1
|
Wegner L, Ehlers K. Plasmodesmata dynamics in bryophyte model organisms: secondary formation and developmental modifications of structure and function. PLANTA 2024; 260:45. [PMID: 38965075 PMCID: PMC11224097 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04476-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Developing bryophytes differentially modify their plasmodesmata structure and function. Secondary plasmodesmata formation via twinning appears to be an ancestral trait. Plasmodesmata networks in hornwort sporophyte meristems resemble those of angiosperms. All land-plant taxa use plasmodesmata (PD) cell connections for symplasmic communication. In angiosperm development, PD networks undergo an extensive remodeling by structural and functional PD modifications, and by postcytokinetic formation of additional secondary PD (secPD). Since comparable information on PD dynamics is scarce for the embryophyte sister groups, we investigated maturating tissues of Anthoceros agrestis (hornwort), Physcomitrium patens (moss), and Marchantia polymorpha (liverwort). As in angiosperms, quantitative electron microscopy revealed secPD formation via twinning in gametophytes of all model bryophytes, which gives rise to laterally adjacent PD pairs or to complex branched PD. This finding suggests that PD twinning is an ancient evolutionary mechanism to adjust PD numbers during wall expansion. Moreover, all bryophyte gametophytes modify their existing PD via taxon-specific strategies resembling those of angiosperms. Development of type II-like PD morphotypes with enlarged diameters or formation of pit pairs might be required to maintain PD transport rates during wall thickening. Similar to angiosperm leaves, fluorescence redistribution after photobleaching revealed a considerable reduction of the PD permeability in maturating P. patens phyllids. In contrast to previous reports on monoplex meristems of bryophyte gametophytes with single initials, we observed targeted secPD formation in the multi-initial basal meristems of A. agrestis sporophytes. Their PD networks share typical features of multi-initial angiosperm meristems, which may hint at a putative homologous origin. We also discuss that monoplex and multi-initial meristems may require distinct types of PD networks, with or without secPD formation, to control maintenance of initial identity and positional signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linus Wegner
- Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Katrin Ehlers
- Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zang Y, Xu C, Yu L, Ma L, Xuan L, Yan S, Zhang Y, Cao Y, Li X, Si Z, Deng J, Zhang T, Hu Y. GHCU, a Molecular Chaperone, Regulates Leaf Curling by Modulating the Distribution of KNGH1 in Cotton. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2402816. [PMID: 38666376 PMCID: PMC11234424 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202402816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Leaf shape is considered to be one of the most significant agronomic traits in crop breeding. However, the molecular basis underlying leaf morphogenesis in cotton is still largely unknown. In this study, through genetic mapping and molecular investigation using a natural cotton mutant cu with leaves curling upward, the causal gene GHCU is successfully identified as the key regulator of leaf flattening. Knockout of GHCU or its homolog in cotton and tobacco using CRISPR results in abnormal leaf shape. It is further discovered that GHCU facilitates the transport of the HD protein KNOTTED1-like (KNGH1) from the adaxial to the abaxial domain. Loss of GHCU function restricts KNGH1 to the adaxial epidermal region, leading to lower auxin response levels in the adaxial boundary compared to the abaxial. This spatial asymmetry in auxin distribution produces the upward-curled leaf phenotype of the cu mutant. By analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing and spatiotemporal transcriptomic data, auxin biosynthesis genes are confirmed to be expressed asymmetrically in the adaxial-abaxial epidermal cells. Overall, these findings suggest that GHCU plays a crucial role in the regulation of leaf flattening through facilitating cell-to-cell trafficking of KNGH1 and hence influencing the auxin response level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Zang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, Institute of Crop Science, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Chenyu Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, Institute of Crop Science, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Lishan Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, Institute of Crop Science, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Longen Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, Institute of Crop Science, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Lisha Xuan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, Institute of Crop Science, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Sunyi Yan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, Institute of Crop Science, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Yayao Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, Institute of Crop Science, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Yiwen Cao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, Institute of Crop Science, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Xiaoran Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, Institute of Crop Science, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Zhanfeng Si
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, Institute of Crop Science, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Jieqiong Deng
- Industrial Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sichuan, 610066, China
| | - Tianzhen Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, Institute of Crop Science, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, Institute of Crop Science, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572025, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schreiber JM, Limpens E, de Keijzer J. Distributing Plant Developmental Regulatory Proteins via Plasmodesmata. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:684. [PMID: 38475529 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
During plant development, mobile proteins, including transcription factors, abundantly serve as messengers between cells to activate transcriptional signaling cascades in distal tissues. These proteins travel from cell to cell via nanoscopic tunnels in the cell wall known as plasmodesmata. Cellular control over this intercellular movement can occur at two likely interdependent levels. It involves regulation at the level of plasmodesmata density and structure as well as at the level of the cargo proteins that traverse these tunnels. In this review, we cover the dynamics of plasmodesmata formation and structure in a developmental context together with recent insights into the mechanisms that may control these aspects. Furthermore, we explore the processes involved in cargo-specific mechanisms that control the transport of proteins via plasmodesmata. Instead of a one-fits-all mechanism, a pluriform repertoire of mechanisms is encountered that controls the intercellular transport of proteins via plasmodesmata to control plant development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joyce M Schreiber
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Limpens
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen de Keijzer
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kitagawa M, Tran TM, Jackson D. Traveling with purpose: cell-to-cell transport of plant mRNAs. Trends Cell Biol 2024; 34:48-57. [PMID: 37380581 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in multicellular organisms can act as signals transported cell-to-cell and over long distances. In plants, mRNAs traffic cell-to-cell via plasmodesmata (PDs) and over long distances via the phloem vascular system to control diverse biological processes - such as cell fate and tissue patterning - in destination organs. Research on long-distance transport of mRNAs in plants has made remarkable progress, including the cataloguing of many mobile mRNAs, characterization of mRNA features important for transport, identification of mRNA-binding proteins involved in their transport, and understanding of the physiological roles of mRNA transport. However, information on short-range mRNA cell-to-cell transport is still limited. This review discusses the regulatory mechanisms and physiological functions of mRNA transport at the cellular and whole plant levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Munenori Kitagawa
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Thu M Tran
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - David Jackson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Qin Z, Wu YN, Li S, Zhang Y. Signaling between sporophytic integuments and developing female gametophyte during ovule development. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 335:111829. [PMID: 37574141 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Ovules are precursors of seeds and contain sporophytic integuments and gametophytic embryo sac. In Arabidopsis, embryo sac development requires highly synchronized morphogenesis of integument such that defects in integument growth often accompanies with a block in megagametogenesis, indicating that integument instructs the development of female gametophytes. In this mini review, we discuss signaling pathways through which integument cells mediate embryo sac development. We also propose ways to identify key signaling factors for the communication between integument and developing female gametophyte.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Qin
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tian'jin 300071, China
| | - Ya-Nan Wu
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tian'jin 300071, China
