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Main LR, Song YE, Lynn A, Laux RA, Miskimen KL, Osterman MD, Cuccaro ML, Ogrocki PK, Lerner AJ, Vance JM, Fuzzell D, Fuzzell SL, Hochstetler SD, Dorfsman DA, Caywood LJ, Prough MB, Adams LD, Clouse JE, Herington SD, Scott WK, Pericak-Vance MA, Haines JL. Genetic analysis of cognitive preservation in the midwestern Amish reveals a novel locus on chromosome 2. Alzheimers Dement 2024. [PMID: 39376159 DOI: 10.1002/alz.14045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 10/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains a debilitating condition with limited treatments and additional therapeutic targets needed. Identifying AD protective genetic loci may identify new targets and accelerate identification of therapeutic treatments. We examined a founder population to identify loci associated with cognitive preservation into advanced age. METHODS Genome-wide association and linkage analyses were performed on 946 examined and sampled Amish individuals, aged 76-95, who were either cognitively unimpaired (CU) or impaired (CI). RESULTS A total of 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) demonstrated suggestive association (P ≤ 5 × 10-4) with cognitive preservation. Genetic linkage analyses identified > 100 significant (logarithm of the odds [LOD] ≥ 3.3) SNPs, some which overlapped with the association results. Only one locus on chromosome 2 retained significance across multiple analyses. DISCUSSION A novel significant result for cognitive preservation on chromosome 2 includes the genes LRRTM4 and CTNNA2. Additionally, the lead SNP, rs1402906, impacts the POU3F2 transcription factor binding affinity, which regulates LRRTM4 and CTNNA2. HIGHLIGHTS GWAS and linkage identified over 100 loci associated with cognitive preservation. One locus on Chromosome 2 retained significance over multiple analyses. Predicted TFBSs near rs1402906 regulate genes associated with neurocognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leighanne R Main
- Departments of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Cleveland Institute of Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Yeunjoo E Song
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Cleveland Institute of Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Audrey Lynn
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Cleveland Institute of Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Renee A Laux
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Kristy L Miskimen
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael D Osterman
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael L Cuccaro
- John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Dr. John T Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Paula K Ogrocki
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Alan J Lerner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jeffery M Vance
- John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Dr. John T Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Denise Fuzzell
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sarada L Fuzzell
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sherri D Hochstetler
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel A Dorfsman
- John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Dr. John T Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Laura J Caywood
- John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Michael B Prough
- John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Larry D Adams
- John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jason E Clouse
- John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Sharlene D Herington
- John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - William K Scott
- John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Dr. John T Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Margaret A Pericak-Vance
- John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Dr. John T Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jonathan L Haines
- Departments of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Cleveland Institute of Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Younes K, Cobigo Y, Wolf A, Kornak J, Rankin KP, Faisal Beg M, Wang L, Rosen HJ. MRI-Based Multi-Class Relevance Vector Machine Classification of Neurodegenerative Diseases. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.10.07.24315054. [PMID: 39417137 PMCID: PMC11483000 DOI: 10.1101/2024.10.07.24315054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2024]
Abstract
Machine learning algorithms are a promising automated candidate that can help mitigate the growing need for dementia experts. Despite the substantial development in MRI-based machine learning analyses, case misclassification is a universal finding, yet the reasons behind misclassification are poorly understood. We implemented a multi-class classification approach that uses relevance vector machine and logistic classification to classify research participants based on their whole-brain T1-weighted MRI scans. A total of 468 participants from seven diagnostic classes were included: 144 healthy controls, 84 Alzheimer's disease, 108 behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), 30 semantic variant primary progressive aphasia (svPPA), 30 non-fluent variant primary progressive aphasia (nfvPPA), 30 corticobasal syndrome (CBS), and 42 progressive supranuclear palsy syndrome (PSPS). We compared the algorithm's diagnostic accuracy against the clinical, pathological, genetic, and quantitative imaging data. The exact neurodegenerative syndrome was predicted in 71% of the cases, the neurodegenerative disease spectrum was predicted in 80% of the cases, and the algorithm distinguished controls from any dementia in 85% of the cases. The algorithm showed high performance in diagnosing healthy controls, moderate performance in diagnosing AD, bvFTD, and svPPA, and low performance in diagnosing CBS, nfvPPA, and PSPS. Based on the quantitative imaging data, most of the misclassified neurodegenerative cases had minimal atrophy and brain volumes comparable to healthy controls. In AD, early-onset AD cases with minimal brain atrophy represented most of the misclassified cases. In bvFTD, FTD genetic mutation carriers (predominantly C9orf72 repeat expansion), FTD phenocopy, patients meeting only possible bvFTD criteria represented most misclassified cases. Case misclassification in machine learning studies in neurodegenerative diseases results from neurodegenerative disease heterogeneity and the limitations of structural MRI's ability to capture the whole gamut of biological changes. Larger and more inclusive datasets that are representative of population biologic heterogeneity are needed to train better machine learning techniques, and a margin of error is expected and should be acceptable, like the uncertainty of a clinical diagnosis by a dementia expert.
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Son HJ, Kim JS, Bateman RJ, Kim S, Llibre-Guerra JJ, Day GS, Chhatwal JP, Berman SB, Schofield PR, Jucker M, Levin J, Lee JH, Perrin RJ, Morris JC, Cruchaga C, Hassenstab J, Salloway SP, Lee JH, Daniels A. Association of Resilience-Related Life Experiences on Variability on Age of Onset in Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Disease. Neurology 2024; 103:e209766. [PMID: 39270149 PMCID: PMC11399067 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000209766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES It remains unknown whether the associations between protective lifestyles and sporadic dementia risk reported in observational studies also affect age at symptom onset (AAO) in autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease (ADAD) with predominant genetic influences. We investigated the associations between resilience-related life experiences and interindividual AAO variability in ADAD. METHODS We performed a longitudinal and confirmatory analysis of the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network prospective observational cohort (January 2009-June 2018, follow-up duration 2.13 ± 2.22 years), involving clinical, CSF, and lifestyle/behavioral assessments. We performed a 2-pronged comprehensive resilience assessment in each cohort. Cohort 1, incorporating the general resilience definition (cognitive maintenance [Clinical Dementia Rating = 0] despite high pathology), included carriers during the periods of significant CSFp-tau181 variability and grouped into resilience/resistance outcome bins according to the dichotomous pathologic and cognitive statuses, subcategorized by the estimated years from expected symptom onset (EYO). Cohort 2, focused on ADAD-specific genetically determined time frame characterizing the onset predictability, included asymptomatic participants with available preclinical lifestyle data and AAO outcomes and grouped into delayed or earlier AAO relative to the parental AAO. Associations of cognitive, CSFp-tau181, and lifestyle/behavioral predictors with binary outcomes were investigated using logistic regression. RESULTS Of 320 carriers (age 38.19 ± 10.94 years, female 56.25%), cohort 1 included 218 participants (39.00 ± 9.37 years, 57.34%) and cohort 2 included 28 participants (43.34 ± 7.40 years, 71.43%). In cohort 1, 218 carriers after -20 EYO, when the interindividual variability (SD) of CSFp-tau181 first became more than twice greater in carriers than in noncarriers, were grouped into low-risk control (asymptomatic, low pathology, n = 103), high-resilience (asymptomatic despite high pathology, n = 60), low-resilience (symptomatic despite low pathology, n = 15), and susceptible control (symptomatic, high pathology, n = 40) groups. Multivariable predictors of high resilience, controlling for age and depression, included higher conscientiousness (odds ratio 1.051 [95% CI 1.016-1.086], p = 0.004), openness to experience (1.068 [1.005-1.135], p = 0.03) (vs. susceptible controls), and agreeableness (1.082 [1.015-1.153], p = 0.02) (vs. low resilience). From 1 to 3 years before parental AAO (cohort 2), the multivariable predictor of delayed AAO, controlling for CSFp-tau181, was higher conscientiousness (0.916 [0.845-0.994], p = 0.036). DISCUSSION Among the cognitively and socially integrated life experiences associated with resilience, measures of conscientiousness were useful indicators for evaluating resilience and predicting future dementia onset in late preclinical ADAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Joo Son
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine (H.J.S., Jai-Hyuen Lee), Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Chung Nam; Department of Nuclear Medicine (J.S.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (R.J.B., J.J.L.-G., J.C.M., A.D.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (S.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (G.S.D.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.P.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (S.B.B.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Cellular Neurology (M.J.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.J.), Tübingen; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Germany; Department of Neurology (Jae-Hong Lee), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Pathology and Immunology (R.J.P.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.J.P., J.H.), and Department of Neurology (R.J.P., J.H.), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry (C.C.), Washington University School of Medicine; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (J.H.), Washington University, St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology (S.P.S.), The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Jae Seung Kim
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine (H.J.S., Jai-Hyuen Lee), Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Chung Nam; Department of Nuclear Medicine (J.S.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (R.J.B., J.J.L.-G., J.C.M., A.D.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (S.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (G.S.D.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.P.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (S.B.B.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Cellular Neurology (M.J.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.J.), Tübingen; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Germany; Department of Neurology (Jae-Hong Lee), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Pathology and Immunology (R.J.P.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.J.P., J.H.), and Department of Neurology (R.J.P., J.H.), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry (C.C.), Washington University School of Medicine; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (J.H.), Washington University, St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology (S.P.S.), The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Randall J Bateman
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine (H.J.S., Jai-Hyuen Lee), Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Chung Nam; Department of Nuclear Medicine (J.S.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (R.J.B., J.J.L.-G., J.C.M., A.D.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (S.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (G.S.D.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.P.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (S.B.B.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Cellular Neurology (M.J.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.J.), Tübingen; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Germany; Department of Neurology (Jae-Hong Lee), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Pathology and Immunology (R.J.P.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.J.P., J.H.), and Department of Neurology (R.J.P., J.H.), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry (C.C.), Washington University School of Medicine; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (J.H.), Washington University, St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology (S.P.S.), The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Seonok Kim
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine (H.J.S., Jai-Hyuen Lee), Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Chung Nam; Department of Nuclear Medicine (J.S.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (R.J.B., J.J.L.-G., J.C.M., A.D.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (S.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (G.S.D.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.P.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (S.B.B.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Cellular Neurology (M.J.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.J.), Tübingen; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Germany; Department of Neurology (Jae-Hong Lee), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Pathology and Immunology (R.J.P.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.J.P., J.H.), and Department of Neurology (R.J.P., J.H.), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry (C.C.), Washington University School of Medicine; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (J.H.), Washington University, St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology (S.P.S.), The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Jorge J Llibre-Guerra
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine (H.J.S., Jai-Hyuen Lee), Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Chung Nam; Department of Nuclear Medicine (J.S.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (R.J.B., J.J.L.-G., J.C.M., A.D.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (S.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (G.S.D.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.P.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (S.B.B.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Cellular Neurology (M.J.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.J.), Tübingen; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Germany; Department of Neurology (Jae-Hong Lee), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Pathology and Immunology (R.J.P.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.J.P., J.H.), and Department of Neurology (R.J.P., J.H.), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry (C.C.), Washington University School of Medicine; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (J.H.), Washington University, St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology (S.P.S.), The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Gregory S Day
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine (H.J.S., Jai-Hyuen Lee), Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Chung Nam; Department of Nuclear Medicine (J.S.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (R.J.B., J.J.L.-G., J.C.M., A.D.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (S.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (G.S.D.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.P.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (S.B.B.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Cellular Neurology (M.J.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.J.), Tübingen; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Germany; Department of Neurology (Jae-Hong Lee), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Pathology and Immunology (R.J.P.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.J.P., J.H.), and Department of Neurology (R.J.P., J.H.), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry (C.C.), Washington University School of Medicine; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (J.H.), Washington University, St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology (S.P.S.), The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Jasmeer P Chhatwal
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine (H.J.S., Jai-Hyuen Lee), Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Chung Nam; Department of Nuclear Medicine (J.S.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (R.J.B., J.J.L.-G., J.C.M., A.D.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (S.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (G.S.D.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.P.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (S.B.B.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Cellular Neurology (M.J.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.J.), Tübingen; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Germany; Department of Neurology (Jae-Hong Lee), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Pathology and Immunology (R.J.P.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.J.P., J.H.), and Department of Neurology (R.J.P., J.H.), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry (C.C.), Washington University School of Medicine; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (J.H.), Washington University, St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology (S.P.S.), The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Sarah B Berman
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine (H.J.S., Jai-Hyuen Lee), Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Chung Nam; Department of Nuclear Medicine (J.S.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (R.J.B., J.J.L.-G., J.C.M., A.D.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (S.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (G.S.D.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.P.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (S.B.B.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Cellular Neurology (M.J.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.J.), Tübingen; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Germany; Department of Neurology (Jae-Hong Lee), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Pathology and Immunology (R.J.P.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.J.P., J.H.), and Department of Neurology (R.J.P., J.H.), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry (C.C.), Washington University School of Medicine; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (J.H.), Washington University, St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology (S.P.S.), The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Peter R Schofield
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine (H.J.S., Jai-Hyuen Lee), Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Chung Nam; Department of Nuclear Medicine (J.S.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (R.J.B., J.J.L.-G., J.C.M., A.D.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (S.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (G.S.D.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.P.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (S.B.B.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Cellular Neurology (M.J.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.J.), Tübingen; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Germany; Department of Neurology (Jae-Hong Lee), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Pathology and Immunology (R.J.P.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.J.P., J.H.), and Department of Neurology (R.J.P., J.H.), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry (C.C.), Washington University School of Medicine; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (J.H.), Washington University, St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology (S.P.S.), The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Mathias Jucker
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine (H.J.S., Jai-Hyuen Lee), Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Chung Nam; Department of Nuclear Medicine (J.S.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (R.J.B., J.J.L.-G., J.C.M., A.D.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (S.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (G.S.D.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.P.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (S.B.B.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Cellular Neurology (M.J.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.J.), Tübingen; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Germany; Department of Neurology (Jae-Hong Lee), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Pathology and Immunology (R.J.P.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.J.P., J.H.), and Department of Neurology (R.J.P., J.H.), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry (C.C.), Washington University School of Medicine; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (J.H.), Washington University, St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology (S.P.S.), The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Johannes Levin
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine (H.J.S., Jai-Hyuen Lee), Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Chung Nam; Department of Nuclear Medicine (J.S.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (R.J.B., J.J.L.-G., J.C.M., A.D.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (S.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (G.S.D.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.P.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (S.B.B.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Cellular Neurology (M.J.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.J.), Tübingen; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Germany; Department of Neurology (Jae-Hong Lee), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Pathology and Immunology (R.J.P.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.J.P., J.H.), and Department of Neurology (R.J.P., J.H.), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry (C.C.), Washington University School of Medicine; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (J.H.), Washington University, St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology (S.P.S.), The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Jae-Hong Lee
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine (H.J.S., Jai-Hyuen Lee), Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Chung Nam; Department of Nuclear Medicine (J.S.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (R.J.B., J.J.L.-G., J.C.M., A.D.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (S.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (G.S.D.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.P.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (S.B.B.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Cellular Neurology (M.J.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.J.), Tübingen; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Germany; Department of Neurology (Jae-Hong Lee), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Pathology and Immunology (R.J.P.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.J.P., J.H.), and Department of Neurology (R.J.P., J.H.), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry (C.C.), Washington University School of Medicine; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (J.H.), Washington University, St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology (S.P.S.), The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Richard J Perrin
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine (H.J.S., Jai-Hyuen Lee), Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Chung Nam; Department of Nuclear Medicine (J.S.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (R.J.B., J.J.L.-G., J.C.M., A.D.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (S.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (G.S.D.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.P.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (S.B.B.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Cellular Neurology (M.J.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.J.), Tübingen; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Germany; Department of Neurology (Jae-Hong Lee), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Pathology and Immunology (R.J.P.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.J.P., J.H.), and Department of Neurology (R.J.P., J.H.), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry (C.C.), Washington University School of Medicine; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (J.H.), Washington University, St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology (S.P.S.), The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - John C Morris
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine (H.J.S., Jai-Hyuen Lee), Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Chung Nam; Department of Nuclear Medicine (J.S.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (R.J.B., J.J.L.-G., J.C.M., A.D.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (S.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (G.S.D.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.P.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (S.B.B.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Cellular Neurology (M.J.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.J.), Tübingen; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Germany; Department of Neurology (Jae-Hong Lee), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Pathology and Immunology (R.J.P.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.J.P., J.H.), and Department of Neurology (R.J.P., J.H.), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry (C.C.), Washington University School of Medicine; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (J.H.), Washington University, St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology (S.P.S.), The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine (H.J.S., Jai-Hyuen Lee), Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Chung Nam; Department of Nuclear Medicine (J.S.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (R.J.B., J.J.L.-G., J.C.M., A.D.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (S.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (G.S.D.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.P.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (S.B.B.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Cellular Neurology (M.J.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.J.), Tübingen; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Germany; Department of Neurology (Jae-Hong Lee), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Pathology and Immunology (R.J.P.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.J.P., J.H.), and Department of Neurology (R.J.P., J.H.), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry (C.C.), Washington University School of Medicine; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (J.H.), Washington University, St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology (S.P.S.), The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Jason Hassenstab
