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Hansson C, Hadžibajramović E, Svensson PA, Jonsdottir IH. Increased plasma levels of neuro-related proteins in patients with stress-related exhaustion: A longitudinal study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024; 167:107091. [PMID: 38964018 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Exhaustion disorder (ED) is a stress-related disorder characterized by physical and mental symptoms of exhaustion. Recent data suggest that pathophysiological processes in the central nervous system are involved in the biological mechanisms underlying ED. The aims of this study were to investigate if plasma levels of neuro-related proteins differ between patients with ED and healthy controls, and, if so, to investigate if these differences persist over time. Using the Olink Neuro Exploratory panel, we quantified the plasma levels of 92 neuro-related proteins in 163 ED patients at the time of diagnosis (baseline), 149 patients at long-term follow-up (7-12 years later, median follow-up time 9 years and 5 months), and 100 healthy controls. We found that the plasma levels of 40 proteins were significantly higher in the ED group at baseline compared with the control group. Out of these, the plasma levels of 36 proteins were significantly lower in the ED group at follow-up compared with the same group at baseline and the plasma levels of four proteins did not significantly differ between the groups. At follow-up, the plasma levels of two proteins were significantly lower in the ED group compared with the control group. These data support the hypothesis that pathophysiological processes in the central nervous system are involved in the biological mechanisms underlying ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Hansson
- The Institute of Stress Medicine, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Emina Hadžibajramović
- The Institute of Stress Medicine, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per-Arne Svensson
- Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ingibjörg H Jonsdottir
- The Institute of Stress Medicine, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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2
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Uribe RA. Genetic regulation of enteric nervous system development in zebrafish. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:177-190. [PMID: 38174765 PMCID: PMC10903509 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a complex series of interconnected neurons and glia that reside within and along the entire length of the gastrointestinal tract. ENS functions are vital to gut homeostasis and digestion, including local control of peristalsis, water balance, and intestinal cell barrier function. How the ENS develops during embryological development is a topic of great concern, as defects in ENS development can result in various diseases, the most common being Hirschsprung disease, in which variable regions of the infant gut lack ENS, with the distal colon most affected. Deciphering how the ENS forms from its progenitor cells, enteric neural crest cells, is an active area of research across various animal models. The vertebrate animal model, zebrafish, has been increasingly leveraged to understand early ENS formation, and over the past 20 years has contributed to our knowledge of the genetic regulation that underlies enteric development. In this review, I summarize our knowledge regarding the genetic regulation of zebrafish enteric neuronal development, and based on the most current literature, present a gene regulatory network inferred to underlie its construction. I also provide perspectives on areas for future zebrafish ENS research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa A. Uribe
- Biosciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, U.S.A
- Laboratory of Neural Crest and Enteric Nervous System Development, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, U.S.A
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3
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Bouchard EL, Meireles AM, Talbot WS. Oligodendrocyte development and myelin sheath formation are regulated by the antagonistic interaction between the Rag-Ragulator complex and TFEB. Glia 2024; 72:289-299. [PMID: 37767930 PMCID: PMC10841052 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Myelination by oligodendrocytes is critical for fast axonal conduction and for the support and survival of neurons in the central nervous system. Recent studies have emphasized that myelination is plastic and that new myelin is formed throughout life. Nonetheless, the mechanisms that regulate the number, length, and location of myelin sheaths formed by individual oligodendrocytes are incompletely understood. Previous work showed that the lysosomal transcription factor TFEB represses myelination by oligodendrocytes and that the RagA GTPase inhibits TFEB, but the step or steps of myelination in which TFEB plays a role have remained unclear. Here, we show that TFEB regulates oligodendrocyte differentiation and also controls the length of myelin sheaths formed by individual oligodendrocytes. In the dorsal spinal cord of tfeb mutants, individual oligodendrocytes produce myelin sheaths that are longer than those produced by wildtype cells. Transmission electron microscopy shows that there are more myelinated axons in the dorsal spinal cord of tfeb mutants than in wildtype animals, but no significant change in axon diameter. In contrast to tfeb mutants, oligodendrocytes in rraga mutants produce shorter myelin sheaths. The sheath length in rraga; tfeb double mutants is not significantly different from wildtype, consistent with the antagonistic interaction between RagA and TFEB. Finally, we find that the GTPase activating protein Flcn and the RagCa and RagCb GTPases are also necessary for myelination by oligodendrocytes. These findings demonstrate that TFEB coordinates myelin sheath length and number during myelin formation in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen L. Bouchard
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ana M. Meireles
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - William S. Talbot
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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4
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Nejabat M, Hadizadeh F, Sahebkar A. The Application of Kinesin Inhibitors in Medical Issues. Curr Rev Clin Exp Pharmacol 2024; 19:370-378. [PMID: 38275041 DOI: 10.2174/0127724328277623231204064614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Kinesins are a group of motor proteins in charge of several crucial functions in the cell. These proteins often bind to microtubules and perform their functions using the energy produced by ATP hydrolysis. One function of mitotic kinesin, a subclass of kinesin that is expressed during cell division at the mitotic phase, is to create the mitotic spindle. Uncontrolled cell growth is one trait of cancerous cells. Traditional anticancer medications still used in clinics include taxanes (paclitaxel) and vinca alkaloids (vincristine, vinblastine), which interfere with microtubule dynamics. However, because non-dividing cells like post-mitotic neurons contain microtubules, unwanted side effects like peripheral neuropathy are frequently found in patients taking these medications. More than ten members of the mitotic kinesin family play distinct or complementary roles during mitosis. The mitotic kinesin family's KSP, or Eg5, is regarded as its most dramatic target protein. The current work systematically reviews the use of kinesin inhibitors in the medical field. The challenges of KSP and the practical solutions are also examined, and the outcomes of the previous works are reported. The significant gaps and shortcomings of the related works are also highlighted, which can be an onset topic for future works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Nejabat
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farzin Hadizadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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5
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Smith G, Sweeney ST, O’Kane CJ, Prokop A. How neurons maintain their axons long-term: an integrated view of axon biology and pathology. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1236815. [PMID: 37564364 PMCID: PMC10410161 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1236815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Axons are processes of neurons, up to a metre long, that form the essential biological cables wiring nervous systems. They must survive, often far away from their cell bodies and up to a century in humans. This requires self-sufficient cell biology including structural proteins, organelles, and membrane trafficking, metabolic, signalling, translational, chaperone, and degradation machinery-all maintaining the homeostasis of energy, lipids, proteins, and signalling networks including reactive oxygen species and calcium. Axon maintenance also involves specialised cytoskeleton including the cortical actin-spectrin corset, and bundles of microtubules that provide the highways for motor-driven transport of components and organelles for virtually all the above-mentioned processes. Here, we aim to provide a conceptual overview of key aspects of axon biology and physiology, and the homeostatic networks they form. This homeostasis can be derailed, causing axonopathies through processes of ageing, trauma, poisoning, inflammation or genetic mutations. To illustrate which malfunctions of organelles or cell biological processes can lead to axonopathies, we focus on axonopathy-linked subcellular defects caused by genetic mutations. Based on these descriptions and backed up by our comprehensive data mining of genes linked to neural disorders, we describe the 'dependency cycle of local axon homeostasis' as an integrative model to explain why very different causes can trigger very similar axonopathies, providing new ideas that can drive the quest for strategies able to battle these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaynor Smith
- Cardiff University, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sean T. Sweeney
- Department of Biology, University of York and York Biomedical Research Institute, York, United Kingdom
| | - Cahir J. O’Kane
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Prokop
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Otsuka T, Matsui H. Fish Models for Exploring Mitochondrial Dysfunction Affecting Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087079. [PMID: 37108237 PMCID: PMC10138900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by the progressive loss of neuronal structure or function, resulting in memory loss and movement disorders. Although the detailed pathogenic mechanism has not been elucidated, it is thought to be related to the loss of mitochondrial function in the process of aging. Animal models that mimic the pathology of a disease are essential for understanding human diseases. In recent years, small fish have become ideal vertebrate models for human disease due to their high genetic and histological homology to humans, ease of in vivo imaging, and ease of genetic manipulation. In this review, we first outline the impact of mitochondrial dysfunction on the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Then, we highlight the advantages of small fish as model organisms, and present examples of previous studies regarding mitochondria-related neuronal disorders. Lastly, we discuss the applicability of the turquoise killifish, a unique model for aging research, as a model for neurodegenerative diseases. Small fish models are expected to advance our understanding of the mitochondrial function in vivo, the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, and be important tools for developing therapies to treat diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Otsuka
- Department of Neuroscience of Disease, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Hideaki Matsui
- Department of Neuroscience of Disease, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
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7
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Pekkurnaz G, Wang X. Mitochondrial heterogeneity and homeostasis through the lens of a neuron. Nat Metab 2022; 4:802-812. [PMID: 35817853 PMCID: PMC11151822 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00594-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are vital organelles with distinct morphological features and functional properties. The dynamic network of mitochondria undergoes structural and functional adaptations in response to cell-type-specific metabolic demands. Even within the same cell, mitochondria can display wide diversity and separate into functionally distinct subpopulations. Mitochondrial heterogeneity supports unique subcellular functions and is crucial to polarized cells, such as neurons. The spatiotemporal metabolic burden within the complex shape of a neuron requires precisely localized mitochondria. By travelling great lengths throughout neurons and experiencing bouts of immobility, mitochondria meet distant local fuel demands. Understanding mitochondrial heterogeneity and homeostasis mechanisms in neurons provides a framework to probe their significance to many other cell types. Here, we put forth an outline of the multifaceted role of mitochondria in regulating neuronal physiology and cellular functions more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulcin Pekkurnaz
