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Zeng Y, Hu X, Cai Z, Qiu D, Ran Y, Ding Y, Shi J, Cai X, Pan Y. Photodynamic and nitric oxide therapy-based synergistic antimicrobial nanoplatform: an advanced root canal irrigation system for endodontic bacterial infections. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:213. [PMID: 38689259 PMCID: PMC11059741 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02483-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main issues faced during the treatment of apical periodontitis are the management of bacterial infection and the facilitation of the repair of alveolar bone defects to shorten disease duration. Conventional root canal irrigants are limited in their efficacy and are associated with several side effects. This study introduces a synergistic therapy based on nitric oxide (NO) and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) for the treatment of apical periodontitis. RESULTS This research developed a multifunctional nanoparticle, CGP, utilizing guanidinylated poly (ethylene glycol)-poly (ε-Caprolactone) polymer as a carrier, internally loaded with the photosensitizer chlorin e6. During root canal irrigation, the guanidino groups on the surface of CGP enabled effective biofilm penetration. These groups undergo oxidation by hydrogen peroxide in the aPDT process, triggering the release of NO without hindering the production of singlet oxygen. The generated NO significantly enhanced the antimicrobial capability and biofilm eradication efficacy of aPDT. Furthermore, CGP not only outperforms conventional aPDT in eradicating biofilms but also effectively promotes the repair of alveolar bone defects post-eradication. Importantly, our findings reveal that CGP exhibits significantly higher biosafety compared to sodium hypochlorite, alongside superior therapeutic efficacy in a rat model of apical periodontitis. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that CGP, an effective root irrigation system based on aPDT and NO, has a promising application in root canal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyun Zeng
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Xiangyu Hu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Zhibin Cai
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Dongchao Qiu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Ying Ran
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yiqin Ding
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Jiayi Shi
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Xiaojun Cai
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Yihuai Pan
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
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Semicheva A, Ersoy U, Vasilaki A, Myrtziou I, Kanakis I. Defining the Most Potent Osteoinductive Culture Conditions for MC3T3-E1 Cells Reveals No Implication of Oxidative Stress or Energy Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4180. [PMID: 38673767 PMCID: PMC11050066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The MC3T3-E1 preosteoblastic cell line is widely utilised as a reliable in vitro system to assess bone formation. However, the experimental growth conditions for these cells hugely diverge, and, particularly, the osteogenic medium (OSM)'s composition varies in research studies. Therefore, we aimed to define the ideal culture conditions for MC3T3-E1 subclone 4 cells with regard to their mineralization capacity and explore if oxidative stress or the cellular metabolism processes are implicated. Cells were treated with nine different combinations of long-lasting ascorbate (Asc) and β-glycerophosphate (βGP), and osteogenesis/calcification was evaluated at three different time-points by qPCR, Western blotting, and bone nodule staining. Key molecules of the oxidative and metabolic pathways were also assessed. It was found that sufficient mineral deposition was achieved only in the 150 μg.mL-1/2 mM Asc/βGP combination on day 21 in OSM, and this was supported by Runx2, Alpl, Bglap, and Col1a1 expression level increases. NOX2 and SOD2 as well as PGC1α and Tfam were also monitored as indicators of redox and metabolic processes, respectively, where no differences were observed. Elevation in OCN protein levels and ALP activity showed that mineralisation comes as a result of these differences. This work defines the most appropriate culture conditions for MC3T3-E1 cells and could be used by other research laboratories in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Semicheva
- Chester Medical School, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Society, University of Chester, Chester CH1 4BJ, UK; (A.S.); (I.M.)
| | - Ufuk Ersoy
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences (ILCaMS), University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK; (U.E.); (A.V.)
| | - Aphrodite Vasilaki
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences (ILCaMS), University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK; (U.E.); (A.V.)
| | - Ioanna Myrtziou
- Chester Medical School, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Society, University of Chester, Chester CH1 4BJ, UK; (A.S.); (I.M.)
| | - Ioannis Kanakis
- Chester Medical School, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Society, University of Chester, Chester CH1 4BJ, UK; (A.S.); (I.M.)
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences (ILCaMS), University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK; (U.E.); (A.V.)
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Akçay H, Tatar B, Kuru K, Ünal N, Şimşek F, Ulu M, Karaman O. Comparison of Particulate, Block and Putty Forms of β-tricalcium Phosphate-Based Synthetic Bone Grafts on Rat Calvarium Model. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2023; 22:296-303. [PMID: 37122788 PMCID: PMC10130241 DOI: 10.1007/s12663-022-01735-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Bone augmentation is a necessity for atrophied alveolar ridge prior to dental implant placement. Various bone graft types and forms with different characteristics are available in the market for alveolar augmentation. Beta tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) is a synthetic biomaterial known as the oldest type of calcium phosphate. Studies comparing particulate, block or putty grafts are very limited. The aim of this study was to compare the particulate, block and putty forms of the same β-TCP bone graft and analyze the efficiency in critical size calvarium defects. Material and Methods Twenty male Wistar-Albino rats were employed for the study. Four bicortical bone defects with 5 mm diameter were created on each rat calvarium, and three defects were filled with particulate, block or putty β-TCP graft and one defect was left empty. The animals were killed after 8 weeks. New bone formation, residual graft, loose connective tissue, condensed mesenchyme, alkaline phosphatase, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, osteocalcin were measured on the specimens. Results Compared to block and putty forms, significantly higher new bone formation and least residual graft were observed in the particulate graft group. The residual graft was significantly higher in the block graft group than both the particulate and the putty groups. The cellular immunoreactivity of the samples in the particulate graft group was significantly higher. There was no significant difference between putty and block graft groups. Conclusion Bone regeneration is significantly affected by the form of β-TCP bone graft, and the particulate form was the most successful in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hüseyin Akçay
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Aydinlikevler mah. Cemil Meric Cad. IKCU Dis Hek. Fak. Agiz, Dis Ve Cene Cerrahisi, 35640 Cigli/Izmir, Turkey
| | - Birkan Tatar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Aydinlikevler mah. Cemil Meric Cad. IKCU Dis Hek. Fak. Agiz, Dis Ve Cene Cerrahisi, 35640 Cigli/Izmir, Turkey
| | | | | | - Fatma Şimşek
- Department of Histology and Embriyology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Murat Ulu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Aydinlikevler mah. Cemil Meric Cad. IKCU Dis Hek. Fak. Agiz, Dis Ve Cene Cerrahisi, 35640 Cigli/Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ozan Karaman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
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Valdez-Salas B, Castillo-Uribe S, Beltran-Partida E, Curiel-Alvarez M, Perez-Landeros O, Guerra-Balcazar M, Cheng N, Gonzalez-Mendoza D, Flores-Peñaloza O. Recovering Osteoblast Functionality on TiO2 Nanotube Surfaces Under Diabetic Conditions. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:5469-5488. [PMID: 36426372 PMCID: PMC9680990 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s387386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Titanium (Ti) and its alloys (eg, Ti6Al4V) are exceptional treatments for replacing or repairing bones and damaged surrounding tissues. Although Ti-based implants exhibit excellent osteoconductive performance under healthy conditions, the effectiveness and successful clinical achievements are negatively altered in diabetic patients. Concernedly, diabetes mellitus (DM) contributes to osteoblastic dysfunctionality, altering efficient osseointegration. This work investigates the beneficial osteogenic activity conducted by nanostructured TiO2 under detrimental microenvironment conditions, simulated by human diabetic serum. Methods We evaluated the bone-forming functional properties of osteoblasts on synthesized TiO2 nanotubes (NTs) by anodization and Ti6Al4V non-modified alloy surfaces under detrimental diabetic conditions. To simulate the detrimental environment, MC3T3E-1 preosteoblasts were cultured under human diabetic serum (DS) of two diagnosed and metabolically controlled patients. Normal human serum (HS) was used to mimic health conditions and fetal bovine serum (FBS) as the control culture environment. We characterized the matrix mineralization under the detrimental conditions on the control alloy and the NTs. Moreover, we applied immunofluorescence of osteoblasts differentiation markers on the NTs to understand the bone-expression stimulated by the biochemical medium conditions. Results The diabetic conditions depressed the initial osteoblast growth ability, as evidenced by altered early cell adhesion and reduced proliferation. Nonetheless, after three days, the diabetic damage was suppressed by the NTs, enhancing the osteoblast activity. Therefore, the osteogenic markers of bone formation and the differentiation of osteoblasts were reactivated by the nanoconfigured surfaces. Far more importantly, collagen secretion and bone-matrix mineralization were stimulated and conducted to levels similar to those of the control of FBS conditions, in comparison to the control alloy, which was not able to reach similar levels of bone functionality than the NTs. Conclusion Our study brings knowledge for the potential application of nanostructured biomaterials to work as an integrative platform under the detrimental metabolic status present in diabetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Valdez-Salas
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Cáncer, Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California, México
| | - Sandra Castillo-Uribe
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Cáncer, Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California, México
| | - Ernesto Beltran-Partida
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Cáncer, Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California, México
- Correspondence: Ernesto Beltran-Partida, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Cáncer, Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Blvd. Benito Juárez y Calle de la Normal, Mexicali, Baja California, C.P. 21280, México, Email
| | - Mario Curiel-Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Cáncer, Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California, México
| | - Oscar Perez-Landeros
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Cáncer, Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California, México
| | - Minerva Guerra-Balcazar
- Facultad de Ingeniería, División de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, México
| | | | - Daniel Gonzalez-Mendoza
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California, México
| | - Olivia Flores-Peñaloza
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Cáncer, Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California, México
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Petrusca DN, Mulcrone PL, Macar DA, Bishop RT, Berdyshev E, Suvannasankha A, Anderson JL, Sun Q, Auron PE, Galson DL, Roodman GD. GFI1-Dependent Repression of SGPP1 Increases Multiple Myeloma Cell Survival. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030772. [PMID: 35159039 PMCID: PMC8833953 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary New therapies have greatly improved the progression-free and overall survival for patients with “standard risk” multiple myeloma (MM). However, patients with “high risk” MM, in particular patients whose MM cells harbor non-functional p53, have very short survival times because of the early relapse and rapid development of highly therapy-resistant MM. In this report, we identify a novel mechanism responsible for Growth Factor Independence-1 (GFI1) regulation of the growth and survival of MM cells through its modulation of sphingolipid metabolism, regardless of their p53 status. We identify the Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Phosphatase (SGPP1) gene as a novel direct target of GFI1 transcriptional repression in MM cells, thus increasing intracellular sphingosine-1-phosphate levels, which stabilizes c-Myc. Our results support GFI1 as an attractive therapeutic target for all types of MM, including the “high risk” patient population with non-functional p53, as well as a possible therapeutic approach for other types of cancers expressing high levels of c-Myc. Abstract Multiple myeloma (MM) remains incurable for most patients due to the emergence of drug resistant clones. Here we report a p53-independent mechanism responsible for Growth Factor Independence-1 (GFI1) support of MM cell survival by its modulation of sphingolipid metabolism to increase the sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) level regardless of the p53 status. We found that expression of enzymes that control S1P biosynthesis, SphK1, dephosphorylation, and SGPP1 were differentially correlated with GFI1 levels in MM cells. We detected GFI1 occupancy on the SGGP1 gene in MM cells in a predicted enhancer region at the 5’ end of intron 1, which correlated with decreased SGGP1 expression and increased S1P levels in GFI1 overexpressing cells, regardless of their p53 status. The high S1P:Ceramide intracellular ratio in MM cells protected c-Myc protein stability in a PP2A-dependent manner. The decreased MM viability by SphK1 inhibition was dependent on the induction of autophagy in both p53WT and p53mut MM. An autophagic blockade prevented GFI1 support for viability only in p53mut MM, demonstrating that GFI1 increases MM cell survival via both p53WT inhibition and upregulation of S1P independently. Therefore, GFI1 may be a key therapeutic target for all types of MM that may significantly benefit patients that are highly resistant to current therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela N. Petrusca
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Division, Indiana University School of Medicine, 980 Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (P.L.M.); (A.S.); (J.L.A.); (G.D.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(317)-278-5548
| | - Patrick L. Mulcrone
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Division, Indiana University School of Medicine, 980 Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (P.L.M.); (A.S.); (J.L.A.); (G.D.R.)
| | - David A. Macar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; (D.A.M.); (P.E.A.)
| | - Ryan T. Bishop
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Research Center and Institute, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Evgeny Berdyshev
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA;
| | - Attaya Suvannasankha
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Division, Indiana University School of Medicine, 980 Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (P.L.M.); (A.S.); (J.L.A.); (G.D.R.)