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine (H.J.S., Jai-Hyuen Lee), Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Chung Nam; Department of Nuclear Medicine (J.S.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (R.J.B., J.J.L.-G., J.C.M., A.D.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (S.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (G.S.D.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.P.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (S.B.B.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Cellular Neurology (M.J.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.J.), Tübingen; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Germany; Department of Neurology (Jae-Hong Lee), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Pathology and Immunology (R.J.P.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.J.P., J.H.), and Department of Neurology (R.J.P., J.H.), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry (C.C.), Washington University School of Medicine; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (J.H.), Washington University, St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology (S.P.S.), The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Stephen P Salloway
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine (H.J.S., Jai-Hyuen Lee), Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Chung Nam; Department of Nuclear Medicine (J.S.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (R.J.B., J.J.L.-G., J.C.M., A.D.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (S.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (G.S.D.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.P.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (S.B.B.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Cellular Neurology (M.J.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.J.), Tübingen; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Germany; Department of Neurology (Jae-Hong Lee), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Pathology and Immunology (R.J.P.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.J.P., J.H.), and Department of Neurology (R.J.P., J.H.), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry (C.C.), Washington University School of Medicine; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (J.H.), Washington University, St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology (S.P.S.), The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Jai-Hyuen Lee
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine (H.J.S., Jai-Hyuen Lee), Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Chung Nam; Department of Nuclear Medicine (J.S.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (R.J.B., J.J.L.-G., J.C.M., A.D.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (S.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (G.S.D.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.P.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (S.B.B.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Cellular Neurology (M.J.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.J.), Tübingen; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Germany; Department of Neurology (Jae-Hong Lee), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Pathology and Immunology (R.J.P.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.J.P., J.H.), and Department of Neurology (R.J.P., J.H.), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry (C.C.), Washington University School of Medicine; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (J.H.), Washington University, St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology (S.P.S.), The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Alisha Daniels
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine (H.J.S., Jai-Hyuen Lee), Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Chung Nam; Department of Nuclear Medicine (J.S.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (R.J.B., J.J.L.-G., J.C.M., A.D.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (S.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (G.S.D.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.P.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (S.B.B.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Cellular Neurology (M.J.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.J.), Tübingen; Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.), Germany; Department of Neurology (Jae-Hong Lee), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Pathology and Immunology (R.J.P.), Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (R.J.P., J.H.), and Department of Neurology (R.J.P., J.H.), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Psychiatry (C.C.), Washington University School of Medicine; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (J.H.), Washington University, St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology (S.P.S.), The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI
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4
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Rolandi E, Rossi M, Colombo M, Pettinato L, Del Signore F, Aglieri V, Bottini G, Guaita A. Lifestyle, Cognitive, and Psychological Factors Associated With a Resilience Phenotype in Aging: A Multidimensional Approach on a Population-Based Sample of Oldest-Old (80+). J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2024; 79:gbae132. [PMID: 39096236 PMCID: PMC11402365 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbae132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the determinants of resilience phenotype in aging, operationalized as the maintenance of cognitive, physical, and psychological health in very old individuals (80+), we investigated the structure and interrelated impact of the main resilience-enhancing factors, which are usually studied in separate research fields. METHODS Participants were older adults without dementia recruited for the fifth wave of the InveCe.Ab population-based cohort study (aged 83-87 years). Multidimensional evaluation comprised blood sampling, social and lifestyle survey, and geriatric and neuropsychological assessment. We classified resilient individuals as displaying normal cognition, functional independence, and mental health. First, we performed exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to examine the underlying structure of the relevant cognitive, lifestyle, physical, and psychological resilience-enhancing factors. The factors obtained were included as predictors of the resilience phenotype in the logistic regression model, controlling for sociodemographic and cumulative exposure to physical and psychosocial stressors, including COVID-19 infection. RESULTS Among the 404 enrolled participants, 153 (38%) exhibited the resilience phenotype. EFA resulted in the identification of six factors (59% of variance): cognitive reserve, affective reserve, insecure attachment, current lifestyle, physical reserve, and avoidant attachment. Among these factors, cognitive reserve, affective reserve, and current lifestyle significantly and independently predicted resilience status, controlling for cumulative exposure to age-related stressors and COVID-19 infection. DISCUSSION Our findings showed that, even in very old age, both early and late life modifiable factors affect individuals' ability to adapt to the aging process, thus confirming the importance of a life-course approach to improve health outcomes in the aged population. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01345110.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rolandi
- Golgi Cenci Foundation, Abbiategrasso, Milano, Italy
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Michele Rossi
- Golgi Cenci Foundation, Abbiategrasso, Milano, Italy
| | - Mauro Colombo
- Golgi Cenci Foundation, Abbiategrasso, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | - Virginia Aglieri
- Fondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di Parkinson, Milano, Italy
- Parkinson Institute Milan, ASST Gaetano Pini CTO, Milano, Italy
| | - Gabriella Bottini
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Cognitive Neuropsychology Center Neuroscience Department, GOM Niguarda, Milano, Italy
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5
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Birkenbihl C, Cuppels M, Boyle RT, Klinger HM, Langford O, Coughlan GT, Properzi MJ, Chhatwal J, Price JC, Schultz AP, Rentz DM, Amariglio RE, Johnson KA, Gottesman RF, Mukherjee S, Maruff P, Lim YY, Masters CL, Beiser A, Resnick SM, Hughes TM, Burnham S, Tunali I, Landau S, Cohen AD, Johnson SC, Betthauser TJ, Seshadri S, Lockhart SN, O’Bryant SE, Vemuri P, Sperling RA, Hohman TJ, Donohue MC, Buckley RF. Rethinking the residual approach: Leveraging machine learning to operationalize cognitive resilience in Alzheimer's disease. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.08.19.24312256. [PMID: 39228697 PMCID: PMC11370494 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.19.24312256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive resilience describes the phenomenon of individuals evading cognitive decline despite prominent Alzheimer's disease neuropathology. Operationalization and measurement of this latent construct is non-trivial as it cannot be directly observed. The residual approach has been widely applied to estimate CR, where the degree of resilience is estimated through a linear model's residuals. We demonstrate that this approach makes specific, uncontrollable assumptions and likely leads to biased and erroneous resilience estimates. We propose an alternative strategy which overcomes the standard approach's limitations using machine learning principles. Our proposed approach makes fewer assumptions about the data and construct to be measured and achieves better estimation accuracy on simulated ground-truth data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Birkenbihl
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Madison Cuppels
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Rory T. Boyle
- Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Hannah M. Klinger
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Oliver Langford
- Alzheimer Therapeutic Research Institute, University of Southern California, San Diego, USA
| | - Gillian T. Coughlan
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Michael J. Properzi
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jasmeer Chhatwal
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Neurology, Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Julie C. Price
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Aaron P. Schultz
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Dorene M. Rentz
- Department of Neurology, Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rebecca E. Amariglio
- Department of Neurology, Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Keith A. Johnson
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | - Shubhabrata Mukherjee
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Paul Maruff
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Institute and the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yen Ying Lim
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Colin L. Masters
- Florey Institute and the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexa Beiser
- Department of Neurology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Susan M. Resnick
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Timothy M. Hughes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Susan Landau
- Neuroscience Department, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ann D. Cohen
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Sterling C. Johnson
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin’s Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Tobey J. Betthauser
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin’s Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Department of Neurology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s & Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Samuel N. Lockhart
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Sid E. O’Bryant
- Institute for Translational Research and Department of Family Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | | | - Reisa A. Sperling
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Neurology, Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Timothy J. Hohman
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer’s Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael C. Donohue
- Alzheimer Therapeutic Research Institute, University of Southern California, San Diego, USA
| | - Rachel F. Buckley
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Neurology, Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Kitani A, Matsui Y. Predicting Alzheimer's Cognitive Resilience Score: A Comparative Study of Machine Learning Models Using RNA-seq Data. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.25.609610. [PMID: 39253457 PMCID: PMC11383294 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.25.609610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an important research topic. While amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are hallmark pathological features of AD, cognitive resilience (CR) is a phenomenon where cognitive function remains preserved despite the presence of these pathological features. This study aimed to construct and compare predictive machine learning models for CR scores using RNA-seq data from the Religious Orders Study and Memory and Aging Project (ROSMAP) and Mount Sinai Brain Bank (MSBB) cohorts. We evaluated support vector regression (SVR), random forest, XGBoost, linear, and transformer-based models. The SVR model exhibited the best performance, with contributing genes identified using Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) scores, providing insights into biological pathways associated with CR. Finally, we developed a tool called the resilience gene analyzer (REGA), which visualizes SHAP scores to interpret the contributions of individual genes to CR. REGA is available at https://igcore.cloud/GerOmics/REsilienceGeneAnalyzer/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Kitani
- Biomedical and Health Informatics Unit, Department of Integrated Health Science, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yusuke Matsui
- Biomedical and Health Informatics Unit, Department of Integrated Health Science, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, 461-8673 Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Mathys H, Boix CA, Akay LA, Xia Z, Davila-Velderrain J, Ng AP, Jiang X, Abdelhady G, Galani K, Mantero J, Band N, James BT, Babu S, Galiana-Melendez F, Louderback K, Prokopenko D, Tanzi RE, Bennett DA, Tsai LH, Kellis M. Single-cell multiregion dissection of Alzheimer's disease. Nature 2024; 632:858-868. [PMID: 39048816 PMCID: PMC11338834 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07606-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the leading cause of dementia worldwide, but the cellular pathways that underlie its pathological progression across brain regions remain poorly understood1-3. Here we report a single-cell transcriptomic atlas of six different brain regions in the aged human brain, covering 1.3 million cells from 283 post-mortem human brain samples across 48 individuals with and without Alzheimer's disease. We identify 76 cell types, including region-specific subtypes of astrocytes and excitatory neurons and an inhibitory interneuron population unique to the thalamus and distinct from canonical inhibitory subclasses. We identify vulnerable populations of excitatory and inhibitory neurons that are depleted in specific brain regions in Alzheimer's disease, and provide evidence that the Reelin signalling pathway is involved in modulating the vulnerability of these neurons. We develop a scalable method for discovering gene modules, which we use to identify cell-type-specific and region-specific modules that are altered in Alzheimer's disease and to annotate transcriptomic differences associated with diverse pathological variables. We identify an astrocyte program that is associated with cognitive resilience to Alzheimer's disease pathology, tying choline metabolism and polyamine biosynthesis in astrocytes to preserved cognitive function late in life. Together, our study develops a regional atlas of the ageing human brain and provides insights into cellular vulnerability, response and resilience to Alzheimer's disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansruedi Mathys
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Carles A Boix
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Leyla Anne Akay
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ziting Xia
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology Program, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Ayesha P Ng
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xueqiao Jiang
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ghada Abdelhady
- University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kyriaki Galani
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Julio Mantero
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Neil Band
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin T James
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sudhagar Babu
- University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Fabiola Galiana-Melendez
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kate Louderback
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dmitry Prokopenko
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Manolis Kellis
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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8
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Driscoll IF, Lose S, Ma Y, Bendlin BB, Gallagher C, Johnson SC, Asthana S, Hermann B, Sager MA, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Carlsson C, Kollmorgen G, Quijano‐Rubio C, Dubal D, Okonkwo OC. KLOTHO KL-VS heterozygosity is associated with diminished age-related neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and synaptic dysfunction in older cognitively unimpaired adults. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:5347-5356. [PMID: 39030746 PMCID: PMC11350058 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We examined whether the aging suppressor KLOTHO gene's functionally advantageous KL-VS variant (KL-VS heterozygosity [KL-VSHET]) confers resilience against deleterious effects of aging indexed by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of neuroinflammation (interleukin-6 [IL-6], S100 calcium-binding protein B [S100B], triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells [sTREM2], chitinase-3-like protein 1 [YKL-40], glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP]), neurodegeneration (total α-synuclein [α-Syn], neurofilament light chain protein), and synaptic dysfunction (neurogranin [Ng]). METHODS This Alzheimer disease risk-enriched cohort consisted of 454 cognitively unimpaired adults (Mage = 61.5 ± 7.75). Covariate-adjusted multivariate regression examined relationships between age (mean-split[age ≥ 62]) and CSF biomarkers (Roche/NeuroToolKit), and whether they differed between KL-VSHET (N = 122) and non-carriers (KL-VSNC; N = 332). RESULTS Older age was associated with a poorer biomarker profile across all analytes (Ps ≤ 0.03). In age-stratified analyses, KL-VSNC exhibited this same pattern (Ps ≤ 0.05) which was not significant for IL-6, S100B, Ng, and α-Syn (Ps ≥ 0.13) in KL-VSHET. Although age-related differences in GFAP, sTREM2, and YKL-40 were evident for both groups (Ps ≤ 0.01), the effect magnitude was markedly stronger for KL-VSNC. DISCUSSION Higher levels of neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and synaptic dysfunction in older adults were attenuated in KL-VSHET. HIGHLIGHTS Older age was associated with poorer profiles across all cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and synaptic dysfunction. KLOTHO KL-VS non-carriers exhibit this same pattern, which is does not significantly differ between younger and older KL-VS heterozygotes for interleukin-6, S100 calcium-binding protein B, neurogranin, and total α-synuclein. Although age-related differences in glial fibrillary acidic protein, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells, and chitinase-3-like protein 1 are evident for both KL-VS groups, the magnitude of the effect is markedly stronger for KL-VS non-carriers. Higher levels of neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and synaptic dysfunction in older adults are attenuated in KL-VS heterozygotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Frahmand Driscoll
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and Department of GeriatricsUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Sarah Lose
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and Department of GeriatricsUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Yue Ma
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and Department of GeriatricsUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Barbara B. Bendlin
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and Department of GeriatricsUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's InstituteMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical CenterWilliam S. Middleton VA HospitalMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Catherine Gallagher
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical CenterWilliam S. Middleton VA HospitalMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Sterling C. Johnson
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and Department of GeriatricsUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's InstituteMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Sanjay Asthana
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and Department of GeriatricsUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's InstituteMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical CenterWilliam S. Middleton VA HospitalMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Bruce Hermann
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and Department of GeriatricsUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's InstituteMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Mark A. Sager
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and Department of GeriatricsUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's InstituteMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and NeurochemistryInstitute of Neuroscience and PhysiologySahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgMölndalSweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry LaboratorySahlgrenska University HospitalGöteborgSweden
- Paris Brain InstituteICMPitié‐Salpêtrière HospitalSorbonne UniversityParisFrance
- Neurodegenerative Disorder Research CenterDivision of Life Sciences and Medicineand Department of NeurologyInstitute on Aging and Brain DisordersUniversity of Science and Technology of China and First Affiliated Hospital of USTCHefeiPR China
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and Department of GeriatricsUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of Psychiatry and NeurochemistryInstitute of Neuroscience and PhysiologySahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgMölndalSweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry LaboratorySahlgrenska University HospitalGöteborgSweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseaseUCL Institute of Neurology, Queen SquareLondonUK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCLLondonUK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesClear Water BayHong KongPR China
| | - Cynthia Carlsson
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and Department of GeriatricsUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's InstituteMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical CenterWilliam S. Middleton VA HospitalMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | | | | | - Dena Dubal
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for NeurosciencesUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ozioma C. Okonkwo
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and Department of GeriatricsUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's InstituteMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical CenterWilliam S. Middleton VA HospitalMadisonWisconsinUSA
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9
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Latimer CS, Prater KE, Postupna N, Dirk Keene C. Resistance and Resilience to Alzheimer's Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2024; 14:a041201. [PMID: 38151325 PMCID: PMC11293546 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Dementia is a significant public health crisis; the most common underlying cause of age-related cognitive decline and dementia is Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic change (ADNC). As such, there is an urgent need to identify novel therapeutic targets for the treatment and prevention of the underlying pathologic processes that contribute to the development of AD dementia. Although age is the top risk factor for dementia in general and AD specifically, these are not inevitable consequences of advanced age. Some individuals are able to live to advanced age without accumulating significant pathology (resistance to ADNC), whereas others are able to maintain cognitive function despite the presence of significant pathology (resilience to ADNC). Understanding mechanisms of resistance and resilience will inform therapeutic strategies to promote these processes to prevent or delay AD dementia. This article will highlight what is currently known about resistance and resilience to AD, including our current understanding of possible underlying mechanisms that may lead to candidate preventive and treatment interventions for this devastating neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin S Latimer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle 98195, Washington, USA
| | - Katherine E Prater
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, Washington, USA
| | - Nadia Postupna
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle 98195, Washington, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle 98195, Washington, USA
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10
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Arenaza‐Urquijo EM, Boyle R, Casaletto K, Anstey KJ, Vila‐Castelar C, Colverson A, Palpatzis E, Eissman JM, Kheng Siang Ng T, Raghavan S, Akinci M, Vonk JMJ, Machado LS, Zanwar PP, Shrestha HL, Wagner M, Tamburin S, Sohrabi HR, Loi S, Bartrés‐Faz D, Dubal DB, Vemuri P, Okonkwo O, Hohman TJ, Ewers M, Buckley RF. Sex and gender differences in cognitive resilience to aging and Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:5695-5719. [PMID: 38967222 PMCID: PMC11350140 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Sex and gender-biological and social constructs-significantly impact the prevalence of protective and risk factors, influencing the burden of Alzheimer's disease (AD; amyloid beta and tau) and other pathologies (e.g., cerebrovascular disease) which ultimately shape cognitive trajectories. Understanding the interplay of these factors is central to understanding resilience and resistance mechanisms explaining maintained cognitive function and reduced pathology accumulation in aging and AD. In this narrative review, the ADDRESS! Special Interest Group (Alzheimer's Association) adopted a multidisciplinary approach to provide the foundations and recommendations for future research into sex- and gender-specific drivers of resilience, including a sex/gender-oriented review of risk factors, genetics, AD and non-AD pathologies, brain structure and function, and animal research. We urge the field to adopt a sex/gender-aware approach to resilience to advance our understanding of the intricate interplay of biological and social determinants and consider sex/gender-specific resilience throughout disease stages. HIGHLIGHTS: Sex differences in resilience to cognitive decline vary by age and cognitive status. Initial evidence supports sex-specific distinctions in brain pathology. Findings suggest sex differences in the impact of pathology on cognition. There is a sex-specific change in resilience in the transition to clinical stages. Gender and sex factors warrant study: modifiable, immune, inflammatory, and vascular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eider M. Arenaza‐Urquijo
- Environment and Health Over the Life Course Programme, Climate, Air Pollution, Nature and Urban Health ProgrammeBarcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal)BarcelonaSpain
- University of Pompeu FabraBarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Rory Boyle
- Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Kaitlin Casaletto
- Department of NeurologyMemory and Aging CenterUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Kaarin J. Anstey
