expression, samples were collected from 24 Angus-cross calves that were allotted to four treatments consisting of RP supplemented at 2200 IU/kg, and synthetic β-carotene (SβC) supplemented at one, five or 10 times RP. Longissimus muscle (LM) cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid was greater in RP compared to SβC1X (P = 0.04). The polyunsaturated:saturated FA increased linearly (P = 0.04) in the LM as dietary SβC increased. Expression of βC oxygenase 2 (βCO2), an enzyme that cleaves β-carotene, was greater in the LM for SβC1X compared to RP and decreased linearly as SβC increased (P ≤ 0.02). Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) expression in the LM increased in SβC1X compared to RP (P = 0.03); however, PPARγ and retinoic acid X receptor α (RXRα) expression decreased linearly (P = 0.02) in the LM with increasing SβC. Retinoic acid receptor α (RARα) expression tended (P = 0.10) to decrease linearly in the LM with increased SβC. In conclusion, SβC supplementation increased mRNA expression of some lipogenic genes in the LM, but increasing dietary SβC inhibited their expression and tended to increase polyunsaturated FA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin N Condron
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jolena N Waddell
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Matt C Claeys
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ronald P Lemenager
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jon P Schoonmaker
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gray GM, Ma N, Wagner CE, van der Vaart A. Molecular dynamics simulations and molecular flooding studies of the retinoid X-receptor ligand binding domain. J Mol Model 2017; 23:98. [PMID: 28251414 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-017-3260-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bexarotene is an FDA approved retinoid X-receptor (RXR) agonist for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, and its use in other cancers and Alzheimer's disease is being investigated. The drug causes serious side effects, which might be reduced by chemical modifications of the molecule. To rationalize known agonists and to help identify sites for potential substitutions we present molecular simulations in which the RXR ligand-binding domain was flooded with a large number of drug-like molecules, and molecular dynamics simulations of a series of bexarotene-like ligands bound to the RXR ligand-binding domain. Based on the flooding simulations, two regions of interest for ligand modifications were identified: a hydrophobic area near the bridgehead and another near the fused ring. In addition, positional fluctuations of the phenyl ring were generally smaller than fluctuations of the fused ring of the ligands. Together, these observations suggest that the fused ring might be a good target for the design of higher affinity bexarotene-like ligands, while the phenyl ring is already optimized. In addition, notable differences in ligand position and interactions between the RXRα and RXRβ were observed, as well as differences in hydrogen bonding and solvation, which might be exploited in the development of subspecies-specific ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M Gray
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave. CHE 205, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave. CHE 205, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Carl E Wagner
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts & Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W. Thunderbird Rd., Glendale, AZ, 85306, USA
| | - Arjan van der Vaart
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave. CHE 205, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Costabile BK, Kim YK, Iqbal J, Zuccaro MV, Wassef L, Narayanasamy S, Curley RW, Harrison EH, Hussain MM, Quadro L. β-Apo-10'-carotenoids Modulate Placental Microsomal Triglyceride Transfer Protein Expression and Function to Optimize Transport of Intact β-Carotene to the Embryo. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:18525-35. [PMID: 27402843 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.738336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Carotene is an important source of vitamin A for the mammalian embryo, which depends on its adequate supply to achieve proper organogenesis. In mammalian tissues, β-carotene 15,15'-oxygenase (BCO1) converts β-carotene to retinaldehyde, which is then oxidized to retinoic acid, the biologically active form of vitamin A that acts as a transcription factor ligand to regulate gene expression. β-Carotene can also be cleaved by β-carotene 9',10'-oxygenase (BCO2) to form β-apo-10'-carotenal, a precursor of retinoic acid and a transcriptional regulator per se The mammalian embryo obtains β-carotene from the maternal circulation. However, the molecular mechanisms that enable its transfer across the maternal-fetal barrier are not understood. Given that β-carotene is transported in the adult bloodstream by lipoproteins and that the placenta acquires, assembles, and secretes lipoproteins, we hypothesized that the aforementioned process requires placental lipoprotein biosynthesis. Here we show that β-carotene availability regulates transcription and activity of placental microsomal triglyceride transfer protein as well as expression of placental apolipoprotein B, two key players in lipoprotein biosynthesis. We also show that β-apo-10'-carotenal mediates the transcriptional regulation of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein via hepatic nuclear factor 4α and chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor I/II. Our data provide the first in vivo evidence of the transcriptional regulatory activity of β-apocarotenoids and identify microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and its transcription factors as the targets of their action. This study demonstrates that β-carotene induces a feed-forward mechanism in the placenta to enhance the assimilation of β-carotene for proper embryogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brianna K Costabile
- From the Department of Food Science and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and New Jersey Institute for Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - Youn-Kyung Kim
- From the Department of Food Science and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and New Jersey Institute for Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - Jahangir Iqbal
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203, and
| | - Michael V Zuccaro