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Xinnan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Maternal & Child Health Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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8
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Kumar Sharma R, Chafik A, Bertolin G. Mitochondrial transport, partitioning and quality control at the heart of cell proliferation and fate acquisition. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C311-C325. [PMID: 35044857 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00256.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential to cell homeostasis, and alterations in mitochondrial distribution, segregation or turnover have been linked to complex pathologies such as neurodegenerative diseases or cancer. Understanding how these functions are coordinated in specific cell types is a major challenge to discover how mitochondria globally shape cell functionality. In this review, we will first describe how mitochondrial transport and dynamics are regulated throughout the cell cycle in yeast and in mammals. Second, we will explore the functional consequences of mitochondrial transport and partitioning on cell proliferation, fate acquisition, stemness, and on the way cells adapt their metabolism. Last, we will focus on how mitochondrial clearance programs represent a further layer of complexity for cell differentiation, or in the maintenance of stemness. Defining how mitochondrial transport, dynamics and clearance are mutually orchestrated in specific cell types may help our understanding of how cells can transition from a physiological to a pathological state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar Sharma
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes), UMR 6290, Rennes, France
| | - Abderrahman Chafik
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes), UMR 6290, Rennes, France
| | - Giulia Bertolin
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes), UMR 6290, Rennes, France
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9
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Solon AL, Tan Z, Schutt KL, Jepsen L, Haynes SE, Nesvizhskii AI, Sept D, Stumpff J, Ohi R, Cianfrocco MA. Kinesin-binding protein remodels the kinesin motor to prevent microtubule binding. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj9812. [PMID: 34797717 PMCID: PMC8604404 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj9812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Kinesins are regulated in space and time to ensure activation only in the presence of cargo. Kinesin-binding protein (KIFBP), which is mutated in Goldberg-Shprintzen syndrome, binds to and inhibits the catalytic motor heads of 8 of 45 kinesin superfamily members, but the mechanism remains poorly defined. Here, we used cryo–electron microscopy and cross-linking mass spectrometry to determine high-resolution structures of KIFBP alone and in complex with two mitotic kinesins, revealing structural remodeling of kinesin by KIFBP. We find that KIFBP remodels kinesin motors and blocks microtubule binding (i) via allosteric changes to kinesin and (ii) by sterically blocking access to the microtubule. We identified two regions of KIFBP necessary for kinesin binding and cellular regulation during mitosis. Together, this work further elucidates the molecular mechanism of KIFBP-mediated kinesin inhibition and supports a model in which structural rearrangement of kinesin motor domains by KIFBP abrogates motor protein activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- April L. Solon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zhenyu Tan
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Katherine L. Schutt
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Lauren Jepsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sarah E. Haynes
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alexey I. Nesvizhskii
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David Sept
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jason Stumpff
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Ryoma Ohi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael A. Cianfrocco
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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10
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Kumar V, Singh C, Singh A. Zebrafish an experimental model of Huntington's disease: molecular aspects, therapeutic targets and current challenges. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:8181-8194. [PMID: 34665402 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06787-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) is a lethal autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease whose exact causative mechanism is still unknown. It can transform from one generation to another generation. The CAG triplet expansion on polyglutamine (PolyQ) tract on Huntingtin protein primarily contributes in HD pathogenesis. Apart from this some another molecular mechanisms are also involved in HD pathology such as loss of Brain derived neurotrophic factor in medium spiny neurons, mitochondrial dysfunction, and alterations in synaptic plasticity are briefly discussed in this review. However, several chemicals (3-nitropropionic acid, and Quinolinic acid) and genetic (mHTT-ΔN17-97Q over expression) experimental models are used to explore the exact pathogenic mechanism and finding of new drug targets for the development of novel therapeutic approaches. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is widely used in in-vivo screening of several central nervous system (CNS) diseases such as HD, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and in memory deficits. Thus, this makes zebrafish as an excellent animal model for the development of new therapeutic strategies against various CNS disorders. We had reviewed several publications utilizing zebrafish and rodents to explore the disease pathology. Studies suggested that zebrafish genes and their human homologues have conserved functions. Zebrafish advantages and their characteristics over the other experimental animals make it an excellent tool for the disease study. This review explains the possible pathogenic mechanism of HD and also discusses about possible treatment therapies, apart from this we also discussed about possible potential therapeutic targets which will helps in designing of novel therapeutic approaches to overcome the disease progression. Diagrammatic depiction shows prevention of HD pathogenesis through attenuation of various biochemical alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Charan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
- Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144603, India
| | - Arti Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India.
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11
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Diposarosa R, Bustam NA, Sahiratmadja E, Susanto PS, Sribudiani Y. Literature review: enteric nervous system development, genetic and epigenetic regulation in the etiology of Hirschsprung's disease. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07308. [PMID: 34195419 PMCID: PMC8237298 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is a developmental disorder of the enteric nervous system (ENS) derived from neural crest cells (NCCs), which affects their migration, proliferation, differentiation, or preservation in the digestive tract, resulting in aganglionosis in the distal intestine. The regulation of both NCCs and the surrounding environment involves various genes, signaling pathways, transcription factors, and morphogens. Therefore, changes in gene expression during the development of the ENS may contribute to the pathogenesis of HSCR. This review discusses several mechanisms involved in the development of ENS, confirming that deviant genetic and epigenetic patterns, such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA (miRNA) regulation, can contribute to the development of neurocristopathy. Specifically, the epigenetic regulation of miRNA expression and its relationship to cellular interactions and gene activation through various major pathways in Hirschsprung's disease will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Diposarosa
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - N A Bustam
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Edhyana Sahiratmadja
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia.,Research Center of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - P S Susanto
- Research Center of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Y Sribudiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia.,Research Center of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
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12
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Pallavicini G, Gai M, Iegiani G, Berto GE, Adrait A, Couté Y, Di Cunto F. Goldberg-Shprintzen syndrome protein KIF1BP is a CITK interactor implicated in cytokinesis. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs250902. [PMID: 34100550 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.250902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Goldberg-Shprintzen disease (GOSHS) is a rare microcephaly syndrome accompanied by intellectual disability, dysmorphic facial features, peripheral neuropathy and Hirschsprung disease. It is associated with recessive mutations in the gene encoding kinesin family member 1-binding protein (KIF1BP, also known as KIFBP). The encoded protein regulates axon microtubules dynamics, kinesin attachment and mitochondrial biogenesis, but it is not clear how its loss could lead to microcephaly. We identified KIF1BP in the interactome of citron kinase (CITK, also known as CIT), a protein produced by the primary hereditary microcephaly 17 (MCPH17) gene. KIF1BP and CITK interact under physiological conditions in mitotic cells. Similar to CITK, KIF1BP is enriched at the midbody ring and is required for cytokinesis. The association between KIF1BP and CITK can be influenced by CITK activity, and the two proteins may antagonize each other for their midbody localization. KIF1BP knockdown decreases microtubule stability, increases KIF23 midbody levels and impairs midbody localization of KIF14, as well as of chromosome passenger complex. These data indicate that KIF1BP is a CITK interactor involved in midbody maturation and abscission, and suggest that cytokinesis failure may contribute to the microcephaly phenotype observed in GOSHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Pallavicini
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin 10123, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience 'Rita Levi Montalcini', University of Turin, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Marta Gai
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Giorgia Iegiani
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin 10123, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience 'Rita Levi Montalcini', University of Turin, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Gaia Elena Berto
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin 10123, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience 'Rita Levi Montalcini', University of Turin, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Annie Adrait
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble (IRIG), Laboratoire Biologie à Grande Echelle (BGE), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Yohann Couté
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble (IRIG), Laboratoire Biologie à Grande Echelle (BGE), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ferdinando Di Cunto
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin 10123, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience 'Rita Levi Montalcini', University of Turin, Turin 10126, Italy
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13
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Atherton J, Moores CA. Cryo-EM of kinesin-binding protein: challenges and opportunities from protein-surface interactions. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2021; 77:411-423. [PMID: 33825702 PMCID: PMC8025885 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798321001935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-binding protein (KBP) is an important selective inhibitor of specific kinesin family members and its genetic disruption causes Goldberg-Shprintzen syndrome. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has recently been used to reveal the structure of KBP alone (72 kDa) and in complex with the motor domain of the mitotic kinesin-12 KIF15 (110 kDa). KBP is an α-solenoid, tetratricopeptide-repeat protein that interacts with the microtubule-binding region of the kinesin motor domain and blocks microtubule attachment. Numerous challenges arose relating to the behavior of KBP and KBP-kinesin complexes during cryo-EM sample preparation. These included the partial denaturation of KBP by air-water interfaces, protein aggregation resulting from carbon interaction and preferential orientation. Sample preparation with a graphene oxide substrate enabled the eventual structure determination. Here, experiences with preparing these samples are detailed, bringing attention to some of the challenges and opportunities that are likely to arise from protein-surface interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Atherton