- University of New South Wales Ageing Futures InstituteSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- School of Psychology, University of New South WalesSidneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | | | - Aaron Colverson
- University of Florida Center for Arts in Medicine Interdisciplinary Research LabUniversity of Florida, Center of Arts in MedicineGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Eleni Palpatzis
- Environment and Health Over the Life Course Programme, Climate, Air Pollution, Nature and Urban Health ProgrammeBarcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal)BarcelonaSpain
- University of Pompeu FabraBarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Jaclyn M. Eissman
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Department of NeurologyVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
- Vanderbilt Genetics InstituteVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Ted Kheng Siang Ng
- Rush Institute for Healthy Aging and Department of Internal MedicineRush University Medical CenterChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | | | - Muge Akinci
- Environment and Health Over the Life Course Programme, Climate, Air Pollution, Nature and Urban Health ProgrammeBarcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal)BarcelonaSpain
- University of Pompeu FabraBarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Jet M. J. Vonk
- Department of NeurologyMemory and Aging CenterUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Luiza S. Machado
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, FarroupilhaPorto AlegreBrazil
| | - Preeti P. Zanwar
- Jefferson College of Population Health, Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- The Network on Life Course and Health Dynamics and Disparities, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Maude Wagner
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical CenterChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Stefano Tamburin
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement SciencesUniversity of VeronaVeronaItaly
| | - Hamid R. Sohrabi
- Centre for Healthy AgeingHealth Future InstituteMurdoch UniversityMurdochWestern AustraliaAustralia
- School of Psychology, Murdoch UniversityMurdochWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Samantha Loi
- Neuropsychiatry Centre, Royal Melbourne HospitalParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - David Bartrés‐Faz
- Department of MedicineFaculty of Medicine and Health Sciences & Institut de NeurociènciesUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IDIBAPS)BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la Universitat Autónoma de BarcelonaBadalonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Dena B. Dubal
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute of NeurosciencesUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Biomedical and Neurosciences Graduate ProgramsUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Ozioma Okonkwo
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Timothy J. Hohman
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Department of NeurologyVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
- Vanderbilt Genetics InstituteVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Michael Ewers
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia ResearchKlinikum der Universität MünchenLudwig Maximilians Universität (LMU)MunichGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE, Munich)MunichGermany
| | - Rachel F. Buckley
- Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
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11
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Jack CR, Andrews JS, Beach TG, Buracchio T, Dunn B, Graf A, Hansson O, Ho C, Jagust W, McDade E, Molinuevo JL, Okonkwo OC, Pani L, Rafii MS, Scheltens P, Siemers E, Snyder HM, Sperling R, Teunissen CE, Carrillo MC. Revised criteria for diagnosis and staging of Alzheimer's disease: Alzheimer's Association Workgroup. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:5143-5169. [PMID: 38934362 PMCID: PMC11350039 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer's Association convened three separate work groups in 2011 and single work groups in 2012 and 2018 to create recommendations for the diagnosis and characterization of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present document updates the 2018 research framework in response to several recent developments. Defining diseases biologically, rather than based on syndromic presentation, has long been standard in many areas of medicine (e.g., oncology), and is becoming a unifying concept common to all neurodegenerative diseases, not just AD. The present document is consistent with this principle. Our intent is to present objective criteria for diagnosis and staging AD, incorporating recent advances in biomarkers, to serve as a bridge between research and clinical care. These criteria are not intended to provide step-by-step clinical practice guidelines for clinical workflow or specific treatment protocols, but rather serve as general principles to inform diagnosis and staging of AD that reflect current science. HIGHLIGHTS: We define Alzheimer's disease (AD) to be a biological process that begins with the appearance of AD neuropathologic change (ADNPC) while people are asymptomatic. Progression of the neuropathologic burden leads to the later appearance and progression of clinical symptoms. Early-changing Core 1 biomarkers (amyloid positron emission tomography [PET], approved cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, and accurate plasma biomarkers [especially phosphorylated tau 217]) map onto either the amyloid beta or AD tauopathy pathway; however, these reflect the presence of ADNPC more generally (i.e., both neuritic plaques and tangles). An abnormal Core 1 biomarker result is sufficient to establish a diagnosis of AD and to inform clinical decision making throughout the disease continuum. Later-changing Core 2 biomarkers (biofluid and tau PET) can provide prognostic information, and when abnormal, will increase confidence that AD is contributing to symptoms. An integrated biological and clinical staging scheme is described that accommodates the fact that common copathologies, cognitive reserve, and resistance may modify relationships between clinical and biological AD stages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J. Scott Andrews
- Global Evidence & OutcomesTakeda Pharmaceuticals Company LimitedCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Thomas G. Beach
- Civin Laboratory for NeuropathologyBanner Sun Health Research InstituteSun CityArizonaUSA
| | - Teresa Buracchio
- Office of NeuroscienceU.S. Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Billy Dunn
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's ResearchNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Ana Graf
- NovartisNeuroscience Global Drug DevelopmentBaselSwitzerland
| | - Oskar Hansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
- Memory ClinicSkåne University Hospital, MalmöLundSweden
| | - Carole Ho
- DevelopmentDenali TherapeuticsSouth San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - William Jagust
- School of Public Health and Helen Wills Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Eric McDade
- Department of NeurologyWashington University St. Louis School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Jose Luis Molinuevo
- Department of Global Clinical Development H. Lundbeck A/SExperimental MedicineCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Ozioma C. Okonkwo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and GerontologyUniversity of Wisconsin School of MedicineMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Luca Pani
- University of MiamiMiller School of MedicineMiamiFloridaUSA
| | - Michael S. Rafii
- Alzheimer's Therapeutic Research Institute (ATRI)Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern CaliforniaSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Amsterdam University Medical Center (Emeritus)NeurologyAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Eric Siemers
- Clinical ResearchAcumen PharmaceuticalsZionsvilleIndianaUSA
| | - Heather M. Snyder
- Medical & Scientific Relations DivisionAlzheimer's AssociationChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Reisa Sperling
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's HospitalMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Charlotte E. Teunissen
- Department of Laboratory MedicineAmsterdam UMC, Neurochemistry LaboratoryAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Maria C. Carrillo
- Medical & Scientific Relations DivisionAlzheimer's AssociationChicagoIllinoisUSA
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12
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Dove A, Yang W, Dekhtyar S, Guo J, Wang J, Marseglia A, Vetrano DL, Whitmer RA, Xu W. High cognitive reserve attenuates the risk of dementia associated with cardiometabolic diseases. Alzheimers Res Ther 2024; 16:161. [PMID: 39030628 PMCID: PMC11264799 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-024-01528-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs) including type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke have been linked to a higher risk of dementia. We examined whether high levels of cognitive reserve (CR) can attenuate the increased dementia risk and brain pathologies associated with CMDs. METHODS Within the UK Biobank, 216,178 dementia-free participants aged ≥ 60 were followed for up to 15 years. Baseline CMDs and incident dementia were ascertained from medical records, medication use, and medical history. Latent class analysis was used to generate an indicator of CR (low, moderate, and high) based on education, occupational attainment, confiding in others, social contact, leisure activities, and television watching time. A subsample (n = 13,663) underwent brain MRI scans during follow-up. Volumes of total gray matter (GMV), hippocampus (HV), and white matter hyperintensities (WMHV) were ascertained, as well as mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA) in white matter tracts. RESULTS At baseline, 43,402 (20.1%) participants had at least one CMD. Over a mean follow-up of 11.7 years, 6,600 (3.1%) developed dementia. The presence of CMDs was associated with 57% increased risk of dementia (HR 1.57 [95% CI 1.48, 1.67]). In joint effect analysis, the HRs of dementia for people with CMDs and moderate-to-high CR and low CR were 1.78 [1.66, 1.91] and 2.13 [1.97, 2.30]), respectively (reference: CMD-free, moderate-to-high CR). Dementia risk was 17% lower (HR 0.83 [0.77, 0.91], p < 0.001) among people with CMDs and moderate-to-high compared to low CR. On brain MRI, CMDs were associated with smaller GMV (β -0.18 [-0.22, -0.13]) and HV (β -0.13 [-0.18, -0.08]) as well as significantly larger WMHV (β 0.06 [0.02, 0.11]) and MD (β 0.08 [0.02, 0.13]). People with CMDs and moderate-to-high compared to low CR had significantly larger GMV and HV, but no differences in WMHV, MD, or FA. CONCLUSIONS Among people with CMDs, having a higher level of CR was associated with lower dementia risk and larger gray matter and hippocampal volumes. The results highlight a mentally and socially active life as a modifiable factor that may support cognitive and brain health among people with CMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Dove
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Wenzhe Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Serhiy Dekhtyar
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jie Guo
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Anna Marseglia
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer's Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Davide Liborio Vetrano
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Gerontology Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rachel A Whitmer
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Neurology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Weili Xu
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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13
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Contador I, Buch-Vicente B, del Ser T, Llamas-Velasco S, Villarejo-Galende A, Benito-León J, Bermejo-Pareja F. Charting Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia: Epidemiological Insights, Risk Factors and Prevention Pathways. J Clin Med 2024; 13:4100. [PMID: 39064140 PMCID: PMC11278014 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13144100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is a complex and multifactorial condition without cure at present. The latest treatments, based on anti-amyloid monoclonal antibodies, have only a modest effect in reducing the progression of cognitive decline in AD, whereas the possibility of preventing AD has become a crucial area of research. In fact, recent studies have observed a decrease in dementia incidence in developed regions such as the US and Europe. However, these trends have not been mirrored in non-Western countries (Japan or China), and the contributing factors of this reduction remain unclear. The Lancet Commission has delineated a constrained classification of 12 risk factors across different life stages. Nevertheless, the scientific literature has pointed to over 200 factors-including sociodemographic, medical, psychological, and sociocultural conditions-related to the development of dementia/AD. This narrative review aims to synthesize the risk/protective factors of dementia/AD. Essentially, we found that risk/protective factors vary between individuals and populations, complicating the creation of a unified prevention strategy. Moreover, dementia/AD explanatory mechanisms involve a diverse array of genetic and environmental factors that interact from the early stages of life. In the future, studies across different population-based cohorts are essential to validate risk/protective factors of dementia. This evidence would help develop public health policies to decrease the incidence of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Contador
- Department of Basic Psychology, Psychobiology, and Methodology of Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Salamanca, 37005 Salamanca, Spain
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, 17117 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bárbara Buch-Vicente
- Department of Basic Psychology, Psychobiology, and Methodology of Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Salamanca, 37005 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Teodoro del Ser
- Alzheimer Centre Reina Sofia—CIEN Foundation, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Sara Llamas-Velasco
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (S.L.-V.); (A.V.-G.); (J.B.-L.)
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Villarejo-Galende
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (S.L.-V.); (A.V.-G.); (J.B.-L.)
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julián Benito-León
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (S.L.-V.); (A.V.-G.); (J.B.-L.)
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix Bermejo-Pareja
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Garo-Pascual M, Zhang L, Valentí-Soler M, Strange BA. Superagers Resist Typical Age-Related White Matter Structural Changes. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e2059232024. [PMID: 38684365 PMCID: PMC11209667 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2059-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Superagers are elderly individuals with the memory ability of people 30 years younger and provide evidence that age-related cognitive decline is not inevitable. In a sample of 64 superagers (mean age, 81.9; 59% women) and 55 typical older adults (mean age, 82.4; 64% women) from the Vallecas Project, we studied, cross-sectionally and longitudinally over 5 years with yearly follow-ups, the global cerebral white matter status as well as region-specific white matter microstructure assessment derived from diffusivity measures. Superagers and typical older adults showed no difference in global white matter health (total white matter volume, Fazekas score, and lesions volume) cross-sectionally or longitudinally. However, analyses of diffusion parameters revealed the better white matter microstructure in superagers than in typical older adults. Cross-sectional differences showed higher fractional anisotropy (FA) in superagers mostly in frontal fibers and lower mean diffusivity (MD) in most white matter tracts, expressed as an anteroposterior gradient with greater group differences in anterior tracts. FA decrease over time is slower in superagers than in typical older adults in all white matter tracts assessed, which is mirrored by MD increases over time being slower in superagers than in typical older adults in all white matter tracts except for the corticospinal tract, the uncinate fasciculus, and the forceps minor. The better preservation of white matter microstructure in superagers relative to typical older adults supports resistance to age-related brain structural changes as a mechanism underpinning the remarkable memory capacity of superagers, while their regional aging pattern is in line with the last-in-first-out hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Garo-Pascual
- Laboratory for Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid 28223, Spain
- Alzheimer Disease Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Queen Sofia Foundation Alzheimer Centre, Madrid 28031, Spain
- PhD Program in Neuroscience, Autonomous University of Madrid-Cajal Institute, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Linda Zhang
- Alzheimer Disease Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Queen Sofia Foundation Alzheimer Centre, Madrid 28031, Spain
| | - Meritxell Valentí-Soler
- Alzheimer Disease Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Queen Sofia Foundation Alzheimer Centre, Madrid 28031, Spain
| | - Bryan A Strange
- Laboratory for Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, IdISSC, Madrid 28223, Spain
- Alzheimer Disease Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Queen Sofia Foundation Alzheimer Centre, Madrid 28031, Spain
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15
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Meshref M, Ghaith HS, Hammad MA, Shalaby MMM, Ayasra F, Monib FA, Attia MS, Ebada MA, Elsayed H, Shalash A, Bahbah EI. The Role of RIN3 Gene in Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis: a Comprehensive Review. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:3528-3544. [PMID: 37995081 PMCID: PMC11087354 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03802-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a globally prevalent form of dementia that impacts diverse populations and is characterized by progressive neurodegeneration and impairments in executive memory. Although the exact mechanisms underlying AD pathogenesis remain unclear, it is commonly accepted that the aggregation of misfolded proteins, such as amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tau tangles, plays a critical role. Additionally, AD is a multifactorial condition influenced by various genetic factors and can manifest as either early-onset AD (EOAD) or late-onset AD (LOAD), each associated with specific gene variants. One gene of particular interest in both EOAD and LOAD is RIN3, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor. This gene plays a multifaceted role in AD pathogenesis. Firstly, upregulation of RIN3 can result in endosomal enlargement and dysfunction, thereby facilitating the accumulation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptides in the brain. Secondly, RIN3 has been shown to impact the PICLAM pathway, affecting transcytosis across the blood-brain barrier. Lastly, RIN3 has implications for immune-mediated responses, notably through its influence on the PTK2B gene. This review aims to provide a concise overview of AD and delve into the role of the RIN3 gene in its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Meshref
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | | | - Faris Ayasra
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | | | - Mohamed S Attia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Hanaa Elsayed
- Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ali Shalash
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eshak I Bahbah
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Damietta, Egypt.
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16
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Ourry V, Binette AP, St-Onge F, Strikwerda-Brown C, Chagnot A, Poirier J, Breitner J, Arenaza-Urquijo EM, Rabin JS, Buckley R, Gonneaud J, Marchant NL, Villeneuve S. How Do Modifiable Risk Factors Affect Alzheimer's Disease Pathology or Mitigate Its Effect on Clinical Symptom Expression? Biol Psychiatry 2024; 95:1006-1019. [PMID: 37689129 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies show that modifiable risk factors account for approximately 40% of the population variability in risk of developing dementia, including sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent findings suggest that these factors may also modify disease trajectories of people with autosomal-dominant AD. With positron emission tomography imaging, it is now possible to study the disease many years before its clinical onset. Such studies can provide key knowledge regarding pathways for either the prevention of pathology or the postponement of its clinical expression. The former "resistance pathway" suggests that modifiable risk factors could affect amyloid and tau burden decades before the appearance of cognitive impairment. Alternatively, the resilience pathway suggests that modifiable risk factors may mitigate the symptomatic expression of AD pathology on cognition. These pathways are not mutually exclusive and may appear at different disease stages. Here, in a narrative review, we present neuroimaging evidence that supports both pathways in sporadic AD and autosomal-dominant AD. We then propose mechanisms for their protective effect. Among possible mechanisms, we examine neural and vascular mechanisms for the resistance pathway. We also describe brain maintenance and functional compensation as bases for the resilience pathway. Improved mechanistic understanding of both pathways may suggest new interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Ourry
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Alexa Pichet Binette
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lunds Universitet, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Frédéric St-Onge
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cherie Strikwerda-Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Audrey Chagnot
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Judes Poirier
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - John Breitner
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eider M Arenaza-Urquijo
- Environment and Health over the Lifecourse Programme, Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jennifer S Rabin
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel Buckley
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Julie Gonneaud
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders," Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Natalie L Marchant
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvia Villeneuve
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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17
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Doyle C, Andel R, Saenz J, Crowe M. Correlates of SuperAging in Two Population-Based Samples of Hispanic Older Adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2024; 79:gbae058. [PMID: 38581241 PMCID: PMC11075730 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbae058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES "SuperAgers" are generally defined as people 80+ years old with episodic memory performance comparable to those 20 years younger. Limited knowledge exists to describe characteristics of SuperAgers, with even less known about Hispanic SuperAgers. METHODS We examined indicators of cognitive, physical, and psychological resilience in relation to the likelihood of being a SuperAger using data from 2 population-based studies of Hispanic older adults (Puerto Rican Elderly: Health Conditions [PREHCO] Study; Health and Retirement Study [HRS]). SuperAgers were defined as (1) ≥80 years old, (2) recall scores ≥ the median for Hispanic respondents aged 55-64, and (3) no cognitive impairment during the observation period. Overall, 640 PREHCO participants and 180 HRS participants were eligible, of whom 45 (7%) and 31 (17%) met SuperAging criteria. RESULTS Logistic regressions controlling for age and sex demonstrated that higher education (PREHCO: odds ratio [OR] = 1.20, p < .001; HRS: OR = 1.14, p = .044) and fewer instrumental activities of daily living limitations (PREHCO: OR = 0.79, p = .019; HRS: OR = 0.58, p = .077; cognitive resilience), fewer activities of daily living limitations (PREHCO: OR = 0.72, p = .031; HRS: OR = 0.67, p = .068; physical resilience), and fewer depressive symptoms (PREHCO: OR = 0.84, p = .015; HRS: OR = 0.69, p = .007; psychological resilience) were associated with SuperAging, although not all results reached threshold for statistical significance, presumably due to low statistical power. Additionally, known indicators of physical health (e.g., chronic conditions and self-rated health) did not relate to SuperAging. DISCUSSION Increasing access to education and recognizing/treating depressive symptoms represent potential pathways to preserve episodic memory among older Hispanic adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassidy Doyle
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Ross Andel
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Joseph Saenz
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Michael Crowe
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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18
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Wei W, Wang K, Shi J, Li Z. Instruments to Assess Cognitive Reserve Among Older Adults: a Systematic Review of Measurement Properties. Neuropsychol Rev 2024; 34:511-529. [PMID: 37115436 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-023-09594-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive reserve explains the differences in the susceptibility to cognitive impairment related to brain aging, pathology, or insult. Given that cognitive reserve has important implications for the cognitive health of typically and pathologically aging older adults, research needs to identify valid and reliable instruments for measuring cognitive reserve. However, the measurement properties of current cognitive reserve instruments used in older adults have not been evaluated according to the most up-to-date COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement INstruments (COSMIN). This systematic review aimed to critically appraise, compare, and summarize the quality of the measurement properties of all existing cognitive reserve instruments for older adults. A systematic literature search was performed to identify relevant studies published up to December 2021, which was conducted by three of four researchers using 13 electronic databases and snowballing method. The COSMIN was used to assess the methodological quality of the studies and the quality of measurement properties. Out of the 11,338 retrieved studies, only seven studies that concerned five instruments were eventually included. The methodological quality of one-fourth of the included studies was doubtful and three-seventh was very good, while only four measurement properties from two instruments were supported by high-quality evidence. Overall, current studies and evidence for selecting cognitive reserve instruments suitable for older adults were insufficient. All included instruments have the potential to be recommended, while none of the identified cognitive reserve instruments for older adults appears to be generally superior to the others. Therefore, further studies are recommended to validate the measurement properties of existing cognitive reserve instruments for older adults, especially the content validity as guided by COSMIN.Systematic Review Registration numbers: CRD42022309399 (PROSPERO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanrui Wei
- School of Nursing, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 33 Ba Da Chu Road, Shijingshan District, 100144, Beijing, China
| | - Kairong Wang
- School of Nursing, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 33 Ba Da Chu Road, Shijingshan District, 100144, Beijing, China
| | - Jiyuan Shi
- School of Nursing, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 33 Ba Da Chu Road, Shijingshan District, 100144, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Li
- School of Nursing, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 33 Ba Da Chu Road, Shijingshan District, 100144, Beijing, China.