- Richard L. Rodebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1481 W 10th St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Judith L. Anderson
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Division, Indiana University School of Medicine, 980 Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (P.L.M.); (A.S.); (J.L.A.); (G.D.R.)
| | - Quanhong Sun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center Research Pavilion, 5117 Centre Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (Q.S.); (D.L.G.)
| | - Philip E. Auron
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; (D.A.M.); (P.E.A.)
| | - Deborah L. Galson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center Research Pavilion, 5117 Centre Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (Q.S.); (D.L.G.)
| | - G. David Roodman
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Division, Indiana University School of Medicine, 980 Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (P.L.M.); (A.S.); (J.L.A.); (G.D.R.)
- Richard L. Rodebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1481 W 10th St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Abar B, Kelly C, Pham A, Allen N, Barber H, Kelly A, Mirando AJ, Hilton MJ, Gall K, Adams SB. Effect of surface topography on in vitro osteoblast function and mechanical performance of 3D printed titanium. J Biomed Mater Res A 2021; 109:1792-1802. [PMID: 33754494 PMCID: PMC8373644 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Critical-sized defects remain a significant challenge in orthopaedics. 3D printed scaffolds are a promising treatment but are still limited due to inconsistent osseous integration. The goal of the study is to understand how changing the surface roughness of 3D printed titanium either by surface treatment or artificially printing rough topography impacts the mechanical and biological properties of 3D printed titanium. Titanium tensile samples and discs were printed via laser powder bed fusion. Roughness was manipulated by post-processing printed samples or by directly printing rough features. Experimental groups in order of increasing surface roughness were Polished, Blasted, As Built, Sprouts, and Rough Sprouts. Tensile behavior of samples showed reduced strength with increasing surface roughness. MC3T3 pre-osteoblasts were seeded on discs and analyzed for cellular proliferation, differentiation, and matrix deposition at 0, 2, and 4 weeks. Printing roughness diminished mechanical properties such as tensile strength and ductility without clear benefit to cell growth. Roughness features were printed on mesoscale, unlike samples in literature in which roughness on microscale demonstrated an increase in cell activity. The data suggest that printing artificial roughness on titanium scaffold is not an effective strategy to promote osseous integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijan Abar
- Duke University Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Sciences
| | - Cambre Kelly
- Duke University Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Sciences
| | - Anh Pham
- Duke University Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Sciences
| | | | | | - Alexander Kelly
- Duke University Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Sciences
| | | | | | - Ken Gall
- Duke University Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Sciences
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Uniaxially fixed mechanical boundary condition elicits cellular alignment in collagen matrix with induction of osteogenesis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9009. [PMID: 33907271 PMCID: PMC8079399 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88505-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteocytes differentiated from osteoblasts play significant roles as mechanosensors in modulating the bone remodeling process. While the well-aligned osteocyte network along the trabeculae with slender cell processes perpendicular to the trabeculae surface is known to facilitate the sensing of mechanical stimuli by cells and the intracellular communication in the bone matrix, the mechanisms underlying osteocyte network formation remains unclear. Here, we developed a novel in vitro collagen matrix system exerting a uniaxially-fixed mechanical boundary condition on which mouse osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells were subcultured, evoking cellular alignment along the uniaxial boundary condition. Using a myosin II inhibitor, blebbistatin, we showed that the intracellular tension via contraction of actin fibers contributed to the cellular alignment under the influence of isometric matrix condition along the uniaxially-fixed mechanical boundary condition. Furthermore, the cells actively migrated inside the collagen matrix and promoted the expression of osteoblast and osteocyte genes with their orientations aligned along the uniaxially-fixed boundary condition. Collectively, our results suggest that the intracellular tension of osteoblasts under a uniaxially-fixed mechanical boundary condition is one of the factors that determines the osteocyte alignment inside the bone matrix.
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Lu Y, Di YP, Chang M, Huang X, Chen Q, Hong N, Kahkonen BA, Di ME, Yu C, Keller ET, Zhang J. Cigarette smoke-associated inflammation impairs bone remodeling through NFκB activation. J Transl Med 2021; 19:163. [PMID: 33882954 PMCID: PMC8061040 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02836-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cigarette smoking constitutes a major lifestyle risk factor for osteoporosis and hip fracture. It is reported to impair the outcome of many clinical procedures, such as wound infection treatment and fracture healing. Importantly, although several studies have already demonstrated the negative correlation between cigarette consume and impaired bone homeostasis, there is still a poor understanding of how does smoking affect bone health, due to the lack of an adequately designed animal model. Our goal was to determine that cigarette smoke exposure impairs the dynamic bone remodeling process through induction of bone resorption and inhibition of bone formation. Methods We developed cigarette smoke exposure protocols exposing mice to environmental smoking for 10 days or 3 months to determine acute and chronic smoke exposure effects. We used these models, to demonstrate the effect of smoking exposure on the cellular and molecular changes of bone remodeling and correlate these early alterations with subsequent bone structure changes measured by microCT and pQCT. We examined the bone phenotype alterations in vivo and ex vivo in the acute and chronic smoke exposure mice by measuring bone mineral density and bone histomorphometry. Further, we measured osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation gene expression levels in each group. The function changes of osteoclast or osteoblast were evaluated. Results Smoke exposure caused a significant imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation. A 10-day exposure to cigarette smoke sufficiently and effectively induced osteoclast activity, leading to the inhibition of osteoblast differentiation, although it did not immediately alter bone structure as demonstrated in mice exposed to smoke for 3 months. Cigarette smoke exposure also induced DNA-binding activity of nuclear factor kappaB (NFκB) in osteoclasts, which subsequently gave rise to changes in bone remodeling-related gene expression. Conclusions Our findings suggest that smoke exposure induces RANKL activation-mediated by NFκB, which could be a “smoke sensor” for bone remodeling. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-021-02836-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanpu Peter Di
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Dr, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Ming Chang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Huang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiuyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ni Hong
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Beth A Kahkonen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Dr, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Marissa E Di
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Dr, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Chunyan Yu
- Department of Urology & Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Evan T Keller
- Department of Urology & Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China. .,Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15260, USA.
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9
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Gurau C, Gurau G, Mitran V, Dan A, Cimpean A. The Influence of Severe Plastic Deformation on Microstructure and In Vitro Biocompatibility of the New Ti-Nb-Zr-Ta-Fe-O Alloy Composition. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13214853. [PMID: 33138165 PMCID: PMC7663053 DOI: 10.3390/ma13214853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this work, severe plastic deformation (SPD) of the newly designed Ti-Nb-Zr-Ta-Fe-O GUM metal was successfully conducted at room temperature using high speed high pressure torsion (HSHPT) followed by cold rolling (CR) to exploit the suitability of the processed alloy for bone staples. The Ti-31.5Nb-3.1Zr-3.1Ta-0.9Fe-0.16O GUM alloy was fabricated in a levitation melting furnace using a cold crucible and argon protective atmosphere. The as-cast specimens were subjected to SPD, specifically HSHPT, and then processed by the CR method to take the advantages of both grain refinement and larger dimensions. This approach creates the opportunity to obtain temporary orthopedic implants nanostructured by SPD. The changes induced by HSHPT technology from the coarse dendrite directly into the ultrafine grained structure were examined by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The structural investigations showed that by increasing the deformation, a high density of grain boundaries is accumulated, leading gradually to fine grain size. In addition, the in vitro biocompatibility studies were conducted in parallel on the GUM alloy specimens in the as-cast state, and after HSHPT- and HSHPT+CR- processing. For comparative purposes, in vitro behavior of the bone-derived MC3T3-E1 cells on the commercially pure titanium has also been investigated regarding the viability and proliferation, morphology and osteogenic differentiation. The results obtained support the appropriateness of the HSHPT technology for developing compression staples able to ensure a better fixation of bone fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Gurau
- Faculty of Engineering, “Dunărea de Jos” University of Galati, Domnească Street 47, 800008 Galati, Romania; (C.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Gheorghe Gurau
- Faculty of Engineering, “Dunărea de Jos” University of Galati, Domnească Street 47, 800008 Galati, Romania; (C.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Valentina Mitran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Alexandru Dan
- R&D Consultanta si Servicii, 45 Maria Ghiculeasa, 020943 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Anisoara Cimpean
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-21-318-1575 (ext. 106)
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10
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Geng Z, Yu Y, Li Z, Ma L, Zhu S, Liang Y, Cui Z, Wang J, Yang X, Liu C. miR-21 promotes osseointegration and mineralization through enhancing both osteogenic and osteoclastic expression. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 111:110785. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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11
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Yuliati A, Hartono M, Suardita K. Proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell after exposure to red flesh dragon fruit extract. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.280885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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12
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Yi Y, Du L, Qin M, Chen XQ, Sun XN, Li C, Du LJ, Liu Y, Liu Y, Sun JY, Tang Z, Xu M, Fang B, Liu X, Duan SZ. Regulation of Atrial Fibrosis by the Bone. Hypertension 2019; 73:379-389. [PMID: 30595118 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.11544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
MR (mineralocorticoid receptor) antagonists have been demonstrated to provide beneficial effects on preventing atrial fibrosis. However, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain unclear. We aim to determine the role of osteoblast MR in atrial fibrosis and to explore the underlying mechanism. Using osteoblast MR knockout mouse in combination with mutant TGF (transforming growth factor)-β1 transgenic mouse, we demonstrated that MR deficiency in osteoblasts significantly attenuated atrial fibrosis. Mechanistically, MR directly regulated expression of OCN (osteocalcin) in osteoblasts. Both carboxylated and undercarboxylated OCNs (ucOC) were less secreted in osteoblast MR knockout mice. Mutant TGF-β1 transgenic mice supplemented with recombinant ucOC showed aggravated atrial fibrosis. In cultured atrial fibroblasts, ucOC treatment promoted proliferation and migration of atrial fibroblasts, whereas cotreatment with an antagonist for a GPRC6A (G-protein-coupled receptor, family C, group 6, member A) abolished these effects. Western blotting analysis revealed upregulation of PKA (protein kinase A) and CREB (cAMP-response element-binding protein) phosphorylation after ucOC treatment. Inhibition of PKA with its antagonist reduced ucOC-induced proliferation and migration of atrial fibroblasts. Finally, the impact of osteoblast MR deficiency on atrial fibrosis was abolished by ucOC administration in mutant TGF-β1 transgenic mice. Taken together, MR deficiency in osteoblasts attenuated atrial fibrosis by downregulation of OCN to promote proliferation and migration of atrial fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yi
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China (Y.Y., L.D., M.Q., X.-Q.C., X.L.)
| | - Lili Du
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China (Y.Y., L.D., M.Q., X.-Q.C., X.L.)
| | - Mu Qin
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China (Y.Y., L.D., M.Q., X.-Q.C., X.L.)
| | - Xiao-Qing Chen
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China (Y.Y., L.D., M.Q., X.-Q.C., X.L.)
| | - Xue-Nan Sun
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, China (X.-N.S., L.-J.D., Yuan Liu, Yan Liu, J.-Y.S., Z.T., M.X., B.F., S.-Z.D.).,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, China (X.-N.S., L.-J.D., Yuan Liu, Yan Liu, J.-Y.S., Z.T., M.X., B.F., S.-Z.D.).,Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (X.-N.S., Yuan Liu).,Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases (X.-N.S., L.-J.D., Yuan Liu, Yan Liu, J.-Y.S., S.-Z.D.), Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Chao Li
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (C.L.)