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn A. Moores
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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14
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Abstract
Mitochondria are multifunctional organelles that not only produce energy for the cell, but are also important for cell signalling, apoptosis and many biosynthetic pathways. In most cell types, they form highly dynamic networks that are constantly remodelled through fission and fusion events, repositioned by motor-dependent transport and degraded when they become dysfunctional. Motor proteins and their tracks are key regulators of mitochondrial homeostasis, and in this Review, we discuss the diverse functions of the three classes of motor proteins associated with mitochondria - the actin-based myosins, as well as the microtubule-based kinesins and dynein. In addition, Miro and TRAK proteins act as adaptors that link kinesin-1 and dynein, as well as myosin of class XIX (MYO19), to mitochondria and coordinate microtubule- and actin-based motor activities. Here, we highlight the roles of motor proteins and motor-linked track dynamics in the transporting and docking of mitochondria, and emphasize their adaptations in specialized cells. Finally, we discuss how motor-cargo complexes mediate changes in mitochondrial morphology through fission and fusion, and how they modulate the turnover of damaged organelles via quality control pathways, such as mitophagy. Understanding the importance of motor proteins for mitochondrial homeostasis will help to elucidate the molecular basis of a number of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina J Kruppa
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, The Keith Peters Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Folma Buss
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, The Keith Peters Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
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15
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Atherton J, Hummel JJA, Olieric N, Locke J, Peña A, Rosenfeld SS, Steinmetz MO, Hoogenraad CC, Moores CA. The mechanism of kinesin inhibition by kinesin-binding protein. eLife 2020; 9:e61481. [PMID: 33252036 PMCID: PMC7746232 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcellular compartmentalisation is necessary for eukaryotic cell function. Spatial and temporal regulation of kinesin activity is essential for building these local environments via control of intracellular cargo distribution. Kinesin-binding protein (KBP) interacts with a subset of kinesins via their motor domains, inhibits their microtubule (MT) attachment, and blocks their cellular function. However, its mechanisms of inhibition and selectivity have been unclear. Here we use cryo-electron microscopy to reveal the structure of KBP and of a KBP-kinesin motor domain complex. KBP is a tetratricopeptide repeat-containing, right-handed α-solenoid that sequesters the kinesin motor domain's tubulin-binding surface, structurally distorting the motor domain and sterically blocking its MT attachment. KBP uses its α-solenoid concave face and edge loops to bind the kinesin motor domain, and selected structure-guided mutations disrupt KBP inhibition of kinesin transport in cells. The KBP-interacting motor domain surface contains motifs exclusively conserved in KBP-interacting kinesins, suggesting a basis for kinesin selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Atherton
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s CollegeLondonUnited Kingdom
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jessica JA Hummel
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Natacha Olieric
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer InstitutVilligen PSISwitzerland
| | - Julia Locke
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Alejandro Peña
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer InstitutVilligen PSISwitzerland
- University of Basel, BiozentrumBaselSwitzerland
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Carolyn A Moores
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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16
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Scoliosis in Shprintzen-Goldberg Syndrome. Case Rep Orthop 2020; 2020:8857463. [PMID: 33299628 PMCID: PMC7704212 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8857463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of scoliosis in a 12-year-old girl with Shprintzen–Goldberg syndrome. She was diagnosed with Shprintzen–Goldberg syndrome at birth. She was hospitalized for a surgical treatment because scoliosis gradually progressed. Preoperative X-ray confirmed 80° symptomatic scoliosis in T10–L5. Posterior correction and fusion were performed, and postoperative X-ray showed a correction to 43°in T10-L5. Limited subcutaneous tissues and fragile bones must be considered when selecting the appropriate surgical method. Accurate placement of a screw into thin pedicle is essential to obtain sufficient correction and fusion. The use of a navigation system is recommended.
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17
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MacKenzie KC, de Graaf BM, Syrimis A, Zhao Y, Brosens E, Mancini GMS, Schot R, Halley D, Wilke M, Vøllo A, Flinter F, Green A, Mansour S, Pilch J, Stark Z, Zamba-Papanicolaou E, Christophidou-Anastasiadou V, Hofstra RMW, Jongbloed JDH, Nicolaou N, Tanteles GA, Brooks AS, Alves MM. Goldberg-Shprintzen syndrome is determined by the absence, or reduced expression levels, of KIFBP. Hum Mutat 2020; 41:1906-1917. [PMID: 32939943 PMCID: PMC7693350 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Goldberg-Shprintzen syndrome (GOSHS) is caused by loss of function variants in the kinesin binding protein gene (KIFBP). However, the phenotypic range of this syndrome is wide, indicating that other factors may play a role. To date, 37 patients with GOSHS have been reported. Here, we document nine new patients with variants in KIFBP: seven with nonsense variants and two with missense variants. To our knowledge, this is the first time that missense variants have been reported in GOSHS. We functionally investigated the effect of the variants identified, in an attempt to find a genotype-phenotype correlation. We also determined whether common Hirschsprung disease (HSCR)-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), could explain the presence of HSCR in GOSHS. Our results showed that the missense variants led to reduced expression of KIFBP, while the truncating variants resulted in lack of protein. However, no correlation was found between the severity of GOSHS and the location of the variants. We were also unable to find a correlation between common HSCR-associated SNPs, and HSCR development in GOSHS. In conclusion, we show that reduced, as well as lack of KIFBP expression can lead to GOSHS, and our results suggest that a threshold expression of KIFBP may modulate phenotypic variability of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine C MacKenzie
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bianca M de Graaf
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Syrimis
- Department of Clinical Genetics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics and Archbishop Makarios III Medical Centre, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Yuying Zhao
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin Brosens
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Grazia M S Mancini
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel Schot
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dicky Halley
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Wilke
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arve Vøllo
- Department of Paediatrics, Sykehuset Østfold HF, Fredrikstad, Norway
| | - Frances Flinter
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Andrew Green
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Children's Hospital Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sahar Mansour
- South West Thames Regional Genetic Service, St George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK
| | - Jacek Pilch
- Department of Child Neurology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Zornitza Stark
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Robert M W Hofstra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan D H Jongbloed
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nayia Nicolaou
- Department of Clinical Genetics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics and Archbishop Makarios III Medical Centre, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - George A Tanteles
- Department of Clinical Genetics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics and Archbishop Makarios III Medical Centre, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Alice S Brooks
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria M Alves
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Chang HY, Cheng HY, Tsao AN, Liu C, Tsai JW. Multiple Functions of KBP in Neural Development Underlie Brain Anomalies in Goldberg-Shprintzen Syndrome. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:265. [PMID: 31736709 PMCID: PMC6838004 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-binding protein (KBP; KIF1BP; KIAA1279) functions as a regulator for a subset of kinesins, many of which play important roles in neural development. Previous studies have shown that KBP is expressed in nearly all tissue with cytoplasmic localization. Autosomal recessive mutations in KIAA1279 cause a rare neurological disorder, Goldberg-Shprintzen syndrome (GOSHS), characterized by microcephaly, polymicrogyria, intellectual disability, axonal neuropathy, thin corpus callosum and peripheral neuropathy. Most KIAA1279 mutations found in GOSHS patients are homozygous nonsense mutations that result in KBP loss-of-function. However, it is not fully understood how KBP dysfunction causes these defects. Here, we used in utero electroporation (IUE) to express KBP short hairpin RNA (shRNA) with green fluorescent protein (GFP) in neural progenitor cells of embryonic day (E) 14 mice, and collected brain slices at different developmental stages. By immunostaining of neuronal lineage markers, we found that KBP knockdown does not affect the neural differentiation process. However, at 4 days post IUE, many cells were located in the intermediate zone (IZ). Moreover, at postnatal day (P) 6, about one third of the cells, which have become mature neurons, remained ectopically in the white matter (WM), while cells that have reached Layer II/III of the cortex showed impaired dendritic outgrowth and axonal projection. We also found that KBP knockdown induces apoptosis during the postnatal period. Our findings indicate that loss of KBP function leads to defects in neuronal migration, morphogenesis, maturation, and survival, which may be responsible for brain phenotypes observed in GOSHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yun Chang
- Institute of Brain Science, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Haw-Yuan Cheng
- Institute of Brain Science, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Ni Tsao
- Institute of Brain Science, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen Liu
- Institute of Brain Science, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Wu Tsai
- Institute of Brain Science, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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19
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Fichi G, Naef V, Barca A, Longo G, Fronte B, Verri T, Santorelli FM, Marchese M, Petruzzella V. Fishing in the Cell Powerhouse: Zebrafish as A Tool for Exploration of Mitochondrial Defects Affecting the Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102409. [PMID: 31096646 PMCID: PMC6567007 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a small vertebrate ideally suited to the modeling of human diseases. Large numbers of genetic alterations have now been modeled and could be used to study organ development by means of a genetic approach. To date, limited attention has been paid to the possible use of the zebrafish toolbox in studying human mitochondrial disorders affecting the nervous system. Here, we review the pertinent scientific literature discussing the use of zebrafish in modeling gene mutations involved in mitochondria-related neurological human diseases. A critical analysis of the literature suggests that the zebrafish not only lends itself to exploration of the pathological consequences of mitochondrial energy output on the nervous system but could also serve as an attractive platform for future drugs in an as yet untreatable category of human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Fichi
- Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Stella Maris, Via dei Giacinti 2, 56028 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Valentina Naef
- Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Stella Maris, Via dei Giacinti 2, 56028 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Amilcare Barca
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Longo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Baldassare Fronte
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Tiziano Verri
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | | | - Maria Marchese
- Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Stella Maris, Via dei Giacinti 2, 56028 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Vittoria Petruzzella
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
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20
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Meireles AM, Shen K, Zoupi L, Iyer H, Bouchard EL, Williams A, Talbot WS. The Lysosomal Transcription Factor TFEB Represses Myelination Downstream of the Rag-Ragulator Complex. Dev Cell 2018; 47:319-330.e5. [PMID: 30399334 PMCID: PMC6250074 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Myelin allows for fast and efficient axonal conduction, but much remains to be determined about the mechanisms that regulate myelin formation. To investigate the genetic basis of myelination, we carried out a genetic screen using zebrafish. Here, we show that the lysosomal G protein RagA is essential for CNS myelination. In rraga-/- mutant oligodendrocytes, target genes of the lysosomal transcription factor Tfeb are upregulated, consistent with previous evidence that RagA represses Tfeb activity. Loss of Tfeb function is sufficient to restore myelination in RagA mutants, indicating that hyperactive Tfeb represses myelination. Conversely, tfeb-/- single mutants exhibit ectopic myelin, further indicating that Tfeb represses myelination during development. In a mouse model of de- and remyelination, TFEB expression is increased in oligodendrocytes, but the protein is localized to the cytoplasm, and hence inactive, especially during remyelination. These results define essential regulators of myelination and may advance approaches to therapeutic remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Meireles
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kimberle Shen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lida Zoupi
- University of Edinburgh/MS Society Centre for MS Research, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Harini Iyer
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ellen L Bouchard
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anna Williams
- University of Edinburgh/MS Society Centre for MS Research, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - William S Talbot
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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21
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Almeida RG, Pan S, Cole KLH, Williamson JM, Early JJ, Czopka T, Klingseisen A, Chan JR, Lyons DA. Myelination of Neuronal Cell Bodies when Myelin Supply Exceeds Axonal Demand. Curr Biol 2018; 28:1296-1305.e5. [PMID: 29628374 PMCID: PMC5912901 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The correct targeting of myelin is essential for nervous system formation and function. Oligodendrocytes in the CNS myelinate some axons, but not others, and do not myelinate structures including cell bodies and dendrites [1]. Recent studies indicate that extrinsic signals, such as neuronal activity [2, 3] and cell adhesion molecules [4], can bias myelination toward some axons and away from cell bodies and dendrites, indicating that, in vivo, neuronal and axonal cues regulate myelin targeting. In vitro, however, oligodendrocytes have an intrinsic propensity to myelinate [5, 6, 7] and can promiscuously wrap inert synthetic structures resembling neuronal processes [8, 9] or cell bodies [4]. A current therapeutic goal for the treatment of demyelinating diseases is to greatly promote oligodendrogenesis [10, 11, 12, 13]; thus, it is important to test how accurately extrinsic signals regulate the oligodendrocyte’s intrinsic program of myelination in vivo. Here, we test the hypothesis that neurons regulate myelination with sufficient stringency to always ensure correct targeting. Surprisingly, however, we find that myelin targeting in vivo is not very stringent and that mistargeting occurs readily when oligodendrocyte and myelin supply exceed axonal demand. We find that myelin is mistargeted to neuronal cell bodies in zebrafish mutants with fewer axons and independently in drug-treated zebrafish with increased oligodendrogenesis. Additionally, by increasing myelin production of oligodendrocytes in zebrafish and mice, we find that excess myelin is also inappropriately targeted to cell bodies. Our results suggest that balancing oligodendrocyte-intrinsic programs of myelin supply with axonal demand is essential for correct myelin targeting in vivo and highlight potential liabilities of strongly promoting oligodendrogenesis. Balance between axons and myelin production regulates its targeting in vivo Excess myelin is mistargeted to cell bodies Low, but not zero, level of mistargeting during normal development Potential implications for myelin-promoting therapies
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael G Almeida
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Simon Pan
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Katy L H Cole
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Jill M Williamson
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Jason J Early
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Tim Czopka
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Biedersteiner Strasse 29, 80802 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Klingseisen
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David A Lyons
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK.
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22
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Rider SA, Bruton FA, Collins RG, Conway BR, Mullins JJ. The Efficacy of Puromycin and Adriamycin for Induction of Glomerular Failure in Larval Zebrafish Validated by an Assay of Glomerular Permeability Dynamics. Zebrafish 2018; 15:234-242. [PMID: 29480793 PMCID: PMC5985910 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2017.1527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB) play a major role in the onset of human renal diseases. Highly ramified glomerular cells named podocytes are a critical component of the GFB. Injury to podocytes results in abnormal excretion of plasma proteins, which can lead to chronic kidney disease. The conserved paired nephron of larval zebrafish is an excellent model for assessing glomerular function and injury. The efficacy of two known podocyte toxins was tested to refine models of acute podocyte injury in larval zebrafish. The validated compound was then used to test a novel assay of the dynamics of abnormal protein excretion. Injected adriamycin was found to be unsuitable for induction of glomerular injury due to off-target cardiovascular toxicity. In contrast, puromycin treatment resulted in a loss of discriminative filtration, measured by excretion of 70 kDa dextran, and podocyte effacement confirmed by electron microscopy. The dynamics of dextran excretion during puromycin injury modeled the onset of glomerular damage within 24 hours postinjection. These data validate puromycin for induction of acute podocyte injury in zebrafish larvae and describe a semihigh-throughput assay for quantifying the dynamics of abnormal protein excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Andrew Rider
- 1 Univeristy/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Little France, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Finnius Austin Bruton
- 1 Univeristy/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Little France, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bryan Ronald Conway
- 1 Univeristy/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Little France, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John James Mullins
- 1 Univeristy/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Little France, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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23
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Hirst CS, Stamp LA, Bergner AJ, Hao MM, Tran MX, Morgan JM, Dutschmann M, Allen AM, Paxinos G, Furlong TM, McKeown SJ, Young HM. Kif1bp loss in mice leads to defects in the peripheral and central nervous system and perinatal death. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16676. [PMID: 29192291 PMCID: PMC5709403 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16965-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Goldberg-Shprintzen syndrome is a poorly understood condition characterized by learning difficulties, facial dysmorphism, microcephaly, and Hirschsprung disease. GOSHS is due to recessive mutations in KIAA1279, which encodes kinesin family member 1 binding protein (KIF1BP, also known as KBP). We examined the effects of inactivation of Kif1bp in mice. Mice lacking Kif1bp died shortly after birth, and exhibited smaller brains, olfactory bulbs and anterior commissures, and defects in the vagal and sympathetic innervation of the gut. Kif1bp was found to interact with Ret to regulate the development of the vagal innervation of the stomach. Although newborn Kif1bp−/− mice had neurons along the entire bowel, the colonization of the gut by neural crest-derived cells was delayed. The data show an essential in vivo role for KIF1BP in axon extension from some neurons, and the reduced size of the olfactory bulb also suggests additional roles for KIF1BP. Our mouse model provides a valuable resource to understand GOSHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline S Hirst
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Lincon A Stamp
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Annette J Bergner
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Marlene M Hao
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Mai X Tran
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Jan M Morgan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Matthias Dutschmann
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew M Allen
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - George Paxinos
- Neuroscience Research Australia and School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, 2031, NSW, Australia
| | - Teri M Furlong
- Neuroscience Research Australia and School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, 2031, NSW, Australia
| | - Sonja J McKeown
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia. .,Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
| | - Heather M Young
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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24
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Kif1B Interacts with KBP to Promote Axon Elongation by Localizing a Microtubule Regulator to Growth Cones. J Neurosci 2017; 36:7014-26. [PMID: 27358458 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0054-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Delivery of proteins and organelles to the growth cone during axon extension relies on anterograde transport by kinesin motors. Though critical for neural circuit development, the mechanisms of cargo-specific anterograde transport during axon extension are only starting to be explored. Cargos of particular importance for axon outgrowth are microtubule modifiers, such as SCG10 (Stathmin-2). SCG10 is expressed solely during axon extension, localized to growth cones, and essential for axon outgrowth; however, the mechanisms of SCG10 transport and activity were still debated. Using zebrafish mutants and in vivo imaging, we identified the Kif1B motor and its interactor Kif1 binding protein (KBP) as critical for SCG10 transport to axon growth cones and complete axon extension. Axon truncation in kbp(st23) mutants can be suppressed by SCG10 overexpression, confirming the direct relationship between decreased SCG10 levels and failed axon outgrowth. Live imaging revealed that the reduced levels of SCG10 in kbp(st23) mutant growth cones led to altered microtubule stability, defining the mechanistic basis of axon truncation. Thus, our data reveal a novel role for the Kif1B-KBP complex in the anterograde transport of SCG10, which is necessary for proper microtubule dynamics and subsequent axon extension. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Together, our data define the mechanistic underpinnings of failed axon outgrowth with loss of KBP or its associated motor, Kif1B. In addition, we provide conclusive evidence that this defect results from disruption of anterograde transport of SCG10. This is one of the first examples of a motor to be implicated in the essential transport of a discreet cargo necessary for axon extension. In addition, counter to previous in vitro and cell culture results, neither loss of the Kif1B motor nor KBP resulted in inhibition of mitochondrial transport. Altogether, our work links transport of SCG10 to the regulation of microtubule dynamics in the axon growth cone and enhances our understanding of this process during axon outgrowth.