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Callow DD, Spira AP, Zipunnikov V, Lu H, Wanigatunga SK, Rabinowitz JA, Albert M, Bakker A, Soldan A. Sleep and physical activity measures are associated with resting-state network segregation in non-demented older adults. Neuroimage Clin 2024; 43:103621. [PMID: 38823249 PMCID: PMC11179421 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2024.103621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Greater physical activity and better sleep are associated with reduced risk of cognitive decline and dementia among older adults, but little is known about their combined associations with measures of brain function and neuropathology. This study investigated potential independent and interactive cross-sectional relationships between actigraphy-estimated total volume of physical activity (TVPA) and sleep patterns [i.e., total sleep time (TST), sleep efficiency (SE)] with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) measures of large scale network connectivity and positron emission tomography (PET) measures of amyloid-β. Participants were 135 non-demented older adults from the BIOCARD study (116 cognitively normal and 19 with mild cognitive impairment; mean age = 70.0 years). Using multiple linear regression analyses, we assessed the association between TVPA, TST, and SE with connectivity within the default-mode, salience, and fronto-parietal control networks, and with network modularity, a measure of network segregation. Higher TVPA and SE were independently associated with greater network modularity, although the positive relationship of SE with modularity was only present in amyloid-negative individuals. Additionally, higher TVPA was associated with greater connectivity within the default-mode network, while greater SE was related to greater connectivity within the salience network. In contrast, longer TST was associated with lower network modularity, particularly among amyloid-positive individuals, suggesting a relationship between longer sleep duration and greater network disorganization. Physical activity and sleep measures were not associated with amyloid positivity. These data suggest that greater physical activity levels and more efficient sleep may promote more segregated and potentially resilient functional networks and increase functional connectivity within specific large-scale networks and that the relationship between sleep and functional networks connectivity may depend on amyloid status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Callow
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
| | - Adam P Spira
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, the United States of America; Johns Hopkins Center on Aging and Health, Baltimore, MD, the United States of America
| | - Vadim Zipunnikov
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, the United States of America
| | - Hanzhang Lu
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, the United States of America; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, the United States of America
| | - Sarah K Wanigatunga
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, the United States of America
| | - Jill A Rabinowitz
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ US
| | - Marilyn Albert
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, the United States of America
| | - Arnold Bakker
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, the United States of America
| | - Anja Soldan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, the United States of America
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Dzialas V, Hoenig MC, Prange S, Bischof GN, Drzezga A, van Eimeren T. Structural underpinnings and long-term effects of resilience in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:94. [PMID: 38697984 PMCID: PMC11066097 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00699-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Resilience in neuroscience generally refers to an individual's capacity to counteract the adverse effects of a neuropathological condition. While resilience mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease are well-investigated, knowledge regarding its quantification, neurobiological underpinnings, network adaptations, and long-term effects in Parkinson's disease is limited. Our study involved 151 Parkinson's patients from the Parkinson's Progression Marker Initiative Database with available Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Dopamine Transporter Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography scans, and clinical information. We used an improved prediction model linking neuropathology to symptom severity to estimate individual resilience levels. Higher resilience levels were associated with a more active lifestyle, increased grey matter volume in motor-associated regions, a distinct structural connectivity network and maintenance of relative motor functioning for up to a decade. Overall, the results indicate that relative maintenance of motor function in Parkinson's patients may be associated with greater neuronal substrate, allowing higher tolerance against neurodegenerative processes through dynamic network restructuring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Dzialas
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Nuclear Medicine, 50937, Cologne, Germany
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, 50923, Cologne, Germany
| | - Merle C Hoenig
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Nuclear Medicine, 50937, Cologne, Germany
- Molecular Organization of the Brain, Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine II, Research Center Juelich, 52428, Juelich, Germany
| | - Stéphane Prange
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Nuclear Medicine, 50937, Cologne, Germany
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS, UMR, 5229, Bron, France
| | - Gérard N Bischof
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Nuclear Medicine, 50937, Cologne, Germany
- Molecular Organization of the Brain, Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine II, Research Center Juelich, 52428, Juelich, Germany
| | - Alexander Drzezga
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Nuclear Medicine, 50937, Cologne, Germany
- Molecular Organization of the Brain, Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine II, Research Center Juelich, 52428, Juelich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thilo van Eimeren
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Nuclear Medicine, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Neurology, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
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21
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Qiu T, Liu Z, Rheault F, Legarreta JH, Valcourt Caron A, St‐Onge F, Strikwerda‐Brown C, Metz A, Dadar M, Soucy J, Pichet Binette A, Spreng RN, Descoteaux M, Villeneuve S. Structural white matter properties and cognitive resilience to tau pathology. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:3364-3377. [PMID: 38561254 PMCID: PMC11095478 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We assessed whether macro- and/or micro-structural white matter properties are associated with cognitive resilience to Alzheimer's disease pathology years prior to clinical onset. METHODS We examined whether global efficiency, an indicator of communication efficiency in brain networks, and diffusion measurements within the limbic network and default mode network moderate the association between amyloid-β/tau pathology and cognitive decline. We also investigated whether demographic and health/risk factors are associated with white matter properties. RESULTS Higher global efficiency of the limbic network, as well as free-water corrected diffusion measures within the tracts of both networks, attenuated the impact of tau pathology on memory decline. Education, age, sex, white matter hyperintensities, and vascular risk factors were associated with white matter properties of both networks. DISCUSSION White matter can influence cognitive resilience against tau pathology, and promoting education and vascular health may enhance optimal white matter properties. HIGHLIGHTS Aβ and tau were associated with longitudinal memory change over ∼7.5 years. White matter properties attenuated the impact of tau pathology on memory change. Health/risk factors were associated with white matter properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Qiu
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontrealCanada
| | - Zhen‐Qi Liu
- Montreal Neurological InstituteDepartment of Neurology and NeurosurgeryMcGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - François Rheault
- Medical Imaging and NeuroInformatics LabUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeCanada
| | - Jon Haitz Legarreta
- Department of RadiologyBrigham and Women's HospitalMass General Brigham/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Alex Valcourt Caron
- Sherbrooke Connectivity Imaging LaboratoryUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeCanada
| | | | - Cherie Strikwerda‐Brown
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontrealCanada
- School of Psychological ScienceThe University of Western AustraliaPerthAustralia
| | - Amelie Metz
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontrealCanada
| | - Mahsa Dadar
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontrealCanada
- Department of PsychiatryMcGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Jean‐Paul Soucy
- Montreal Neurological InstituteDepartment of Neurology and NeurosurgeryMcGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | | | - R. Nathan Spreng
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontrealCanada
- Montreal Neurological InstituteDepartment of Neurology and NeurosurgeryMcGill UniversityMontrealCanada
- Department of PsychiatryMcGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Maxime Descoteaux
- Sherbrooke Connectivity Imaging LaboratoryUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeCanada
| | - Sylvia Villeneuve
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontrealCanada
- Department of PsychiatryMcGill UniversityMontrealCanada
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Penalba-Sánchez L, Silva G, Crook-Rumsey M, Sumich A, Rodrigues PM, Oliveira-Silva P, Cifre I. Classification of Sleep Quality and Aging as a Function of Brain Complexity: A Multiband Non-Linear EEG Analysis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2811. [PMID: 38732917 PMCID: PMC11086092 DOI: 10.3390/s24092811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Understanding and classifying brain states as a function of sleep quality and age has important implications for developing lifestyle-based interventions involving sleep hygiene. Current studies use an algorithm that captures non-linear features of brain complexity to differentiate awake electroencephalography (EEG) states, as a function of age and sleep quality. Fifty-eight participants were assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory (PSQI) and awake resting state EEG. Groups were formed based on age and sleep quality (younger adults n = 24, mean age = 24.7 years, SD = 3.43, good sleepers n = 11; older adults n = 34, mean age = 72.87; SD = 4.18, good sleepers n = 9). Ten non-linear features were extracted from multiband EEG analysis to feed several classifiers followed by a leave-one-out cross-validation. Brain state complexity accurately predicted (i) age in good sleepers, with 75% mean accuracy (across all channels) for lower frequencies (alpha, theta, and delta) and 95% accuracy at specific channels (temporal, parietal); and (ii) sleep quality in older groups with moderate accuracy (70 and 72%) across sub-bands with some regions showing greater differences. It also differentiated younger good sleepers from older poor sleepers with 85% mean accuracy across all sub-bands, and 92% at specific channels. Lower accuracy levels (<50%) were achieved in predicting sleep quality in younger adults. The algorithm discriminated older vs. younger groups excellently and could be used to explore intragroup differences in older adults to predict sleep intervention efficiency depending on their brain complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Penalba-Sánchez
- Facultat de Psicología, Ciències de l’Educació i de l’Esport (FPCEE), Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, 08022 Barcelona, Spain; (L.P.-S.)
- Human Neurobehavioral Laboratory (HNL), Research Centre for Human Development (CEDH), Faculty of Education and Psychology, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University (NTU), Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg (OVGU), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Gabriel Silva
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina (CBQF)—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mark Crook-Rumsey
- UK Dementia Research Institute (UK DRI), Centre for Care Research and Technology, Imperial College London, London W1T 7NF, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute (UK DRI), Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Alexander Sumich
- Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University (NTU), Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK
| | - Pedro Miguel Rodrigues
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina (CBQF)—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Oliveira-Silva
- Human Neurobehavioral Laboratory (HNL), Research Centre for Human Development (CEDH), Faculty of Education and Psychology, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ignacio Cifre
- Facultat de Psicología, Ciències de l’Educació i de l’Esport (FPCEE), Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, 08022 Barcelona, Spain; (L.P.-S.)
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23
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Jakimovski D, Dorn RP, Regno MD, Bartnik A, Bergsland N, Ramanathan M, Dwyer MG, Benedict RHB, Zivadinov R, Szigeti K. Human restricted CHRFAM7A gene increases brain efficiency. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1359028. [PMID: 38711941 PMCID: PMC11070550 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1359028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction CHRFAM7A, a uniquely human fusion gene, has been associated with neuropsychiatric disorders including Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, anxiety, and attention deficit disorder. Understanding the physiological function of CHRFAM7A in the human brain is the first step to uncovering its role in disease. CHRFAM7A was identified as a potent modulator of intracellular calcium and an upstream regulator of Rac1 leading to actin cytoskeleton reorganization and a switch from filopodia to lamellipodia implicating a more efficient neuronal structure. We performed a neurocognitive-MRI correlation exploratory study on 46 normal human subjects to explore the effect of CHRFAM7A on human brain. Methods Dual locus specific genotyping of CHRFAM7A was performed on genomic DNA to determine copy number (TaqMan assay) and orientation (capillary sequencing) of the CHRFAM7A alleles. As only the direct allele is expressed at the protein level and affects α7 nAChR function, direct allele carriers and non-carriers are compared for neuropsychological and MRI measures. Subjects underwent neuropsychological testing to measure motor (Timed 25-foot walk test, 9-hole peg test), cognitive processing speed (Symbol Digit Modalities Test), Learning and memory (California Verbal Learning Test immediate and delayed recall, Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised immediate and delayed recall) and Beck Depression Inventory-Fast Screen, Fatigue Severity Scale. All subjects underwent MRI scanning on the same 3 T GE scanner using the same protocol. Global and tissue-specific volumes were determined using validated cross-sectional algorithms including FSL's Structural Image Evaluation, using Normalization, of Atrophy (SIENAX) and FSL's Integrated Registration and Segmentation Tool (FIRST) on lesion-inpainted images. The cognitive tests were age and years of education-adjusted using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Age-adjusted analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed on the MRI data. Results CHRFAM7A direct allele carrier and non-carrier groups included 33 and 13 individuals, respectively. Demographic variables (age and years of education) were comparable. CHRFAM7A direct allele carriers demonstrated an upward shift in cognitive performance including cognitive processing speed, learning and memory, reaching statistical significance in visual immediate recall (FDR corrected p = 0.018). The shift in cognitive performance was associated with smaller whole brain volume (uncorrected p = 0.046) and lower connectivity by resting state functional MRI in the visual network (FDR corrected p = 0.027) accentuating the cognitive findings. Conclusion These data suggest that direct allele carriers harbor a more efficient brain consistent with the cellular biology of actin cytoskeleton and synaptic gain of function. Further larger human studies of cognitive measures correlated with MRI and functional imaging are needed to decipher the impact of CHRFAM7A on brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Jakimovski
- Department of Neurology, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Ryu P. Dorn
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Megan Del Regno
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Alexander Bartnik
- Department of Neurology, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Niels Bergsland
- Department of Neurology, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Murali Ramanathan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Michael G. Dwyer
- Department of Neurology, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Center for Biomedical Imaging at the Clinical Translational Science Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Ralph H. B. Benedict
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Robert Zivadinov
- Department of Neurology, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Center for Biomedical Imaging at the Clinical Translational Science Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Kinga Szigeti
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
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24
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de Vries LE, Huitinga I, Kessels HW, Swaab DF, Verhaagen J. The concept of resilience to Alzheimer's Disease: current definitions and cellular and molecular mechanisms. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:33. [PMID: 38589893 PMCID: PMC11003087 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-024-00719-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Some individuals are able to maintain their cognitive abilities despite the presence of significant Alzheimer's Disease (AD) neuropathological changes. This discrepancy between cognition and pathology has been labeled as resilience and has evolved into a widely debated concept. External factors such as cognitive stimulation are associated with resilience to AD, but the exact cellular and molecular underpinnings are not completely understood. In this review, we discuss the current definitions used in the field, highlight the translational approaches used to investigate resilience to AD and summarize the underlying cellular and molecular substrates of resilience that have been derived from human and animal studies, which have received more and more attention in the last few years. From these studies the picture emerges that resilient individuals are different from AD patients in terms of specific pathological species and their cellular reaction to AD pathology, which possibly helps to maintain cognition up to a certain tipping point. Studying these rare resilient individuals can be of great importance as it could pave the way to novel therapeutic avenues for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luuk E de Vries
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Inge Huitinga
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helmut W Kessels
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dick F Swaab
- Department of Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joost Verhaagen
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Korczyn AD, Grinberg LT. Is Alzheimer disease a disease? Nat Rev Neurol 2024; 20:245-251. [PMID: 38424454 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-024-00940-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Dementia, a prevalent condition among older individuals, has profound societal implications. Extensive research has resulted in no cure for what is perceived as the most common dementing illness: Alzheimer disease (AD). AD is defined by specific brain abnormalities - amyloid-β plaques and tau protein neurofibrillary tangles - that are proposed to actively influence the neurodegenerative process. However, conclusive evidence of amyloid-β toxicity is lacking, the mechanisms leading to the accumulation of plaques and tangles are unknown, and removing amyloid-β has not halted neurodegeneration. So, the question remains, are we making progress towards a solution? The complexity of AD is underscored by numerous genetic and environmental risk factors, and diverse clinical presentations, suggesting that AD is more akin to a syndrome than to a traditional disease, with its pathological manifestation representing a convergence of pathogenic pathways. Therefore, a solution requires a multifaceted approach over a single 'silver bullet'. Improved recognition and classification of conditions that converge in plaques and tangle accumulation and their treatment requires the use of multiple strategies simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos D Korczyn
- Departments of Neurology, Physiology and Pharmacology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Global Brain Health Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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26
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Wang K, Hua W, Wang M, Xu Y. A Bayesian semi-parametric model for learning biomarker trajectories and changepoints in the preclinical phase of Alzheimer's disease. Biometrics 2024; 80:ujae048. [PMID: 38775703 PMCID: PMC11110494 DOI: 10.1093/biomtc/ujae048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
It has become consensus that mild cognitive impairment (MCI), one of the early symptoms onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD), may appear 10 or more years after the emergence of neuropathological abnormalities. Therefore, understanding the progression of AD biomarkers and uncovering when brain alterations begin in the preclinical stage, while patients are still cognitively normal, are crucial for effective early detection and therapeutic development. In this paper, we develop a Bayesian semiparametric framework that jointly models the longitudinal trajectory of the AD biomarker with a changepoint relative to the occurrence of symptoms onset, which is subject to left truncation and right censoring, in a heterogeneous population. Furthermore, unlike most existing methods assuming that everyone in the considered population will eventually develop the disease, our approach accounts for the possibility that some individuals may never experience MCI or AD, even after a long follow-up time. We evaluate the proposed model through simulation studies and demonstrate its clinical utility by examining an important AD biomarker, ptau181, using a dataset from the Biomarkers of Cognitive Decline Among Normal Individuals (BIOCARD) study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunbo Wang
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States
| | - William Hua
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States
| | - MeiCheng Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Yanxun Xu
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States
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27
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Hönig M, Altomare D, Caprioglio C, Collij L, Barkhof F, Van Berckel B, Scheltens P, Farrar G, Battle MR, Theis H, Giehl K, Bischof GN, Garibotto V, Molinuevo JLL, Grau-Rivera O, Delrieu J, Payoux P, Demonet JF, Nordberg AK, Savitcheva I, Walker Z, Edison P, Stephens AW, Gismondi R, Jessen F, Buckley CJ, Gispert JD, Frisoni GB, Drzezga A. Association Between Years of Education and Amyloid Burden in Patients With Subjective Cognitive Decline, MCI, and Alzheimer Disease. Neurology 2024; 102:e208053. [PMID: 38377442 PMCID: PMC11033981 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000208053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Higher-educated patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) can harbor greater neuropathologic burden than those with less education despite similar symptom severity. In this study, we assessed whether this observation is also present in potential preclinical AD stages, namely in individuals with subjective cognitive decline and clinical features increasing AD likelihood (SCD+). METHODS Amyloid-PET information ([18F]Flutemetamol or [18F]Florbetaben) of individuals with SCD+, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD were retrieved from the AMYPAD-DPMS cohort, a multicenter randomized controlled study. Group classification was based on the recommendations by the SCD-I and NIA-AA working groups. Amyloid PET images were acquired within 8 months after initial screening and processed with AMYPYPE. Amyloid load was based on global Centiloid (CL) values. Educational level was indexed by formal schooling and subsequent higher education in years. Using linear regression analysis, the main effect of education on CL values was tested across the entire cohort, followed by the assessment of an education-by-diagnostic-group interaction (covariates: age, sex, and recruiting memory clinic). To account for influences of non-AD pathology and comorbidities concerning the tested amyloid-education association, we compared white matter hyperintensity (WMH) severity, cardiovascular events, depression, and anxiety history between lower-educated and higher-educated groups within each diagnostic category using the Fisher exact test or χ2 test. Education groups were defined using a median split on education (Md = 13 years) in a subsample of the initial cohort, for whom this information was available. RESULTS Across the cohort of 212 individuals with SCD+ (M(Age) = 69.17 years, F 42.45%), 258 individuals with MCI (M(Age) = 72.93, F 43.80%), and 195 individuals with dementia (M(Age) = 74.07, F 48.72%), no main effect of education (ß = 0.52, 95% CI -0.30 to 1.58), but a significant education-by-group interaction on CL values, was found (p = 0.024) using linear regression modeling. This interaction was driven by a negative association of education and CL values in the SCD+ group (ß = -0.11, 95% CI -4.85 to -0.21) and a positive association in the MCI group (ß = 0.15, 95% CI 0.79-5.22). No education-dependent differences in terms of WMH severity and comorbidities were found in the subsample (100 cases with SCD+, 97 cases with MCI, 72 cases with dementia). DISCUSSION Education may represent a factor oppositely modulating subjective awareness in preclinical stages and objective severity of ongoing neuropathologic processes in clinical stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merle Hönig
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne (M.H., H.T., K.G., G.N.B., A.D.), University of Cologne; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) (M.H., K.G., A.D.), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany; Neurology Unit (D.A.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE) (D.A.), University of Geneva; Geneva Memory Center (D.A., C.C., G.B.F.), Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland; Amsterdam UMC (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Location VUmc, Radiology; Amsterdam Neuroscience (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), University College London; GE Healthcare (G.F., M.R.B., C.J.B.), Pharmaceutical Diagnostics, Amersham, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.T.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (V.G.), Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals of Geneva; Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Innovative Molecular Tracers (NIMTLab) (V.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Geneva; Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) (V.G.), Geneva, Switzerland; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (J.L.L.M., O.G.-R., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Gérontopôle (J.D., P.P., J.F.D.), Department of Geriatrics, Toulouse University Hospital; Maintain Aging Research Team (J.D.), CERPOP, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse; ToNIC (P.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France; Center for Alzheimer Research (A.K.N.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet; Theme Inflammation and Aging (A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm; Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine (I.S.), Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden; Division of Psychiatry (Z.W.), University College London, London and Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Brain Sciences (P.E.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Life Molecular Imaging (A.W.S., R.G.), Berlin; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J., A.D.), Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniele Altomare
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne (M.H., H.T., K.G., G.N.B., A.D.), University of Cologne; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) (M.H., K.G., A.D.), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany; Neurology Unit (D.A.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE) (D.A.), University of Geneva; Geneva Memory Center (D.A., C.C., G.B.F.), Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland; Amsterdam UMC (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Location VUmc, Radiology; Amsterdam Neuroscience (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), University College London; GE Healthcare (G.F., M.R.B., C.J.B.), Pharmaceutical Diagnostics, Amersham, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.T.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (V.G.), Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals of Geneva; Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Innovative Molecular Tracers (NIMTLab) (V.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Geneva; Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) (V.G.), Geneva, Switzerland; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (J.L.L.M., O.G.-R., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Gérontopôle (J.D., P.P., J.F.D.), Department of Geriatrics, Toulouse University Hospital; Maintain Aging Research Team (J.D.), CERPOP, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse; ToNIC (P.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France; Center for Alzheimer Research (A.K.N.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet; Theme Inflammation and Aging (A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm; Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine (I.S.), Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden; Division of Psychiatry (Z.W.), University College London, London and Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Brain Sciences (P.E.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Life Molecular Imaging (A.W.S., R.G.), Berlin; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J., A.D.), Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Camilla Caprioglio
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne (M.H., H.T., K.G., G.N.B., A.D.), University of Cologne; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) (M.H., K.G., A.D.), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany; Neurology Unit (D.A.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE) (D.A.), University of Geneva; Geneva Memory Center (D.A., C.C., G.B.F.), Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland; Amsterdam UMC (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Location VUmc, Radiology; Amsterdam Neuroscience (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), University College London; GE Healthcare (G.F., M.R.B., C.J.B.), Pharmaceutical Diagnostics, Amersham, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.T.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (V.G.), Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals of Geneva; Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Innovative Molecular Tracers (NIMTLab) (V.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Geneva; Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) (V.G.), Geneva, Switzerland; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (J.L.L.M., O.G.-R., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Gérontopôle (J.D., P.P., J.F.D.), Department of Geriatrics, Toulouse University Hospital; Maintain Aging Research Team (J.D.), CERPOP, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse; ToNIC (P.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France; Center for Alzheimer Research (A.K.N.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet; Theme Inflammation and Aging (A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm; Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine (I.S.), Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden; Division of Psychiatry (Z.W.), University College London, London and Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Brain Sciences (P.E.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Life Molecular Imaging (A.W.S., R.G.), Berlin; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J., A.D.), Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Lyduine Collij