| | - Lin-Juan Du
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, China (X.-N.S., L.-J.D., Yuan Liu, Yan Liu, J.-Y.S., Z.T., M.X., B.F., S.-Z.D.).,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, China (X.-N.S., L.-J.D., Yuan Liu, Yan Liu, J.-Y.S., Z.T., M.X., B.F., S.-Z.D.).,Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases (X.-N.S., L.-J.D., Yuan Liu, Yan Liu, J.-Y.S., S.-Z.D.), Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, China (X.-N.S., L.-J.D., Yuan Liu, Yan Liu, J.-Y.S., Z.T., M.X., B.F., S.-Z.D.).,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, China (X.-N.S., L.-J.D., Yuan Liu, Yan Liu, J.-Y.S., Z.T., M.X., B.F., S.-Z.D.).,Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (X.-N.S., Yuan Liu).,Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases (X.-N.S., L.-J.D., Yuan Liu, Yan Liu, J.-Y.S., S.-Z.D.), Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Yan Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, China (X.-N.S., L.-J.D., Yuan Liu, Yan Liu, J.-Y.S., Z.T., M.X., B.F., S.-Z.D.).,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, China (X.-N.S., L.-J.D., Yuan Liu, Yan Liu, J.-Y.S., Z.T., M.X., B.F., S.-Z.D.).,Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases (X.-N.S., L.-J.D., Yuan Liu, Yan Liu, J.-Y.S., S.-Z.D.), Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Jian-Yong Sun
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, China (X.-N.S., L.-J.D., Yuan Liu, Yan Liu, J.-Y.S., Z.T., M.X., B.F., S.-Z.D.).,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, China (X.-N.S., L.-J.D., Yuan Liu, Yan Liu, J.-Y.S., Z.T., M.X., B.F., S.-Z.D.).,Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases (X.-N.S., L.-J.D., Yuan Liu, Yan Liu, J.-Y.S., S.-Z.D.), Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Zisheng Tang
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, China (X.-N.S., L.-J.D., Yuan Liu, Yan Liu, J.-Y.S., Z.T., M.X., B.F., S.-Z.D.).,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, China (X.-N.S., L.-J.D., Yuan Liu, Yan Liu, J.-Y.S., Z.T., M.X., B.F., S.-Z.D.).,Department of Endodontics (Z.T.), Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Min Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, China (X.-N.S., L.-J.D., Yuan Liu, Yan Liu, J.-Y.S., Z.T., M.X., B.F., S.-Z.D.).,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, China (X.-N.S., L.-J.D., Yuan Liu, Yan Liu, J.-Y.S., Z.T., M.X., B.F., S.-Z.D.).,Department of Orthodontics (M.X., B.F.), Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Bing Fang
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, China (X.-N.S., L.-J.D., Yuan Liu, Yan Liu, J.-Y.S., Z.T., M.X., B.F., S.-Z.D.).,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, China (X.-N.S., L.-J.D., Yuan Liu, Yan Liu, J.-Y.S., Z.T., M.X., B.F., S.-Z.D.).,Department of Orthodontics (M.X., B.F.), Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Xu Liu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China (Y.Y., L.D., M.Q., X.-Q.C., X.L.)
| | - Sheng-Zhong Duan
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, China (X.-N.S., L.-J.D., Yuan Liu, Yan Liu, J.-Y.S., Z.T., M.X., B.F., S.-Z.D.).,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, China (X.-N.S., L.-J.D., Yuan Liu, Yan Liu, J.-Y.S., Z.T., M.X., B.F., S.-Z.D.).,Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases (X.-N.S., L.-J.D., Yuan Liu, Yan Liu, J.-Y.S., S.-Z.D.), Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
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13
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Logan SM, Ruest LB, Benson MD, Svoboda KKH. Extracellular Matrix in Secondary Palate Development. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:1543-1556. [PMID: 31513730 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The secondary palate arises from outgrowths of epithelia-covered embryonic mesenchyme that grow from the maxillary prominence, remodel to meet over the tongue, and fuse at the midline. These events require the coordination of cell proliferation, migration, and gene expression, all of which take place in the context of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Palatal cells generate their ECM, and then stiffen, degrade, or otherwise modify its properties to achieve the required cell movement and organization during palatogenesis. The ECM, in turn, acts on the cells through their matrix receptors to change their gene expression and thus their phenotype. The number of ECM-related gene mutations that cause cleft palate in mice and humans is a testament to the crucial role the matrix plays in palate development and a reminder that understanding that role is vital to our progress in treating palate deformities. This article will review the known ECM constituents at each stage of palatogenesis, the mechanisms of tissue reorganization and cell migration through the palatal ECM, the reciprocal relationship between the ECM and gene expression, and human syndromes with cleft palate that arise from mutations of ECM proteins and their regulators. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun M Logan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
| | - L Bruno Ruest
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
| | - M Douglas Benson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kathy K H Svoboda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
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14
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Dowrey T, Schwager EE, Duong J, Merkuri F, Zarate YA, Fish JL. Satb2 regulates proliferation and nuclear integrity of pre-osteoblasts. Bone 2019; 127:488-498. [PMID: 31325654 PMCID: PMC6708767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Special AT-rich sequence binding protein 2 (Satb2) is a matrix attachment region (MAR) binding protein. Satb2 impacts skeletal development by regulating gene transcription required for osteogenic differentiation. Although its role as a high-order transcription factor is well supported, other roles for Satb2 in skeletal development remain unclear. In particular, the impact of dosage sensitivity (heterozygous mutations) and variance on phenotypic severity is still not well understood. To further investigate molecular and cellular mechanisms of Satb2-mediated skeletal defects, we used the CRISPR/Cas9 system to generate Satb2 mutations in MC3T3-E1 cells. Our data suggest that, in addition to its role in differentiation, Satb2 regulates progenitor proliferation. We also find that mutations in Satb2 cause chromatin defects including nuclear blebbing and donut-shaped nuclei. These defects may contribute to a slight increase in apoptosis in mutant cells, but apoptosis is insufficient to explain the proliferation defects. Satb2 expression exhibits population-level variation and is most highly expressed from late G1 to late G2. Based on these data, we hypothesize that Satb2 may regulate proliferation through two separate mechanisms. First, Satb2 may regulate the expression of genes necessary for cell cycle progression in pre-osteoblasts. Second, similar to other MAR-binding proteins, Satb2 may participate in DNA replication. We also hypothesize that variation in the severity or penetrance of Satb2-mediated proliferation defects is due to stochastic variation in Satb2 binding to DNA, which may be buffered in some genetic backgrounds. Further elucidation of the role of Satb2 in proliferation has potential impacts on our understanding of both skeletal defects and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Dowrey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States of America
| | - Evelyn E Schwager
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States of America
| | - Julieann Duong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States of America
| | - Fjodor Merkuri
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States of America
| | - Yuri A Zarate
- Section of Genetics and Metabolism, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L Fish
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States of America.
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15
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Lindsey RC, Cheng S, Mohan S. Vitamin C effects on 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and gene expression in osteoblasts and chondrocytes: Potential involvement of PHD2. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220653. [PMID: 31390373 PMCID: PMC6685624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid, AA) is a well-known regulator of bone and cartilage metabolism. However, the mechanisms of AA’s action in these tissues are only partly understood. In this study, we confirmed that AA contributes to bone and cartilage metabolism by showing decreased articular cartilage and trabecular bone in AA-deficient spontaneous fracture (sfx) mutant mice. In vitro, we found that AA exerts differential effects on chondrocyte and osteoblast differentiation. Since AA is known to increase levels of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) and induce DNA demethylation via the ten-eleven translocases (TETs), and since prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing protein 2 (PHD2), a known mediator of AA’s effects in these tissues, is part of the same enzyme family as the TETs, we next investigated whether increases in 5-hmC might mediate some of these effects. All TETs and PHDs are expressed in chondrocytes and osteoblasts, and PHD2 is localized in both the cytoplasm and nucleus of the cell, lending plausibility to the hypothesis of altered 5-hmC content in these cells. We found that AA treatment increased levels of 5-hmC in both cell types globally, notably including promoter regions of osteoblast differentiation genes. Furthermore, inhibition of PHD2 decreased 5-hmC levels in chondrocyte differentiation gene promoters, and knockdown of Phd2 in chondrocytes reduced global 5-hmC levels, suggesting for the first time that PHD2 may itself directly mediate increases in 5-hmC in chondrocyte and osteoblast genes. Further investigation of this mechanism could lead to novel therapeutic approaches to treat debilitating diseases such as osteoarthritis and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C. Lindsey
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| | - Shaohong Cheng
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| | - Subburaman Mohan
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Yan Y, Bejoy J, Marzano M, Li Y. The Use of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Organoids to Study Extracellular Matrix Development during Neural Degeneration. Cells 2019; 8:E242. [PMID: 30875781 PMCID: PMC6468789 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism that causes the Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathologies, including amyloid plaque, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuron death, is not well understood due to the lack of robust study models for human brain. Three-dimensional organoid systems based on human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have shown a promising potential to model neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. These systems, in combination with engineering tools, allow in vitro generation of brain-like tissues that recapitulate complex cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions. Brain ECMs play important roles in neural differentiation, proliferation, neuronal network, and AD progression. In this contribution related to brain ECMs, recent advances in modeling AD pathology and progression based on hPSC-derived neural cells, tissues, and brain organoids were reviewed and summarized. In addition, the roles of ECMs in neural differentiation of hPSCs and the influences of heparan sulfate proteoglycans, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, and hyaluronic acid on the progression of neurodegeneration were discussed. The advantages that use stem cell-based organoids to study neural degeneration and to investigate the effects of ECM development on the disease progression were highlighted. The contents of this article are significant for understanding cell-matrix interactions in stem cell microenvironment for treating neural degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanwei Yan
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA.
| | - Julie Bejoy
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA.
| | - Mark Marzano
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA.
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA.
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17
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Choi HK, Kim GJ, Yoo HS, Song DH, Chung KH, Lee KJ, Koo YT, An JH. Vitamin C Activates Osteoblastogenesis and Inhibits Osteoclastogenesis via Wnt/β-Catenin/ATF4 Signaling Pathways. Nutrients 2019; 11:E506. [PMID: 30818817 PMCID: PMC6471534 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of vitamin C on osteogenic differentiation and osteoclast formation, and the effects of vitamin C concentration on bone microstructure in ovariectomized (OVX) Wistar rats. Micro-computed tomography analysis revealed the recovery of bone mineral density and bone separation in OVX rats treated with vitamin C. Histomorphometrical analysis revealed improvements in the number of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes; the osteoblast and osteoclast surface per bone surface; and bone volume in vitamin C-treated OVX rats. The vitamin C-treated group additionally displayed an increase in the expression of osteoblast differentiation genes, including bone morphogenetic protein-2, small mothers against decapentaplegic 1/5/8, runt-related transcription factor 2, osteocalcin, and type I collagen. Vitamin C reduced the expression of osteoclast differentiation genes, such as receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, and cathepsin K. This study is the first to show that vitamin C can inhibit osteoporosis by promoting osteoblast formation and blocking osteoclastogenesis through the activation of wingless-type MMTV integration site family/β-catenin/activating transcription factor 4 signaling, which is achieved through the serine/threonine kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Therefore, our results suggest that vitamin C improves bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Kyeong Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, KC University, Seoul 077661, Korea.
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, Seoul 01811, Korea.
| | - Gyeong-Ji Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, KC University, Seoul 077661, Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea.
| | - Han-Seok Yoo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, KC University, Seoul 077661, Korea.
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, Seoul 01811, Korea.
| | - Da Hye Song
- Department of Food and Nutrition, KC University, Seoul 077661, Korea.
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, Seoul 01811, Korea.
| | - Kang-Hyun Chung
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, Seoul 01811, Korea.
| | - Kwon-Jai Lee
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Korea.
| | - Young Tae Koo
- Kwang-Dong Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., Seoul 06650, Korea.
| | - Jeung Hee An
- Department of Food and Nutrition, KC University, Seoul 077661, Korea.