| | - Sha Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tian'jin 300071, China; College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cao X, Du Q, Guo Y, Wang Y, Jiao Y. Condensation of STM is critical for shoot meristem maintenance and salt tolerance in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:1445-1459. [PMID: 37674313 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The shoot meristem generates the entire shoot system and is precisely maintained throughout the life cycle under various environmental challenges. In this study, we identified a prion-like domain (PrD) in the key shoot meristem regulator SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM), which distinguishes STM from other related KNOX1 proteins. We demonstrated that PrD stimulates STM to form nuclear condensates, which are required for maintaining the shoot meristem. STM nuclear condensate formation is stabilized by selected PrD-containing STM-interacting BELL proteins in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, condensation of STM promotes its interaction with the Mediator complex subunit MED8 and thereby enhances its transcriptional activity. Thus, condensate formation emerges as a novel regulatory mechanism of shoot meristem functions. Furthermore, we found that the formation of STM condensates is enhanced upon salt stress, which allows enhanced salt tolerance and increased shoot branching. Our findings highlight that the transcription factor partitioning plays an important role in cell fate determination and might also act as a tunable environmental acclimation mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuwei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qingwei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yahe Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yuling Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences in Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 261325, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tabeta H, Gunji S, Kawade K, Ferjani A. Leaf-size control beyond transcription factors: Compensatory mechanisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1024945. [PMID: 36756231 PMCID: PMC9901582 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1024945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant leaves display abundant morphological richness yet grow to characteristic sizes and shapes. Beginning with a small number of undifferentiated founder cells, leaves evolve via a complex interplay of regulatory factors that ultimately influence cell proliferation and subsequent post-mitotic cell enlargement. During their development, a sequence of key events that shape leaves is both robustly executed spatiotemporally following a genomic molecular network and flexibly tuned by a variety of environmental stimuli. Decades of work on Arabidopsis thaliana have revisited the compensatory phenomena that might reflect a general and primary size-regulatory mechanism in leaves. This review focuses on key molecular and cellular events behind the organ-wide scale regulation of compensatory mechanisms. Lastly, emerging novel mechanisms of metabolic and hormonal regulation are discussed, based on recent advances in the field that have provided insights into, among other phenomena, leaf-size regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Tabeta
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shizuka Gunji
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Kawade
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Ali Ferjani
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhou R, Fan M, Zhao M, Jiang X, Liu Q. Overexpression of LtKNOX1 from Lilium tsingtauense in Nicotiana benthamiana affects the development of leaf morphology. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2031783. [PMID: 35139775 PMCID: PMC9176240 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2031783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Leaves are the main vegetative organs of the aboveground part of plants and play an important role in plant morphogenesis. KNOTTED-LIKE HOMEOBOX (KNOX) plays a crucial role in regulating leaf cell fate and maintaining leaf development. In this study, we analyzed LtKNOX1 from Lilium tsingtauense and illustrated its function in transgenic plants. Tissue-specific expression analysis indicated that LtKNOX1 was highly expressed in stems, young flower buds, and shoot apical meristems (SAMs). Ectopic overexpression of LtKNOX1 in Nicotiana benthamiana suggested that transformants with mild phenotypes were characterized by foliar wrinkles and mildly curled leaves; transformants with intermediate phenotypes showed severely crimped blades and narrow leaf angles, and the most severe phenotypes lacked normal SAMs and leaves. Moreover, the expression levels of genes involved in the regulation of KNOX in transgenic plants were detected, including ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1, PIN-FORMED 1, GA20-oxidase, CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON 2, CLAVATA 1 and WUSCHEL(WUS), and the expression of other genes were down-regulated except WUS. This study contributes to our understanding of the LtKNOX1 function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhou
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Menglong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mei Zhao
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xinqiang Jiang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Muhammad D, Clark NM, Haque S, Williams CM, Sozzani R, Long TA. POPEYE intercellular localization mediates cell-specific iron deficiency responses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:2017-2032. [PMID: 35920794 PMCID: PMC9614487 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plants must tightly regulate iron (Fe) sensing, acquisition, transport, mobilization, and storage to ensure sufficient levels of this essential micronutrient. POPEYE (PYE) is an iron responsive transcription factor that positively regulates the iron deficiency response, while also repressing genes essential for maintaining iron homeostasis. However, little is known about how PYE plays such contradictory roles. Under iron-deficient conditions, pPYE:GFP accumulates in the root pericycle while pPYE:PYE-GFP is localized to the nucleus in all Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) root cells, suggesting that PYE may have cell-specific dynamics and functions. Using scanning fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and cell-specific promoters, we found that PYE-GFP moves between different cells and that the tendency for movement corresponds with transcript abundance. While localization to the cortex, endodermis, and vasculature is required to manage changes in iron availability, vasculature and endodermis localization of PYE-GFP protein exacerbated pye-1 defects and elicited a host of transcriptional changes that are detrimental to iron mobilization. Our findings indicate that PYE acts as a positive regulator of iron deficiency response by regulating iron bioavailability differentially across cells, which may trigger iron uptake from the surrounding rhizosphere and impact root energy metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- DurreShahwar Muhammad
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Natalie M Clark
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
- Biomathematics Graduate Program, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Samiul Haque
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Cranos M Williams
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Rosangela Sozzani
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
- Biomathematics Graduate Program, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Terri A Long
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kitagawa M, Xu X, Jackson D. Trafficking and localization of KNOTTED1 related mRNAs in shoot meristems. Commun Integr Biol 2022; 15:158-163. [PMID: 35832536 PMCID: PMC9272838 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2022.2095125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicellular organisms use transcripts and proteins as signaling molecules for cell-to-cell communication. Maize KNOTTED1 (KN1) was the first homeodomain transcription factor identified in plants, and functions in maintaining shoot stem cells. KN1 acts non-cell autonomously, and both its messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein traffic between cells through intercellular nanochannels called plasmodesmata. KN1 protein and mRNA trafficking are regulated by a chaperonin subunit and a catalytic subunit of the RNA exosome, respectively. These studies suggest that the function of KN1 in stem cell regulation requires the cell-to-cell transport of both its protein and mRNA. However, in situ hybridization experiments published 25 years ago suggested that KN1 mRNA was missing from the epidermal (L1) layer of shoot meristems, suggesting that only the KN1 protein could traffic. Here, we show evidence that KN1 mRNA is present at a low level in L1 cells of maize meristems, supporting an idea that both KN1 protein and mRNA traffic to the L1 layer. We also summarize mRNA expression patterns of KN1 homologs in diverse angiosperm species, and discuss KN1 trafficking mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaosa Xu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - David Jackson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
A Forward Genetic Approach to Identify Plasmodesmal Trafficking Regulators Based on Trichome Rescue. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2457:393-407. [PMID: 35349156 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2132-5_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are channels in the walls of plant cells which enable cell-to-cell information transfer. This includes the selective transport of specific transcription factors that control cell fate during plant development. KNOTTED1 (KN1) homeobox (KNOX) family transcription factors that are essential for the maintenance and function of stem cells in shoot meristems use this trafficking pathway, but its mechanism is largely unknown. Here we describe a forward genetic approach to the identification of regulators of selective KN1 trafficking through PD, using a trichome rescue system that permits simple visual analysis in Arabidopsis leaves. A KN1 trafficking regulator identified in this approach had the capacity to regulate the transport not only of KN1 but also of another mobile regulatory protein, TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1 (TTG1). Our system could be easily adapted to reveal the mechanism underlying the selective transport of additional mobile signals through PD.