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne (M.H., H.T., K.G., G.N.B., A.D.), University of Cologne; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) (M.H., K.G., A.D.), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany; Neurology Unit (D.A.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE) (D.A.), University of Geneva; Geneva Memory Center (D.A., C.C., G.B.F.), Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland; Amsterdam UMC (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Location VUmc, Radiology; Amsterdam Neuroscience (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), University College London; GE Healthcare (G.F., M.R.B., C.J.B.), Pharmaceutical Diagnostics, Amersham, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.T.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (V.G.), Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals of Geneva; Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Innovative Molecular Tracers (NIMTLab) (V.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Geneva; Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) (V.G.), Geneva, Switzerland; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (J.L.L.M., O.G.-R., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Gérontopôle (J.D., P.P., J.F.D.), Department of Geriatrics, Toulouse University Hospital; Maintain Aging Research Team (J.D.), CERPOP, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse; ToNIC (P.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France; Center for Alzheimer Research (A.K.N.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet; Theme Inflammation and Aging (A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm; Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine (I.S.), Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden; Division of Psychiatry (Z.W.), University College London, London and Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Brain Sciences (P.E.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Life Molecular Imaging (A.W.S., R.G.), Berlin; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J., A.D.), Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne (M.H., H.T., K.G., G.N.B., A.D.), University of Cologne; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) (M.H., K.G., A.D.), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany; Neurology Unit (D.A.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE) (D.A.), University of Geneva; Geneva Memory Center (D.A., C.C., G.B.F.), Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland; Amsterdam UMC (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Location VUmc, Radiology; Amsterdam Neuroscience (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), University College London; GE Healthcare (G.F., M.R.B., C.J.B.), Pharmaceutical Diagnostics, Amersham, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.T.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (V.G.), Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals of Geneva; Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Innovative Molecular Tracers (NIMTLab) (V.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Geneva; Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) (V.G.), Geneva, Switzerland; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (J.L.L.M., O.G.-R., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Gérontopôle (J.D., P.P., J.F.D.), Department of Geriatrics, Toulouse University Hospital; Maintain Aging Research Team (J.D.), CERPOP, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse; ToNIC (P.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France; Center for Alzheimer Research (A.K.N.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet; Theme Inflammation and Aging (A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm; Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine (I.S.), Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden; Division of Psychiatry (Z.W.), University College London, London and Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Brain Sciences (P.E.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Life Molecular Imaging (A.W.S., R.G.), Berlin; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J., A.D.), Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Bart Van Berckel
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne (M.H., H.T., K.G., G.N.B., A.D.), University of Cologne; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) (M.H., K.G., A.D.), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany; Neurology Unit (D.A.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE) (D.A.), University of Geneva; Geneva Memory Center (D.A., C.C., G.B.F.), Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland; Amsterdam UMC (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Location VUmc, Radiology; Amsterdam Neuroscience (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), University College London; GE Healthcare (G.F., M.R.B., C.J.B.), Pharmaceutical Diagnostics, Amersham, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.T.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (V.G.), Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals of Geneva; Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Innovative Molecular Tracers (NIMTLab) (V.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Geneva; Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) (V.G.), Geneva, Switzerland; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (J.L.L.M., O.G.-R., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Gérontopôle (J.D., P.P., J.F.D.), Department of Geriatrics, Toulouse University Hospital; Maintain Aging Research Team (J.D.), CERPOP, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse; ToNIC (P.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France; Center for Alzheimer Research (A.K.N.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet; Theme Inflammation and Aging (A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm; Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine (I.S.), Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden; Division of Psychiatry (Z.W.), University College London, London and Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Brain Sciences (P.E.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Life Molecular Imaging (A.W.S., R.G.), Berlin; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J., A.D.), Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Philip Scheltens
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne (M.H., H.T., K.G., G.N.B., A.D.), University of Cologne; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) (M.H., K.G., A.D.), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany; Neurology Unit (D.A.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE) (D.A.), University of Geneva; Geneva Memory Center (D.A., C.C., G.B.F.), Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland; Amsterdam UMC (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Location VUmc, Radiology; Amsterdam Neuroscience (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), University College London; GE Healthcare (G.F., M.R.B., C.J.B.), Pharmaceutical Diagnostics, Amersham, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.T.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (V.G.), Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals of Geneva; Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Innovative Molecular Tracers (NIMTLab) (V.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Geneva; Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) (V.G.), Geneva, Switzerland; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (J.L.L.M., O.G.-R., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Gérontopôle (J.D., P.P., J.F.D.), Department of Geriatrics, Toulouse University Hospital; Maintain Aging Research Team (J.D.), CERPOP, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse; ToNIC (P.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France; Center for Alzheimer Research (A.K.N.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet; Theme Inflammation and Aging (A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm; Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine (I.S.), Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden; Division of Psychiatry (Z.W.), University College London, London and Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Brain Sciences (P.E.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Life Molecular Imaging (A.W.S., R.G.), Berlin; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J., A.D.), Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Gill Farrar
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne (M.H., H.T., K.G., G.N.B., A.D.), University of Cologne; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) (M.H., K.G., A.D.), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany; Neurology Unit (D.A.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE) (D.A.), University of Geneva; Geneva Memory Center (D.A., C.C., G.B.F.), Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland; Amsterdam UMC (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Location VUmc, Radiology; Amsterdam Neuroscience (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), University College London; GE Healthcare (G.F., M.R.B., C.J.B.), Pharmaceutical Diagnostics, Amersham, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.T.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (V.G.), Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals of Geneva; Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Innovative Molecular Tracers (NIMTLab) (V.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Geneva; Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) (V.G.), Geneva, Switzerland; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (J.L.L.M., O.G.-R., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Gérontopôle (J.D., P.P., J.F.D.), Department of Geriatrics, Toulouse University Hospital; Maintain Aging Research Team (J.D.), CERPOP, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse; ToNIC (P.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France; Center for Alzheimer Research (A.K.N.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet; Theme Inflammation and Aging (A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm; Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine (I.S.), Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden; Division of Psychiatry (Z.W.), University College London, London and Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Brain Sciences (P.E.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Life Molecular Imaging (A.W.S., R.G.), Berlin; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J., A.D.), Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Mark R Battle
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne (M.H., H.T., K.G., G.N.B., A.D.), University of Cologne; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) (M.H., K.G., A.D.), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany; Neurology Unit (D.A.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE) (D.A.), University of Geneva; Geneva Memory Center (D.A., C.C., G.B.F.), Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland; Amsterdam UMC (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Location VUmc, Radiology; Amsterdam Neuroscience (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), University College London; GE Healthcare (G.F., M.R.B., C.J.B.), Pharmaceutical Diagnostics, Amersham, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.T.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (V.G.), Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals of Geneva; Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Innovative Molecular Tracers (NIMTLab) (V.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Geneva; Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) (V.G.), Geneva, Switzerland; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (J.L.L.M., O.G.-R., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Gérontopôle (J.D., P.P., J.F.D.), Department of Geriatrics, Toulouse University Hospital; Maintain Aging Research Team (J.D.), CERPOP, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse; ToNIC (P.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France; Center for Alzheimer Research (A.K.N.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet; Theme Inflammation and Aging (A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm; Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine (I.S.), Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden; Division of Psychiatry (Z.W.), University College London, London and Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Brain Sciences (P.E.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Life Molecular Imaging (A.W.S., R.G.), Berlin; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J., A.D.), Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Hendrik Theis
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne (M.H., H.T., K.G., G.N.B., A.D.), University of Cologne; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) (M.H., K.G., A.D.), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany; Neurology Unit (D.A.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE) (D.A.), University of Geneva; Geneva Memory Center (D.A., C.C., G.B.F.), Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland; Amsterdam UMC (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Location VUmc, Radiology; Amsterdam Neuroscience (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), University College London; GE Healthcare (G.F., M.R.B., C.J.B.), Pharmaceutical Diagnostics, Amersham, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.T.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (V.G.), Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals of Geneva; Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Innovative Molecular Tracers (NIMTLab) (V.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Geneva; Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) (V.G.), Geneva, Switzerland; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (J.L.L.M., O.G.-R., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Gérontopôle (J.D., P.P., J.F.D.), Department of Geriatrics, Toulouse University Hospital; Maintain Aging Research Team (J.D.), CERPOP, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse; ToNIC (P.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France; Center for Alzheimer Research (A.K.N.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet; Theme Inflammation and Aging (A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm; Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine (I.S.), Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden; Division of Psychiatry (Z.W.), University College London, London and Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Brain Sciences (P.E.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Life Molecular Imaging (A.W.S., R.G.), Berlin; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J., A.D.), Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Kathrin Giehl
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne (M.H., H.T., K.G., G.N.B., A.D.), University of Cologne; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) (M.H., K.G., A.D.), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany; Neurology Unit (D.A.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE) (D.A.), University of Geneva; Geneva Memory Center (D.A., C.C., G.B.F.), Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland; Amsterdam UMC (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Location VUmc, Radiology; Amsterdam Neuroscience (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), University College London; GE Healthcare (G.F., M.R.B., C.J.B.), Pharmaceutical Diagnostics, Amersham, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.T.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (V.G.), Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals of Geneva; Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Innovative Molecular Tracers (NIMTLab) (V.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Geneva; Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) (V.G.), Geneva, Switzerland; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (J.L.L.M., O.G.-R., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Gérontopôle (J.D., P.P., J.F.D.), Department of Geriatrics, Toulouse University Hospital; Maintain Aging Research Team (J.D.), CERPOP, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse; ToNIC (P.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France; Center for Alzheimer Research (A.K.N.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet; Theme Inflammation and Aging (A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm; Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine (I.S.), Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden; Division of Psychiatry (Z.W.), University College London, London and Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Brain Sciences (P.E.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Life Molecular Imaging (A.W.S., R.G.), Berlin; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J., A.D.), Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Gerard N Bischof
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne (M.H., H.T., K.G., G.N.B., A.D.), University of Cologne; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) (M.H., K.G., A.D.), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany; Neurology Unit (D.A.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE) (D.A.), University of Geneva; Geneva Memory Center (D.A., C.C., G.B.F.), Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland; Amsterdam UMC (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Location VUmc, Radiology; Amsterdam Neuroscience (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), University College London; GE Healthcare (G.F., M.R.B., C.J.B.), Pharmaceutical Diagnostics, Amersham, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.T.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (V.G.), Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals of Geneva; Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Innovative Molecular Tracers (NIMTLab) (V.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Geneva; Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) (V.G.), Geneva, Switzerland; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (J.L.L.M., O.G.-R., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Gérontopôle (J.D., P.P., J.F.D.), Department of Geriatrics, Toulouse University Hospital; Maintain Aging Research Team (J.D.), CERPOP, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse; ToNIC (P.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France; Center for Alzheimer Research (A.K.N.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet; Theme Inflammation and Aging (A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm; Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine (I.S.), Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden; Division of Psychiatry (Z.W.), University College London, London and Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Brain Sciences (P.E.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Life Molecular Imaging (A.W.S., R.G.), Berlin; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J., A.D.), Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Valentina Garibotto
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne (M.H., H.T., K.G., G.N.B., A.D.), University of Cologne; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) (M.H., K.G., A.D.), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany; Neurology Unit (D.A.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE) (D.A.), University of Geneva; Geneva Memory Center (D.A., C.C., G.B.F.), Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland; Amsterdam UMC (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Location VUmc, Radiology; Amsterdam Neuroscience (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), University College London; GE Healthcare (G.F., M.R.B., C.J.B.), Pharmaceutical Diagnostics, Amersham, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.T.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (V.G.), Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals of Geneva; Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Innovative Molecular Tracers (NIMTLab) (V.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Geneva; Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) (V.G.), Geneva, Switzerland; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (J.L.L.M., O.G.-R., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Gérontopôle (J.D., P.P., J.F.D.), Department of Geriatrics, Toulouse University Hospital; Maintain Aging Research Team (J.D.), CERPOP, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse; ToNIC (P.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France; Center for Alzheimer Research (A.K.N.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet; Theme Inflammation and Aging (A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm; Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine (I.S.), Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden; Division of Psychiatry (Z.W.), University College London, London and Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Brain Sciences (P.E.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Life Molecular Imaging (A.W.S., R.G.), Berlin; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J., A.D.), Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - José Luis L Molinuevo
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne (M.H., H.T., K.G., G.N.B., A.D.), University of Cologne; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) (M.H., K.G., A.D.), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany; Neurology Unit (D.A.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE) (D.A.), University of Geneva; Geneva Memory Center (D.A., C.C., G.B.F.), Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland; Amsterdam UMC (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Location VUmc, Radiology; Amsterdam Neuroscience (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), University College London; GE Healthcare (G.F., M.R.B., C.J.B.), Pharmaceutical Diagnostics, Amersham, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.T.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (V.G.), Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals of Geneva; Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Innovative Molecular Tracers (NIMTLab) (V.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Geneva; Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) (V.G.), Geneva, Switzerland; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (J.L.L.M., O.G.-R., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Gérontopôle (J.D., P.P., J.F.D.), Department of Geriatrics, Toulouse University Hospital; Maintain Aging Research Team (J.D.), CERPOP, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse; ToNIC (P.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France; Center for Alzheimer Research (A.K.N.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet; Theme Inflammation and Aging (A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm; Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine (I.S.), Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden; Division of Psychiatry (Z.W.), University College London, London and Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Brain Sciences (P.E.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Life Molecular Imaging (A.W.S., R.G.), Berlin; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J., A.D.), Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Oriol Grau-Rivera
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne (M.H., H.T., K.G., G.N.B., A.D.), University of Cologne; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) (M.H., K.G., A.D.), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany; Neurology Unit (D.A.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE) (D.A.), University of Geneva; Geneva Memory Center (D.A., C.C., G.B.F.), Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland; Amsterdam UMC (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Location VUmc, Radiology; Amsterdam Neuroscience (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), University College London; GE Healthcare (G.F., M.R.B., C.J.B.), Pharmaceutical Diagnostics, Amersham, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.T.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (V.G.), Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals of Geneva; Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Innovative Molecular Tracers (NIMTLab) (V.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Geneva; Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) (V.G.), Geneva, Switzerland; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (J.L.L.M., O.G.-R., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Gérontopôle (J.D., P.P., J.F.D.), Department of Geriatrics, Toulouse University Hospital; Maintain Aging Research Team (J.D.), CERPOP, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse; ToNIC (P.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France; Center for Alzheimer Research (A.K.N.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet; Theme Inflammation and Aging (A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm; Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine (I.S.), Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden; Division of Psychiatry (Z.W.), University College London, London and Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Brain Sciences (P.E.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Life Molecular Imaging (A.W.S., R.G.), Berlin; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J., A.D.), Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Julien Delrieu
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne (M.H., H.T., K.G., G.N.B., A.D.), University of Cologne; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) (M.H., K.G., A.D.), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany; Neurology Unit (D.A.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE) (D.A.), University of Geneva; Geneva Memory Center (D.A., C.C., G.B.F.), Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland; Amsterdam UMC (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Location VUmc, Radiology; Amsterdam Neuroscience (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), University College London; GE Healthcare (G.F., M.R.B., C.J.B.), Pharmaceutical Diagnostics, Amersham, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.T.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (V.G.), Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals of Geneva; Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Innovative Molecular Tracers (NIMTLab) (V.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Geneva; Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) (V.G.), Geneva, Switzerland; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (J.L.L.M., O.G.-R., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Gérontopôle (J.D., P.P., J.F.D.), Department of Geriatrics, Toulouse University Hospital; Maintain Aging Research Team (J.D.), CERPOP, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse; ToNIC (P.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France; Center for Alzheimer Research (A.K.N.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet; Theme Inflammation and Aging (A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm; Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine (I.S.), Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden; Division of Psychiatry (Z.W.), University College London, London and Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Brain Sciences (P.E.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Life Molecular Imaging (A.W.S., R.G.), Berlin; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J., A.D.), Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Pierre Payoux
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne (M.H., H.T., K.G., G.N.B., A.D.), University of Cologne; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) (M.H., K.G., A.D.), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany; Neurology Unit (D.A.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE) (D.A.), University of Geneva; Geneva Memory Center (D.A., C.C., G.B.F.), Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland; Amsterdam UMC (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Location VUmc, Radiology; Amsterdam Neuroscience (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), University College London; GE Healthcare (G.F., M.R.B., C.J.B.), Pharmaceutical Diagnostics, Amersham, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.T.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (V.G.), Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals of Geneva; Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Innovative Molecular Tracers (NIMTLab) (V.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Geneva; Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) (V.G.), Geneva, Switzerland; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (J.L.L.M., O.G.-R., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Gérontopôle (J.D., P.P., J.F.D.), Department of Geriatrics, Toulouse University Hospital; Maintain Aging Research Team (J.D.), CERPOP, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse; ToNIC (P.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France; Center for Alzheimer Research (A.K.N.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet; Theme Inflammation and Aging (A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm; Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine (I.S.), Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden; Division of Psychiatry (Z.W.), University College London, London and Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Brain Sciences (P.E.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Life Molecular Imaging (A.W.S., R.G.), Berlin; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J., A.D.), Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Jean Francois Demonet
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne (M.H., H.T., K.G., G.N.B., A.D.), University of Cologne; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) (M.H., K.G., A.D.), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany; Neurology Unit (D.A.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE) (D.A.), University of Geneva; Geneva Memory Center (D.A., C.C., G.B.F.), Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland; Amsterdam UMC (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Location VUmc, Radiology; Amsterdam Neuroscience (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), University College London; GE Healthcare (G.F., M.R.B., C.J.B.), Pharmaceutical Diagnostics, Amersham, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.T.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (V.G.), Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals of Geneva; Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Innovative Molecular Tracers (NIMTLab) (V.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Geneva; Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) (V.G.), Geneva, Switzerland; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (J.L.L.M., O.G.-R., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Gérontopôle (J.D., P.P., J.F.D.), Department of Geriatrics, Toulouse University Hospital; Maintain Aging Research Team (J.D.), CERPOP, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse; ToNIC (P.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France; Center for Alzheimer Research (A.K.N.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet; Theme Inflammation and Aging (A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm; Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine (I.S.), Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden; Division of Psychiatry (Z.W.), University College London, London and Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Brain Sciences (P.E.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Life Molecular Imaging (A.W.S., R.G.), Berlin; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J., A.D.), Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Agneta K Nordberg