- From the Department of Food Science and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and New Jersey Institute for Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - Lesley Wassef
- From the Department of Food Science and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and New Jersey Institute for Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - Sureshbabu Narayanasamy
- College of Pharmacy and Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | | | - Earl H Harrison
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - M Mahmood Hussain
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203, and
| | - Loredana Quadro
- From the Department of Food Science and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and New Jersey Institute for Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901,
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Cell, animal and human studies dealing with carotenoids and carotenoid derivatives as nutritional regulators of adipose tissue biology with implications for the etiology and management of obesity and obesity-related metabolic diseases are reviewed. Most studied carotenoids in this context are β-carotene, cryptoxanthin, astaxanthin and fucoxanthin, together with β-carotene-derived retinoids and some other apocarotenoids. Studies indicate an impact of these compounds on essential aspects of adipose tissue biology including the control of adipocyte differentiation (adipogenesis), adipocyte metabolism, oxidative stress and the production of adipose tissue-derived regulatory signals and inflammatory mediators. Specific carotenoids and carotenoid derivatives restrain adipogenesis and adipocyte hypertrophy while enhancing fat oxidation and energy dissipation in brown and white adipocytes, and counteract obesity in animal models. Intake, blood levels and adipocyte content of carotenoids are reduced in human obesity. Specifically designed human intervention studies in the field, though still sparse, indicate a beneficial effect of carotenoid supplementation in the accrual of abdominal adiposity. In summary, studies support a role of specific carotenoids and carotenoid derivatives in the prevention of excess adiposity, and suggest that carotenoid requirements may be dependent on body composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Luisa Bonet
- Group of Nutrigenomics and Obesity, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Cra. Valldemossa Km 7.5. 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Jose A Canas
- Metabolism and Diabetes, Nemours Children's Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32207, USA
| | - Joan Ribot
- Group of Nutrigenomics and Obesity, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Cra. Valldemossa Km 7.5. 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Andreu Palou
- Group of Nutrigenomics and Obesity, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Cra. Valldemossa Km 7.5. 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Rühl R, Landrier JF. Dietary regulation of adiponectin by direct and indirect lipid activators of nuclear hormone receptors. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 60:175-84. [PMID: 26610729 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin is an adipokine mainly secreted by adipocytes that presents antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antiatherogenic functions. Therefore, modulation of adiponectin expression represents a promising target for prevention or treatment of several diseases including insulin resistance and type II diabetes. Pharmacological agents such as the nuclear hormone receptor synthetic agonists like peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ agonists are of particular interest in therapeutic strategies due to their ability to increase the plasma adiponectin concentration. Nutritional approaches are also of particular interest, especially in primary prevention, since some active compounds of our diet (notably vitamins, carotenoids, or other essential nutrients) are direct or indirect lipid-activators of nuclear hormone receptors and are modifiers of adiponectin expression and secretion. The aim of the present review is to summarize current knowledge about the nutritional regulation of adiponectin by derivatives of active compounds naturally present in the diet acting as indirect or direct activators of nuclear hormone receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Rühl
- Paprika Bioanalytics BT, Debrecen, Hungary.,MTA-DE Public Health Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - J F Landrier
- INRA, Marseille, France.,INSERM, Nutrition, Obésité et Risque Thrombotique, Marseille, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhang R, Wang Y, Li R, Chen G. Transcriptional Factors Mediating Retinoic Acid Signals in the Control of Energy Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:14210-44. [PMID: 26110391 PMCID: PMC4490549 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160614210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), an active metabolite of vitamin A (VA), is important for many physiological processes including energy metabolism. This is mainly achieved through RA-regulated gene expression in metabolically active cells. RA regulates gene expression mainly through the activation of two subfamilies in the nuclear receptor superfamily, retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs). RAR/RXR heterodimers or RXR/RXR homodimers bind to RA response element in the promoters of RA target genes and regulate their expressions upon ligand binding. The development of metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes is often associated with profound changes in the expressions of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism in metabolically active cells. RA regulates some of these gene expressions. Recently, in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that status and metabolism of VA regulate macronutrient metabolism. Some studies have shown that, in addition to RARs and RXRs, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α, chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor II, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor β/δ may function as transcriptional factors mediating RA response. Herein, we summarize current progresses regarding the VA metabolism and the role of nuclear receptors in mediating RA signals, with an emphasis on their implication in energy metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- State Food and Drug Administration Hubei Center for Medical Equipment Quality Supervision and Testing, 666 High-Tech Avenue, Wuhan 430000, China.