Collapse
|
12
|
Kitagawa M, Wu P, Balkunde R, Cunniff P, Jackson D. An RNA exosome subunit mediates cell-to-cell trafficking of a homeobox mRNA via plasmodesmata. Science 2022; 375:177-182. [PMID: 35025667 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm0840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Messenger RNAs (mRNAs) function as mobile signals for cell-to-cell communication in multicellular organisms. The KNOTTED1 (KN1) homeodomain family transcription factors act non–cell autonomously to control stem cell maintenance in plants through cell-to-cell movement of their proteins and mRNAs through plasmodesmata; however, the mechanism of mRNA movement is largely unknown. We show that cell-to-cell movement of a KN1 mRNA requires ribosomal RNA–processing protein 44A (AtRRP44A), a subunit of the RNA exosome that processes or degrades diverse RNAs in eukaryotes. AtRRP44A can interact with plasmodesmata and mediates the cell-to-cell trafficking of KN1 mRNA, and genetic analysis indicates that AtRRP44A is required for the developmental functions of SHOOT MERISTEMLESS, an Arabidopsis KN1 homolog. Our findings suggest that AtRRP44A promotes mRNA trafficking through plasmodesmata to control stem cell–dependent processes in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peipei Wu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | | | - Patrick Cunniff
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - David Jackson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.,National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fuchs M, Lohmann JU. Multi-Angle In Vivo Imaging of the Arabidopsis thaliana Shoot Apical Meristem (SAM). Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2457:427-441. [PMID: 35349158 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2132-5_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent imaging, especially in living tissue, has become a key method in modern life sciences, with the development of new tools for sample preparation, imaging, and data analysis continuously advancing our understanding of biological principles. Here, we present our strategy for in vivo imaging of the Arabidopsis shoot apical meristem (SAM), a central structure in plant development. We implement simplifications to previously published workflows and present a novel approach to subsequentially image the meristem from multiple angles at high resolution. This tool may represent a valuable resource for shoot meristem-centered research in general, but also for studies on plasmodesmata or intercellular connectivity within the SAM: via the analysis of fluorescently labeled plasmodesmata-localized proteins, via the tracing of fluorescent dyes, via analyzing the cell-to-cell mobility of fluorescently labeled proteins, but also via the analysis of morphological features of meristematic cells in mutants or upon perturbation of symplastic connectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fuchs
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan U Lohmann
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Plants exhibit remarkable lineage plasticity, allowing them to regenerate organs that differ from their respective origins. Such developmental plasticity is dependent on the activity of pluripotent founder cells or stem cells residing in meristems. At the shoot apical meristem (SAM), the constant flow of cells requires continuing cell specification governed by a complex genetic network, with the WUSCHEL transcription factor and phytohormone cytokinin at its core. In this review, I discuss some intriguing recent discoveries that expose new principles and mechanisms of patterning and cell specification acting both at the SAM and, prior to meristem organogenesis during shoot regeneration. I also highlight unanswered questions and future challenges in the study of SAM and meristem regeneration. Finally, I put forward a model describing stochastic events mediated by epigenetic factors to explain how the gene regulatory network might be initiated at the onset of shoot regeneration. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genetics, Volume 55 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leor Eshed Williams
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Xu M, Du Q, Tian C, Wang Y, Jiao Y. Stochastic gene expression drives mesophyll protoplast regeneration. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg8466. [PMID: 34380624 PMCID: PMC8357238 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg8466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell pluripotency is fundamental to biology. It has long been known that differentiated somatic plant cells may reacquire pluripotency, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. In many plant species, a single isolated mesophyll protoplast may regenerate into an entire plant, which is widely used in gene transformation. Here, we identified two transcription factors whose ectopic activation promotes protoplast regeneration. Furthermore, we found that their expression was induced by protoplast isolation but at a very low frequency. Using live imaging and single-cell transcriptomics, we show that isolating protoplasts induces enhanced expression variation at the genome level. Isolating protoplasts also leads to genome-wide increases in chromatin accessibility, which promotes stochastic activation of gene expression and enhances protoplast regeneration. We propose that transcriptome chaos with increased expression variability among cells creates a cellular-level evolutionary driver selecting for regenerating cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingwei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Caihuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yuling Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Life Sciences and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gundu S, Tabassum N, Blilou I. Moving with purpose and direction: transcription factor movement and cell fate determination revisited. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 57:124-132. [PMID: 32992134 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell diversity in a multicellular organism relies on cell-cell communication where cells must receive positional information as input signals to adopt their proper cell fate in the right place and at the right time. This process is achieved through triggering signaling cascades that drive cellular changes during development. In plants, signaling through mobile transcription factors (TF) plays a central role in development. Rather than acting cell-autonomously and exclusive to their expression domains, many TFs move between cells and deploy regulatory networks and cell type-specific effectors to achieve their biological functions. Here, we highlight a few examples of mobile TFs central to cell fate specification in Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Gundu
- Laboratory of Plant Cell and Developmental Biology, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naheed Tabassum
- Laboratory of Plant Cell and Developmental Biology, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ikram Blilou
- Laboratory of Plant Cell and Developmental Biology, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fuchs M, Lohmann JU. Aiming for the top: non-cell autonomous control of shoot stem cells in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2020; 133:297-309. [PMID: 32146616 PMCID: PMC7214502 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-020-01174-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, not all cells are created equal. Instead, organismal complexity is achieved by specialisation and division of labour between distinct cell types. Therefore, the organism depends on the presence, correct proportion and function of all cell types. It follows that early development is geared towards setting up the basic body plan and to specify cell lineages. Since plants employ a post-embryonic mode of development, the continuous growth and addition of new organs require a source of new cells, as well as a strict regulation of cellular composition throughout the entire life-cycle. To meet these demands, evolution has brought about complex regulatory systems to maintain and control continuously active stem cell systems. Here, we review recent work on the mechanisms of non cell-autonomous control of shoot stem cells in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana with a strong focus on the cell-to-cell mobility and function of the WUSCHEL homeodomain transcription factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fuchs
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan U Lohmann
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chang W, Guo Y, Zhang H, Liu X, Guo L. Same Actor in Different Stages: Genes in Shoot Apical Meristem Maintenance and Floral Meristem Determinacy in Arabidopsis. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
|
19
|
Zhu M, Yan B, Hu Y, Cui Z, Wang X. Genome-wide identification and phylogenetic analysis of rice FTIP gene family. Genomics 2020; 112:3803-3814. [PMID: 32145381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
FT-INTERACTING PROTEIN (FTIP) gene family in rice are the members of multiple C2 domain and transmembrane region proteins (MCTPs). There are many homologs of OsFTIPs in plants; however, the bioinformatics of them remains unclear. In the studies, 13 OsFTIP genes are identified in rice. OsFTIPs are unevenly located in 12 chromosomes. The OsFTIPs are phylogenetically divided into three clades. Cis-elements respond to abiotic stress, light, and hormones are found in the promoter region of OsFTIPs which are induced by the stimuli. All OsFTIPs are expressed with different profiles. Syntenic analysis of 128 OsFTIPs and FTIP-like homologs reveals that various number of gene pairs are identified between rice and other species. The 128 FTIP-like homologs are divided into six groups which fall into three classes. Ten motifs are shared by most OsFTIPs and their homologs. The studies provide a theoretical basis for further elucidating the functions of OsFTIP gene family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mo Zhu
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Bowen Yan
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Yanjuan Hu
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Zhibo Cui
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Xiaoxue Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kinoshita A, Koga H, Tsukaya H. Expression Profiles of ANGUSTIFOLIA3 and SHOOT MERISTEMLESS, Key Genes for Meristematic Activity in a One-Leaf Plant Monophyllaea glabra, Revealed by Whole-Mount In Situ Hybridization. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1160. [PMID: 32903463 PMCID: PMC7435058 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Members of the genus Monophyllaea are unique in that they produce no new organ during the vegetative phase in the shoot; instead, one of the cotyledons grows indeterminately. The mechanism of this unique trait is unclear, in part because of the lack of suitable assessment techniques. We therefore established a whole-mount in situ hybridization technique, a powerful means of examining spatial patterns in gene expression, for Monophyllaea glabra. By using this, we examined the expression pattern of a SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM) ortholog, which is indispensable for the formation and maintenance of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) in typical angiosperms. Expression was confined to the groove meristem (GM), which corresponds to the SAM. We also assessed the expression pattern of ANGUSTIFOLIA3 (AN3), a key promoter for cell division in the leaf meristem. It was expressed not only in the basal meristem (BM) tissue with active cell division in the basal part of the growing cotyledon but also in the GM. The findings suggest that the unusual gene expression pattern of the GM underpins the fuzzy morphogenesis of Monophyllaea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Kinoshita