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18
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Zhang C, Li L, Jiang Y, Wang C, Geng B, Wang Y, Chen J, Liu F, Qiu P, Zhai G, Chen P, Quan R, Wang J. Space microgravity drives transdifferentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells from osteogenesis to adipogenesis. FASEB J 2018. [PMID: 29533735 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700208rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bone formation is linked with osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the bone marrow. Microgravity in spaceflight is known to reduce bone formation. In this study, we used a real microgravity environment of the SJ-10 Recoverable Scientific Satellite to examine the effects of space microgravity on the osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). hMSCs were induced toward osteogenic differentiation for 2 and 7 d in a cell culture device mounted on the SJ-10 satellite. The satellite returned to Earth after going through space experiments in orbit for 12 d, and cell samples were harvested and analyzed for differentiation potentials. The results showed that space microgravity inhibited osteogenic differentiation and resulted in adipogenic differentiation, even under osteogenic induction conditions. Under space microgravity, the expression of 10 genes specific for osteogenesis decreased, including collagen family members, alkaline phosphatase ( ALP), and runt-related transcription factor 2 ( RUNX2), whereas the expression of 4 genes specific for adipogenesis increased, including adipsin ( CFD), leptin ( LEP), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β ( CEBPB), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ ( PPARG). In the analysis of signaling pathways specific for osteogenesis, we found that the expression and activity of RUNX2 was inhibited, expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 ( BMP2) and activity of SMAD1/5/9 were decreased, and activity of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and ERK-1/2 declined significantly under space microgravity. These data indicate that space microgravity plays a dual role by decreasing RUNX2 expression and activity through the BMP2/SMAD and integrin/FAK/ERK pathways. In addition, we found that space microgravity increased p38 MAPK and protein kinase B (AKT) activities, which are important for the promotion of adipogenic differentiation of hMSCs. Space microgravity significantly decreased the expression of Tribbles homolog 3 ( TRIB3), a repressor of adipogenic differentiation. Y15, a specific inhibitor of FAK activity, was used to inhibit the activity of FAK under normal gravity; Y15 decreased protein expression of TRIB3. Therefore, it appears that space microgravity decreased FAK activity and thereby reduced TRIB3 expression and derepressed AKT activity. Under space microgravity, the increase in p38 MAPK activity and the derepression of AKT activity seem to synchronously lead to the activation of the signaling pathway specifically promoting adipogenesis.-Zhang, C., Li, L., Jiang, Y., Wang, C., Geng, B., Wang, Y., Chen, J., Liu, F., Qiu, P., Zhai, G., Chen, P., Quan, R., Wang, J. Space microgravity drives transdifferentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells from osteogenesis to adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Zhang
- Institute of Cell and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang Li
- Institute of Cell and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanda Jiang
- National Center of Space Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cuicui Wang
- Institute of Cell and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baoming Geng
- National Center of Space Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanqiu Wang
- National Center of Space Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianling Chen
- Institute of Cell and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Institute of Orthopedics, Xiaoshan Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Qiu
- National Center of Space Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangjie Zhai
- National Center of Space Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Renfu Quan
- Institute of Orthopedics, Xiaoshan Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinfu Wang
- Institute of Cell and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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19
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Adamik J, Silbermann R, Marino S, Sun Q, Anderson JL, Zhou D, Xie XQ, Roodman GD, Galson DL. XRK3F2 Inhibition of p62-ZZ Domain Signaling Rescues Myeloma-Induced GFI1-Driven Epigenetic Repression of the Runx2 Gene in Pre-osteoblasts to Overcome Differentiation Suppression. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:344. [PMID: 30008697 PMCID: PMC6033965 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma bone disease (MMBD) is characterized by non-healing lytic bone lesions that persist even after a patient has achieved a hematologic remission. We previously reported that p62 (sequestosome-1) in bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) is critical for the formation of MM-induced signaling complexes that mediate OB suppression. Importantly, XRK3F2, an inhibitor of the p62-ZZ domain, blunted MM-induced Runx2 suppression in vitro, and induced new bone formation and remodeling in the presence of tumor in vivo. Additionally, we reported that MM cells induce the formation of repressive chromatin on the Runx2 gene in BMSC via direct binding of the transcriptional repressor GFI1, which recruits the histone modifiers, histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2). In this study we investigated the mechanism by which blocking p62-ZZ domain-dependent signaling prevents MM-induced suppression of Runx2 in BMSC. XRK3F2 prevented MM-induced upregulation of Gfi1 and repression of the Runx2 gene when present in MM-preOB co-cultures. We also show that p62-ZZ-domain blocking by XRK3F2 also prevented MM conditioned media and TNF plus IL7-mediated Gfi1 mRNA upregulation and the concomitant Runx2 repression, indicating that XRK3F2's prevention of p62-ZZ domain signaling within preOB is involved in the response. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analyses revealed that XRK3F2 decreased MM-induced GFI1 occupancy at the Runx2-P1 promoter and prevented recruitment of HDAC1, thus preserving the transcriptionally permissive chromatin mark H3K9ac on Runx2 and allowing osteogenic differentiation. Furthermore, treatment of MM-exposed preOB with XRK3F2 after MM removal decreased GFI1 enrichment at Runx2-P1 and rescued MM-induced suppression of Runx2 mRNA and its downstream osteogenic gene targets together with increased osteogenic differentiation. Further, primary BMSC (hBMSC) from MM patients (MM-hBMSC) had little ability to increase H3K9ac on the Runx2 promoter in osteogenic conditions when compared to hBMSC from healthy donors (HD). XRK3F2 treatment enriched Runx2 gene H3K9ac levels in MM-hBMSC to the level observed in HD-hBMSC, but did not alter HD-hBMSC H3K9ac. Importantly, XRK3F2 treatment of long-term MM-hBMSC cultures rescued osteogenic differentiation and mineralization. Our data show that blocking p62-ZZ domain-dependent signaling with XRK3F2 can reverse epigenetic-based mechanisms of MM-induced Runx2 suppression and promote osteogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Adamik
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Rebecca Silbermann
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Hematology and Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Silvia Marino
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Quanhong Sun
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Judith L. Anderson
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Dan Zhou
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Xiang-Qun Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - G. David Roodman
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Deborah L. Galson
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Deborah L. Galson ;
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Liu Q, Li C, Geng F, Huang X, Ma M. Hen egg yolk phosvitin stimulates osteoblast differentiation in the absence of ascorbic acid. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:4532-4538. [PMID: 28332213 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Egg yolk phosvitin, one of the most highly phosphorylated extracellular matrix proteins known in nature, has a strong calcium binding and reducing capacity. Here, we investigated the effects of phosvitin on osteoblast differentiation and osteogenic gene expression in cultured mouse osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells by using alkaline phosphatase activity analysis, alizarin red S staining and real-time PCR assay. RESULTS Alkaline phosphatase activity and alizarin red S staining analyses demonstrated no significant difference between differentiating MC3T3-E1 cells cultured in the presence of phosvitin and those cultured in the presence of ascorbic acid after 21 days of differentiation. Our real-time PCR assay also indicated the two groups were similar in the expression of the osteogenic gene markers, collagen type I, osteocalcin, runt-related transcription factor 2, and bone morphogenetic protein-2. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that phosvitin plays a similar role to that of ascorbic acid in osteoblast differentiation and mineralisation. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingli Liu
- National R27D Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunyan Li
- National R27D Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Geng
- College of pharmacy and bioengineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi Huang
- National R27D Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Meihu Ma
- National R27D Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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21
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Villa I, Senesi P, Montesano A, Ferraretto A, Vacante F, Spinello A, Bottani M, Bolamperti S, Rubinacci A, Luzi L, Terruzzi I. Betaine promotes cell differentiation of human osteoblasts in primary culture. J Transl Med 2017; 15:132. [PMID: 28592272 PMCID: PMC5463390 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1233-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Betaine (BET), a component of many foods, is an essential osmolyte and a source of methyl groups; it also shows an antioxidant activity. Moreover, BET stimulates muscle differentiation via insulin like growth factor I (IGF-I). The processes of myogenesis and osteogenesis involve common mechanisms with skeletal muscle cells and osteoblasts sharing the same precursor. Therefore, we have hypothesized that BET might be effective on osteoblast cell differentiation. METHODS The effect of BET was tested in human osteoblasts (hObs) derived from trabecular bone samples obtained from waste material of orthopedic surgery. Cells were treated with 10 mM BET at 5, 15, 60 min and 3, 6 and 24 h. The possible effects of BET on hObs differentiation were evaluated by real time PCR, western blot and immunofluorescence analysis. Calcium imaging was used to monitor intracellular calcium changes. RESULTS Real time PCR results showed that BET stimulated significantly the expression of RUNX2, osterix, bone sialoprotein and osteopontin. Western blot and immunofluorescence confirmed BET stimulation of osteopontin protein synthesis. BET stimulated ERK signaling, key pathway involved in osteoblastogenesis and calcium signaling. BET induced a rise of intracellular calcium by means of the calcium ions influx from the extracellular milieu through the L-type calcium channels and CaMKII signaling activation. A significant rise in IGF-I mRNA at 3 and 6 h and a significant increase of IGF-I protein at 6 and 24 h after BET stimulus was detected. Furthermore, BET was able to increase significantly both SOD2 gene expression and protein content. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that three signaling pathways, i.e. cytosolic calcium influx, ERK activation and IGF-I production, are enhanced by BET in human osteoblasts. These pathways could have synergistic effects on osteogenic gene expression and protein synthesis, thus potentially leading to enhanced bone formation. Taken together, these results suggest that BET could be a promising nutraceutical therapeutic agent in the strategy to counteract the concomitant and interacting impact of sarcopenia and osteoporosis, i.e. the major determinants of senile frailty and related mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Villa
- Bone Metabolism Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Pamela Senesi
- Metabolism Research Center, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Montesano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Anita Ferraretto
- Metabolism Research Center, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Fernanda Vacante
- Metabolism Research Center, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Spinello
- Bone Metabolism Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Bottani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Bolamperti
- Bone Metabolism Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Livio Luzi
- Metabolism Research Center, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ileana Terruzzi
- Diabetes Research Institute, Metabolism, Nutrigenomics and Cellular Differentiation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 60 Olgettina street, 20132 Milan, Italy
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22