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25
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Morris AD, Erisir A, Criswell SJ, Kucenas S. Transmission electron microscopy of zebrafish spinal motor nerve roots. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:956-962. [PMID: 28598521 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal motor nerves are essential for relaying information between the central and peripheral nervous systems. Perturbations to cell types that comprise these nerves may impair rapid and efficient transmission of action potentials and alter nerve function. Identifying ultrastructural changes resulting from defects to these cellular components via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can provide valuable insight into nerve function and disease. However, efficiently locating spinal motor nerves in adult zebrafish for TEM is challenging and time-consuming. Because of this, we developed a protocol that allows us to quickly and precisely locate spinal motor nerve roots in adult zebrafish for TEM processing. RESULTS Following fixation, a transverse slab of adult zebrafish dissected from the trunk region was mounted in embedding media, sectioned, and secondary fixation with osmium tetroxide performed. Transverse sections containing motor nerves were selected for TEM ultrathin sectioning and imaging. CONCLUSIONS We developed an efficient protocol for locating spinal motor nerves in adult zebrafish to allow for ultrastructural characterization. Although our work focuses on spinal motor nerves, this protocol may be useful for efficiently identifying other discrete, repeated structures within the developing and mature nervous system that are difficult to find via traditional, whole organism TEM processing. Developmental Dynamics 246:956-962, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela D Morris
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Alev Erisir
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Stacey J Criswell
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Sarah Kucenas
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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26
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Brouwers N, Mallol Martinez N, Vernos I. Role of Kif15 and its novel mitotic partner KBP in K-fiber dynamics and chromosome alignment. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174819. [PMID: 28445502 PMCID: PMC5405935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Faithful segregation of the genetic material during the cell cycle is key for the continuation of life. Central to this process is the assembly of a bipolar spindle that aligns the chromosomes and segregates them to the two daughter cells. Spindle bipolarity is strongly dependent on the activity of the homotetrameric kinesin Eg5. However, another kinesin, Kif15, also provides forces needed to separate the spindle poles during prometaphase and to maintain spindle bipolarity at metaphase. Here we identify KBP as a specific interaction partner of Kif15 in mitosis. We show that KBP promotes the localization of Kif15 to the spindle equator close to the chromosomes. Both Kif15 and KBP are required for the alignment of all the chromosomes to the metaphase plate and the assembly of stable kinetochore fibers of the correct length. Taken together our data uncover a novel role for Kif15 in complex with KBP during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Brouwers
- Cell and Developmental Biology Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Mallol Martinez
- Cell and Developmental Biology Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabelle Vernos
- Cell and Developmental Biology Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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27
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Donato V, Bonora M, Simoneschi D, Sartini D, Kudo Y, Saraf A, Florens L, Washburn MP, Stadtfeld M, Pinton P, Pagano M. The TDH-GCN5L1-Fbxo15-KBP axis limits mitochondrial biogenesis in mouse embryonic stem cells. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:341-351. [PMID: 28319092 PMCID: PMC5376241 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Self-renewing naive mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) contain few mitochondria, which increase in number and volume at the onset of differentiation. KBP (encoded by Kif1bp) is an interactor of the mitochondrial-associated kinesin Kif1Bα. We found that TDH, responsible for mitochondrial production of acetyl-CoA in mESCs, and the acetyltransferase GCN5L1 cooperate to acetylate Lys501 in KBP, allowing its recognition by and degradation via Fbxo15, an F-box protein transcriptionally controlled by the pluripotency core factors and repressed following differentiation. Defects in KBP degradation in mESCs result in an unscheduled increase in mitochondrial biogenesis, enhanced respiration and ROS production, and inhibition of cell proliferation. Silencing of Kif1Bα reverts the aberrant increase in mitochondria induced by KBP stabilization. Notably, following differentiation, Kif1bp-/- mESCs display impaired expansion of the mitochondrial mass and form smaller embryoid bodies. Thus, KBP proteolysis limits the accumulation of mitochondria in mESCs to preserve their optimal fitness, whereas KBP accumulation promotes mitochondrial biogenesis in differentiating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Donato
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1107, New York, New York 10016, USA.,NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1107, New York, New York 10016, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1107, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Massimo Bonora
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 70, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Daniele Simoneschi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1107, New York, New York 10016, USA.,NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1107, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Davide Sartini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1107, New York, New York 10016, USA.,NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1107, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Yasusei Kudo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1107, New York, New York 10016, USA.,NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1107, New York, New York 10016, USA.,Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Anita Saraf
- The Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA
| | - Laurence Florens
- The Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA
| | - Michael P Washburn
- The Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
| | - Matthias Stadtfeld
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 70, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Michele Pagano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1107, New York, New York 10016, USA.,NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1107, New York, New York 10016, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1107, New York, New York 10016, USA
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28
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Almeida R, Lyons D. Oligodendrocyte Development in the Absence of Their Target Axons In Vivo. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164432. [PMID: 27716830 PMCID: PMC5055324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes form myelin around axons of the central nervous system, enabling saltatory conduction. Recent work has established that axons can regulate certain aspects of oligodendrocyte development and myelination, yet remarkably oligodendrocytes in culture retain the ability to differentiate in the absence of axons and elaborate myelin sheaths around synthetic axon-like substrates. It remains unclear the extent to which the life-course of oligodendrocytes requires the presence of, or signals derived from axons in vivo. In particular, it is unclear whether the specific axons fated for myelination regulate the oligodendrocyte population in a living organism, and if so, which precise steps of oligodendrocyte-cell lineage progression are regulated by target axons. Here, we use live-imaging of zebrafish larvae carrying transgenic reporters that label oligodendrocyte-lineage cells to investigate which aspects of oligodendrocyte development, from specification to differentiation, are affected when we manipulate the target axonal environment. To drastically reduce the number of axons targeted for myelination, we use a previously identified kinesin-binding protein (kbp) mutant, in which the first myelinated axons in the spinal cord, reticulospinal axons, do not fully grow in length, creating a region in the posterior spinal cord where most initial targets for myelination are absent. We find that a 73% reduction of reticulospinal axon surface in the posterior spinal cord of kbp mutants results in a 27% reduction in the number of oligodendrocytes. By time-lapse analysis of transgenic OPC reporters, we find that the reduction in oligodendrocyte number is explained by a reduction in OPC proliferation and survival. Interestingly, OPC specification and migration are unaltered in the near absence of normal axonal targets. Finally, we find that timely differentiation of OPCs into oligodendrocytes does not depend at all on the presence of target axons. Together, our data illustrate the power of zebrafish for studying the entire life-course of the oligodendrocyte lineage in vivo in an altered axonal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Almeida
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- MS Society Centre for Translational Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (RA); (DL)
| | - David Lyons
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- MS Society Centre for Translational Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (RA); (DL)
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29
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Abstract
Myelin is a lipid-rich sheath formed by the spiral wrapping of specialized glial cells around axon segments. Myelinating glia allow for rapid transmission of nerve impulses and metabolic support of axons, and the absence of or disruption to myelin results in debilitating motor, cognitive, and emotional deficits in humans. Because myelin is a jawed vertebrate innovation, zebrafish are one of the simplest vertebrate model systems to study the genetics and development of myelinating glia. The morphogenetic cellular movements and genetic program that drive myelination are conserved between zebrafish and mammals, and myelin develops rapidly in zebrafish larvae, within 3-5days postfertilization. Myelin ultrastructure can be visualized in the zebrafish from larval to adult stages via transmission electron microscopy, and the dynamic development of myelinating glial cells may be observed in vivo via transgenic reporter lines in zebrafish larvae. Zebrafish are amenable to genetic and pharmacological screens, and screens for myelinating glial phenotypes have revealed both genes and drugs that promote myelin development, many of which are conserved in mammalian glia. Recently, zebrafish have been employed as a model to understand the complex dynamics of myelinating glia during development and regeneration. In this chapter, we describe these key methodologies and recent insights into mechanisms that regulate myelination using the zebrafish model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D'Rozario
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - K R Monk
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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30
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Abstract
Neurons demand vast and vacillating supplies of energy. As the key contributors of this energy, as well as primary pools of calcium and signaling molecules, mitochondria must be where the neuron needs them, when the neuron needs them. The unique architecture and length of neurons, however, make them a complex system for mitochondria to navigate. To add to this difficulty, mitochondria are synthesized mainly in the soma, but must be transported as far as the distant terminals of the neuron. Similarly, damaged mitochondria-which can cause oxidative stress to the neuron-must fuse with healthy mitochondria to repair the damage, return all the way back to the soma for disposal, or be eliminated at the terminals. Increasing evidence suggests that the improper distribution of mitochondria in neurons can lead to neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we will discuss the machinery and regulatory systems used to properly distribute mitochondria in neurons, and how this knowledge has been leveraged to better understand neurological dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith M Course