| | - Yueqiao Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Wuhan University, 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Wuhan University, 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Guoxun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, 1215 West Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Luisa Bonet M, Canas JA, Ribot J, Palou A. Carotenoids and their conversion products in the control of adipocyte function, adiposity and obesity. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 572:112-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
40
|
Wang CX, Jiang H, Yuen JJ, Lee SA, Narayanasamy S, Curley RW, Harrison EH, Blaner WS. Actions of β-apo-carotenoids in differentiating cells: differential effects in P19 cells and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 572:2-10. [PMID: 25602703 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
β-Apo-carotenoids, including β-apo-13-carotenone and β-apo-14'-carotenal, are potent retinoic acid receptor (RAR) antagonists in transactivation assays. We asked how these influence RAR-dependent processes in living cells. Initially, we explored the effects of β-apo-13-carotenone and β-apo-14'-carotenal on P19 cells, a mouse embryonal carcinoma cell line that differentiates into neurons when treated with all-trans-retinoic acid. Treatment of P19 cells with either compound failed to block all-trans-retinoic acid induced differentiation. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry studies, however, established that neither of these β-apo-carotenoids accumulates in P19 cells. All-trans-retinoic acid accumulated to high levels in P19 cells. This suggests that the uptake and metabolism of β-apo-carotenoids by some cells does not involve the same processes used for retinoids and that these may be cell type specific. We also investigated the effects of two β-apo-carotenoids on 3T3-L1 adipocyte marker gene expression during adipocyte differentiation. Treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with either β-apo-13-carotenone or β-apo-10'-carotenoic acid, which lacks RAR antagonist activity, stimulated adipocyte marker gene expression. Neither blocked the inhibitory effects of a relatively large dose of exogenous all-trans-retinoic acid on adipocyte differentiation. Our data suggest that in addition to acting as transcriptional antagonists, some β-apo-carotenoids act through other mechanisms to influence 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia X Wang
- Columbia College, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Hongfeng Jiang
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Jason J Yuen
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Seung-Ah Lee
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Sureshbabu Narayanasamy
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Robert W Curley
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Earl H Harrison
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - William S Blaner
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Gene polymorphisms and gene scores linked to low serum carotenoid status and their associations with metabolic disturbance and depressive symptoms in African-American adults. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:992-1003. [PMID: 25201307 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514001706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Gene polymorphisms provide a means to obtain unconfounded associations between carotenoids and various health outcomes. In the present study, we tested whether gene polymorphisms and gene scores linked to low serum carotenoid status are related to metabolic disturbance and depressive symptoms in African-American adults residing in Baltimore city, MD, using cross-sectional data from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span study (age range 30-64 years, n 873-994). We examined twenty-four SNP of various gene loci that were previously shown to be associated with low serum carotenoid status (SNPlcar). Gene risk scores were created: five low specific-carotenoid risk scores (LSCRS: α-carotene, β-carotene, lutein+zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin and lycopene) and one low total-carotenoid risk score (LTCRS: total carotenoids). SNPlcar, LSCRS and LTCRS were entered as predictors for a number of health outcomes. These included obesity, National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III metabolic syndrome and its components, elevated homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, C-reactive protein, hyperuricaemia and elevated depressive symptoms (EDS, Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression score ≥ 16). Among the key findings, SNPlcar were not associated with the main outcomes after correction for multiple testing. However, an inverse association was found between the LTCRS and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) dyslipidaemia. Specifically, the α-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin LSCRS were associated with a lower odds of HDL-C dyslipidaemia. However, the β-cryptoxanthin LSCRS was linked to a higher odds of EDS, with a linear dose-response relationship. In summary, gene risk scores linked to low serum carotenoids had mixed effects on HDL-C dyslipidaemia and EDS. Further studies using larger African-American population samples are needed.