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne (M.H., H.T., K.G., G.N.B., A.D.), University of Cologne; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) (M.H., K.G., A.D.), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany; Neurology Unit (D.A.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE) (D.A.), University of Geneva; Geneva Memory Center (D.A., C.C., G.B.F.), Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland; Amsterdam UMC (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Location VUmc, Radiology; Amsterdam Neuroscience (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), University College London; GE Healthcare (G.F., M.R.B., C.J.B.), Pharmaceutical Diagnostics, Amersham, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.T.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (V.G.), Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals of Geneva; Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Innovative Molecular Tracers (NIMTLab) (V.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Geneva; Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) (V.G.), Geneva, Switzerland; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (J.L.L.M., O.G.-R., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Gérontopôle (J.D., P.P., J.F.D.), Department of Geriatrics, Toulouse University Hospital; Maintain Aging Research Team (J.D.), CERPOP, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse; ToNIC (P.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France; Center for Alzheimer Research (A.K.N.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet; Theme Inflammation and Aging (A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm; Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine (I.S.), Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden; Division of Psychiatry (Z.W.), University College London, London and Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Brain Sciences (P.E.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Life Molecular Imaging (A.W.S., R.G.), Berlin; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J., A.D.), Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Irina Savitcheva
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne (M.H., H.T., K.G., G.N.B., A.D.), University of Cologne; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) (M.H., K.G., A.D.), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany; Neurology Unit (D.A.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE) (D.A.), University of Geneva; Geneva Memory Center (D.A., C.C., G.B.F.), Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland; Amsterdam UMC (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Location VUmc, Radiology; Amsterdam Neuroscience (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), University College London; GE Healthcare (G.F., M.R.B., C.J.B.), Pharmaceutical Diagnostics, Amersham, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.T.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (V.G.), Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals of Geneva; Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Innovative Molecular Tracers (NIMTLab) (V.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Geneva; Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) (V.G.), Geneva, Switzerland; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (J.L.L.M., O.G.-R., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Gérontopôle (J.D., P.P., J.F.D.), Department of Geriatrics, Toulouse University Hospital; Maintain Aging Research Team (J.D.), CERPOP, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse; ToNIC (P.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France; Center for Alzheimer Research (A.K.N.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet; Theme Inflammation and Aging (A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm; Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine (I.S.), Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden; Division of Psychiatry (Z.W.), University College London, London and Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Brain Sciences (P.E.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Life Molecular Imaging (A.W.S., R.G.), Berlin; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J., A.D.), Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Zuzana Walker
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne (M.H., H.T., K.G., G.N.B., A.D.), University of Cologne; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) (M.H., K.G., A.D.), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany; Neurology Unit (D.A.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE) (D.A.), University of Geneva; Geneva Memory Center (D.A., C.C., G.B.F.), Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland; Amsterdam UMC (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Location VUmc, Radiology; Amsterdam Neuroscience (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), University College London; GE Healthcare (G.F., M.R.B., C.J.B.), Pharmaceutical Diagnostics, Amersham, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.T.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (V.G.), Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals of Geneva; Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Innovative Molecular Tracers (NIMTLab) (V.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Geneva; Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) (V.G.), Geneva, Switzerland; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (J.L.L.M., O.G.-R., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Gérontopôle (J.D., P.P., J.F.D.), Department of Geriatrics, Toulouse University Hospital; Maintain Aging Research Team (J.D.), CERPOP, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse; ToNIC (P.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France; Center for Alzheimer Research (A.K.N.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet; Theme Inflammation and Aging (A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm; Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine (I.S.), Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden; Division of Psychiatry (Z.W.), University College London, London and Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Brain Sciences (P.E.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Life Molecular Imaging (A.W.S., R.G.), Berlin; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J., A.D.), Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul Edison
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne (M.H., H.T., K.G., G.N.B., A.D.), University of Cologne; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) (M.H., K.G., A.D.), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany; Neurology Unit (D.A.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE) (D.A.), University of Geneva; Geneva Memory Center (D.A., C.C., G.B.F.), Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland; Amsterdam UMC (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Location VUmc, Radiology; Amsterdam Neuroscience (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), University College London; GE Healthcare (G.F., M.R.B., C.J.B.), Pharmaceutical Diagnostics, Amersham, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.T.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (V.G.), Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals of Geneva; Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Innovative Molecular Tracers (NIMTLab) (V.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Geneva; Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) (V.G.), Geneva, Switzerland; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (J.L.L.M., O.G.-R., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Gérontopôle (J.D., P.P., J.F.D.), Department of Geriatrics, Toulouse University Hospital; Maintain Aging Research Team (J.D.), CERPOP, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse; ToNIC (P.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France; Center for Alzheimer Research (A.K.N.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet; Theme Inflammation and Aging (A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm; Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine (I.S.), Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden; Division of Psychiatry (Z.W.), University College London, London and Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Brain Sciences (P.E.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Life Molecular Imaging (A.W.S., R.G.), Berlin; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J., A.D.), Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Andrew W Stephens
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne (M.H., H.T., K.G., G.N.B., A.D.), University of Cologne; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) (M.H., K.G., A.D.), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany; Neurology Unit (D.A.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE) (D.A.), University of Geneva; Geneva Memory Center (D.A., C.C., G.B.F.), Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland; Amsterdam UMC (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Location VUmc, Radiology; Amsterdam Neuroscience (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), University College London; GE Healthcare (G.F., M.R.B., C.J.B.), Pharmaceutical Diagnostics, Amersham, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.T.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (V.G.), Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals of Geneva; Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Innovative Molecular Tracers (NIMTLab) (V.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Geneva; Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) (V.G.), Geneva, Switzerland; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (J.L.L.M., O.G.-R., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Gérontopôle (J.D., P.P., J.F.D.), Department of Geriatrics, Toulouse University Hospital; Maintain Aging Research Team (J.D.), CERPOP, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse; ToNIC (P.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France; Center for Alzheimer Research (A.K.N.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet; Theme Inflammation and Aging (A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm; Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine (I.S.), Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden; Division of Psychiatry (Z.W.), University College London, London and Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Brain Sciences (P.E.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Life Molecular Imaging (A.W.S., R.G.), Berlin; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J., A.D.), Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Rossella Gismondi
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne (M.H., H.T., K.G., G.N.B., A.D.), University of Cologne; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) (M.H., K.G., A.D.), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany; Neurology Unit (D.A.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE) (D.A.), University of Geneva; Geneva Memory Center (D.A., C.C., G.B.F.), Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland; Amsterdam UMC (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Location VUmc, Radiology; Amsterdam Neuroscience (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), University College London; GE Healthcare (G.F., M.R.B., C.J.B.), Pharmaceutical Diagnostics, Amersham, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.T.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (V.G.), Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals of Geneva; Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Innovative Molecular Tracers (NIMTLab) (V.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Geneva; Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) (V.G.), Geneva, Switzerland; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (J.L.L.M., O.G.-R., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Gérontopôle (J.D., P.P., J.F.D.), Department of Geriatrics, Toulouse University Hospital; Maintain Aging Research Team (J.D.), CERPOP, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse; ToNIC (P.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France; Center for Alzheimer Research (A.K.N.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet; Theme Inflammation and Aging (A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm; Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine (I.S.), Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden; Division of Psychiatry (Z.W.), University College London, London and Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Brain Sciences (P.E.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Life Molecular Imaging (A.W.S., R.G.), Berlin; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J., A.D.), Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Frank Jessen
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne (M.H., H.T., K.G., G.N.B., A.D.), University of Cologne; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) (M.H., K.G., A.D.), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany; Neurology Unit (D.A.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE) (D.A.), University of Geneva; Geneva Memory Center (D.A., C.C., G.B.F.), Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland; Amsterdam UMC (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Location VUmc, Radiology; Amsterdam Neuroscience (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), University College London; GE Healthcare (G.F., M.R.B., C.J.B.), Pharmaceutical Diagnostics, Amersham, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.T.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (V.G.), Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals of Geneva; Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Innovative Molecular Tracers (NIMTLab) (V.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Geneva; Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) (V.G.), Geneva, Switzerland; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (J.L.L.M., O.G.-R., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Gérontopôle (J.D., P.P., J.F.D.), Department of Geriatrics, Toulouse University Hospital; Maintain Aging Research Team (J.D.), CERPOP, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse; ToNIC (P.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France; Center for Alzheimer Research (A.K.N.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet; Theme Inflammation and Aging (A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm; Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine (I.S.), Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden; Division of Psychiatry (Z.W.), University College London, London and Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Brain Sciences (P.E.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Life Molecular Imaging (A.W.S., R.G.), Berlin; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J., A.D.), Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Christopher J Buckley
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne (M.H., H.T., K.G., G.N.B., A.D.), University of Cologne; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) (M.H., K.G., A.D.), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany; Neurology Unit (D.A.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE) (D.A.), University of Geneva; Geneva Memory Center (D.A., C.C., G.B.F.), Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland; Amsterdam UMC (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Location VUmc, Radiology; Amsterdam Neuroscience (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), University College London; GE Healthcare (G.F., M.R.B., C.J.B.), Pharmaceutical Diagnostics, Amersham, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.T.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (V.G.), Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals of Geneva; Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Innovative Molecular Tracers (NIMTLab) (V.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Geneva; Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) (V.G.), Geneva, Switzerland; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (J.L.L.M., O.G.-R., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Gérontopôle (J.D., P.P., J.F.D.), Department of Geriatrics, Toulouse University Hospital; Maintain Aging Research Team (J.D.), CERPOP, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse; ToNIC (P.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France; Center for Alzheimer Research (A.K.N.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet; Theme Inflammation and Aging (A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm; Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine (I.S.), Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden; Division of Psychiatry (Z.W.), University College London, London and Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Brain Sciences (P.E.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Life Molecular Imaging (A.W.S., R.G.), Berlin; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J., A.D.), Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Juan Domingo Gispert
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne (M.H., H.T., K.G., G.N.B., A.D.), University of Cologne; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) (M.H., K.G., A.D.), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany; Neurology Unit (D.A.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE) (D.A.), University of Geneva; Geneva Memory Center (D.A., C.C., G.B.F.), Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland; Amsterdam UMC (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Location VUmc, Radiology; Amsterdam Neuroscience (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), University College London; GE Healthcare (G.F., M.R.B., C.J.B.), Pharmaceutical Diagnostics, Amersham, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.T.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (V.G.), Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals of Geneva; Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Innovative Molecular Tracers (NIMTLab) (V.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Geneva; Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) (V.G.), Geneva, Switzerland; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (J.L.L.M., O.G.-R., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Gérontopôle (J.D., P.P., J.F.D.), Department of Geriatrics, Toulouse University Hospital; Maintain Aging Research Team (J.D.), CERPOP, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse; ToNIC (P.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France; Center for Alzheimer Research (A.K.N.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet; Theme Inflammation and Aging (A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm; Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine (I.S.), Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden; Division of Psychiatry (Z.W.), University College London, London and Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Brain Sciences (P.E.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Life Molecular Imaging (A.W.S., R.G.), Berlin; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J., A.D.), Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Giovanni B Frisoni
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne (M.H., H.T., K.G., G.N.B., A.D.), University of Cologne; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) (M.H., K.G., A.D.), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany; Neurology Unit (D.A.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE) (D.A.), University of Geneva; Geneva Memory Center (D.A., C.C., G.B.F.), Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland; Amsterdam UMC (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Location VUmc, Radiology; Amsterdam Neuroscience (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), University College London; GE Healthcare (G.F., M.R.B., C.J.B.), Pharmaceutical Diagnostics, Amersham, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.T.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (V.G.), Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals of Geneva; Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Innovative Molecular Tracers (NIMTLab) (V.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Geneva; Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) (V.G.), Geneva, Switzerland; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (J.L.L.M., O.G.-R., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Gérontopôle (J.D., P.P., J.F.D.), Department of Geriatrics, Toulouse University Hospital; Maintain Aging Research Team (J.D.), CERPOP, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse; ToNIC (P.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France; Center for Alzheimer Research (A.K.N.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet; Theme Inflammation and Aging (A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm; Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine (I.S.), Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden; Division of Psychiatry (Z.W.), University College London, London and Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Brain Sciences (P.E.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Life Molecular Imaging (A.W.S., R.G.), Berlin; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J., A.D.), Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Drzezga
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne (M.H., H.T., K.G., G.N.B., A.D.), University of Cologne; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) (M.H., K.G., A.D.), Molecular Organization of the Brain, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany; Neurology Unit (D.A.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE) (D.A.), University of Geneva; Geneva Memory Center (D.A., C.C., G.B.F.), Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland; Amsterdam UMC (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Location VUmc, Radiology; Amsterdam Neuroscience (L.C., F.B., B.V.B., P.S.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), University College London; GE Healthcare (G.F., M.R.B., C.J.B.), Pharmaceutical Diagnostics, Amersham, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.T.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (V.G.), Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals of Geneva; Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Innovative Molecular Tracers (NIMTLab) (V.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Geneva; Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) (V.G.), Geneva, Switzerland; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (J.L.L.M., O.G.-R., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Gérontopôle (J.D., P.P., J.F.D.), Department of Geriatrics, Toulouse University Hospital; Maintain Aging Research Team (J.D.), CERPOP, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse; ToNIC (P.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France; Center for Alzheimer Research (A.K.N.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet; Theme Inflammation and Aging (A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm; Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine (I.S.), Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden; Division of Psychiatry (Z.W.), University College London, London and Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Brain Sciences (P.E.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Life Molecular Imaging (A.W.S., R.G.), Berlin; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (F.J., A.D.), Bonn-Cologne, Germany
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Maldonado-Díaz C, Hiya S, Yokoda RT, Farrell K, Marx GA, Kauffman J, Daoud EV, Gonzales MM, Parker AS, Canbeldek L, Kulumani Mahadevan LS, Crary JF, White CL, Walker JM, Richardson TE. Disentangling and quantifying the relative cognitive impact of concurrent mixed neurodegenerative pathologies. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:58. [PMID: 38520489 PMCID: PMC10960766 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02716-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative pathologies such as Alzheimer disease neuropathologic change (ADNC), Lewy body disease (LBD), limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy neuropathologic change (LATE-NC), and cerebrovascular disease (CVD) frequently coexist, but little is known about the exact contribution of each pathology to cognitive decline and dementia in subjects with mixed pathologies. We explored the relative cognitive impact of concurrent common and rare neurodegenerative pathologies employing multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, gender, and level of education. We analyzed a cohort of 6,262 subjects from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center database, ranging from 0 to 6 comorbid neuropathologic findings per individual, where 95.7% of individuals had at least 1 neurodegenerative finding at autopsy and 75.5% had at least 2 neurodegenerative findings. We identified which neuropathologic entities correlate most frequently with one another and demonstrated that the total number of pathologies per individual was directly correlated with cognitive performance as assessed by Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR®) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). We show that ADNC, LBD, LATE-NC, CVD, hippocampal sclerosis, Pick disease, and FTLD-TDP significantly impact overall cognition as independent variables. More specifically, ADNC significantly affected all assessed cognitive domains, LBD affected attention, processing speed, and language, LATE-NC primarily affected tests related to logical memory and language, while CVD and other less common pathologies (including Pick disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal degeneration) had more variable neurocognitive effects. Additionally, ADNC, LBD, and higher numbers of comorbid neuropathologies were associated with the presence of at least one APOE ε4 allele, and ADNC and higher numbers of neuropathologies were inversely correlated with APOE ε2 alleles. Understanding the mechanisms by which individual and concomitant neuropathologies affect cognition and the degree to which each contributes is an imperative step in the development of biomarkers and disease-modifying therapeutics, particularly as these medical interventions become more targeted and personalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Maldonado-Díaz
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Annenberg Building, 15.238, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Satomi Hiya
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Annenberg Building, 15.238, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Raquel T Yokoda
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Annenberg Building, 15.238, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Kurt Farrell
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Annenberg Building, 15.238, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Neuropathology Brain Bank and Research CoRE, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Ronal M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Gabriel A Marx
- Neuropathology Brain Bank and Research CoRE, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Ronal M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Justin Kauffman
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Annenberg Building, 15.238, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Neuropathology Brain Bank and Research CoRE, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Ronal M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Elena V Daoud
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Mitzi M Gonzales
- Department of Neurology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Alicia S Parker
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Leyla Canbeldek
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Annenberg Building, 15.238, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Lakshmi Shree Kulumani Mahadevan
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Annenberg Building, 15.238, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - John F Crary
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Annenberg Building, 15.238, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Neuropathology Brain Bank and Research CoRE, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Ronal M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Charles L White
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jamie M Walker
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Annenberg Building, 15.238, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Neuropathology Brain Bank and Research CoRE, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Timothy E Richardson
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Annenberg Building, 15.238, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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Xu X, Wang H, Bennett DA, Zhang QY, Meng XY, Zhang HY. Characterization of brain resilience in Alzheimer's disease using polygenic risk scores and further improvement by integrating mitochondria-associated loci. J Adv Res 2024; 56:113-124. [PMID: 36921896 PMCID: PMC10834825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Identification of high-risk people for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is critical for prognosis and early management. Longitudinal epidemiologic studies have observed heterogeneity in the brain and cognitive aging. Brain resilience was described as above-expected cognitive function. The "resilience" framework has been shown to correlate with individual characteristics such as genetic factors and age. Besides, accumulative evidence has confirmed the association of mitochondria with the pathogenesis of AD. However, it is challenging to assess resilience through genetic metrics, in particular incorporating mitochondria-associated loci. OBJECTIVES In this paper, we first demonstrated that polygenic risk scores (PRS) could characterize individuals' resilience levels. Then, we indicated that mitochondria-associated loci could improve the performance of PRSs, providing more reliable measurements for the prevention and diagnosis of AD. METHODS The discovery (N = 1,550) and independent validation samples (N = 2,090) were used to construct nine types of PRSs containing mitochondria-related loci (PRSMT) from both biological and statistical aspects and combined them with known AD risk loci derived from genome-wide association studies (GWAS).Individuals' levels of brain resilience were comprehensively measured by linear regression models using eight pathological characteristics. RESULTS It was found that PRSs could characterize brain resilience levels (e.g., Pearson correlation test Pmin = 7.96×10-9). Moreover, the performance of PRS models could be efficiently improved by incorporating a small number of mitochondria-related loci (e.g., Pearson correlation test P improved from 1.41×10-3 to 6.09×10-6). PRSs' ability to characterize brain resilience was validated. More importantly, by incorporating some mitochondria-related loci, the performance of PRSs in measuring brain resilience could be significantly improved. CONCLUSION Our findings imply that mitochondria may play an important role in brain resilience, and targeting mitochondria may open a new door to AD prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Qing-Ye Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Meng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical School, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Hong-Yu Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Jackson WS, Bauer S, Kaczmarczyk L, Magadi SS. Selective Vulnerability to Neurodegenerative Disease: Insights from Cell Type-Specific Translatome Studies. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:67. [PMID: 38392286 PMCID: PMC10886597 DOI: 10.3390/biology13020067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) manifest a wide variety of clinical symptoms depending on the affected brain regions. Gaining insights into why certain regions are resistant while others are susceptible is vital for advancing therapeutic strategies. While gene expression changes offer clues about disease responses across brain regions, the mixture of cell types therein obscures experimental results. In recent years, methods that analyze the transcriptomes of individual cells (e.g., single-cell RNA sequencing or scRNAseq) have been widely used and have provided invaluable insights into specific cell types. Concurrently, transgene-based techniques that dissect cell type-specific translatomes (CSTs) in model systems, like RiboTag and bacTRAP, offer unique advantages but have received less attention. This review juxtaposes the merits and drawbacks of both methodologies, focusing on the use of CSTs in understanding conditions like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease (HD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and specific prion diseases like fatal familial insomnia (FFI), genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (gCJD), and acquired prion disease. We conclude by discussing the emerging trends observed across multiple diseases and emerging methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walker S Jackson
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Susanne Bauer
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lech Kaczmarczyk
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Srivathsa S Magadi
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
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Zammit AR, Bennett DA, Buchman AS. From theory to practice: translating the concept of cognitive resilience to novel therapeutic targets that maintain cognition in aging adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 15:1303912. [PMID: 38283067 PMCID: PMC10811007 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1303912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