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koga
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hirokazu Tsukaya,
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Li N, Yuan D, Huang LJ. Development of a Gateway-compatible two-component expression vector system for plants. Transgenic Res 2019; 28:561-572. [PMID: 31435821 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-019-00167-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Genetic transformation of plants offers the possibility of functional characterization of individual genes and the improvement of plant traits. Development of novel transformation vectors is essential to improve plant genetic transformation technologies for various applications. Here, we present the development of a Gateway-compatible two-component expression vector system for Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation. The expression system contains two independent plasmid vector sets, the activator vector and the reporter vector, based on the concept of the GAL4/UAS trans-activation system. The activator vector expresses a modified GAL4 protein (GAL4-VP16) under the control of specific promoter. The GAL4-VP16 protein targets the UAS in the reporter vector and subsequently activates reporter gene expression. Both the activator and reporter vectors contain the Gateway recombination cassette, which can be rapidly and efficiently replaced by any specific promoter and reporter gene of interest, to facilitate gene cloning procedures. The efficiency of the activator-reporter expression system has been assessed using agroinfiltration mediated transient expression assay in Nicotiana benthamiana and stable transgenic expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. The reporter genes were highly expressed with precise tissue-specific and subcellular localization. This Gateway-compatible two-component expression vector system will be a useful tool for advancing plant gene engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees (Central South University of Forestry and Technology), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Deyi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees (Central South University of Forestry and Technology), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Li-Jun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees (Central South University of Forestry and Technology), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Conklin PA, Strable J, Li S, Scanlon MJ. On the mechanisms of development in monocot and eudicot leaves. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:706-724. [PMID: 30106472 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 706 I. Introduction 707 II. Leaf zones in monocot and eudicot leaves 707 III. Monocot and eudicot leaf initiation: differences in degree and timing, but not kind 710 IV. Reticulate and parallel venation: extending the model? 711 V. Flat laminar growth: patterning and coordination of adaxial-abaxial and mediolateral axes 713 VI. Stipules and ligules: ontogeny of primordial elaborations 715 VII. Leaf architecture 716 VIII. Stomatal development: shared and diverged mechanisms for making epidermal pores 717 IX. Conclusion 719 Acknowledgements 720 References 720 SUMMARY: Comparisons of concepts in monocot and eudicot leaf development are presented, with attention to the morphologies and mechanisms separating these angiosperm lineages. Monocot and eudicot leaves are distinguished by the differential elaborations of upper and lower leaf zones, the formation of sheathing/nonsheathing leaf bases and vasculature patterning. We propose that monocot and eudicot leaves undergo expansion of mediolateral domains at different times in ontogeny, directly impacting features such as venation and leaf bases. Furthermore, lineage-specific mechanisms in compound leaf development are discussed. Although models for the homologies of enigmatic tissues, such as ligules and stipules, are proposed, tests of these hypotheses are rare. Likewise, comparisons of stomatal development are limited to Arabidopsis and a few grasses. Future studies may investigate correlations in the ontogenies of parallel venation and linear stomatal files in monocots, and the reticulate patterning of veins and dispersed stoma in eudicots. Although many fundamental mechanisms of leaf development are shared in eudicots and monocots, variations in the timing, degree and duration of these ontogenetic events may contribute to key differences in morphology. We anticipate that the incorporation of an ever-expanding number of sequenced genomes will enrich our understanding of the developmental mechanisms generating eudicot and monocot leaves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip A Conklin
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Josh Strable
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Shujie Li
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Michael J Scanlon
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Liu L, Li C, Song S, Teo ZWN, Shen L, Wang Y, Jackson D, Yu H. FTIP-Dependent STM Trafficking Regulates Shoot Meristem Development in Arabidopsis. Cell Rep 2018; 23:1879-1890. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
|
24
|
García-Cano E, Hak H, Magori S, Lazarowitz SG, Citovsky V. The Agrobacterium F-Box Protein Effector VirF Destabilizes the Arabidopsis GLABROUS1 Enhancer/Binding Protein-Like Transcription Factor VFP4, a Transcriptional Activator of Defense Response Genes. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:576-586. [PMID: 29264953 PMCID: PMC5953515 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-17-0188-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation not only represents a technology of choice to genetically manipulate plants, but it also serves as a model system to study mechanisms employed by invading pathogens to counter the myriad defenses mounted against them by the host cell. Here, we uncover a new layer of plant defenses that is targeted by A. tumefaciens to facilitate infection. We show that the Agrobacterium F-box effector VirF, which is exported into the host cell, recognizes an Arabidopsis transcription factor VFP4 and targets it for proteasomal degradation. We hypothesize that VFP4 resists Agrobacterium infection and that the bacterium utilizes its VirF effector to degrade VFP4 and thereby mitigate the VFP4-based defense. Indeed, loss-of-function mutations in VFP4 resulted in differential expression of numerous biotic stress-response genes, suggesting that one of the functions of VFP4 is to control a spectrum of plant defenses, including those against Agrobacterium tumefaciens. We identified one such gene, ATL31, known to mediate resistance to bacterial pathogens. ATL31 was transcriptionally repressed in VFP4 loss-of-function plants and activated in VFP4 gain-of-function plants. Gain-of-function lines of VFP4 and ATL31 exhibited recalcitrance to Agrobacterium tumorigenicity, suggesting that A. tumefaciens may utilize the host ubiquitin/proteasome system to destabilize transcriptional regulators of the host disease response machinery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena García-Cano
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
| | - Hagit Hak
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
- Corresponding author: Hagit Hak;
| | - Shimpei Magori
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
| | - Sondra G. Lazarowitz
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Vitaly Citovsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Scofield S, Murison A, Jones A, Fozard J, Aida M, Band LR, Bennett M, Murray JAH. Coordination of meristem and boundary functions by transcription factors in the SHOOT MERISTEMLESS regulatory network. Development 2018; 145:dev157081. [PMID: 29650590 PMCID: PMC5992597 DOI: 10.1242/dev.157081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis homeodomain transcription factor SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM) is crucial for shoot apical meristem (SAM) function, yet the components and structure of the STM gene regulatory network (GRN) are largely unknown. Here, we show that transcriptional regulators are overrepresented among STM-regulated genes and, using these as GRN components in Bayesian network analysis, we infer STM GRN associations and reveal regulatory relationships between STM and factors involved in multiple aspects of SAM function. These include hormone regulation, TCP-mediated control of cell differentiation, AIL/PLT-mediated regulation of pluripotency and phyllotaxis, and specification of meristem-organ boundary zones via CUC1. We demonstrate a direct positive transcriptional feedback loop between STM and CUC1, despite their distinct expression patterns in the meristem and organ boundary, respectively. Our further finding that STM activates expression of the CUC1-targeting microRNA miR164c combined with mathematical modelling provides a potential solution for this apparent contradiction, demonstrating that these proposed regulatory interactions coupled with STM mobility could be sufficient to provide a mechanism for CUC1 localisation at the meristem-organ boundary. Our findings highlight the central role for the STM GRN in coordinating SAM functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Scofield
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Alexander Murison
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Angharad Jones
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - John Fozard
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Mitsuhiro Aida
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST) Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Leah R Band
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
- Centre for Mathematical Medicine and Biology, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Malcolm Bennett
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - James A H Murray
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Symplasmic Intercellular Communication through Plasmodesmata. PLANTS 2018; 7:plants7010023. [PMID: 29558398 PMCID: PMC5874612 DOI: 10.3390/plants7010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Communication between cells is an essential process for developing and maintaining multicellular collaboration during plant development and physiological adaptation in response to environmental stimuli. The intercellular movement of proteins and RNAs in addition to the movement of small nutrients or signaling molecules such as sugars and phytohormones has emerged as a novel mechanism of cell-to-cell signaling in plants. As a strategy for efficient intercellular communication and long-distance molecule movement, plants have evolved plant-specific symplasmic communication networks via plasmodesmata (PDs) and the phloem.