Collapse
|
42
|
Lee SA, Jiang H, Trent CM, Yuen JJ, Narayanasamy S, Curley RW, Harrison EH, Goldberg IJ, Maurer MS, Blaner WS. Cardiac dysfunction in β-carotene-15,15'-dioxygenase-deficient mice is associated with altered retinoid and lipid metabolism. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 307:H1675-84. [PMID: 25260612 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00548.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dietary carotenoids like β-carotene are converted within the body either to retinoid, via β-carotene-15,15'-dioxygenase (BCO1), or to β-apo-carotenoids, via β-carotene-9',10'-oxygenase 2. Some β-apo-carotenoids are potent antagonists of retinoic acid receptor (RAR)-mediated transcriptional regulation, which is required to ensure normal heart development and functions. We established liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometery methods for measuring concentrations of 10 β-apo-carotenoids in mouse plasma, liver, and heart and assessed how these are influenced by Bco1 deficiency and β-carotene intake. Surprisingly, Bco1(-/-) mice had an increase in heart levels of retinol, nonesterified fatty acids, and ceramides and a decrease in heart triglycerides. These lipid changes were accompanied by elevations in levels of genes important to retinoid metabolism, specifically retinol dehydrogenase 10 and retinol-binding protein 4, as well as genes involved in lipid metabolism, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, lipoprotein lipase, Cd36, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1, and fatty acid synthase. We also obtained evidence of compromised heart function, as assessed by two-dimensional echocardiography, in Bco1(-/-) mice. However, the total absence of Bco1 did not substantially affect β-apo-carotenoid concentrations in the heart. β-Carotene administration to matched Bco1(-/-) and wild-type mice elevated total β-apo-carotenal levels in the heart, liver, and plasma and total β-apo-carotenoic acid levels in the liver. Thus, BCO1 modulates heart metabolism and function, possibly by altering levels of cofactors required for the actions of nuclear hormone receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ah Lee
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Hongfeng Jiang
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Chad M Trent
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Jason J Yuen
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Sureshbabu Narayanasamy
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Robert W Curley
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | - Earl H Harrison
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ira J Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Mathew S Maurer
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - William S Blaner
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York;
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Polvani S, Tarocchi M, Tempesti S, Galli A. Nuclear receptors and pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:12062-12081. [PMID: 25232244 PMCID: PMC4161795 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i34.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a devastating disease with a median overall survival time of 5 mo and the five years survival less than 5%, a rate essentially unchanged over the course of the years. A well defined progression model of accumulation of genetic alterations ranging from single point mutations to gross chromosomal abnormalities has been introduced to describe the origin of this disease. However, due to the its subtle nature and concurring events PDAC cure remains elusive. Nuclear receptors (NR) are members of a large superfamily of evolutionarily conserved ligand-regulated DNA-binding transcription factors functionally involved in important cellular functions ranging from regulation of metabolism, to growth and development. Given the nature of their ligands, NR are very tempting drug targets and their pharmacological modulation has been widely exploited for the treatment of metabolic and inflammatory diseases. There are now clear evidences that both classical ligand-activated and orphan NR are involved in the pathogenesis of PDAC from its very early stages; nonetheless many aspects of their role are not fully understood. The purpose of this review is to highlight the striking connections that link peroxisome proliferator activated receptors, retinoic acid receptors, retinoid X receptor, androgen receptor, estrogen receptors and the orphan NR Nur, chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor II and the liver receptor homologue-1 receptor to PDAC development, connections that could lead to the identification of novel therapies for this disease.