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xinnan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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31
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Davis DJ, Bryda EC, Gillespie CH, Ericsson AC. Microbial modulation of behavior and stress responses in zebrafish larvae. Behav Brain Res 2016; 311:219-227. [PMID: 27217102 PMCID: PMC6423445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the microbiota on behavior and stress responses is poorly understood. Zebrafish larvae have unique characteristics that are advantageous for neuroimmune research, however, they are currently underutilized for such studies. Here, we used germ-free zebrafish to determine the effects of the microbiota on behavior and stress testing. The absence of a microbiota dramatically altered locomotor and anxiety-related behavior. Additionally, characteristic responses to an acute stressor were also obliterated in larvae lacking exposure to microbes. Lastly, treatment with the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum was sufficient to attenuate anxiety-related behavior in conventionally-raised zebrafish larvae. These results underscore the importance of the microbiota in communicating to the CNS via the microbiome-gut-brain axis and set a foundation for using zebrafish larvae for neuroimmune research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Davis
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Bryda
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Catherine H Gillespie
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Aaron C Ericsson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; University of Missouri Metagenomics Center (MUMC), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65201, USA.
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32
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Zebrafish Tg(hb9:MTS-Kaede): a new in vivo tool for studying the axonal movement of mitochondria. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1247-55. [PMID: 26968460 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Deregulation of axonal transport in neurons is emerging as the major cause of many neurodegenerative diseases in human, such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) neuropathy. However, little is known about how mitochondria move in vivo and whether cell culture systems truly represent what happens in living animals. Here we describe the generation of a new zebrafish transgenic line that specifically allows to study mitochondrial dynamics in motor neurons and its application to analyse mitochondrial movement in zebrafish models expressing CMT2A causing mutations. METHODS The Tol2 transposon system was used to generate a transgenic zebrafish line expressing the photoconvertible fluorescent protein Kaede in mitochondria of motor neurons. Mitochondrial shape and movement were monitored by time-lapse confocal live imaging and measured by kymograph analysis. The effects of two well-known CMT causing mutations, L76P and R94Q substitutions in MFN2, were then investigated with the same methods. RESULTS We generated the transgenic zebrafish Tg(hb9:MTS-Kaede) line with genetically labelled mitochondria in motor neurons. Kaede protein was correctly and stably targeted to mitochondrial matrix while retaining its photoconvertibility, thus qualifying this model for in vivo studies. Expression of the L76P and R94Q mutations reduced mitochondrial movement in axons and altered mitochondrial distribution in distinct ways. CONCLUSIONS AND GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE These findings confirm previously published data obtained in cell cultures and strengthen the hypothesis of different mechanism of action of the two MFN2 mutations. Considering the number of neurodegenerative diseases associated to mitochondrial dynamics, the Tg(hb9:MTS-Kaede) zebrafish line is a promising model to study in vivo alterations of mitochondrial transport underlying human diseases.
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33
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Kevenaar JT, Bianchi S, van Spronsen M, Olieric N, Lipka J, Frias CP, Mikhaylova M, Harterink M, Keijzer N, Wulf PS, Hilbert M, Kapitein LC, de Graaff E, Ahkmanova A, Steinmetz MO, Hoogenraad CC. Kinesin-Binding Protein Controls Microtubule Dynamics and Cargo Trafficking by Regulating Kinesin Motor Activity. Curr Biol 2016; 26:849-61. [PMID: 26948876 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Kinesin motor proteins play a fundamental role for normal neuronal development by controlling intracellular cargo transport and microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton organization. Regulating kinesin activity is important to ensure their proper functioning, and their misregulation often leads to severe human neurological disorders. Homozygous nonsense mutations in kinesin-binding protein (KBP)/KIAA1279 cause the neurological disorder Goldberg-Shprintzen syndrome (GOSHS), which is characterized by intellectual disability, microcephaly, and axonal neuropathy. Here, we show that KBP regulates kinesin activity by interacting with the motor domains of a specific subset of kinesins to prevent their association with the MT cytoskeleton. The KBP-interacting kinesins include cargo-transporting motors such as kinesin-3/KIF1A and MT-depolymerizing motor kinesin-8/KIF18A. We found that KBP blocks KIF1A/UNC-104-mediated synaptic vesicle transport in cultured hippocampal neurons and in C. elegans PVD sensory neurons. In contrast, depletion of KBP results in the accumulation of KIF1A motors and synaptic vesicles in the axonal growth cone. We also show that KBP regulates neuronal MT dynamics by controlling KIF18A activity. Our data suggest that KBP functions as a kinesin inhibitor that modulates MT-based cargo motility and depolymerizing activity of a subset of kinesin motors. We propose that misregulation of KBP-controlled kinesin motors may represent the underlying molecular mechanism that contributes to the neuropathological defects observed in GOSHS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josta T Kevenaar
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah Bianchi
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Myrrhe van Spronsen
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Natacha Olieric
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Joanna Lipka
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands; International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 02-1009 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cátia P Frias
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marina Mikhaylova
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands; RG Neuroplasticity, Leibniz-Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Harterink
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nanda Keijzer
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Phebe S Wulf
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Manuel Hilbert
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Esther de Graaff
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Ahkmanova
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Shen K, Sidik H, Talbot WS. The Rag-Ragulator Complex Regulates Lysosome Function and Phagocytic Flux in Microglia. Cell Rep 2016; 14:547-559. [PMID: 26774477 PMCID: PMC4731305 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are resident macrophages of the CNS that are essential for phagocytosis of apoptotic neurons and weak synapses during development. We show that RagA and Lamtor4, two components of the Rag-Ragulator complex, are essential regulators of lysosomes in microglia. In zebrafish lacking RagA function, microglia exhibit an expanded lysosomal compartment, but they are unable to properly digest apoptotic neuronal debris. Previous biochemical studies have placed the Rag-Ragulator complex upstream of mTORC1 activation in response to cellular nutrient availability. Nonetheless, RagA and mTOR mutant zebrafish have distinct phenotypes, indicating that the Rag-Ragulator complex has functions independent of mTOR signaling. Our analysis reveals an essential role of the Rag-Ragulator complex in proper lysosome function and phagocytic flux in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberle Shen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Harwin Sidik
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - William S Talbot
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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35
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Dubey J, Ratnakaran N, Koushika SP. Neurodegeneration and microtubule dynamics: death by a thousand cuts. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:343. [PMID: 26441521 PMCID: PMC4563776 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules form important cytoskeletal structures that play a role in establishing and maintaining neuronal polarity, regulating neuronal morphology, transporting cargo, and scaffolding signaling molecules to form signaling hubs. Within a neuronal cell, microtubules are found to have variable lengths and can be both stable and dynamic. Microtubule associated proteins, post-translational modifications of tubulin subunits, microtubule severing enzymes, and signaling molecules are all known to influence both stable and dynamic pools of microtubules. Microtubule dynamics, the process of interconversion between stable and dynamic pools, and the proportions of these two pools have the potential to influence a wide variety of cellular processes. Reduced microtubule stability has been observed in several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and tauopathies like Progressive Supranuclear Palsy. Hyperstable microtubules, as seen in Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (HSP), also lead to neurodegeneration. Therefore, the ratio of stable and dynamic microtubules is likely to be important for neuronal function and perturbation in microtubule dynamics might contribute to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Dubey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Mumbai, India ; InStem Bangalore, India
| | - Neena Ratnakaran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Mumbai, India
| | - Sandhya P Koushika
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Mumbai, India
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36
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Lehti MS, Kotaja N, Sironen A. KIF1-binding protein interacts with KIF3A in haploid male germ cells. Reproduction 2015; 150:209-16. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-15-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Male fertility relies on the production of functional spermatozoa. Spermatogenesis is a complex differentiation process that is characterized by meiosis and dramatic morphogenesis of haploid cells. Spermatogenesis involves active changes in the microtubular network to support meiotic divisions, cell polarization, the reshaping of the nucleus, and the formation of a flagellum. Previously, we have demonstrated that a microtubule-based anterograde transport motor protein KIF3A is required for the sperm tail formation and nuclear shaping during spermatogenesis. In this study, we show that KIF3A interacts with a KIF1-binding protein (KBP) in the mouse testis. We have characterized the expression and localization pattern of KBP during spermatogenesis and localized both KIF3A and KBP in the cytoplasm of round spermatids and manchette of elongating spermatids. Interestingly, KBP localized also in the late chromatoid body (CB) of elongating spermatids, whose function involves intracellular movement and association with the microtubular network. Altogether our results suggest a role for KBP in spermatid elongation and in the function of the late CB.