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Franceschi RT, Ge C. Control of the Osteoblast Lineage by Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 3:122-132. [PMID: 29057206 DOI: 10.1007/s40610-017-0059-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW This review will provide a timely assessment of MAP kinase actions in bone development and homeostasis with particular emphasis on transcriptional control of the osteoblast lineage. RECENT FINDINGS ERK and p38 MAP kinases function as transducers of signals initiated by the extracellular matrix, mechanical loading, TGF-β, BMPs and FGF2. MAPK signals may also affect and/or interact with other important pathways such as WNT and HIPPO. ERK and p38 MAP kinase pathways phosphorylate specific osteogenic transcription factors including RUNX2, Osterix, ATF4 and DLX5. For RUNX2, phosphorylation at specific serine residues initiates epigenetic changes in chromatin necessary for decondensation and increased transcription. MAPK also suppresses marrow adipogenesis by phosphorylating and inhibiting PPARγ, which may explain the well-known relationship between reduced skeletal loading and marrow fat accumulation. SUMMARY MAPKs transduce signals from the extracellular environment to the nucleus allowing bone cells to respond to changes in hormonal/growth factor signaling and mechanical loading thereby optimizing bone structure to meet physiological and mechanical needs of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renny T Franceschi
- Departments of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078
| | - Chunxi Ge
- Departments of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078
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Adamik J, Jin S, Sun Q, Zhang P, Weiss KR, Anderson JL, Silbermann R, Roodman GD, Galson DL. EZH2 or HDAC1 Inhibition Reverses Multiple Myeloma-Induced Epigenetic Suppression of Osteoblast Differentiation. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:405-417. [PMID: 28119431 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0242-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In multiple myeloma, osteolytic lesions rarely heal because of persistent suppressed osteoblast differentiation resulting in a high fracture risk. Herein, chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses reveal that multiple myeloma cells induce repressive epigenetic histone changes at the Runx2 locus that prevent osteoblast differentiation. The most pronounced multiple myeloma-induced changes were at the Runx2-P1 promoter, converting it from a poised bivalent state to a repressed state. Previously, it was observed that multiple myeloma induces the transcription repressor GFI1 in osteoblast precursors, which correlates with decreased Runx2 expression, thus prompting detailed characterization of the multiple myeloma and TNFα-dependent GFI1 response element within the Runx2-P1 promoter. Further analyses reveal that multiple myeloma-induced GFI1 binding to Runx2 in osteoblast precursors and recruitment of the histone modifiers HDAC1, LSD1, and EZH2 is required to establish and maintain Runx2 repression in osteogenic conditions. These GFI1-mediated repressive chromatin changes persist even after removal of multiple myeloma. Ectopic GFI1 is sufficient to bind to Runx2, recruit HDAC1 and EZH2, increase H3K27me3 on the gene, and prevent osteogenic induction of endogenous Runx2 expression. Gfi1 knockdown in MC4 cells blocked multiple myeloma-induced recruitment of HDAC1 and EZH2 to Runx2, acquisition of repressive chromatin architecture, and suppression of osteoblast differentiation. Importantly, inhibition of EZH2 or HDAC1 activity in pre-osteoblasts after multiple myeloma exposure in vitro or in osteoblast precursors from patients with multiple myeloma reversed the repressive chromatin architecture at Runx2 and rescued osteoblast differentiation.Implications: This study suggests that therapeutically targeting EZH2 or HDAC1 activity may reverse the profound multiple myeloma-induced osteoblast suppression and allow repair of the lytic lesions. Mol Cancer Res; 15(4); 405-17. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Adamik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Shunqian Jin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Quanhong Sun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kurt R Weiss
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Cancer Stem Cell Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Judith L Anderson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Rebecca Silbermann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - G David Roodman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana. .,Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Deborah L Galson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. .,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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24
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Wang X, Wang G, Liu L, Zhang D. The mechanism of a chitosan-collagen composite film used as biomaterial support for MC3T3-E1 cell differentiation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39322. [PMID: 28000715 PMCID: PMC5175145 DOI: 10.1038/srep39322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural composite biomaterials are good structural supports for bone cells to regenerate lost bone. Here, we report that a chitosan-collagen composite film accelerated osteoblast proliferation, differentiation and matrix mineralization in MC3T3-E1 cells. Intriguingly, we observed that the film enhanced the phosphorylation of Erk1/2. We showed that the chitosan-collagen composite film increased the transcriptional activity of Runx2, which is an important factor regulating osteoblast differentiation downstream of phosphorylated Erk1/2. Consistent with this observation, we found that the chitosan-collagen composite film increased the expression of osteoblastic marker genes, including Type I Collagen and Runx2 in MC3T3-E1 cells. We conclude that this film promoted osteoblast differentiation and matrix mineralization through an Erk1/2-activated Runx2 pathway. Our findings provide new evidence that chitosan-collagen composites are promising biomaterials for bone tissue engineering in bone defect-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410073, PR China
| | - Gan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410073, PR China
| | - Long Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410073, PR China
| | - Dongyi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410073, PR China
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25
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Pujari-Palmer M, Pujari-Palmer S, Lu X, Lind T, Melhus H, Engstrand T, Karlsson-Ott M, Engqvist H. Pyrophosphate Stimulates Differentiation, Matrix Gene Expression and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Osteoblasts. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163530. [PMID: 27701417 PMCID: PMC5049792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrophosphate is a potent mitogen, capable of stimulating proliferation in multiple cell types, and a critical participant in bone mineralization. Pyrophosphate can also affect the resorption rate and bioactivity of orthopedic ceramics. The present study investigated whether calcium pyrophosphate affected proliferation, differentiation and gene expression in early (MC3T3 pre-osteoblast) and late stage (SAOS-2 osteosarcoma) osteoblasts. Pyrophosphate stimulated peak alkaline phosphatase activity by 50% and 150% at 100μM and 0.1μM in MC3T3, and by 40% in SAOS-2. The expression of differentiation markers collagen 1 (COL1), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteopontin (OPN), and osteocalcin (OCN) were increased by an average of 1.5, 2, 2 and 3 fold, by high concentrations of sodium pyrophosphate (100μM) after 7 days of exposure in MC3T3. COX-2 and ANK expression did not differ significantly from controls in either treatment group. Though both high and low concentrations of pyrophosphate stimulate ALP activity, only high concentrations (100μM) stimulated osteogenic gene expression. Pyrophosphate did not affect proliferation in either cell type. The results of this study confirm that chronic exposure to pyrophosphate exerts a physiological effect upon osteoblast differentiation and ALP activity, specifically by stimulating osteoblast differentiation markers and extracellular matrix gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pujari-Palmer
- Division of Applied Material Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Shiuli Pujari-Palmer
- Division of Applied Material Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Xi Lu
- Division of Applied Material Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thomas Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Melhus
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thomas Engstrand
- Stockholm Craniofacial Centre, Department of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Polymer section, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marjam Karlsson-Ott
- Division of Applied Material Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Hakan Engqvist
- Division of Applied Material Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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26
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Tim CR, Bossini PS, Kido HW, Malavazi I, von Zeska Kress MR, Carazzolle MF, Rennó AC, Parizotto NA. Low-level laser therapy induces an upregulation of collagen gene expression during the initial process of bone healing: a microarray analysis. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:88001. [PMID: 27548776 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.8.088001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the histological modifications produced by low level laser therapy (LLLT) on the first day of bone repair, as well as evaluates the LLLT effects on collagen expression on the site of a fracture. Twenty Wistar rats were distributed into a control group (CG) and a laser group (LG). Laser irradiation of Ga-Al-As laser 830 nm, 30 mW, 94 s, 2.8 J was performed in five sessions. Animals were euthanized on day 5 postsurgery. Histopathological analysis showed that LLLT was able to increase deposition of granulation tissue and newly formed bone at the site of the injury. In addition, picrosirius analysis showed that collagen fiber organization in the LG was enhanced compared to CG. Microarray analysis demonstrated that LLLT produced an upregulation type I collagen (COL-I). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the subjects that were treated presented a higher immunoexpression of COL-I. Our findings indicated that LLLT improves bone healing by producing a significant increase in the expression of collagen genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Roberta Tim
- Federal University of São Paulo, Department of Bioscience, Avenue Ana Costa 95, Santos 11050-240, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio Bossini
- Federal University of São Paulo, Department of Bioscience, Avenue Ana Costa 95, Santos 11050-240, Brazil
| | - Hueliton Wilian Kido
- Federal University of São Paulo, Department of Bioscience, Avenue Ana Costa 95, Santos 11050-240, Brazil
| | - Iran Malavazi
- Federal University of São Carlos, Department of Genetics and Evolution, Rod Washington Luis Km 235, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Marcia Regina von Zeska Kress
- University of São Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicological and Bromatological, Avenue do Café 95, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Falsarella Carazzolle
- State University of Campinas, Department of Genetics and Evolution, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas 13083-970, BrazileBrazilian National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro 10.000, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Rennó
- Federal University of São Paulo, Department of Bioscience, Avenue Ana Costa 95, Santos 11050-240, Brazil
| | - Nivaldo Antonio Parizotto
- Federal University of São Carlos, Department of Physiotherapy, Rod Washington Luis Km 235, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil
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Ouattara A, Cooke D, Gopalakrishnan R, Huang TH, Ables GP. Methionine restriction alters bone morphology and affects osteoblast differentiation. Bone Rep 2016; 5:33-42. [PMID: 28326345 PMCID: PMC4926829 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Methionine restriction (MR) extends the lifespan of a wide variety of species, including rodents, drosophila, nematodes, and yeasts. MR has also been demonstrated to affect the overall growth of mice and rats. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of MR on bone structure in young and aged male and female C57BL/6J mice. This study indicated that MR affected the growth rates of males and young females, but not aged females. MR reduced volumetric bone mass density (vBMD) and bone mineral content (BMC), while bone microarchitecture parameters were decreased in males and young females, but not in aged females compared to control-fed (CF) mice. However, when adjusted for bodyweight, the effect of MR in reducing vBMD, BMC and microarchitecture measurements was either attenuated or reversed suggesting that the smaller bones in MR mice is appropriate for its body size. In addition, CF and MR mice had similar intrinsic strength properties as measured by nanoindentation. Plasma biomarkers suggested that the low bone mass in MR mice could be due to increased collagen degradation, which may be influenced by leptin, IGF-1, adiponectin and FGF21 hormone levels. Mouse preosteoblast cell line cultured under low sulfur amino acid growth media attenuated gene expression levels of Col1al, Runx2, Bglap, Alpl and Spp1 suggesting delayed collagen formation and bone differentiation. Collectively, our studies revealed that MR altered bone morphology which could be mediated by delays in osteoblast differentiation. MR affected the growth rates of males and young females, but not aged females. CF and MR mice had similar intrinsic strength properties. Low methionine media attenuated bone differentiation genes in MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells. The lower bone mass in MR mice is appropriate for its smaller body size.