Collapse
|
44
|
McGill AT. Causes of metabolic syndrome and obesity-related co-morbidities Part 1: A composite unifying theory review of human-specific co-adaptations to brain energy consumption. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 72:30. [PMID: 25708524 PMCID: PMC4335398 DOI: 10.1186/2049-3258-72-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
One line summary Metabolic syndrome and obesity-related co-morbidities are largely explained by co-adaptations to the energy use of the large human brain in the cortico-limbic-striatal and NRF2 systems. The medical, research and general community is unable to effect significantly decreased rates of central obesity and related type II diabetes mellitus (TIIDM), cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer. All conditions seem to be linked by the concept of the metabolic syndrome (MetS), but the underlying causes are not known. MetS markers may have been mistaken for causes, thus many treatments are destined to be suboptimal. The current paper aims to critique current paradigms, give explanations for their persistence, and to return to first principles in an attempt to determine and clarify likely causes of MetS and obesity related comorbidities. A wide literature has been mined, study concepts analysed and the basics of human evolution and new biochemistry reviewed. A plausible, multifaceted composite unifying theory is formulated. The basis of the theory is that the proportionately large, energy-demanding human brain may have driven co-adaptive mechanisms to provide, or conserve, energy for the brain. A ‘dual system’ is proposed. 1) The enlarged, complex cortico-limbic-striatal system increases dietary energy by developing strong neural self-reward/motivation pathways for the acquisition of energy dense food, and (2) the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) cellular protection system amplifies antioxidant, antitoxicant and repair activity by employing plant chemicals, becoming highly energy efficient in humans. The still-evolving, complex human cortico-limbic-striatal system generates strong behavioural drives for energy dense food procurement, including motivating agricultural technologies and social system development. Addiction to such foods, leading to neglect of nutritious but less appetizing ‘common or garden’ food, appears to have occurred. Insufficient consumption of food micronutrients prevents optimal human NRF2 function. Inefficient oxidation of excess energy forces central and non-adipose cells to store excess toxic lipid. Oxidative stress and metabolic inflammation, or metaflammation, allow susceptibility to infectious, degenerative atherosclerotic cardiovascular, autoimmune, neurodegenerative and dysplastic diseases. Other relevant human-specific co-adaptations are examined, and encompass the unusual ability to store fat, certain vitamin pathways, the generalised but flexible intestine and microbiota, and slow development and longevity. This theory has significant past and future corollaries, which are explored in a separate article by McGill, A-T, in Archives of Public Health, 72: 31.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Thea McGill
- School of Population Health and Human Nutrition Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand ; B-Med Weight Control Consultancy, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Palczewski G, Amengual J, Hoppel CL, von Lintig J. Evidence for compartmentalization of mammalian carotenoid metabolism. FASEB J 2014; 28:4457-69. [PMID: 25002123 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-252411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The critical role of retinoids (vitamin A and its derivatives) for vision, reproduction, and survival has been well established. Vitamin A is produced from dietary carotenoids such as β-carotene by centric cleavage via the enzyme BCO1. The biochemical and molecular identification of a second structurally related β-carotene metabolizing enzyme, BCO2, has led to a prolonged debate about its relevance in vitamin A biology. While BCO1 cleaves provitamin A carotenoids, BCO2 is more promiscuous and also metabolizes nonprovitamin A carotenoids such as zeaxanthin into long-chain apo-carotenoids. Herein we demonstrate, in cell lines, that human BCO2 is associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane. Different human BCO2 isoforms possess cleavable N-terminal leader sequences critical for mitochondrial import. Subfractionation of murine hepatic mitochondria confirmed the localization of BCO2 to the inner mitochondrial membrane. Studies in BCO2-knockout mice revealed that zeaxanthin accumulates in the inner mitochondrial membrane; in contrast, β-carotene is retained predominantly in the cytoplasm. Thus, we provide evidence for a compartmentalization of carotenoid metabolism that prevents competition between BCO1 and BCO2 for the provitamin and the production of noncanonical β-carotene metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Charles L Hoppel