While the concept of cognitive resilience is well-established it has not been defined in a way that can be measured. This has been an impediment to studying its underlying biology and to developing instruments for its clinical assessment. This perspective highlights recent work that has quantified the expression of cortical proteins associated with cognitive resilience, thus facilitating studies of its complex underlying biology and the full range of its clinical effects in aging adults. These initial studies provide empirical support for the conceptualization of resilience as a continuum. Like other conventional risk factors, some individuals manifest higher-than-average cognitive resilience and other individuals manifest lower-than-average cognitive resilience. These novel approaches for advancing studies of cognitive resilience can be generalized to other aging phenotypes and can set the stage for the development of clinical tools that might have the potential to measure other mechanisms of resilience in aging adults. These advances also have the potential to catalyze a complementary therapeutic approach that focuses on augmenting resilience via lifestyle changes or therapies targeting its underlying molecular mechanisms to maintain cognition and brain health even in the presence of untreatable stressors like brain pathologies that accumulate in aging adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R. Zammit
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Aron S. Buchman
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
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Rajabli F, Seixas AA, Akgun B, Adams LD, Inciute J, Hamilton KL, Whithead PG, Konidari I, Gu T, Arvizu J, Golightly CG, Starks TD, Laux R, Byrd GS, Haines JL, Beecham GW, Griswold AJ, Vance JM, Cuccaro ML, Pericak-Vance MA. African Ancestry Individuals with Higher Educational Attainment Are Resilient to Alzheimer's Disease Measured by pTau181. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:221-229. [PMID: 38393909 PMCID: PMC11091636 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Background Cognitive and functional abilities in individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology (ADP) are highly variable. Factors contributing to this variability are not well understood. Previous research indicates that higher educational attainment (EA) correlates with reduced cognitive impairments among those with ADP. While cognitive and functional impairments are correlated, they are distinguishable in their manifestations. Objective To investigate whether levels of education are associated with functional impairments among those with ADP. Methods This research involved 410 African American (AA) individuals (Institutional Review Boards 20070307, 01/27/2023) to ascertain whether EA correlates with functional resilience and if this effect varies between APOE ɛ4 carriers and non-carriers. Utilizing EA as a cognitive reserve proxy, CDR-FUNC as a functional difficulties measure, and blood pTau181 as an ADP proxy, the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test assessed the relationship between EA and CDR-FUNC in individuals with advanced pTau181 levels. Results The results showed that EA correlated with functional difficulties in AA individuals with high levels of pTau181, such that individuals with high EA are more likely to have better functional ability compared to those with lower EA (W = 730.5, p = 0.0007). Additionally, we found that the effect of high EA on functional resilience was stronger in ɛ4 non-carriers compared to ɛ4 carriers (W = 555.5, p = 0.022). Conclusion This study extends the role of cognitive reserve and EA to functional performance showing that cognitive reserve influences the association between ADP burden and functional difficulties. Interestingly, this protective effect seems less pronounced in carriers of the strong genetic risk allele ɛ4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Rajabli
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Azizi A. Seixas
- Department of Informatics and Health Data Science, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Bilcag Akgun
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Larry D. Adams
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jovita Inciute
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Kara L. Hamilton
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Patrice G. Whithead
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ioanna Konidari
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Tianjie Gu
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jamie Arvizu
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Charles G. Golightly
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Takiyah D. Starks
- Maya Angelou Center for Health Equity, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Renee Laux
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA, USA
| | - Goldie S. Byrd
- Maya Angelou Center for Health Equity, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jonathan L. Haines
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA, USA
| | - Gary W. Beecham
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Anthony J. Griswold
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jeffery M. Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Michael L. Cuccaro
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Margaret A. Pericak-Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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Pezzoli S, Giorgio J, Martersteck A, Dobyns L, Harrison TM, Jagust WJ. Successful cognitive aging is associated with thicker anterior cingulate cortex and lower tau deposition compared to typical aging. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:341-355. [PMID: 37614157 PMCID: PMC10916939 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is no consensus on either the definition of successful cognitive aging (SA) or the underlying neural mechanisms. METHODS We examined the agreement between new and existing definitions using: (1) a novel measure, the cognitive age gap (SA-CAG, cognitive-predicted age minus chronological age), (2) composite scores for episodic memory (SA-EM), (3) non-memory cognition (SA-NM), and (4) the California Verbal Learning Test (SA-CVLT). RESULTS Fair to moderate strength of agreement was found between the four definitions. Most SA groups showed greater cortical thickness compared to typical aging (TA), especially in the anterior cingulate and midcingulate cortices and medial temporal lobes. Greater hippocampal volume was found in all SA groups except SA-NM. Lower entorhinal 18 F-Flortaucipir (FTP) uptake was found in all SA groups. DISCUSSION These findings suggest that a feature of SA, regardless of its exact definition, is resistance to tau pathology and preserved cortical integrity, especially in the anterior cingulate and midcingulate cortices. HIGHLIGHTS Different approaches have been used to define successful cognitive aging (SA). Regardless of definition, different SA groups have similar brain features. SA individuals have greater anterior cingulate thickness and hippocampal volume. Lower entorhinal tau deposition, but not amyloid beta is related to SA. A combination of cortical integrity and resistance to tau may be features of SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Pezzoli
- Helen Wills Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Joseph Giorgio
- Helen Wills Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- University of NewcastleNewcastleNSWAustralia
| | - Adam Martersteck
- Helen Wills Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Lindsey Dobyns
- Helen Wills Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Theresa M. Harrison
- Helen Wills Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - William J. Jagust
- Helen Wills Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
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Rapos Pereira F, George N, Dalla Barba G, Dubois B, La Corte V. The Memory Binding Test Detects Early Subtle Episodic Memory Decline in Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease: A Longitudinal Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:465-479. [PMID: 38393903 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Background The asymptomatic at-risk phase might be the optimal time-window to establish clinically meaningful endpoints in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Objective We investigated whether, compared with the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT), the Memory Binding Test (MBT) can anticipate the diagnosis of emergent subtle episodic memory (EM) deficits to an at-risk phase. Methods Five-year longitudinal FCSRT and MBT scores from 45 individuals matched for age, education, and gender, were divided into 3 groups of 15 subjects: Aβ-/controls, Aβ+/stable, and Aβ+/progressors (preclinical-AD). The MBT adds an associative memory component (binding), particularly sensitive to subtle EM decline. Results In the MBT, EM decline started in the Aβ+/progressors (preclinical-AD) up to 4 years prior to diagnosis in delayed free recall (FR), followed by decline in binding-associated scores 1 year later. Conversely, in the FCSRT, EM-decline began later, up to 3 years prior to diagnosis, in the same group on both immediate and delayed versions of FR, while on total recall (TR) and intrusions decline started only 1 year prior to diagnosis. Conclusions The MBT seems more sensitive than the FCSRT for early EM-decline detection, regarding the year of diagnosis and the number of scores showing AD-linked EM deficits (associated with the AD-characteristic amnesic hippocampal syndrome). Considering the MBT as a detection tool of early subtle EM-decline in an asymptomatic at-risk phase, and the FCSRT as a classification tool of stages of EM-decline from a preclinical phase, these tests ought to potentially become complementary diagnostic tools that can foster therapies to delay cognitive decline. Clinical trial registration title: Electrophysiological markers of the progression to clinical Alzheimer disease in asymptomatic at-risk individuals: a longitudinal event-related potential study of episodic memory in the INSIGHT pre-AD cohort (acronym: ePARAD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Rapos Pereira
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, U 1127, CNRS, UMR 7225' APHP, CENIR, Centre MEG-EEG, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Nathalie George
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, U 1127, CNRS, UMR 7225' APHP, CENIR, Centre MEG-EEG, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | | | - Bruno Dubois
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, U 1127, CNRS, UMR 7225' APHP, CENIR, Centre MEG-EEG, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
- Department of Neurology, Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease (CoEN), ICM, CIC Neurosciences, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Valentina La Corte
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
- Laboratoire Mémoire Cerveau et Cognition (UR 7536), Institut de Psychologie, Université Paris Cité, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
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Mazzola J, Park JY, Ladiges W. Modeling resilience to sleep disruption to study resistance to Alzheimer's disease. AGING PATHOBIOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS 2023; 5:154-156. [PMID: 38933082 PMCID: PMC11208037 DOI: 10.31491/apt.2023.12.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative condition with unknown etiology and no cure. Therefore, it is imperative to learn more about the underlying risk factors. Since AD is an age-related disease, one approach is to look at factors associated with aging. One example is sleep disruption, which increases with age and accelerates the progression of cognitive decline. However, some people with sleep loss experience little or no cognitive impairment and are considered resilient. The concept that resilience to sleep disruption increases resistance to AD can be modeled in aging mice with or without cognitive impairment to determine resistance or susceptibility to AD. Given that sleep disruption is a relevant and rising health concern, it is essential to gain a better understanding of resilience, and factors associated with resistance to AD, in order to develop successful intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Mazzola
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joo Young Park
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Warren Ladiges
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Paban V, Mheich A, Spieser L, Sacher M. A multidimensional model of memory complaints in older individuals and the associated hub regions. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1324309. [PMID: 38187362 PMCID: PMC10771290 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1324309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Memory complaints are highly prevalent among middle-aged and older adults, and they are frequently reported in individuals experiencing subjective cognitive decline (SCD). SCD has received increasing attention due to its implications for the early detection of dementia. This study aims to advance our comprehension of individuals with SCD by elucidating potential cognitive/psychologic-contributing factors and characterizing cerebral hubs within the brain network. To identify these potential contributing factors, a structural equation modeling approach was employed to investigate the relationships between various factors, such as metacognitive beliefs, personality, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, and resilience, and memory complaints. Our findings revealed that self-esteem and conscientiousness significantly influenced memory complaints. At the cerebral level, analysis of delta and theta electroencephalographic frequency bands recorded during rest was conducted to identify hub regions using a local centrality metric known as betweenness centrality. Notably, our study demonstrated that certain brain regions undergo changes in their hub roles in response to the pathology of SCD. Specifically, the inferior temporal gyrus and the left orbitofrontal area transition into hubs, while the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the middle temporal gyrus lose their hub function in the presence of SCD. This rewiring of the neural network may be interpreted as a compensatory response employed by the brain in response to SCD, wherein functional connectivity is maintained or restored by reallocating resources to other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Paban
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LNC (Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives–UMR 7291), Marseille, France
| | - A. Mheich
- CHUV-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Service des Troubles du Spectre de l’Autisme et Apparentés, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L. Spieser
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LNC (Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives–UMR 7291), Marseille, France
| | - M. Sacher
- University of Toulouse Jean-Jaurès, CNRS, LCLLE (Laboratoire Cognition, Langues, Langage, Ergonomie–UMR 5263), Toulouse, France
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Daly T. The iceberg of dementia risk: empirical and conceptual arguments in favor of structural interventions for brain health. CEREBRAL CIRCULATION - COGNITION AND BEHAVIOR 2023; 6:100193. [PMID: 39071741 PMCID: PMC11273093 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccb.2023.100193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
While pharmacological interventions for dementia struggle to demonstrate improved outcomes for patients and at-risk populations, non-pharmacological lifestyle interventions have been proposed as a tool to achieve dementia risk reduction. In this review, it is argued that lifestyle modification alone is a surface-level intervention from the point of view of fair and far-reaching dementia prevention. Below the tip of this "iceberg of dementia risk," there are living conditions and social structures that represent deeper contributions to risk in the population. It is argued that alongside lifestyle modification, activist research and structural interventions are needed to make our society fairer and more dementia-resilient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Daly
- Correspondence at: Bioethics Program, FLACSO Argentina, Tucumán 1966, C1050 AAN, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Main LR, Song YE, Lynn A, Laux RA, Miskimen KL, Osterman MD, Cuccaro ML, Ogrocki PK, Lerner AJ, Vance JM, Fuzzell MD, Fuzzell SL, Hochstetler SD, Dorfsman DA, Caywood LJ, Prough MB, Adams LD, Clouse JE, Herington SD, Scott WK, Pericak-Vance MA, Haines JL. Genetic analysis of cognitive preservation in the midwestern Amish reveals a novel locus on chromosome 2. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.12.13.23299932. [PMID: 38168325 PMCID: PMC10760262 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.13.23299932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer disease (AD) remains a debilitating condition with limited treatments and additional therapeutic targets needed. Identifying AD protective genetic loci may identify new targets and accelerate identification of therapeutic treatments. We examined a founder population to identify loci associated with cognitive preservation into advanced age. METHODS Genome-wide association and linkage analyses were performed on 946 examined and sampled Amish individuals, aged 76-95, who were either cognitively unimpaired (CU) or impaired (CI). RESULTS 12 SNPs demonstrated suggestive association (P≤5×10-4) with cognitive preservation. Genetic linkage analyses identified >100 significant (LOD≥3.3) SNPs, some which overlapped with the association results. Only one locus on chromosome 2 retained significance across multiple analyses. DISCUSSION A novel significant result for cognitive preservation on chromosome 2 includes the genes LRRTM4 and CTNNA2. Additionally, the lead SNP, rs1402906, impacts the POU3F2 transcription factor binding affinity, which regulates LRRTM4 and CTNNA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leighanne R Main
- Departments of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, USA, 44106
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, USA, 44016
- Cleveland Institute of Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, USA, 44106
| | - Yeunjoo E Song
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, USA, 44016
- Cleveland Institute of Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, USA, 44106
| | - Audrey Lynn
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, USA, 44016
- Cleveland Institute of Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, USA, 44106
| | - Renee A Laux
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, USA, 44016
| | - Kristy L Miskimen
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, USA, 44016
| | - Michael D Osterman
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, USA, 44016
| | - Michael L Cuccaro
- John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL, USA, 33136
- Dr. John T Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL, USA, 33136
| | - Paula K Ogrocki
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, USA, 44106
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, USA, 44106
| | - Alan J Lerner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, USA, 44106
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, USA, 44106
| | - Jeffery M Vance
- John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL, USA, 33136
- Dr. John T Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL, USA, 33136
| | - M Denise Fuzzell
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, USA, 44016
| | - Sarada L Fuzzell
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, USA, 44016
| | - Sherri D Hochstetler
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, USA, 44016
| | - Daniel A Dorfsman
- John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL, USA, 33136
- Dr. John T Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL, USA, 33136
| | - Laura J Caywood
- John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL, USA, 33136
| | - Michael B Prough
- John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL, USA, 33136
| | - Larry D Adams
- John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL, USA, 33136
| | - Jason E Clouse
- John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL, USA, 33136
| | - Sharlene D Herington
- John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL, USA, 33136
| | - William K Scott
- John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL, USA, 33136
- Dr. John T Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL, USA, 33136
| | - Margaret A Pericak-Vance
- John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL, USA, 33136
- Dr. John T Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL, USA, 33136
| | - Jonathan L Haines
- Departments of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, USA, 44106
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, USA, 44016
- Cleveland Institute of Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, USA, 44106
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Ehtewish H, Mesleh A, Ponirakis G, Lennard K, Al Hamad H, Chandran M, Parray A, Abdesselem H, Wijten P, Decock J, Alajez NM, Ramadan M, Khan S, Ayadathil R, Own A, Elsotouhy A, Albagha O, Arredouani A, Blackburn JM, Malik RA, El-Agnaf OMA. Profiling the autoantibody repertoire reveals autoantibodies associated with mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1256745. [PMID: 38107644 PMCID: PMC10722091 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1256745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dementia is a debilitating neurological disease affecting millions of people worldwide. The exact mechanisms underlying the initiation and progression of the disease remain to be fully defined. There is an increasing body of evidence for the role of immune dysregulation in the pathogenesis of dementia, where blood-borne autoimmune antibodies have been studied as potential markers associated with pathological mechanisms of dementia. Methods This study included plasma from 50 cognitively normal individuals, 55 subjects with MCI (mild cognitive impairment), and 22 subjects with dementia. Autoantibody profiling for more than 1,600 antigens was performed using a high throughput microarray platform to identify differentially expressed autoantibodies in MCI and dementia. Results The differential expression analysis identified 33 significantly altered autoantibodies in the plasma of patients with dementia compared to cognitively normal subjects, and 38 significantly altered autoantibodies in the plasma of patients with dementia compared to subjects with MCI. And 20 proteins had significantly altered autoantibody responses in MCI compared to cognitively normal individuals. Five autoantibodies were commonly dysregulated in both dementia and MCI, including anti-CAMK2A, CKS1B, ETS2, MAP4, and NUDT2. Plasma levels of anti-ODF3, E6, S100P, and ARHGDIG correlated negatively with the cognitive performance scores (MoCA) (r2 -0.56 to -0.42, value of p < 0.001). Additionally, several proteins targeted by autoantibodies dysregulated in dementia were significantly enriched in the neurotrophin signaling pathway, axon guidance, cholinergic synapse, long-term potentiation, apoptosis, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Conclusion We have shown multiple dysregulated autoantibodies in the plasma of subjects with MCI and dementia. The corresponding proteins for these autoantibodies are involved in neurodegenerative pathways, suggesting a potential impact of autoimmunity on the etiology of dementia and the possible benefit for future therapeutic approaches. Further investigations are warranted to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Ehtewish
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Areej Mesleh
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Georgios Ponirakis
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Katie Lennard
- Sengenics Corporation, Level M, Plaza Zurich, Damansara Heights, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hanadi Al Hamad
- Geriatric and Memory Clinic, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Mani Chandran
- Geriatric and Memory Clinic, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Aijaz Parray
- The Neuroscience Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Houari Abdesselem
- Proteomics Core Facility, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Patrick Wijten
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Julie Decock
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
- Translational Cancer and Immunity Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Nehad M. Alajez
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
- Translational Cancer and Immunity Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Marwan Ramadan
- Geriatric and Memory Clinic, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Shafi Khan
- Geriatric and Memory Clinic, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Raheem Ayadathil
- The Neuroscience Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed Own
- The Neuroscience Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
- Department of Neuroradiology, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed Elsotouhy
- The Neuroscience Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Omar Albagha
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdelilah Arredouani
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Jonathan M. Blackburn
- Sengenics Corporation, Level M, Plaza Zurich, Damansara Heights, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rayaz A. Malik
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Omar M. A. El-Agnaf
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
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Zegarra-Valdivia JA, Pignatelli J, Nuñez A, Torres Aleman I. The Role of Insulin-like Growth Factor I in Mechanisms of Resilience and Vulnerability to Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16440. [PMID: 38003628 PMCID: PMC10671249 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of intense research, disease-modifying therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer's disease (AD) are still very much needed. Apart from the extensively analyzed tau and amyloid pathological cascades, two promising avenues of research that may eventually identify new druggable targets for AD are based on a better understanding of the mechanisms of resilience and vulnerability to this condition. We argue that insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) activity in the brain provides a common substrate for the mechanisms of resilience and vulnerability to AD. We postulate that preserved brain IGF-I activity contributes to resilience to AD pathology as this growth factor intervenes in all the major pathological cascades considered to be involved in AD, including metabolic impairment, altered proteostasis, and inflammation, to name the three that are considered to be the most important ones. Conversely, disturbed IGF-I activity is found in many AD risk factors, such as old age, type 2 diabetes, imbalanced diet, sedentary life, sociality, stroke, stress, and low education, whereas the Apolipoprotein (Apo) E4 genotype and traumatic brain injury may also be influenced by brain IGF-I activity. Accordingly, IGF-I activity should be taken into consideration when analyzing these processes, while its preservation will predictably help prevent the progress of AD pathology. Thus, we need to define IGF-I activity in all these conditions and develop a means to preserve it. However, defining brain IGF-I activity cannot be solely based on humoral or tissue levels of this neurotrophic factor, and new functionally based assessments need to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A. Zegarra-Valdivia
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940 Leioa, Spain;
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- School of Medicine, Universidad Señor de Sipán, Chiclayo 14000, Peru
| | - Jaime Pignatelli
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Cajal Institute (CSIC), 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Nuñez
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ignacio Torres Aleman
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940 Leioa, Spain;
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
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41
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Grinberg LT. Synaptic Oligomers and Glial Cells in Alzheimer Disease. JAMA Neurol 2023; 80:1136-1137. [PMID: 37812438 PMCID: PMC10903969 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2023.3539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Tenenholz Grinberg
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco
- Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, São Paulo
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Chen Q, Abrigo J, Deng M, Shi L, Wang YX, Chu WC. Structural Network Topology Reveals Higher Brain Resilience in Individuals with Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Connect 2023; 13:553-562. [PMID: 37551987 PMCID: PMC10771874 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2023.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) requires the presence of amyloid and tau pathology, but it remains unclear how they affect the structural network in the pre-clinical stage. We aimed to assess differences in topological properties in cognitively normal (CN) individuals with varying levels of amyloid and tau pathology, as well as their association with AD pathology burden. Methods: A total of 68 CN individuals were included and stratified by normal/abnormal (-/+) amyloid (A) and tau (T) status based on positron emission tomography results, yielding three groups: A-T- (n = 19), A+T- (n = 28), and A+T+ (n = 21). Topological properties were measured from structural connectivity. Group differences and correlations with A and T were evaluated. Results: Compared with the A-T- group, the A+T+ group exhibited changes in the structural network topology. At the global level, higher assortativity was shown in the A+T+ group and was correlated with greater tau burden (r = 0.29, p = 0.02), while no difference in global efficiency was found across the three groups. At the local level, the A+T+ group showed disrupted topological properties in the left hippocampus compared with the A-T- group, characterized by lower local efficiency (p < 0.01) and a lower clustering coefficient (p = 0.014). Conclusions: The increased linkage in the higher level architecture of the white matter network reflected by assortativity may indicate increased brain resilience in the early pathological state. Our results encourage further investigation of the topological properties of the structural network in pre-clinical AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyun Chen
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jill Abrigo
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Min Deng
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yi-Xiang Wang
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Winnie C.W. Chu
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Rosewood TJ, Nho K, Risacher SL, Gao S, Shen L, Foroud T, Saykin AJ. Genome-Wide Association Analysis across Endophenotypes in Alzheimer's Disease: Main Effects and Disease Stage-Specific Interactions. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2010. [PMID: 38002954 PMCID: PMC10671827 DOI: 10.3390/genes14112010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The underlying genetic susceptibility for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not yet fully understood. The heterogeneous nature of the disease challenges genetic association studies. Endophenotype approaches can help to address this challenge by more direct interrogation of biological traits related to the disease. AD endophenotypes based on amyloid-β, tau, and neurodegeneration (A/T/N) biomarkers and cognitive performance were selected from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) cohort (N = 1565). A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of quantitative phenotypes was performed using an SNP main effect and an SNP by Diagnosis interaction (SNP × DX) model to identify disease stage-specific genetic effects. Nine loci were identified as study-wide significant with one or more A/T/N endophenotypes in the main effect model, as well as additional findings significantly associated with cognitive measures. These nine loci include SNPs in or near the genes APOE, SRSF10, HLA-DQB1, XKR3, and KIAA1671. The SNP × DX model identified three study-wide significant genetic loci (BACH2, EP300, and PACRG-AS1) with a neuroprotective effect in later AD stage endophenotypes. An endophenotype approach identified novel genetic associations and provided insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the genetic associations that may otherwise be missed using conventional case-control study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea J. Rosewood
- Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (T.J.R.); (S.L.R.); (S.G.); (T.F.)