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Key Words
- Aged mice
- BMC, bone mineral content
- BS, bone surface
- BV, bone volume
- CF, control-fed
- CTX-1, C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen
- Conn.Dn., connectivity density
- FGF21, fibroblast growth factor-21
- HFD, high-fat diet
- HHCy, hyperhomocysteinemia
- IDI, indentation depth increase
- IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1
- Imax, maximal MOI
- Imin, minimal MOI
- LPD, low protein diet
- MC3T3-E1 subclone 4
- MOI, moment of inertia
- MR, methionine restriction
- Methionine restriction
- Micro-computed tomography
- Nanoindentation
- OC, osteocalcin
- OPG, osteoprotegerin
- P1NP, N-terminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen
- RANKL, receptor activator for nuclear factor κB ligand
- SMI, structure model index
- TV, total volume
- Tb.N, trabecular number
- Tb.Sp, trabecular separation
- Tb.Th, trabecular thickness
- pMOI, polar MOI
- vBMD, volumetric bone mass density
- μCT, micro-computed tomography
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadou Ouattara
- Orentreich Foundation for the Advancement of Science, Inc, 855 Route 301, Cold Spring, NY 10516, USA
| | - Diana Cooke
- Orentreich Foundation for the Advancement of Science, Inc, 855 Route 301, Cold Spring, NY 10516, USA
| | - Raj Gopalakrishnan
- School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Tsang-hai Huang
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Gene P. Ables
- Orentreich Foundation for the Advancement of Science, Inc, 855 Route 301, Cold Spring, NY 10516, USA
- Corresponding author at: Orentreich Foundation for the Advancement of Science, Inc., 855 Route 301, Cold Spring, NY 10516, USA.Orentreich Foundation for the Advancement of Science, Inc.855 Route 301Cold SpringNY10516USA
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28
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Paşcu EI, Cahill PA, Stokes J, McGuinness GB. Towards functional 3D-stacked electrospun composite scaffolds of PHBV, silk fibroin and nanohydroxyapatite: Mechanical properties and surface osteogenic differentiation. J Biomater Appl 2016; 30:1334-49. [DOI: 10.1177/0885328215626047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering scaffolds have two challenging functional tasks to fulfil: to encourage cell proliferation, differentiation and matrix synthesis and to provide suitable mechanical stability upon implantation. Composites of biopolymers and bioceramics combine the advantages of both types of materials, resulting in better processability and enhanced mechanical and biological properties through matrix reinforcement. In the present study, novel thick bone composite scaffolds were successfully fabricated using electrospun flat sheets of polyhydroxybutyrate–polyhydroxyvalerate/nanohydroxyapatite/silk fibroin essence (2% nanohydroxyapatite – 2% silk fibroin essence and 5% nanohydroxyapatite – 5% silk fibroin essence, respectively). Their potential as in vitro bone regeneration scaffolds was evaluated using mouse calvarian osteoblast cells (MC3T3-E1), in terms of morphology (scanning electron microscope), cell attachment, cell proliferation, Col type I, osteopontin and bone alkaline phosphatase activity (Quantitative Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction [qRT-PCR], enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunocytochemistry). Electrospun polyhydroxybutyrate–polyhydroxyvalerate scaffolds were used as reference constructs. The results showed that the compressive and tensile mechanical properties of the scaffolds are dependent on the change in their composition, and the treatment these underwent. Furthermore, methanol-treated and autoclaved (MA) P2 (2% nanohydroxyapatite, 2% silk fibroin essence) samples appeared to exhibit more promising tensile properties. Additionally, the compressive tests results confirmed that the methanol pre-treatment and the autoclaving step lead to an increase in the P2 secant modulus when compared to the non-methanol-treated ones, P2 and P5 (5% nanohydroxyapatite, 5% silk fibroin essence), respectively. Both formulations of polyhydroxybutyrate–polyhydroxyvalerate/nanohydroxyapatite/silk fibroin essence composite promoted greater cell adhesion and proliferation than the corresponding polyhydroxybutyrate–polyhydroxyvalerate control ones. Cells seeded on the composite fibrous scaffolds were extensively expanded and elongated on the fibre surface after one day in culture, whereas those seeded on the polyhydroxybutyrate–polyhydroxyvalerate scaffolds were not completely elongated. In addition, cells grown on P2 and P5 scaffolds had higher alkaline phosphatase activity when compared to those containing no nanohydroxyapatite/silk fibroin essence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena I Paşcu
- Centre for Medical Engineering Research, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul A Cahill
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Joseph Stokes
- Centre for Medical Engineering Research, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Garrett B McGuinness
- Centre for Medical Engineering Research, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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Aghajanian P, Hall S, Wongworawat MD, Mohan S. The Roles and Mechanisms of Actions of Vitamin C in Bone: New Developments. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:1945-55. [PMID: 26358868 PMCID: PMC4833003 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin C is an important antioxidant and cofactor that is involved in the regulation of development, function, and maintenance of several cell types in the body. Deficiencies in vitamin C can lead to conditions such as scurvy, which, among other ailments, causes gingivia, bone pain, and impaired wound healing. This review examines the functional importance of vitamin C as it relates to the development and maintenance of bone tissues. Analysis of several epidemiological studies and genetic mouse models regarding the effect of vitamin C shows a positive effect on bone health. Overall, vitamin C exerts a positive effect on trabecular bone formation by influencing expression of bone matrix genes in osteoblasts. Recent studies on the molecular pathway for vitamin C actions that include direct effects of vitamin C on transcriptional regulation of target genes by influencing the activity of transcription factors and by epigenetic modification of key genes involved in skeletal development and maintenance are discussed. With an understanding of mechanisms involved in the uptake and metabolism of vitamin C and knowledge of precise molecular pathways for vitamin C actions in bone cells, it is possible that novel therapeutic strategies can be developed or existing therapies can be modified for the treatment of osteoporotic fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Aghajanian
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L Pettis VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92357
| | - Susan Hall
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L Pettis VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92357
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354
| | - Montri D. Wongworawat
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L Pettis VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92357
- Orthopedic Surgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354
| | - Subburaman Mohan
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L Pettis VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92357
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354
- Orthopedic Surgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354
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Manley E, Perosky JE, Khoury BM, Reddy AB, Kozloff KM, Alford AI. Thrombospondin-2 deficiency in growing mice alters bone collagen ultrastructure and leads to a brittle bone phenotype. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 119:872-81. [PMID: 26272319 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00340.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombospondin-2 (TSP2) is a matricellular protein component of the bone extracellular matrix. Long bones of adult TSP2-deficient mice have increased endosteal bone thickness due to expansion of the osteoblast progenitor cell pool, and these cells display deficits in osteoblastic potential. Here, we investigated the effects of TSP2 deficiency on whole bone geometric and mechanical properties in growing 6-wk-old male and female wild-type and TSP2-knockout (KO) mice. Microcomputed tomography and mechanical testing were conducted on femora and L2 vertebrae to assess morphology and whole bone mechanical properties. In a second series of experiments, femoral diaphyses were harvested from wild-type and TSP2-KO mice. Detergent-soluble type I collagen content was determined by Western blot of right femora. Total collagen content was determined by hydroxyproline analysis of left femora. In a third series of experiments, cortical bone was dissected from the anterior and posterior aspects of the femoral middiaphysis and imaged by transmission electron microscopy to visualize collagen fibrils. Microcomputed tomography revealed minimal structural effects of TSP2 deficiency. TSP2 deficiency imparted a brittle phenotype on cortical bone. Femoral tissue mineral density was not affected by TSP2 deficiency. Instead, transmission electron microscopy revealed less intensely stained collagen fibrils with altered morphology in the extracellular matrix assembled by osteoblasts on the anterior surface of TSP2-KO femora. Femoral diaphyseal bone displayed comparable amounts of total collagen, but the TSP2-KO bones had higher levels of detergent-extractable type I collagen. Together, our data suggest that TSP2 is required for optimal collagen fibrillogenesis in bone and thereby contributes to normal skeletal tissue quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Manley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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31
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Extracellular matrix networks in bone remodeling. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 65:20-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Policastro GM, Lin F, Smith Callahan LA, Esterle A, Graham M, Sloan Stakleff K, Becker ML. OGP Functionalized Phenylalanine-Based Poly(ester urea) for Enhancing Osteoinductive Potential of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:1358-71. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrew Esterle
- Calhoun
Research Laboratory, Akron General Medical Center, Akron, Ohio 44307, United States
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The immobilization of bone morphogenetic protein-2 via photo curable azidophenyl hyaluronic acid on a titanium surface and providing effect for cell differentiation. Macromol Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-014-2032-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zhu K, Jiao H, Li S, Cao H, Galson DL, Zhao Z, Zhao X, Lai Y, Fan J, Im HJ, Chen D, Xiao G. ATF4 promotes bone angiogenesis by increasing VEGF expression and release in the bone environment. J Bone Miner Res 2013; 28:1870-1884. [PMID: 23649506 PMCID: PMC4394202 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) is a critical transcription factor for bone remodeling; however, its role in bone angiogenesis has not been established. Here we show that ablation of the Atf4 gene expression in mice severely impaired skeletal vasculature and reduced microvascular density of the bone associated with dramatically decreased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in osteoblasts located on bone surfaces. Results from in vivo studies revealed that hypoxia/reoxygenation induction of HIF-1α and VEGF expression leading to bone angiogenesis, a key adaptive response to hypoxic conditions, was severely compromised in mice lacking the Atf4 gene. Loss of ATF4 completely prevented endothelial sprouting from embryonic metatarsals, which was restored by addition of recombinant human VEGF protein. In vitro studies revealed that ATF4 promotion of HIF-1α and VEGF expression in osteoblasts was highly dependent upon the presence of hypoxia. ATF4 interacted with HIF-1α in hypoxic osteoblasts, and loss of ATF4 increased HIF-1α ubiquitination and reduced its protein stability without affecting HIF-1α mRNA stability and protein translation. Loss of ATF4 increased the binding of HIF-1α to prolyl hydroxylases, the enzymes that hydroxylate HIF-1a protein and promote its proteasomal degradation via the pVHL pathway. Furthermore, parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), both well-known activators of osteoclasts, increased release of VEGF from the bone matrix and promoted angiogenesis through the protein kinase C- and ATF4-dependent activation of osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. Thus, ATF4 is a new key regulator of the HIF/VEGF axis in osteoblasts in response to hypoxia and of VEGF release from bone matrix, two critical steps for bone angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Hongli Jiao
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Shuai Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Huiling Cao
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15240
| | - Deborah L. Galson
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15240
| | - Zhongfang Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xi Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yumei Lai
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Jie Fan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15240
| | - Hee-Jeong Im
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Guozhi Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
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Alford AI, Golicz AZ, Cathey AL, Reddy AB. Thrombospondin-2 facilitates assembly of a type-I collagen-rich matrix in marrow stromal cells undergoing osteoblastic differentiation. Connect Tissue Res 2013; 54:275-82. [PMID: 23763373 PMCID: PMC4091640 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2013.811236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effects of Thrombospondin-2 (TSP2) deficiency on assembly of collagenous extracellular matrix (ECM) by primary marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) undergoing osteoblast differentiation in culture. After 30 d, wild-type cells had accumulated and mineralized a collagen-rich insoluble matrix, whereas the TSP2-null cultures contained markedly lower amounts of matrix collagen and displayed reduced mineral. Differences in matrix collagen were seen as early as day 9, at which time wild-type cultures contained more total collagen per cell than did TSP2-null cells. Collagen was unevenly distributed amongst different extracellular compartments in the two cell-types. Collagen levels in conditioned medium of wild-type cells were higher than those of TSP2-null cells, but were roughly equivalent in the acid-soluble, newly cross-linked matrixes. Conversely, the mature, cross-linked acid-insoluble matrix layer of wild-type cells contained about twice as much collagen as TSP2-null cell-derived matrix. Western blot analysis of type-I collagen in detergent-soluble and insoluble matrix fractions supported the premise that matrix collagen levels were reduced in TSP2-null MSC undergoing osteoblastic differentiation in vitro. Western blot and immunofluorescent analysis suggested that assembly of fibronectin into matrix was not affected by TSP2 deficiency. Instead, western blots of conditioned medium demonstrated a marked reduction in mature, fully processed type-I collagen in the absence of TSP2. Our data suggest that in the context of osteoblast differentiation, TSP2 promotes the assembly of a type-I collagen-rich matrix by facilitating pro-collagen processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea I. Alford