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37
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Dafsari HS, Byrne S, Lin JP, Pitt M, Jongbloed JDH, Flinter F, Jungbluth H. Goldberg-Shprintzen megacolon syndrome with associated sensory motor axonal neuropathy. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167:1300-4. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hormos Salimi Dafsari
- Department of Paediatric Neurology; Evelina's Children Hospital; Guy's & St. Thomas' Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - Susan Byrne
- Department of Paediatric Neurology; Evelina's Children Hospital; Guy's & St. Thomas' Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - Jean-Pierre Lin
- Department of Paediatric Neurology; Evelina's Children Hospital; Guy's & St. Thomas' Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - Matthew Pitt
- Department of Neurophysiology; Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children; London UK
| | - Jan DH Jongbloed
- Department of Genetics; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; The Netherlands
| | | | - Heinz Jungbluth
- Department of Paediatric Neurology; Evelina's Children Hospital; Guy's & St. Thomas' Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
- Randall Division for Cell and Molecular Biophysics; Muscle Signalling Section; King's College London UK
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience; IoPPN; King's College; London UK
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38
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Abstract
Mutations in Kinesin proteins (Kifs) are linked to various neurological diseases, but the specific and redundant functions of the vertebrate Kifs are incompletely understood. For example, Kif5A, but not other Kinesin-1 heavy-chain family members, is implicated in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (HSP), but the mechanism of its involvement in the progressive axonal degeneration characteristic of these diseases is not well understood. We report that zebrafish kif5Aa mutants exhibit hyperexcitability, peripheral polyneuropathy, and axonal degeneration reminiscent of CMT and HSP. Strikingly, although kif5 genes are thought to act largely redundantly in other contexts, and zebrafish peripheral neurons express five kif5 genes, kif5Aa mutant peripheral sensory axons lack mitochondria and degenerate. We show that this Kif5Aa-specific function is cell autonomous and is mediated by its C-terminal tail, as only Kif5Aa and chimeric motors containing the Kif5Aa C-tail can rescue deficits. Finally, concurrent loss of the kinesin-3, kif1b, or its adaptor kbp, exacerbates axonal degeneration via a nonmitochondrial cargo common to Kif5Aa. Our results shed light on Kinesin complexity and reveal determinants of specific Kif5A functions in mitochondrial transport, adaptor binding, and axonal maintenance.
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Babin PJ, Goizet C, Raldúa D. Zebrafish models of human motor neuron diseases: advantages and limitations. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 118:36-58. [PMID: 24705136 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Motor neuron diseases (MNDs) are an etiologically heterogeneous group of disorders of neurodegenerative origin, which result in degeneration of lower (LMNs) and/or upper motor neurons (UMNs). Neurodegenerative MNDs include pure hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), which involves specific degeneration of UMNs, leading to progressive spasticity of the lower limbs. In contrast, spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) involves the specific degeneration of LMNs, with symmetrical muscle weakness and atrophy. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the most common adult-onset MND, is characterized by the degeneration of both UMNs and LMNs, leading to progressive muscle weakness, atrophy, and spasticity. A review of the comparative neuroanatomy of the human and zebrafish motor systems showed that, while the zebrafish was a homologous model for LMN disorders, such as SMA, it was only partially relevant in the case of UMN disorders, due to the absence of corticospinal and rubrospinal tracts in its central nervous system. Even considering the limitation of this model to fully reproduce the human UMN disorders, zebrafish offer an excellent alternative vertebrate model for the molecular and genetic dissection of MND mechanisms. Its advantages include the conservation of genome and physiological processes and applicable in vivo tools, including easy imaging, loss or gain of function methods, behavioral tests to examine changes in motor activity, and the ease of simultaneous chemical/drug testing on large numbers of animals. This facilitates the assessment of the environmental origin of MNDs, alone or in combination with genetic traits and putative modifier genes. Positive hits obtained by phenotype-based small-molecule screening using zebrafish may potentially be effective drugs for treatment of human MNDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Babin
- Univ. Bordeaux, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), EA 4576, Talence, France.
| | - Cyril Goizet
- Univ. Bordeaux, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), EA 4576, Talence, France; CHU Bordeaux, Hôpital Pellegrin, Service de Génétique Médicale, Bordeaux, France
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Young HM, Bergner AJ, Simpson MJ, McKeown SJ, Hao MM, Anderson CR, Enomoto H. Colonizing while migrating: how do individual enteric neural crest cells behave? BMC Biol 2014; 12:23. [PMID: 24670214 PMCID: PMC4101823 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-12-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Directed cell migration is essential for normal development. In most of the migratory cell populations that have been analyzed in detail to date, all of the cells migrate as a collective from one location to another. However, there are also migratory cell populations that must populate the areas through which they migrate, and thus some cells get left behind while others advance. Very little is known about how individual cells behave to achieve concomitant directional migration and population of the migratory route. We examined the behavior of enteric neural crest-derived cells (ENCCs), which must both advance caudally to reach the anal end and populate each gut region. Results The behavior of individual ENCCs was examined using live imaging and mice in which ENCCs express a photoconvertible protein. We show that individual ENCCs exhibit very variable directionalities and speed; as the migratory wavefront of ENCCs advances caudally, each gut region is populated primarily by some ENCCs migrating non-directionally. After populating each region, ENCCs remain migratory for at least 24 hours. Endothelin receptor type B (EDNRB) signaling is known to be essential for the normal advance of the ENCC population. We now show that perturbation of EDNRB principally affects individual ENCC speed rather than directionality. The trajectories of solitary ENCCs, which occur transiently at the wavefront, were consistent with an unbiased random walk and so cell-cell contact is essential for directional migration. ENCCs migrate in close association with neurites. We showed that although ENCCs often use neurites as substrates, ENCCs lead the way, neurites are not required for chain formation and neurite growth is more directional than the migration of ENCCs as a whole. Conclusions Each gut region is initially populated by sub-populations of ENCCs migrating non-directionally, rather than stopping. This might provide a mechanism for ensuring a uniform density of ENCCs along the growing gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Young
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010 VIC, Australia.