- Department of Pharmacology, and Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ben Amara N, Tourniaire F, Maraninchi M, Attia N, Amiot-Carlin MJ, Raccah D, Valéro R, Landrier JF, Darmon P. Independent positive association of plasma β-carotene concentrations with adiponectin among non-diabetic obese subjects. Eur J Nutr 2014; 54:447-54. [PMID: 24906472 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-014-0728-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Many epidemiological studies find an inverse correlation between carotenoids intake or carotenoids plasma concentrations and body mass index (BMI), insulin resistance or metabolic syndrome in the general population. However, it is not clear whether these relationships occur in obese population. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study in 108 obese non-diabetic patients. RESULTS There was an inverse correlation between plasma levels of pro-vitamin A carotenoids (α-carotene, β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin) and both BMI and insulin resistance (estimated by the HOMA-IR). No correlation between plasma concentrations of lycopene or lutein/zeaxanthin and BMI or insulin resistance was found. The inverse association between the three pro-vitamin A carotenoids and HOMA-IR disappeared after adjustment for BMI and waist circumference. Interestingly, we identified a positive association between concentrations of β-carotene and adiponectin in plasma that was independent of sex, age, smoking status, BMI and waist circumference. To our knowledge, such association has never been described in obese patients. CONCLUSION These results suggest the existence of a favourable effect of β-carotene on insulin sensitivity in obese individuals that could involve a positive regulation of adiponectin, either directly or via its pro-vitamin A activity. The demonstration of the potential benefits of β-carotene towards insulin sensitivity would open the way to dietary strategies to prevent metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Ben Amara
- UMR 1260, INRA, Université d'Aix-Marseille, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Huang
- Metabolic Signaling and Disease Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Vikas Chandra
- Metabolic Signaling and Disease Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Fraydoon Rastinejad
- Metabolic Signaling and Disease Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Retinoid X Receptors (RXR) were initially identified as nuclear receptors binding with stereo-selectivity the vitamin A derivative 9-cis retinoic acid, although the relevance of this molecule as endogenous activator of RXRs is still elusive. Importantly, within the nuclear receptor superfamily, RXRs occupy a peculiar place, as they are obligatory partners for a number of other nuclear receptors, thus integrating the corresponding signaling pathways. In this chapter, we describe the structural features allowing RXR to form homo- and heterodimers, and the functional consequences of this unique ability. Furthermore, we discuss the importance of studying RXR activity at a genome-wide level in order to comprehensively address the biological implications of their action that is fundamental to understand to what extent RXRs could be exploited as new therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Gilardi
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Genopode Building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland,
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Álvarez R, Vaz B, Gronemeyer H, de Lera ÁR. Functions, therapeutic applications, and synthesis of retinoids and carotenoids. Chem Rev 2013; 114:1-125. [PMID: 24266866 DOI: 10.1021/cr400126u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Álvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CINBIO), and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Vigo (IBIV), Universidade de Vigo , 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
dela Seña C, Narayanasamy S, Riedl KM, Curley RW, Schwartz SJ, Harrison EH. Substrate specificity of purified recombinant human β-carotene 15,15'-oxygenase (BCO1). J Biol Chem 2013; 288:37094-103. [PMID: 24187135 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.507160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans cannot synthesize vitamin A and thus must obtain it from their diet. β-Carotene 15,15'-oxygenase (BCO1) catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of provitamin A carotenoids at the central 15-15' double bond to yield retinal (vitamin A). In this work, we quantitatively describe the substrate specificity of purified recombinant human BCO1 in terms of catalytic efficiency values (kcat/Km). The full-length open reading frame of human BCO1 was cloned into the pET-28b expression vector with a C-terminal polyhistidine tag, and the protein was expressed in the Escherichia coli strain BL21-Gold(DE3). The enzyme was purified using cobalt ion affinity chromatography. The purified enzyme preparation catalyzed the oxidative cleavage of β-carotene with a Vmax = 197.2 nmol retinal/mg BCO1 × h, Km = 17.2 μM and catalytic efficiency kcat/Km = 6098 M(-1) min(-1). The enzyme also catalyzed the oxidative cleavage of α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, and β-apo-8'-carotenal to yield retinal. The catalytic efficiency values of these substrates are lower than that of β-carotene. Surprisingly, BCO1 catalyzed the oxidative cleavage of lycopene to yield acycloretinal with a catalytic efficiency similar to that of β-carotene. The shorter β-apocarotenals (β-apo-10'-carotenal, β-apo-12'-carotenal, β-apo-14'-carotenal) do not show Michaelis-Menten behavior under the conditions tested. We did not detect any activity with lutein, zeaxanthin, and 9-cis-β-carotene. Our results show that BCO1 favors full-length provitamin A carotenoids as substrates, with the notable exception of lycopene. Lycopene has previously been reported to be unreactive with BCO1, and our findings warrant a fresh look at acycloretinal and its alcohol and acid forms as metabolites of lycopene in future studies.
Collapse
|