- University of Michigan School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, A. Alfred Taubman Biological Sciences Research Building, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Andrew Z. Golicz
- University of Michigan School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, A. Alfred Taubman Biological Sciences Research Building, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Amber Lee Cathey
- University of Michigan School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, A. Alfred Taubman Biological Sciences Research Building, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Anita B. Reddy
- University of Michigan School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, A. Alfred Taubman Biological Sciences Research Building, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Pustylnik S, Fiorino C, Nabavi N, Zappitelli T, da Silva R, Aubin JE, Harrison RE. EB1 levels are elevated in ascorbic Acid (AA)-stimulated osteoblasts and mediate cell-cell adhesion-induced osteoblast differentiation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:22096-110. [PMID: 23740245 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.481515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoblasts are differentiated mesenchymal cells that function as the major bone-producing cells of the body. Differentiation cues including ascorbic acid (AA) stimulation provoke intracellular changes in osteoblasts leading to the synthesis of the organic portion of the bone, which includes collagen type I α1, proteoglycans, and matrix proteins, such as osteocalcin. During our microarray analysis of AA-stimulated osteoblasts, we observed a significant up-regulation of the microtubule (MT) plus-end binding protein, EB1, compared with undifferentiated osteoblasts. EB1 knockdown significantly impaired AA-induced osteoblast differentiation, as detected by reduced expression of osteoblast differentiation marker genes. Intracellular examination of AA-stimulated osteoblasts treated with EB1 siRNA revealed a reduction in MT stability with a concomitant loss of β-catenin distribution at the cell cortex and within the nucleus. Diminished β-catenin levels in EB1 siRNA-treated osteoblasts paralleled an increase in phospho-β-catenin and active glycogen synthase kinase 3β, a kinase known to target β-catenin to the proteasome. EB1 siRNA treatment also reduced the expression of the β-catenin gene targets, cyclin D1 and Runx2. Live immunofluorescent imaging of differentiated osteoblasts revealed a cortical association of EB1-mcherry with β-catenin-GFP. Immunoprecipitation analysis confirmed an interaction between EB1 and β-catenin. We also determined that cell-cell contacts and cortically associated EB1/β-catenin interactions are necessary for osteoblast differentiation. Finally, using functional blocking antibodies, we identified E-cadherin as a major contributor to the cell-cell contact-induced osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Pustylnik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
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Saffarian Tousi N, Velten MF, Bishop TJ, Leong KK, Barkhordar NS, Marshall GW, Loomer PM, Aswath PB, Varanasi VG. Combinatorial effect of Si4+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ released from bioactive glasses on osteoblast osteocalcin expression and biomineralization. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2013; 33:2757-65. [PMID: 23623093 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Osteocalcin (OCN) expression is an essential osteogenic marker of successful bone regeneration therapies. This study hypothesizes that Si(4+) and Ca(2+) combinatorial released by bioactive glass enhance osteoblast biomineralization through up-regulation of OCN expression; and Mg(2+) release delays such enhancement. Osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1) were treated with ionic products of bioactive glass dissolution (6P53-b experimental bioactive glass and 45S5 commercial Bioglass™). Results showed that gene expressions, including OCN and its up-stream transcription factors (Runx2, ATF4, MSX1, SP7/OSX), growth factors and signaling proteins (BMP2, BMP6, SMAD3), were enhanced in both 45S5 and 6P53-b glass conditioned mediums (GCMs). This up-regulation led to enhanced mineral formation by 45S5 glass conditioned mediums ([GCM], Si(4+)+Ca(2+)) after 20 days, and by 45S5 GCM and 6P53-b GCM (Si(4+)+Ca(2+)+Mg(2+)) after 30 days. In examining the extracellular matrix generated by cells when exposed to each GCM, it was found that 45S5 GCM had slightly elevated levels of mineral content within ECM as compared to 6P53-b GCM after 30 days while control treatments exhibited no mineral content. The formation of well-defined mineralized nodules (distinct PO4(3-) [960 cm(-1)] and CO3(2-) [1072 cm(-1)] peaks from Raman Spectra) was observed for each GCM as the soluble glass content increased. In examining the individual and combined ion effects between Si(4+), Ca(2+), and Mg(2+), it was found Mg(2+) down-regulates OCN expression. Thus, ions released from both 45S5 and 6P53-b bioactive glasses up-regulate OCN expression and biomineralization while 6P53-b GCM Mg(2+) release down-regulated OCN expression and delayed osteoblast biomineralization. These results indicate that Si(4+), Ca(2+), and Mg(2+) combinatorially regulate osteoblast OCN expression and biomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Saffarian Tousi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
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Yu S, Zhu K, Lai Y, Zhao Z, Fan J, Im HJ, Chen D, Xiao G. atf4 promotes β-catenin expression and osteoblastic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Int J Biol Sci 2013; 9:256-66. [PMID: 23494915 PMCID: PMC3596711 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.5898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into multiple cell types including osteoblasts. How this differentiation process is controlled, however, is not completely understood. Here we show that activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) plays a critical role in promoting bone marrow MSC differentiation towards the osteoblast lineage. Ablation of the Atf4 gene blocked the formation of osteoprogenitors and inhibited osteoblast differentiation without affecting the expansion and formation of MSCs in bone marrow cultures. Loss of ATF4 dramatically reduced the level of β-catenin protein in MSCs in vitro and in osteoblasts/osteoprogenitors located on trabecular and calvarial surfaces. Loss of ATF4 did not decrease the expression of major canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling components such as Wnt3a, Wnt7b, Wnt10b, Lrp5, and Lrp6 in MSCs. Furthermore, shRNA knockdown of ATF4 expression decreased the level of β-catenin protein in MC-4 preosteoblasts. In contrast, overexpression of ATF4 increased β-catenin protein levels in MC-4 cells. Finally, ATF4 and β-catenin formed a protein-protein complex in COS-7 cells coexpressing both factors or in MC-4 preosteoblastic cells. This study establishes a new role of ATF4 in controlling the β-catenin protein levels and MSC differentiation towards the osteoblast lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibing Yu
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA
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Uchihashi K, Aoki S, Matsunobu A, Toda S. Osteoblast migration into type I collagen gel and differentiation to osteocyte-like cells within a self-produced mineralized matrix: a novel system for analyzing differentiation from osteoblast to osteocyte. Bone 2013; 52:102-10. [PMID: 22985890 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblasts are believed to differentiate into osteocytes, becoming embedded in bone, or to undergo apoptosis after the bone formation phase. The regulation of this terminal differentiation seems to be critical for bone homeostasis. However the mechanism remains unclear and there is no assay system currently available to analyze this process. To address this issue, we developed a new model in which osteoblasts are cultured on a type I collagen gel layer with osteogenic supplements β-glycerophosphate and ascorbic acid. Cellular behavior was analyzed by electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry and real-time RT-PCR. Osteoblasts gradually migrated into the gel, produced collagen fibrils, and differentiated to osteocytic cells with bone lacunae- and canaliculi-like mineralization. Osteocalcin, DMP-1 and SOST protein expression was mainly expressed in the migrated cells within the mid-layer of the gel. Osteoblastic (ALP and osteocalcin) and osteocytic (PHEX, DMP-1 and SOST) mRNA expression was significantly increased compared with those of the cells cultured on plastic dishes alone after 21 days. The number of TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells gradually increased, reaching a maximum at 28 days. The cells were distributed at the surface and in the mid-layer of the gel at 7 days and after 14 days of culture, respectively. These data indicate that our model reproduces transition from osteoblasts to osteocytes, suggesting the following: 1) migration of osteoblasts into collagen gel may play a critical role in osteocytic differentiation; and 2) spatiotemporal gene expression and apoptosis may be involved in the terminal differentiation of osteoblasts. Our model will make it possible to study the mechanism of transition from osteoblast to osteocyte, and both cell type-related diseases including osteoporosis and osteonecrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Uchihashi
- Department of Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
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Jafarov T, Alexander JWM, St-Arnaud R. αNAC interacts with histone deacetylase corepressors to control Myogenin and Osteocalcin gene expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2012; 1819:1208-16. [PMID: 23092676 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In the nucleus of differentiated osteoblasts, the DNA-binding αNAC protein acts as a transcriptional coactivator of the Osteocalcin gene. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-microarray assays (ChIP-chip) showed that αNAC binds the Osteocalcin promoter but also identified the Myogenin promoter as an αNAC target. Here, we confirm these array data using quantitative ChIP and further detected that αNAC binds to these promoters in myoblasts. Since these genes are differentially regulated during osteoblastogenesis or myogenesis, these results suggest cell- and promoter-context specific functions for αNAC. We hypothesized that αNAC dynamically recruits corepressors to inhibit Myogenin expression in cells committing to the osteoblastic lineage or to inhibit Osteocalcin transcription in differentiating myoblasts. Using co-immunoprecipitation assays, we detected complexes between αNAC and the corepressors HDAC1 and HDAC3, in myoblasts and osteoblasts. Sequential ChIP confirmed HDAC1 recruitment by αNAC at the Osteocalcin and Myogenin promoters. Interaction with the corepressors was detectable in pre-osteoblasts and in myoblasts but disappeared as the cells differentiate. Treatment with an HDAC inhibitor caused de-repression of Osteocalcin expression in myoblasts. Overexpression of αNAC in myoblasts inhibits expression of Myogenin and differentiation. However, overexpression of an N-terminus truncated αNAC mutant allowed myoblasts to express Myogenin and differentiate, and this mutant did not interact with HDAC1 or HDAC3. This study identified an additional DNA-binding target and novel protein-protein interactions for αNAC. We propose that αNAC plays a role in regulating gene transcription during mesenchymal cell differentiation by differentially recruiting corepressors at target promoters.
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Nabavi N, Pustylnik S, Harrison RE. Rab GTPase mediated procollagen trafficking in ascorbic acid stimulated osteoblasts. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46265. [PMID: 23050002 PMCID: PMC3458846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in investigating functional aspects of osteoblast (OB) differentiation, especially studies on how bone proteins are deposited and mineralized, there has been little research on the intracellular trafficking of bone proteins during OB differentiation. Collagen synthesis and secretion is the major function of OBs and is markedly up-regulated upon ascorbic acid (AA) stimulation, significantly more so than in fibroblast cells. Understanding the mechanism by which collagen is mobilized in specialized OB cells is important for both basic cell biology and diseases involving defects in bone protein secretion and deposition. Protein trafficking along the exocytic and endocytic pathways is aided by many molecules, with Rab GTPases being master regulators of vesicle targeting. In this study, we used microarray analysis to identify the Rab GTPases that are up-regulated during a 5-day AA differentiation of OBs, namely Rab1, Rab3d, and Rab27b. Further, we investigated the role of identified Rabs in regulating the trafficking of collagen from the site of synthesis in the ER to the Golgi and ultimately to the plasma membrane utilizing Rab dominant negative (DN) expression. We also observed that experimental halting of biosynthetic trafficking by these mutant Rabs initiated proteasome-mediated degradation of procollagen and ceased global protein translation. Acute expression of Rab1 and Rab3d DN constructs partially alleviated this negative feedback mechanism and resulted in impaired ER to Golgi trafficking of procollagen. Similar expression of Rab27b DN constructs resulted in dispersed collagen vesicles which may represent failed secretory vesicles sequestered in the cytosol. A significant and strong reduction in extracellular collagen levels was also observed implicating the functional importance of Rab1, Rab3d and Rab27b in these major collagen-producing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noushin Nabavi
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Tronto Scarborought, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sofia Pustylnik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rene E. Harrison
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Tronto Scarborought, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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A specific oligodeoxynucleotide promotes the differentiation of osteoblasts via ERK and p38 MAPK pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:7902-7914. [PMID: 22942680 PMCID: PMC3430211 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13077902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A specific oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN), ODN MT01, was found to have positive effects on the proliferation and activation of the osteoblast-like cell line MG 63. In this study, the detailed signaling pathways in which ODN MT01 promoted the differentiation of osteoblasts were systematically examined. ODN MT01 enhanced the expression of osteogenic marker genes, such as osteocalcin and type I collagen. Furthermore, ODN MT01 activated Runx2 phosphorylation via ERK1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and p38 MAPK. Consistently, ODN MT01 induced up-regulation of osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and type I collagen, which was inhibited by pre-treatment with the ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 and the p38 inhibitor SB203580. These results suggest that the ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK pathways, as well as Runx2 activation, are involved in ODN MT01-induced up-regulation of osteocalcin, type I collagen and the activity of ALP in MG 63 cells.