Collapse
|
27
|
Lu KJ, De Rybel B, van Mourik H, Weijers D. Regulation of intercellular TARGET OF MONOPTEROS 7 protein transport in the Arabidopsis root. Development 2018; 145:dev.152892. [PMID: 29358212 DOI: 10.1242/dev.152892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular communication coordinates hypophysis establishment in the Arabidopsis embryo. Previously, TARGET OF MONOPTEROS 7 (TMO7) was reported to be transported to the hypophysis, the founder cell of the root cap, and RNA suppression experiments implicated its function in embryonic root development. However, the protein properties and mechanisms mediating TMO7 protein transport, and the role the movement plays in development remained unclear. Here, we report that in the post-embryonic root, TMO7 and its close relatives are transported into the root cap through plasmodesmata in a sequence-dependent manner. We also show that nuclear residence is crucial for TMO7 transport, and postulate that modification, potentially phosphorylation, labels TMO7 for transport. Additionally, three novel CRISPR/Cas9-induced tmo7 alleles confirmed a role in hypophysis division, but suggest complex redundancies with close relatives in root formation. Finally, we demonstrate that TMO7 transport is biologically meaningful, as local expression partially restores hypophysis division in a plasmodesmal protein transport mutant. Our study identifies motifs and amino acids that are pivotal for TMO7 protein transport, and establishes the importance of TMO7 in hypophysis and root development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Ju Lu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bert De Rybel
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hilda van Mourik
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ragni L, Greb T. Secondary growth as a determinant of plant shape and form. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 79:58-67. [PMID: 28864343 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants are the primary producers of biomass on earth. As an almost stereotypic feature, higher plants generate continuously growing bodies mediated by the activity of different groups of stem cells, the meristems. Shoot and root thickening is one of the fundamental growth processes determining form and function of these bodies. Mediated by a group of cylindrical meristems located below organ surfaces, vascular and protective tissues are continuously generated in a highly plastic manner, a competence essential for the survival in an ever changing environment. Acknowledging the fundamental role of this process, which is overall designated as secondary growth, we discuss in this review our current knowledge about the evolution and molecular regulation of the vascular cambium. The cambium is the meristem responsible for the formation of wood and bast, the two types of vascular tissues important for long-distance transport of water and assimilates, respectively. Although regulatory patterns are only beginning to emerge, we show that cambium activity represents a highly rewarding model for studying cell fate decisions, tissue patterning and differentiation, which has experienced an outstanding phylogenetic diversification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ragni
- ZMBP, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Greb
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Balkunde R, Kitagawa M, Xu XM, Wang J, Jackson D. SHOOT MERISTEMLESS trafficking controls axillary meristem formation, meristem size and organ boundaries in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:435-446. [PMID: 28161901 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The shoot stem cell niche, contained within the shoot apical meristem (SAM) is maintained in Arabidopsis by the homeodomain protein SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM). STM is a mobile protein that traffics cell-to-cell, presumably through plasmodesmata. In maize, the STM homolog KNOTTED1 shows clear differences between mRNA and protein localization domains in the SAM. However, the STM mRNA and protein localization domains are not obviously different in Arabidopsis, and the functional relevance of STM mobility is unknown. Using a non-mobile version of STM (2xNLS-YFP-STM), we show that STM mobility is required to suppress axillary meristem formation during embryogenesis, to maintain meristem size, and to precisely specify organ boundaries throughout development. STM and organ boundary genes CUP SHAPED COTYLEDON1 (CUC1), CUC2 and CUC3 regulate each other during embryogenesis to establish the embryonic SAM and to specify cotyledon boundaries, and STM controls CUC expression post-embryonically at organ boundary domains. We show that organ boundary specification by correct spatial expression of CUC genes requires STM mobility in the meristem. Our data suggest that STM mobility is critical for its normal function in shoot stem cell control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jing Wang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - David Jackson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kitagawa M, Jackson D. Plasmodesmata-Mediated Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Shoot Apical Meristem: How Stem Cells Talk. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 6:E12. [PMID: 28257070 PMCID: PMC5371771 DOI: 10.3390/plants6010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Positional information is crucial for the determination of plant cell fates, and it is established based on coordinated cell-to-cell communication, which in turn is essential for plant growth and development. Plants have evolved a unique communication pathway, with tiny channels called plasmodesmata (PD) spanning the cell wall. PD interconnect most cells in the plant and generate a cytoplasmic continuum, to mediate short- and long-distance trafficking of various molecules. Cell-to-cell communication through PD plays a role in transmitting positional signals, however, the regulatory mechanisms of PD-mediated trafficking are still largely unknown. The induction and maintenance of stem cells in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) depends on PDmediated cell-to-cell communication, hence, it is an optimal model for dissecting the regulatory mechanisms of PD-mediated cell-to-cell communication and its function in specifying cell fates. In this review, we summarize recent knowledge of PD-mediated cell-to-cell communication in the SAM, and discuss mechanisms underlying molecular trafficking through PD and its role in plant development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Munenori Kitagawa
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
| | - David Jackson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Rinne PLH, Paul LK, Vahala J, Kangasjärvi J, van der Schoot C. Axillary buds are dwarfed shoots that tightly regulate GA pathway and GA-inducible 1,3-β-glucanase genes during branching in hybrid aspen. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:5975-5991. [PMID: 27697786 PMCID: PMC5100014 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Axillary buds (AXBs) of hybrid aspen (Populus tremula×P. tremuloides) contain a developing dwarfed shoot that becomes para-dormant at the bud maturation point. Para-dormant AXBs can grow out after stem decapitation, while dormant AXBs pre-require long-term chilling to release them from dormancy. The latter is mediated by gibberellin (GA)-regulated 1,3-β-glucanases, but it is unknown if GA is also important in the development, activation, and outgrowth of para-dormant AXBs. The present data show that para-dormant AXBs up-regulate GA receptor genes during their maturation, but curtail GA biosynthesis by down-regulating the rate-limiting GIBBERELLIN 3-OXIDASE2 (GA3ox2), which is characteristically expressed in the growing apex. However, decapitation significantly up-regulated GA3ox2 and GA4-responsive 1,3-β-glucanases (GH17-family; α-clade). In contrast, decapitation down-regulated γ-clade 1,3-β-glucanases, which were strongly up-regulated in maturing AXBs concomitant with lipid body accumulation. Overexpression of selected GH17 members in hybrid aspen resulted in characteristic branching patterns. The α-clade member induced an acropetal branching pattern, whereas the γ-clade member activated AXBs in recurrent flushes during transient cessation of apex proliferation. The results support a model in which curtailing the final step in GA biosynthesis dwarfs the embryonic shoot, while high levels of GA precursors and GA receptors keep AXBs poised for growth. GA signaling, induced by decapitation, reinvigorates symplasmic supply routes through GA-inducible 1,3-β-glucanases that hydrolyze callose at sieve plates and plasmodesmata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Päivi L H Rinne
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Laju K Paul
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Jorma Vahala
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kangasjärvi
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lee HG, Choi YR, Seo PJ. Increased STM expression is associated with drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 201:79-84. [PMID: 27448723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, shoot apical meristem (SAM) maintains cell division activity in order to give rise to aerial plant organs. Several lines of evidence have suggested that plants ensure stem cell proliferation activity in response to various external stimuli, thereby contributing to plant adaptation and fitness. Here, we report that the abscisic acid (ABA)-inducible R2R3-type MYB96 transcription factor regulates transcript accumulation of SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM) possibly to contribute to plant adaptation to environmental stress. STM was up-regulated in MYB96-overexpressing activation-tagging myb96-ox plants, but down-regulated in MYB96-deficient myb96-1 mutant plants, even in the presence of ABA. Notably, the MYB96 transcription factor bound directly to the STM promoter. In addition, consistent with the role of MYB96 in drought tolerance, transgenic plants overexpressing STM (35S:STM-MYC) were more tolerant to drought stress. These observations suggest that the MYB96-STM module contributes to enhancing plant tolerance to drought stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Gil Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yee-Ram Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil Joon Seo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tominaga-Wada R, Wada T. The ectopic localization of CAPRICE LIKE MYB3 protein in Arabidopsis root epidermis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 199:111-115. [PMID: 27302012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell fate determination is a critical step of plant morphogenesis. Root hair and trichome formation is a good model for studying cell fate determination. The gene CAPRICE (CPC) encodes an R3 type MYB transcription factor, promotes root hair formation, and inhibits trichome formation in Arabidopsis thaliana. The CPC homologous gene CPC LIKE MYB3 (CPL3) encoded 66% similar amino acid sequence to CPC, and it also possessed a cell-to-cell movement WxM motif. CPC protein moves from non-hair cells to neighboring root hair forming cells and induces root hair formation in Arabidopsis root epidermal cells. In this study, to investigate the function and cell-to-cell movement ability of CPL3, we generated CPC:CPL3:GFP transgenic plants to compare against CPL3:CPL3:GFP transgenic plants. CPC:CPL3:GFP transgenic plants showed no-trichome and many root-hair phenotypes, confirming similar function of CPL3 to CPC in root hair and trichome cell fate determination. However, CPL3:GFP fusion protein localized exclusively in non-hair cells in CPC:CPL3:GFP transgenic plants. Collectively, our results suggest that the CPL3 protein does not have cell-to-cell movement ability. Our findings indicate that the CPC family includes a movement protein and a protein that does not move. We believe our results provide new insight into the regulatory mechanism that mediates epidermal cell fate determination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rumi Tominaga-Wada
- Graduate School of Biosphere Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan.