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (T.J.R.); (S.L.R.); (S.G.); (T.F.)
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Shannon L. Risacher
- Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (T.J.R.); (S.L.R.); (S.G.); (T.F.)
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Sujuan Gao
- Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (T.J.R.); (S.L.R.); (S.G.); (T.F.)
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, The Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (T.J.R.); (S.L.R.); (S.G.); (T.F.)
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Andrew J. Saykin
- Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (T.J.R.); (S.L.R.); (S.G.); (T.F.)
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Gebre RK, Rial AM, Raghavan S, Wiste HJ, Johnson Sparrman KL, Heeman F, Costoya-Sánchez A, Schwarz CG, Spychalla AJ, Lowe VJ, Graff-Radford J, Knopman DS, Petersen RC, Schöll M, Jack CR, Vemuri P. Advancing Tau-PET quantification in Alzheimer's disease with machine learning: introducing THETA, a novel tau summary measure. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3290598. [PMID: 37886506 PMCID: PMC10602128 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3290598/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) exhibits spatially heterogeneous 3R/4R tau pathology distributions across participants, making it a challenge to quantify extent of tau deposition. Utilizing Tau-PET from three independent cohorts, we trained and validated a machine learning model to identify visually positive Tau-PET scans from regional SUVR values and developed a novel summary measure, THETA, that accounts for heterogeneity in tau deposition. The model for identification of tau positivity achieved a balanced test accuracy of 95% and accuracy of ≥87% on the validation datasets. THETA captured heterogeneity of tau deposition, had better association with clinical measures, and corresponded better with visual assessments in comparison with the temporal meta-region-of-interest Tau-PET quantification methods. Our novel approach aids in identification of positive Tau-PET scans and provides a quantitative summary measure, THETA, that effectively captures the heterogeneous tau deposition seen in AD. The application of THETA for quantifying Tau-PET in AD exhibits great potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robel K. Gebre
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Alexis Moscoso Rial
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Heather J. Wiste
- Department of Qualitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Fiona Heeman
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alejandro Costoya-Sánchez
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Nuclear Medicine Department and Molecular Imaging Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Travesía da Choupana s/n, Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain
| | | | | | - Val J. Lowe
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | | | - Ronald C. Petersen
- Department of Qualitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Michael Schöll
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Nuclear Medicine Department and Molecular Imaging Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Travesía da Choupana s/n, Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain
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Dubois B, von Arnim CAF, Burnie N, Bozeat S, Cummings J. Biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease: role in early and differential diagnosis and recognition of atypical variants. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:175. [PMID: 37833762 PMCID: PMC10571241 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01314-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of in vivo biomarkers has shifted the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) from the later dementia stages of disease towards the earlier stages and has introduced the potential for pre-symptomatic diagnosis. The International Working Group recommends that AD diagnosis is restricted in the clinical setting to people with specific AD phenotypes and supportive biomarker findings. MAIN BODY In this review, we discuss the phenotypic presentation and use of biomarkers for the early diagnosis of typical and atypical AD and describe how this can support clinical decision making, benefit patient communication, and improve the patient journey. Early diagnosis is essential to optimize the benefits of available and emerging treatments. As atypical presentations of AD often mimic other dementias, differential diagnosis can be challenging and can be facilitated using AD biomarkers. However, AD biomarkers alone are not sufficient to confidently diagnose AD or predict disease progression and should be supplementary to clinical assessment to help inform the diagnosis of AD. CONCLUSIONS Use of AD biomarkers with incorporation of atypical AD phenotypes into diagnostic criteria will allow earlier diagnosis of patients with atypical clinical presentations that otherwise would have been misdiagnosed and treated inappropriately. Early diagnosis is essential to guide informed discussion, appropriate care and support, and individualized treatment. It is hoped that disease-modifying treatments will impact the underlying AD pathology; thus, determining the patient's AD phenotype will be a critical factor in guiding the therapeutic approach and the assessment of the effects of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Dubois
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Memory and Alzheimer's Disease Institute, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- Brain Institute, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | | | - Nerida Burnie
- General Practice, South West London CCG, London, UK
- London Dementia Clinical Network, London, UK
| | | | - Jeffrey Cummings
- Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience, Pam Quirk Brain Health and Biomarker Laboratory, Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
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Montemurro S, Mondini S, Pucci V, Durante G, Riccardi A, Maffezzini S, Scialpi G, Signorini M, Arcara G. Tele-Global Examination of Mental State (Tele-GEMS): an open tool for the remote neuropsychological screening. Neurol Sci 2023; 44:3499-3508. [PMID: 37248426 PMCID: PMC10226870 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-06862-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tele-neuropsychology, i.e., the application of remote audio-visual technologies to neuropsychological evaluation or rehabilitation, has become increasingly popular and widespread during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. New tools with updated normative data and appropriate methodological developments are necessary. We present Tele-GEMS, a telephone-based cognitive screening developed on N = 601 Italian participants. It yields a global score tapping on orientation, memory, spatial representation, language, and pragmatic abilities. Its administration lasts about 10 min. Clinical cut-offs are provided, accounting for demographic variables (age, education, and sex) and also for a comprehensive index taking into account cognitively stimulating life experiences that can build up a cognitive reserve. Tele-GEMS shows good internal consistency and a good inter-rater agreement. The test includes the thresholds for estimating a significant change after repeated measurements. Tele-GEMS has a good construct validity as assessed with MoCA and a suitable criterion validity assessed with its in-person version (GEMS). All the materials and the instructions, including scripts and an online Application for the automatic calculation of cut-offs, are accessible on OSF at https://osf.io/t3bma/ under a Creative Commons license.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Mondini
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology (FISPPA), Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
- Centro di Ateneo Servizi Clinici Universitari Psicologici (SCUP), Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
- Human Inspired Technology Research Centre HIT, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Veronica Pucci
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology (FISPPA), Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
- Human Inspired Technology Research Centre HIT, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgia Durante
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology (FISPPA), Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alice Riccardi
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neurosciences-DNS, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Sabrina Maffezzini
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neurosciences-DNS, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Graziana Scialpi
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neurosciences-DNS, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
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Daly T. If deprivation worsens dementia outcomes, stimulation should improve them. Curr Med Res Opin 2023; 39:1391-1394. [PMID: 37725088 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2023.2260741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
It is still not known what causes Alzheimer's Disease (AD). In this period of uncertainty, an emerging literature on risk factors suggests that the concept of "stimulation" is a useful pragmatic tool both before and after diagnosis to improve cognitive health. Before diagnosis of AD, stimulation of the brain through education, exercise, and social stimulation provides fortification against later cognitive decline. After diagnosis, specific electrical stimulation of brain circuits may protect cognitive function, and non-specific stimulation through different kinds of environmental enrichment may help to compensate for cognitive decline. Pragmatic guidelines are offered here to maximise enabling stimulation (physical, cognitive, and social activity) and minimise disabling stimulation across the lifetime (e.g. stress, pollution, and poor diet). However, much deeper structural changes in society are needed to struggle against socioeconomic and environmental deprivation and the inaccessibility of education for women across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Daly
- Bioethics Program, FLACSO Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Science Norms Democracy UMR 8011, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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48
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Hoenig MC, Dzialas V, Banwinkler M, Asendorf A, Drzezga A, van Eimeren T. Educational level and its association with dopamine transporter loss in patients with Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2023; 115:105844. [PMID: 37690218 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the cognitive-reserve concept, higher educated dementia patients tolerate more brain pathology than lower educated patients with similar impairment. Here, we examined whether higher education is associated with more severe dopamine terminal loss at the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS Dopamine transporter (DaT) SPECT information of 352 de novo PD patients and 172 healthy controls (HC) were retrieved from PPMI. Correlation analyses were performed between education years and regional DaT signal (i.e., putamen, caudate, striatum), correcting for UPDRS-III, age, sex and MoCA. Second, using a median split on education (Md = 16 yrs), high and low education groups were determined, which were matched for demographic and/or clinical scores and compared based on regional DaT signals. Finally, moderation analyses were conducted in the PD cohort, assessing the effect of education on the relation between putaminal DaT capacity and UPDRS-III. All analyses were performed across the entire cohorts and separately for three age ranges (sixth, seventh and eighth life decade). RESULTS Only PD patients in their eighth life decade presented a positive association between education and regional dopamine signalling. A significant moderation effect of education on the association between putaminal DaT signal loss and motor symptom severity was observed in this group (B=3.377, t=3.075, p = .003). The remaining analyses did not yield any significant results, neither in the PD nor HC cohort. CONCLUSION Higher education is not related with greater tolerance against dopamine loss in PD, but may nonetheless assert protective effects at more advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merle C Hoenig
- Research Center Juelich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine II, Molecular Organization of the Brain, Juelich, Germany; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Verena Dzialas
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Magdalena Banwinkler
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Adrian Asendorf
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Drzezga
- Research Center Juelich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine II, Molecular Organization of the Brain, Juelich, Germany; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cologne, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn/Cologne, Germany
| | - Thilo van Eimeren
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cologne, Germany
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Markova TZ, Ciampa CJ, Parent JH, LaPoint MR, D'Esposito M, Jagust WJ, Berry AS. Poorer aging trajectories are associated with elevated serotonin synthesis capacity. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4390-4398. [PMID: 37460847 PMCID: PMC10792105 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02177-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) is one of the earliest targets of Alzheimer's disease-related tau pathology and is a major source of brain serotonin. We used [18F]Fluoro-m-tyrosine ([18F]FMT) PET imaging to measure serotonin synthesis capacity in the DRN in 111 healthy adults (18-85 years-old). Similar to reports in catecholamine systems, we found elevated serotonin synthesis capacity in older adults relative to young. To establish the structural and functional context within which serotonin synthesis capacity is elevated in aging, we examined relationships among DRN [18F]FMT net tracer influx (Ki) and longitudinal changes in cortical thickness using magnetic resonance imaging, longitudinal changes in self-reported depression symptoms, and AD-related tau and β-amyloid (Aβ) pathology using cross-sectional [18F]Flortaucipir and [11C]Pittsburgh compound-B PET respectively. Together, our findings point to elevated DRN [18F]FMT Ki as a marker of poorer aging trajectories. Older adults with highest serotonin synthesis capacity showed greatest temporal lobe cortical atrophy. Cortical atrophy was associated with increasing depression symptoms over time, and these effects appeared to be strongest in individuals with highest serotonin synthesis capacity. We did not find direct relationships between serotonin synthesis capacity and AD-related pathology. Exploratory analyses revealed nuanced effects of sex within the older adult group. Older adult females showed the highest DRN synthesis capacity and exhibited the strongest relationships between entorhinal cortex tau pathology and increasing depression symptoms. Together these findings reveal PET measurement of the serotonin system to be a promising marker of aging trajectories relevant to both AD and affective changes in older age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Molly R LaPoint
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Mark D'Esposito
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - William J Jagust
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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Padulo C, Sestieri C, Punzi M, Picerni E, Chiacchiaretta P, Tullo MG, Granzotto A, Baldassarre A, Onofrj M, Ferretti A, Delli Pizzi S, Sensi SL. Atrophy of specific amygdala subfields in subjects converting to mild cognitive impairment. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2023; 9:e12436. [PMID: 38053753 PMCID: PMC10694338 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Accumulating evidence indicates that the amygdala exhibits early signs of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. However, it is still unknown whether the atrophy of distinct subfields of the amygdala also participates in the transition from healthy cognition to mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods Our sample was derived from the AD Neuroimaging Initiative 3 and consisted of 97 cognitively healthy (HC) individuals, sorted into two groups based on their clinical follow-up: 75 who remained stable (s-HC) and 22 who converted to MCI within 48 months (c-HC). Anatomical magnetic resonance (MR) images were analyzed using a semi-automatic approach that combines probabilistic methods and a priori information from ex vivo MR images and histology to segment and obtain quantitative structural metrics for different amygdala subfields in each participant. Spearman's correlations were performed between MR measures and baseline and longitudinal neuropsychological measures. We also included anatomical measurements of the whole amygdala, the hippocampus, a key target of AD-related pathology, and the whole cortical thickness as a test of spatial specificity. Results Compared with s-HC individuals, c-HC subjects showed a reduced right amygdala volume, whereas no significant difference was observed for hippocampal volumes or changes in cortical thickness. In the amygdala subfields, we observed selected atrophy patterns in the basolateral nuclear complex, anterior amygdala area, and transitional area. Macro-structural alterations in these subfields correlated with variations of global indices of cognitive performance (measured at baseline and the 48-month follow-up), suggesting that amygdala changes shape the cognitive progression to MCI. Discussion Our results provide anatomical evidence for the early involvement of the amygdala in the preclinical stages of AD. Highlights Amygdala's atrophy marks elderly progression to mild cognitive impairment (MCI).Amygdala's was observed within the basolateral and amygdaloid complexes.Macro-structural alterations were associated with cognitive decline.No atrophy was found in the hippocampus and cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Padulo
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical SciencesUniversity “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
- Department of HumanitiesUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
| | - Carlo Sestieri
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical SciencesUniversity “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB)“G. d'Annunzio” University, Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
| | - Miriam Punzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical SciencesUniversity “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
- Molecular Neurology UnitCenter for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST)University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
| | - Eleonora Picerni
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical SciencesUniversity “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
- Molecular Neurology UnitCenter for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST)University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
| | - Piero Chiacchiaretta
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry“G. d'Annunzio” University of Chieti‐Pescara, ChietiChietiItaly
- Advanced Computing CoreCenter for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST)University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
| | - Maria Giulia Tullo
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical SciencesUniversity “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
| | - Alberto Granzotto
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical SciencesUniversity “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
- Molecular Neurology UnitCenter for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST)University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
| | - Antonello Baldassarre
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical SciencesUniversity “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
| | - Marco Onofrj
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical SciencesUniversity “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
| | - Antonio Ferretti
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical SciencesUniversity “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
- Molecular Neurology UnitCenter for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST)University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
| | - Stefano Delli Pizzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical SciencesUniversity “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
- Molecular Neurology UnitCenter for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST)University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
| | - Stefano L. Sensi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical SciencesUniversity “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB)“G. d'Annunzio” University, Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
- Molecular Neurology UnitCenter for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST)University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
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