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Aggarwal R, Lu J, Kanji S, Joseph M, Das M, Noble GJ, McMichael BK, Agarwal S, Hart RT, Sun Z, Lee BS, Rosol TJ, Jackson R, Mao HQ, Pompili VJ, Das H. Human umbilical cord blood-derived CD34+ cells reverse osteoporosis in NOD/SCID mice by altering osteoblastic and osteoclastic activities. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39365. [PMID: 22724005 PMCID: PMC3377665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoporosis is a bone disorder associated with loss of bone mineral density and micro architecture. A balance of osteoblasts and osteoclasts activities maintains bone homeostasis. Increased bone loss due to increased osteoclast and decreased osteoblast activities is considered as an underlying cause of osteoporosis. Methods and Findings The cures for osteoporosis are limited, consequently the potential of CD34+ cell therapies is currently being considered. We developed a nanofiber-based expansion technology to obtain adequate numbers of CD34+ cells isolated from human umbilical cord blood, for therapeutic applications. Herein, we show that CD34+ cells could be differentiated into osteoblastic lineage, in vitro. Systemically delivered CD34+ cells home to the bone marrow and significantly improve bone deposition, bone mineral density and bone micro-architecture in osteoporotic mice. The elevated levels of osteocalcin, IL-10, GM-CSF, and decreased levels of MCP-1 in serum parallel the improvements in bone micro-architecture. Furthermore, CD34+ cells improved osteoblast activity and concurrently impaired osteoclast differentiation, maturation and functionality. Conclusions These findings demonstrate a novel approach utilizing nanofiber-expanded CD34+ cells as a therapeutic application for the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeva Aggarwal
- Cardiovascular Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jingwei Lu
- Cardiovascular Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Suman Kanji
- Cardiovascular Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Matthew Joseph
- Cardiovascular Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Manjusri Das
- Cardiovascular Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Garrett J. Noble
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Brooke K. McMichael
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sudha Agarwal
- Division of Oral Biology, Department of Orthopedics, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Richard T. Hart
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Zongyang Sun
- Division of Oral Biology, Department of Orthopedics, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Beth S. Lee
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Rosol
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Jackson
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hai-Quan Mao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, John's Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vincent J. Pompili
- Cardiovascular Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hiranmoy Das
- Cardiovascular Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Xu W, Xu L, Chen M, Mao YT, Xie ZG, Wu SL, Dong QR. The effects of low dose X-irradiation on osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells in vitro. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2012; 13:94. [PMID: 22682502 PMCID: PMC3414775 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-13-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been indicated that moderate or high dose of X-irradiation could delay fracture union and cause osteoradionecrosis, in part, mediated by its effect on proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. However, whether low dose irradiation (LDI) has similar roles on osteoblasts is still unknown. In this study, we investigated whether and to what extent LDI could affect the proliferation, differentiation and mineralization of osteoblasts in vitro. METHODS The MC3T3-E1 cells were exposed to single dose of X-irradiation with 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 Gy respectively. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and mineralization was evaluated by methylthiazoletetrazolium (MTT) and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) assay, flow cytometry, ALP viability kit and von Kossa staining, respectively. Osteocalcin (OCN) and core-binding factor α1 (Cbfα1) expressions were measured by real time-PCR and western blot, respectively. RESULTS The proliferation of the cells exposed to 2.0 Gy was significantly lower than those exposed to ≤1.0 Gy (p < 0.05) from Day 4 to Day 8, measured by MTT assay and BrdU incorporation. For cells exposed to ≤1.0 Gy, increasing dosages of X-irradiation had no significant effect on cell proliferation and apoptosis. Importantly, LDI of 0.5 and 1 Gy increased ALP activities and mineralized nodules of MC3T3-E1 cells. In addition, mRNA and protein expressions of OCN and Cbfα1 were also markedly increased after treatment with LDI at 0.5 and 1 Gy. CONCLUSIONS LDI have different effects on proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts from those of high dose of X-irradiation, which might suggest that LDI could lead to promotion of fracture healing through enhancing the differentiation and mineralization of osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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45
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Li Y, Ge C, Long JP, Begun DL, Rodriguez JA, Goldstein SA, Franceschi RT. Biomechanical stimulation of osteoblast gene expression requires phosphorylation of the RUNX2 transcription factor. J Bone Miner Res 2012; 27:1263-74. [PMID: 22337141 PMCID: PMC3532028 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bone can adapt its structure in response to mechanical stimuli. At the cellular level, this involves changes in chromatin organization, gene expression, and differentiation, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we report on the involvement of RUNX2, a bone-related transcription factor, in this process. Fluid flow shear stress loading of preosteoblasts stimulated translocation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) to the nucleus where it phosphorylated RUNX2 on the chromatin of target genes, and increased histone acetylation and gene expression. MAPK signaling and two RUNX2 phosphoacceptor sites, S301 and S319, were critical for this response. Similarly, in vivo loading of mouse ulnae dramatically increased ERK and RUNX2 phosphorylation as well as expression of osteoblast-related genes. These findings establish ERK/MAPK-mediated phosphorylation of RUNX2 as a critical step in the response of preosteoblasts to dynamic loading and define a novel mechanism to explain how mechanical signals induce gene expression in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chunxi Ge
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jason P Long
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dana L Begun
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jose A Rodriguez
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Steven A Goldstein
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Renny T Franceschi
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Xiao G, Cheng H, Cao H, Chen K, Tu Y, Yu S, Jiao H, Yang S, Im HJ, Chen D, Chen J, Wu C. Critical role of filamin-binding LIM protein 1 (FBLP-1)/migfilin in regulation of bone remodeling. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:21450-60. [PMID: 22556421 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.331249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone remodeling is a complex process that must be precisely controlled to maintain a healthy life. We show here that filamin-binding LIM protein 1 (FBLP-1, also known as migfilin), a kindlin- and filamin-binding focal adhesion protein, is essential for proper control of bone remodeling. Genetic inactivation of FBLIM1 (the gene encoding FBLP-1) in mice resulted in a severe osteopenic phenotype. Primary FBLP-1 null bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) exhibited significantly reduced extracellular matrix adhesion and migration compared with wild type BMSCs. Loss of FBLP-1 significantly impaired the growth and survival of BMSCs in vitro and decreased the number of osteoblast (OB) progenitors in bone marrow and OB differentiation in vivo. Furthermore, the loss of FBLP-1 caused a dramatic increase of osteoclast (OCL) differentiation in vivo. The level of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL), a key regulator of OCL differentiation, was markedly increased in FBLP-1 null BMSCs. The capacity of FBLP-1 null bone marrow monocytes (BMMs) to differentiate into multinucleated OCLs in response to exogenously supplied RANKL, however, was not different from that of WT BMMs. Finally, we show that a loss of FBLP-1 promotes activating phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Inhibition of ERK1/2 activation substantially suppressed the increase of RANKL induced by the loss of FBLP-1. Our results identify FBLP-1 as a key regulator of bone homeostasis and suggest that FBLP-1 functions in this process through modulating both the intrinsic properties of OB/BMSCs (i.e., BMSC-extracellular matrix adhesion and migration, cell growth, survival, and differentiation) and the communication between OB/BMSCs and BMMs (i.e., RANKL expression) that controls osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhi Xiao
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15240, USA.
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Lima SA, Wodewotzky TI, Lima-Neto JF, Beltrão-Braga PC, Alvarenga FC. Diferenciação in vitro de células-tronco mesenquimais da medula óssea de cães em precursores osteogênicos. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2012000500016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
O objetivo principal da nossa pesquisa foi avaliar o potencial de diferenciação osteogênica de células-tronco mesenquimais (MSC) obtidas da medula óssea do cão. As MSC foram separadas pelo método Ficoll e cultivadas sob duas condições distintas: DMEM baixa glicose ou DMEM/F12, ambos contendo L-glutamina, 20% de SFB e antibióticos. Marcadores de MSC foram testados, confirmando células CD44+ e CD34- através da citometria de fluxo. Para a diferenciação osteogênica, as células foram submetidas a quatro diferentes condições: Grupo 1, as mesmas condições utilizadas para a cultura de células primárias com os meios DMEM baixa glicose suplementado; Grupo 2, as mesmas condições do Grupo 1, mais os indutores de diferenciação dexametasona, ácido ascórbico e b-glicerolfosfato; Grupo 3, células cultivadas com meios DMEM/F12 suplementado; e Grupo 4, nas mesmas condições que no Grupo 3, mais indutores de diferenciação de dexametasona, ácido ascórbico e b-glicerolfosfato. A diferenciação celular foi confirmada através da coloração com alizarin red e da imunomarcação com o anticorpo SP7/Osterix. Nós observamos através da coloração com alizarin red que o depósito de cálcio foi mais evidente nas células cultivadas em DMEM/F12. Além disso, usando a imunomarcação com o anticorpo SP/7Osterix obtivemos positividade em 1:6 células para o Meio DMEM/F12 comparada com 1:12 para o meio DMEM-baixa glicose. Com base nos nossos resultados concluímos que o meio DMEM/F12 é mais eficiente para a indução da diferenciação de células-tronco mesenquimais caninas em promotores osteogênicos. Este efeito provavelmente ocorre em decorrência da maior quantidade de glicose neste meio, bem como da presença de diversos aminoácidos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia A.F. Lima
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brasil; Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
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48
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Kwon TG, Zhao X, Yang Q, Li Y, Ge C, Zhao G, Franceschi RT. Physical and functional interactions between Runx2 and HIF-1α induce vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression. J Cell Biochem 2012; 112:3582-93. [PMID: 21793044 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis and bone formation are intimately related processes. Hypoxia during early bone development stabilizes hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and increases angiogenic signals including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Furthermore, stabilization of HIF-1α by genetic or chemical means stimulates bone formation. On the other hand, deficiency of Runx2, a key osteogenic transcription factor, prevents vascular invasion of bone and VEGF expression. This study explores the possibility that HIF-1α and Runx2 interact to activate angiogenic signals. Runx2 over-expression in mesenchymal cells increased VEGF mRNA and protein under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. In normoxia, Runx2 also dramatically increased HIF-1α protein. In all cases, the Runx2 response was inhibited by siRNA-mediated suppression of HIF-1α and completely blocked by the HIF-1α inhibitor, echinomycin. Similarly, treatment of preosteoblast cells with Runx2 siRNA reduced VEGF mRNA in normoxia or hypoxia. However, Runx2 is not essential for the HIF-1α response since VEGF is induced by hypoxia even in Runx2-null cells. Endogenous Runx2 and HIF-1α were colocalized to the nuclei of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells. Moreover, HIF-1α and Runx2 physically interact using sites within the Runx2 RUNT domain. Chromatin immunoprecipitation also provided evidence for colocalization of Runx2 and HIF-1α on the VEGF promoter. In addition, Runx2 stimulated HIF-1α-dependent activation of an HRE-luciferase reporter gene without requiring a separate Runx2-binding enhancer. These studies indicate that Runx2 functions together with HIF-1α to stimulate angiogenic gene expression in bone cells and may in part explain the known requirement for Runx2 in bone vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Geon Kwon
- Department of Periodontics & Oral Medicine and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1078, USA
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Tang Z, Shi D, Jia B, Chen J, Zong C, Shen D, Zheng Q, Wang J, Tong X. Exchange protein activated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate regulates the switch between adipogenesis and osteogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells through increasing the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:1106-20. [PMID: 22497928 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Epac, exchange protein activated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), could regulate the trans-differentiation between adipogenesis and osteogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Epac activated by 8-pCPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP, a cAMP analog preferentially activating Epac, resulted in the increase of adipogenic gene expression and the decrease of osteogenic gene expression. The pro-adipogenic and anti-osteogenic effect of 8-pCPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP was attributed to that 8-pCPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP led to the activation of protein kinase B (PKB) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) as well as the inhibition of Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) activities. Inhibition of Epac by a dominant-negative form of Epac1 resulted in the decrease of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), PKB and CREB activities as well as down-regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) expression. Inhibition of PI3K by a specific inhibitor or inhibition of Arf and Rho GAP adapter protein 3 (ARAP3, a phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns)(3,4,5)P(3) binding protein) by ARAP3 siRNA led to the recovery of RhoA and FAK activities. RhoA-V14, a constitutively active form of RhoA, could activate the MEK/ERK/Runx2 signaling. Therefore, we conclude that PI3K activated by Epac leads to the activation of PKB/CREB signaling and the up-regulation of PPARγ expression, which in turn activate the transcription of adipogenic genes; whereas osteogenesis is driven by Rho/FAK/MEK/ERK/Runx2 signaling, which can be inhibited by Epac via PI3K. These results should be helpful to provide new targets for treatment of osteoporosis and related bone-wasting diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihua Tang
- Institute of Cell and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
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50
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Ge C, Yang Q, Zhao G, Yu H, Kirkwood KL, Franceschi RT. Interactions between extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and p38 MAP kinase pathways in the control of RUNX2 phosphorylation and transcriptional activity. J Bone Miner Res 2012; 27:538-51. [PMID: 22072425 PMCID: PMC4285380 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
RUNX2, a key transcription factor for osteoblast differentiation, is regulated by ERK1/2 and p38 MAP kinase-mediated phosphorylation. However, the specific contribution of each kinase to RUNX2-dependent transcription is not known. Here we investigate ERK and p38 regulation of RUNX2 using a unique P-RUNX2-specific antibody. Both MAP kinases stimulated RUNX2 Ser319 phosphorylation and transcriptional activity. However, a clear preference for ERK1 versus p38α/β was found when the ability of these MAPKs to phosphorylate and activate RUNX2 was compared. Similarly, ERK1 preferentially bound to a consensus MAPK binding site on RUNX2 that was essential for the activity of either kinase. To assess the relative contribution of ERK1/2 and p38 to osteoblast gene expression, MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells were grown in control or ascorbic acid (AA)-containing medium ± BMP2/7. AA-induced gene expression, which requires collagen matrix synthesis, was associated with parallel increases in P-ERK and RUNX2-S319-P in the absence of any changes in P-p38. This response was blocked by ERK, but not p38, inhibition. Significantly, in the presence of AA, BMP2/7 synergistically stimulated RUNX2 S319 phosphorylation and transcriptional activity without affecting total RUNX2 and this response was totally dependent on ERK/MAPK activity. In contrast, although p38 inhibition partially blocked BMP-dependent transcription, it did not affect RUNX2 S319 phosphorylation, suggesting the involvement of other phosphorylation sites and/or transcription factors in this response. Based on this work, we conclude that extracellular matrix and BMP regulation of RUNX2 phosphorylation and transcriptional activity in osteoblasts is predominantly mediated by ERK rather than p38 MAPKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxi Ge
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1078, USA
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1078, USA
| | - Guisheng Zhao
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1078, USA
| | - Hong Yu
- Department of Craniofacial Biology and the Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Keith L. Kirkwood
- Department of Craniofacial Biology and the Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Renny T. Franceschi
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1078, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1078, USA
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