| | - Takuji Wada
- Graduate School of Biosphere Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Shi B, Zhang C, Tian C, Wang J, Wang Q, Xu T, Xu Y, Ohno C, Sablowski R, Heisler MG, Theres K, Wang Y, Jiao Y. Two-Step Regulation of a Meristematic Cell Population Acting in Shoot Branching in Arabidopsis. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006168. [PMID: 27398935 PMCID: PMC4939941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Shoot branching requires the establishment of new meristems harboring stem cells; this phenomenon raises questions about the precise regulation of meristematic fate. In seed plants, these new meristems initiate in leaf axils to enable lateral shoot branching. Using live-cell imaging of leaf axil cells, we show that the initiation of axillary meristems requires a meristematic cell population continuously expressing the meristem marker SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM). The maintenance of STM expression depends on the leaf axil auxin minimum. Ectopic expression of STM is insufficient to activate axillary buds formation from plants that have lost leaf axil STM expressing cells. This suggests that some cells undergo irreversible commitment to a developmental fate. In more mature leaves, REVOLUTA (REV) directly up-regulates STM expression in leaf axil meristematic cells, but not in differentiated cells, to establish axillary meristems. Cell type-specific binding of REV to the STM region correlates with epigenetic modifications. Our data favor a threshold model for axillary meristem initiation, in which low levels of STM maintain meristematic competence and high levels of STM lead to meristem initiation. In seed plants, branches arise from axillary meristems (AMs), which form in the crook between the leaf and the stem. How AMs initiate to produce branches remains unclear. In this study, we show that a group of meristematic cells maintain expression of the meristem marker SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM); the progeny of these cells form the axillary buds. Our results suggest that low-level STM expression is required (but not sufficient) for AM initiation, and that high-level STM expression induces initiation of the AM. The initial expression of STM requires the auxin minimum in the leaf axil and the transcription factor REVOLUTA directly up-regulates STM expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bihai Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Beijing, China
| | - Caihuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Quan Wang
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tengfei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Carolyn Ohno
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert Sablowski
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus G. Heisler
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Theres
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Beijing, China
- Frontier Laboratory of Crop Design, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (YW); (YJ)
| | - Yuling Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (YW); (YJ)
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ambrose BA, Vasco A. Bringing the multicellular fern meristem into focus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 210:790-3. [PMID: 26756664 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Ambrose
- The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY, 10458, USA
| | - Alejandra Vasco
- The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY, 10458, USA
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico DF, 04510, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Tilsner J, Nicolas W, Rosado A, Bayer EM. Staying Tight: Plasmodesmal Membrane Contact Sites and the Control of Cell-to-Cell Connectivity in Plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 67:337-64. [PMID: 26905652 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-111840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Multicellularity differs in plants and animals in that the cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and endomembrane of plants are connected between cells through plasmodesmal pores. Plasmodesmata (PDs) are essential for plant life and serve as conduits for the transport of proteins, small RNAs, hormones, and metabolites during developmental and defense signaling. They are also the only pathways available for viruses to spread within plant hosts. The membrane organization of PDs is unique, characterized by the close apposition of the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane and spoke-like filamentous structures linking the two membranes, which define PDs as membrane contact sites (MCSs). This specialized membrane arrangement is likely critical for PD function. Here, we review how PDs govern developmental and defensive signaling in plants, compare them with other types of MCSs, and discuss in detail the potential functional significance of the MCS nature of PDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Tilsner
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom;
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - William Nicolas
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, UMR5200 CNRS, University of Bordeaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France; ,
| | - Abel Rosado
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada;
| | - Emmanuelle M Bayer
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, UMR5200 CNRS, University of Bordeaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France; ,
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Yuan C, Lazarowitz SG, Citovsky V. Identification of a Functional Plasmodesmal Localization Signal in a Plant Viral Cell-To-Cell-Movement Protein. mBio 2016; 7:e02052-15. [PMID: 26787834 PMCID: PMC4725018 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02052-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Our fundamental knowledge of the protein-sorting pathways required for plant cell-to-cell trafficking and communication via the intercellular connections termed plasmodesmata has been severely limited by the paucity of plasmodesmal targeting sequences that have been identified to date. To address this limitation, we have identified the plasmodesmal localization signal (PLS) in the Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) cell-to-cell-movement protein (MP), which has emerged as the paradigm for dissecting the molecular details of cell-to-cell transport through plasmodesmata. We report here the identification of a bona fide functional TMV MP PLS, which encompasses amino acid residues between positions 1 and 50, with residues Val-4 and Phe-14 potentially representing critical sites for PLS function that most likely affect protein conformation or protein interactions. We then demonstrated that this PLS is both necessary and sufficient for protein targeting to plasmodesmata. Importantly, as TMV MP traffics to plasmodesmata by a mechanism that is distinct from those of the three plant cell proteins in which PLSs have been reported, our findings provide important new insights to expand our understanding of protein-sorting pathways to plasmodesmata. IMPORTANCE The science of virology began with the discovery of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Since then, TMV has served as an experimental and conceptual model for studies of viruses and dissection of virus-host interactions. Indeed, the TMV cell-to-cell-movement protein (MP) has emerged as the paradigm for dissecting the molecular details of cell-to-cell transport through the plant intercellular connections termed plasmodesmata. However, one of the most fundamental and key functional features of TMV MP, its putative plasmodesmal localization signal (PLS), has not been identified. Here, we fill this gap in our knowledge and identify the TMV MP PLS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Sondra G Lazarowitz
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Vitaly Citovsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Landrein B, Kiss A, Sassi M, Chauvet A, Das P, Cortizo M, Laufs P, Takeda S, Aida M, Traas J, Vernoux T, Boudaoud A, Hamant O. Mechanical stress contributes to the expression of the STM homeobox gene in Arabidopsis shoot meristems. eLife 2015; 4:e07811. [PMID: 26623515 PMCID: PMC4666715 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of mechanical signals in cell identity determination remains poorly explored in tissues. Furthermore, because mechanical stress is widespread, mechanical signals are difficult to uncouple from biochemical-based transduction pathways. Here we focus on the homeobox gene SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM), a master regulator and marker of meristematic identity in Arabidopsis. We found that STM expression is quantitatively correlated to curvature in the saddle-shaped boundary domain of the shoot apical meristem. As tissue folding reflects the presence of mechanical stress, we test and demonstrate that STM expression is induced after micromechanical perturbations. We also show that STM expression in the boundary domain is required for organ separation. While STM expression correlates with auxin depletion in this domain, auxin distribution and STM expression can also be uncoupled. STM expression and boundary identity are thus strengthened through a synergy between auxin depletion and an auxin-independent mechanotransduction pathway at the shoot apical meristem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Landrein
- Laboratoire de Reproduction de développement des plantes, INRA, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire Joliot-Curie, Laboratoire de Physique, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Annamaria Kiss
- Laboratoire de Reproduction de développement des plantes, INRA, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire Joliot-Curie, Laboratoire de Physique, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Massimiliano Sassi
- Laboratoire de Reproduction de développement des plantes, INRA, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Aurélie Chauvet
- Laboratoire de Reproduction de développement des plantes, INRA, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire Joliot-Curie, Laboratoire de Physique, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Pradeep Das
- Laboratoire de Reproduction de développement des plantes, INRA, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire Joliot-Curie, Laboratoire de Physique, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Millan Cortizo
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France.,AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
| | - Patrick Laufs
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France.,AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
| | - Seiji Takeda
- Cell and Genome Biology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Aida
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Jan Traas
- Laboratoire de Reproduction de développement des plantes, INRA, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Teva Vernoux
- Laboratoire de Reproduction de développement des plantes, INRA, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- Laboratoire de Reproduction de développement des plantes, INRA, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire Joliot-Curie, Laboratoire de Physique, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire de Reproduction de développement des plantes, INRA, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire Joliot-Curie, Laboratoire de Physique, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Long Y, Goedhart J, Schneijderberg M, Terpstra I, Shimotohno A, Bouchet BP, Akhmanova A, Gadella TWJ, Heidstra R, Scheres B, Blilou I. SCARECROW-LIKE23 and SCARECROW jointly specify endodermal cell fate but distinctly control SHORT-ROOT movement. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 84:773-84. [PMID: 26415082 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular signaling through trafficking of regulatory proteins is a widespread phenomenon in plants and can deliver positional information for the determination of cell fate. In the Arabidopsis root meristem, the cell fate determinant SHORT-ROOT (SHR), a GRAS domain transcription factor, acts as a signaling molecule from the stele to the adjacent layer to specify endodermal cell fate. Upon exiting the stele, SHR activates another GRAS domain transcription factor, SCARCROW (SCR), which, together with several BIRD/INDETERMINATE DOMAIN proteins, restricts movement of SHR to define a single cell layer of endodermis. Here we report that endodermal cell fate also requires the joint activity of both SCR and its closest homologue SCARECROW-LIKE23 (SCL23). We show that SCL23 protein moves with zonation-dependent directionality. Within the meristem, SCL23 exhibits short-ranged movement from ground tissue to vasculature. Away from the meristem, SCL23 displays long-range rootward movement into meristematic vasculature and a bidirectional radial spread, respectively. As a known target of SHR and SCR, SCL23 also interacts with SCR and SHR and can restrict intercellular outspread of SHR without relying on nuclear retention as SCR does. Collectively, our data show that SCL23 is a mobile protein that controls movement of SHR and acts redundantly with SCR to specify endodermal fate in the root meristem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Long
- Plant Developmental Biology, Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708PB, the Netherlands
- Molecular Genetics, Department Biology, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3581CH, the Netherlands
| | - Joachim Goedhart
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, the Netherlands
| | | | - Inez Terpstra
- Molecular Genetics, Department Biology, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3581CH, the Netherlands
| | - Akie Shimotohno
- Molecular Genetics, Department Biology, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3581CH, the Netherlands
| | - Benjamin P Bouchet
- Cell Biology, Department Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3581CH, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Department Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3581CH, the Netherlands
| | - Theodorus W J Gadella
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, the Netherlands
| | - Renze Heidstra
- Plant Developmental Biology, Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708PB, the Netherlands
- Molecular Genetics, Department Biology, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3581CH, the Netherlands
| | - Ben Scheres
- Plant Developmental Biology, Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708PB, the Netherlands
- Molecular Genetics, Department Biology, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3581CH, the Netherlands
| | - Ikram Blilou
- Plant Developmental Biology, Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708PB, the Netherlands
- Molecular Genetics, Department Biology, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3581CH, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gallagher KL, Sozzani R, Lee CM. Intercellular protein movement: deciphering the language of development. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2015; 30:207-33. [PMID: 25288113 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100913-012915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Development in multicellular organisms requires the coordinated production of a large number of specialized cell types through sophisticated signaling mechanisms. Non-cell-autonomous signals are one of the key mechanisms by which organisms coordinate development. In plants, intercellular movement of transcription factors and other mobile signals, such as hormones and peptides, is essential for normal development. Through a combination of different approaches, a large number of non-cell-autonomous signals that control plant development have been identified. We review some of the transcriptional regulators that traffic between cells, as well as how changes in symplasmic continuity affect and are affected by development. We also review current models for how mobile signals move via plasmodesmata and how movement is inhibited. Finally, we consider challenges in and new tools for studying protein movement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L Gallagher
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; ,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Adrian J, Chang J, Ballenger CE, Bargmann BOR, Alassimone J, Davies KA, Lau OS, Matos JL, Hachez C, Lanctot A, Vatén A, Birnbaum KD, Bergmann DC. Transcriptome dynamics of the stomatal lineage: birth, amplification, and termination of a self-renewing population. Dev Cell 2015; 33:107-18. [PMID: 25850675 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Developmental transitions can be described in terms of morphology and the roles of individual genes, but also in terms of global transcriptional and epigenetic changes. Temporal dissections of transcriptome changes, however, are rare for intact, developing tissues. We used RNA sequencing and microarray platforms to quantify gene expression from labeled cells isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting to generate cell-type-specific transcriptomes during development of an adult stem-cell lineage in the Arabidopsis leaf. We show that regulatory modules in this early lineage link cell types that had previously been considered to be under separate control and provide evidence for recruitment of individual members of gene families for different developmental decisions. Because stomata are physiologically important and because stomatal lineage cells exhibit exemplary division, cell fate, and cell signaling behaviors, this dataset serves as a valuable resource for further investigations of fundamental developmental processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessika Adrian
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jessica Chang
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Bastiaan O R Bargmann
- Biology Department, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | | | - Kelli A Davies
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - On Sun Lau
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Juliana L Matos
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Charles Hachez
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Amy Lanctot
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anne Vatén
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kenneth D Birnbaum
- Biology Department, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Dominique C Bergmann
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Long Y, Smet W, Cruz-Ramírez A, Castelijns B, de Jonge W, Mähönen AP, Bouchet BP, Perez GS, Akhmanova A, Scheres B, Blilou I. Arabidopsis BIRD Zinc Finger Proteins Jointly Stabilize Tissue Boundaries by Confining the Cell Fate Regulator SHORT-ROOT and Contributing to Fate Specification. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:1185-99. [PMID: 25829440 PMCID: PMC4558684 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.132407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells cannot rearrange their positions; therefore, sharp tissue boundaries must be accurately programmed. Movement of the cell fate regulator SHORT-ROOT from the stele to the ground tissue has been associated with transferring positional information across tissue boundaries. The zinc finger BIRD protein JACKDAW has been shown to constrain SHORT-ROOT movement to a single layer, and other BIRD family proteins were postulated to counteract JACKDAW's role in restricting SHORT-ROOT action range. Here, we report that regulation of SHORT-ROOT movement requires additional BIRD proteins whose action is critical for the establishment and maintenance of the boundary between stele and ground tissue. We show that BIRD proteins act in concert and not in opposition. The exploitation of asymmetric redundancies allows the separation of two BIRD functions: constraining SHORT-ROOT spread through nuclear retention and transcriptional regulation of key downstream SHORT-ROOT targets, including SCARECROW and CYCLIND6. Our data indicate that BIRD proteins promote formative divisions and tissue specification in the Arabidopsis thaliana root meristem ground tissue by tethering and regulating transcriptional competence of SHORT-ROOT complexes. As a result, a tissue boundary is not "locked in" after initial patterning like in many animal systems, but possesses considerable developmental plasticity due to continuous reliance on mobile transcription factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Long
- Plant Developmental Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3581CH, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Smet
- Plant Developmental Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3581CH, The Netherlands
| | - Alfredo Cruz-Ramírez
- Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3581CH, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Castelijns
- Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3581CH, The Netherlands
| | - Wim de Jonge
- Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3581CH, The Netherlands
| | - Ari Pekka Mähönen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Benjamin P Bouchet
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3581CH, The Netherlands
| | - Gabino Sanchez Perez
- Bioinformatics, Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3581CH, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Scheres
- Plant Developmental Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3581CH, The Netherlands
| | - Ikram Blilou
- Plant Developmental Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3581CH, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Sevilem I, Yadav SR, Helariutta Y. Plasmodesmata: channels for intercellular signaling during plant growth and development. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1217:3-24. [PMID: 25287193 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1523-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Plants have evolved strategies for short- and long-distance communication to coordinate plant development and to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Plasmodesmata (PD) are intercellular nanochannels that provide an effective pathway for both selective and nonselective movement of various molecules that function in diverse biological processes. Numerous non-cell-autonomous proteins (NCAP) and small RNAs have been identified that have crucial roles in cell fate determination and organ patterning during development. Both the density and aperture size of PD are developmentally regulated, allowing formation of spatial symplastic domains for establishment of tissue-specific developmental programs. The PD size exclusion limit (SEL) is controlled by reversible deposition of callose, as well as by some PD-associated proteins. Although a large number of PD-associated proteins have been identified, many of their functions remain unknown. Despite the fact that PD are primarily membranous structures, surprisingly very little is known about their lipid composition. Thus, future studies in PD biology will provide deeper insights into the high-resolution structure and tightly regulated functions of PD and the evolution of PD-mediated cell-to-cell communication in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iris Sevilem
- Department of Bio and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
van der Schoot C, Rinne PLH. Mapping symplasmic fields at the shoot apical meristem using iontophoresis and membrane potential measurements. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1217:157-71. [PMID: 25287203 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1523-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microinjections of fluorescent dyes have revealed that the shoot apical meristem (SAM) is dynamically partitioned into symplasmic fields (SFs), implying that plasmodesmata (Pd) are held shut at specific locations in the proliferating cellular matrix. The SFs are integrated into a coherent morphogenetic unit by exchange of morphogens and transcription factors via gating Pd between adjacent SFs, and by ligand-receptor interactions that operate across the extracellular space. We describe a method for the real-time mapping of SF in the SAM by iontophoresis and membrane potential measurements.
Collapse
|
45
|
Kawade K, Tanimoto H. Mobility of signaling molecules: the key to deciphering plant organogenesis. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2015; 128:17-25. [PMID: 25516503 PMCID: PMC4375297 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-014-0692-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Signaling molecules move between cells to form a characteristic distribution pattern within a developing organ; thereafter, they spatiotemporally regulate organ development. A key question in this process is how the signaling molecules robustly form the precise distribution on a tissue scale in a reproducible manner. Despite of an increasing number of quantitative studies regarding the mobility of signaling molecules, the detail mechanism of organogenesis via intercellular signaling is still unclear. We here review the potential advantages of plant development to address this question, focusing on the cytoplasmic continuity of plant cells through the plasmodesmata. The plant system would provide a unique opportunity to define the simple transportation mode of diffusion process, and, hence, the mechanism of organogenesis via intercellular signaling. Based on the advances in the understanding of intercellular signaling at the molecular level and in the quantitative imaging techniques, we discuss our current challenges in measuring the mobility of signaling molecules for deciphering plant organogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Kawade
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan,
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Wu S, Gallagher KL. The movement of the non-cell-autonomous transcription factor, SHORT-ROOT relies on the endomembrane system. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 80:396-409. [PMID: 25124761 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells are able to convey positional and developmental information between cells through the direct transfer of transcription factors. One well studied example of this is the SHORT-ROOT (SHR) protein, which moves from the stele into the neighboring ground tissue layer to specify endodermis. While it has been shown that SHR trafficking relies on plasmodesmata (PD), and interaction with the SHR INTERACTING EMBRYONIC LETHAL (SIEL) protein, little information is known about how SHR trafficking is controlled or how SIEL promotes the movement of SHR. Here we show that SHR can move from multiple different cell types in the root. Analysis of subcellular localization indicates that in the cytoplasm of root or leaf cells, SHR localizes to endosomes in a SIEL-dependent manner. Interference of early and late endosomes disrupts intercellular movement of SHR. Our findings reveal an essential role for the plant endomembrane, independent of secretion, in the intercellular trafficking of SHR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wu
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
A mechanistic framework for noncell autonomous stem cell induction in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:14619-24. [PMID: 25246576 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1406446111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell communication is essential for multicellular development and, consequently, evolution has brought about an array of distinct mechanisms serving this purpose. Consistently, induction and maintenance of stem cell fate by noncell autonomous signals is a feature shared by many organisms and may depend on secreted factors, direct cell-cell contact, matrix interactions, or a combination of these mechanisms. Although many basic cellular processes are well conserved between animals and plants, cell-to-cell signaling is one function where substantial diversity has arisen between the two kingdoms of life. One of the most striking differences is the presence of cytoplasmic bridges, called plasmodesmata, which facilitate the exchange of molecules between neighboring plant cells and provide a unique route for cell-cell communication in the plant lineage. Here, we provide evidence that the stem cell inducing transcription factor WUSCHEL (WUS), expressed in the niche, moves to the stem cells via plasmodesmata in a highly regulated fashion and that this movement is required for WUS function and, thus, stem cell activity in Arabidopsis thaliana. We show that cell context-independent mobility is encoded in the WUS protein sequence and mediated by multiple domains. Finally, we demonstrate that parts of the protein that restrict movement are required for WUS homodimerization, suggesting that formation of WUS dimers might contribute to the regulation of apical stem cell activity.
Collapse
|
48
|
Han X, Kumar D, Chen H, Wu S, Kim JY. Transcription factor-mediated cell-to-cell signalling in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:1737-49. [PMID: 24347464 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells utilize mobile transcription factors to transmit intercellular signals when they perceive environmental stimuli or initiate developmental programmes. Studies on these novel cell-to-cell signals have accumulated multiple pieces of evidence showing that non-cell-autonomous transcription factors play pivotal roles in most processes related to the formation and development of plant organs. Recent studies have explored the evolution of mobile transcription factors and proposed mechanisms for their trafficking through plasmodesmata, where a selective system exists to facilitate this process. Mobile transcription factors contribute to the diversity of the intercellular signalling network, which is also established by peptides, hormones, and RNAs. Crosstalk between mobile transcription factors and other intercellular molecules leads to the development of complex biological signalling networks in plants. The regulation of plasmodesmata appears to have been another major step in controlling the intercellular trafficking of transcription factors based on studies of many plasmodesmal components. Furthermore, diverse omics approaches are being successfully applied to explore a large number of candidate transcription factors as mobile signals in plants. Here, we review these fascinating discoveries to integrate current knowledge of non-cell-autonomous transcription factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21plus/WCU Program), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Plant Molecular Biology & Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Chen H, Jackson D, Kim JY. Identification of evolutionarily conserved amino acid residues in homeodomain of KNOX proteins for intercellular trafficking. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e28355. [PMID: 24603432 PMCID: PMC4091555 DOI: 10.4161/psb.28355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Maize knotted (KN1) homeodomain (HD) protein is a well-known mobile transcription factor crucial for stem cell maintenance. Recent studies have revealed that the trihelical HD of knotted1-like homeobox (KNOX) proteins is necessary and sufficient for selective cell-to-cell trafficking. Also, the efficient trafficking ability for HD is likely to be acquired during the evolution of early nonvascular land plants. Here, using the point-mutated HD of KN1 and shoot meristemless (STM) in the trichome rescue system, together with molecular structure modeling, we have found the evolutionarily conserved amino acid residues, such as arginine in helix α1 and leucine in helix α3, which are essential for intercellular trafficking. Our studies provided important clues for the 3-dimensional protein structure required for cell-to-cell movement of non-cell-autonomous transcription factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Chen
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21plus); Plant Molecular Biology & Biotechnology Research Center; Gyeongsang National University; Jinju, Korea
| | - David Jackson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Cold Spring Harbor, NY USA
| | - Jae-Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21plus); Plant Molecular Biology & Biotechnology Research Center; Gyeongsang National University; Jinju, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Yadav SR, Yan D, Sevilem I, Helariutta Y. Plasmodesmata-mediated intercellular signaling during plant growth and development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:44. [PMID: 24596574 PMCID: PMC3925825 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are cytoplasmic channels that connect neighboring cells for cell-to-cell communication. PD structure and function vary temporally and spatially to allow formation of symplastic domains during different stages of plant development. Reversible deposition of callose at PD plays an important role in controlling molecular trafficking through PD by regulating their size exclusion limit. Previously, we reported several semi-dominant mutants for CALLOSE SYNTHASE 3 (CALS3) gene, which overproduce callose at PD in Arabidopsis. By combining two of these mutations in a LexA-VP16-ER (XVE)-based estradiol inducible vector system, a tool known as the "icals3m system" was developed to temporally obstruct the symplastic connections in a specified spatial domain. The system has been successfully tested and used, in combination with other methods, to investigate the route for mobile signals such as the SHR protein, microRNA165/6, and cytokinins in Arabidopsis roots, and also to understand the role of symplastic domain formation during lateral root development. We envision that this tool may also be useful for identifying tissue-specific symplastic regulatory networks and to analyze symplastic movement of metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ykä Helariutta
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Biotechnology, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|