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Steele SL, Prykhozhij SV, Berman JN. Zebrafish as a model system for mitochondrial biology and diseases. Transl Res 2014; 163:79-98. [PMID: 24055494 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Animal models for studying human disease are essential to the continuing evolution of medicine. Rodent models are attractive for the obvious similarities in development and genetic makeup compared with humans, but have cost and technical limitations. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) represents an ideal alternative vertebrate model of human disease because of its high conservation of genetic information and physiological processes, inexpensive maintenance, and optical clarity facilitating direct observation. This review highlights recent advances in understanding genetic disease states associated with the dynamic organelle, the mitochondrion, using the zebrafish. Mitochondrial diseases that have been replicated in the zebrafish include those affecting the nervous and cardiovascular systems, as well as red blood cell function. Gene silencing techniques, including morpholino knockdown and transcription activator-like (TAL)-effector endonucleases, have been exploited to demonstrate how loss of function can induce human disease-like states in zebrafish. Moreover, modeling mitochondrial diseases has been facilitated greatly by the creation of transgenic fish with fluorescently labeled mitochondria for in vivo visualization of these structures. In addition, behavioral assays have been developed to examine changes in motor activity and sensory responses, particularly in larval stages. Zebrafish are poised to advance our understanding of the pathogenesis of human mitochondrial diseases beyond the current state of knowledge and provide a key tool in the development of novel therapeutic approaches to treat these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby L Steele
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Sergey V Prykhozhij
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jason N Berman
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Vacaru AM, Unlu G, Spitzner M, Mione M, Knapik EW, Sadler KC. In vivo cell biology in zebrafish - providing insights into vertebrate development and disease. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:485-95. [PMID: 24481493 PMCID: PMC4007761 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.140194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, studies using zebrafish have significantly advanced our understanding of the cellular basis for development and human diseases. Zebrafish have rapidly developing transparent embryos that allow comprehensive imaging of embryogenesis combined with powerful genetic approaches. However, forward genetic screens in zebrafish have generated unanticipated findings that are mirrored by human genetic studies: disruption of genes implicated in basic cellular processes, such as protein secretion or cytoskeletal dynamics, causes discrete developmental or disease phenotypes. This is surprising because many processes that were assumed to be fundamental to the function and survival of all cell types appear instead to be regulated by cell-specific mechanisms. Such discoveries are facilitated by experiments in whole animals, where zebrafish provides an ideal model for visualization and manipulation of organelles and cellular processes in a live vertebrate. Here, we review well-characterized mutants and newly developed tools that underscore this notion. We focus on the secretory pathway and microtubule-based trafficking as illustrative examples of how studying cell biology in vivo using zebrafish has broadened our understanding of the role fundamental cellular processes play in embryogenesis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Vacaru
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Medicine/Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Gokhan Unlu
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Marie Spitzner
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marina Mione
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ela W. Knapik
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kirsten C. Sadler
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Medicine/Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Calretinin, β-tubulin immunohistochemistry, and submucosal nerve trunks morphology in Hirschsprung disease: possible applications in clinical practice. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2013; 57:780-7. [PMID: 23969533 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e3182a934c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate calretinin and β-tubulin immunohistochemical expression together with submucosal nerve trunks morphology in differently innervated segments of Hirschsprung disease (HD) and total colonic aganglionosis (TCA). METHODS A total of 25 cases (22 HD, 3 TCA) and 18 controls were processed for calretinin and β-tubulin immunohistochemistry. Sections representative of distal aganglionic, transition, and proximal ganglionic segments were evaluated by a visual grading score; β-tubulin was evaluated also by image analysis. Submucosal nerve trunks hypertrophy and hyperplasia were measured by citomorphology. The length of proximal segment was correlated to postoperative bowel function. RESULTS Controls showed intense calretinin and β-tubulin staining. In HD and TCA, calretinin staining was related to the presence of ganglion cells: negative in distal, faint in transition, intense in proximal segment. β-Tubulin staining was weak in all of the segments of HD and negative in TCA. Hypertrophic and hyperplastic nerve trunks characterized aganglionic segment, and progressively decreasing nerve size was observed in transition and ganglionic segments. Transient postoperative constipation, soiling, or enterocolitis was present in 59% of patients with HD without clear relation to proximal segment length or presence of hypertrophic nerve trunks. CONCLUSIONS Calretinin is a reliable marker of the presence of ganglion cells, and, together with nerve hypertrophy, it helps to identify the transition zone. Length and nerve size of proximal segment in resected specimen did not affect the postsurgical intestinal function. Reduced β-tubulin expression along the entire colonic tract, included proximal ganglionic segments, may represent a potential impairing factor for the enteric neural transmission.
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Homozygous truncating mutation of the KBP gene, encoding a KIF1B-binding protein, in a familial case of fetal polymicrogyria. Neurogenetics 2013; 14:215-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s10048-013-0373-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Zaucker A, Mercurio S, Sternheim N, Talbot WS, Marlow FL. notch3 is essential for oligodendrocyte development and vascular integrity in zebrafish. Dis Model Mech 2013; 6:1246-59. [PMID: 23720232 PMCID: PMC3759344 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.012005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the human NOTCH3 gene cause CADASIL syndrome (cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy). CADASIL is an inherited small vessel disease characterized by diverse clinical manifestations including vasculopathy, neurodegeneration and dementia. Here we report two mutations in the zebrafish notch3 gene, one identified in a previous screen for mutations with reduced expression of myelin basic protein (mbp) and another caused by a retroviral insertion. Reduced mbp expression in notch3 mutant embryos is associated with fewer oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Despite an early neurogenic phenotype, mbp expression recovered at later developmental stages and some notch3 homozygous mutants survived to adulthood. These mutants, as well as adult zebrafish carrying both mutant alleles together, displayed a striking stress-associated accumulation of blood in the head and fins. Histological analysis of mutant vessels revealed vasculopathy, including: an enlargement (dilation) of vessels in the telencephalon and fin, disorganization of the normal stereotyped arrangement of vessels in the fin, and an apparent loss of arterial morphological structure. Expression of hey1, a well-known transcriptional target of Notch signaling, was greatly reduced in notch3 mutant fins, suggesting that Notch3 acts via a canonical Notch signaling pathway to promote normal vessel structure. Ultrastructural analysis confirmed the presence of dilated vessels in notch3 mutant fins and revealed that the vessel walls of presumed arteries showed signs of deterioration. Gaps in the arterial wall and the presence of blood cells outside of vessels in mutants indicated that compromised vessel structure led to hemorrhage. In notch3 heterozygotes, we found elevated expression of both notch3 itself and target genes, indicating that specific alterations in gene expression due to partial loss of Notch3 function might contribute to the abnormalities observed in heterozygous larvae and adults. Our analysis of zebrafish notch3 mutants indicates that Notch3 regulates OPC development and mbp gene expression in larvae, and maintains vascular integrity in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zaucker
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Sara Mercurio
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center B300, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nitzan Sternheim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center B300, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - William S. Talbot
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center B300, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Florence L. Marlow
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Glenn TD, Talbot WS. Analysis of Gpr126 function defines distinct mechanisms controlling the initiation and maturation of myelin. Development 2013; 140:3167-75. [PMID: 23804499 PMCID: PMC3931731 DOI: 10.1242/dev.093401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In peripheral nerves, Schwann cells form the myelin sheath, which allows the efficient propagation of action potentials along axons. The transcription factor Krox20 regulates the initiation of myelination in Schwann cells and is also required to maintain mature myelin. The adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) Gpr126 is essential for Schwann cells to initiate myelination, but previous studies have not addressed the role of Gpr126 signaling in myelin maturation and maintenance. Through analysis of Gpr126 in zebrafish, we define two distinct mechanisms controlling the initiation and maturation of myelin. We show that gpr126 mutant Schwann cells elaborate mature myelin sheaths and maintain krox20 expression for months, provided that the early signaling defect is bypassed by transient elevation of cAMP. At the onset of myelination, Gpr126 and protein kinase A (PKA) function as a switch that allows Schwann cells to initiate krox20 expression and myelination. After myelination is initiated, krox20 expression is maintained and myelin maturation proceeds independently of Gpr126 signaling. Transgenic analysis indicates that the Krox20 cis-regulatory myelinating Schwann cell element (MSE) becomes active at the onset of myelination and that this activity is dependent on Gpr126 signaling. Activity of the MSE declines after initiation, suggesting that other elements are responsible for maintaining krox20 expression in mature nerves. We also show that elevated cAMP does not initiate myelination in the absence of functional Neuregulin 1 (Nrg1) signaling. These results indicate that the mechanisms regulating the initiation of myelination are distinct from those mediating the maturation and maintenance of myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D. Glenn
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - William S. Talbot
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Lake JI, Heuckeroth RO. Enteric nervous system development: migration, differentiation, and disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 305:G1-24. [PMID: 23639815 PMCID: PMC3725693 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00452.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) provides the intrinsic innervation of the bowel and is the most neurochemically diverse branch of the peripheral nervous system, consisting of two layers of ganglia and fibers encircling the gastrointestinal tract. The ENS is vital for life and is capable of autonomous regulation of motility and secretion. Developmental studies in model organisms and genetic studies of the most common congenital disease of the ENS, Hirschsprung disease, have provided a detailed understanding of ENS development. The ENS originates in the neural crest, mostly from the vagal levels of the neuraxis, which invades, proliferates, and migrates within the intestinal wall until the entire bowel is colonized with enteric neural crest-derived cells (ENCDCs). After initial migration, the ENS develops further by responding to guidance factors and morphogens that pattern the bowel concentrically, differentiating into glia and neuronal subtypes and wiring together to form a functional nervous system. Molecules controlling this process, including glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and its receptor RET, endothelin (ET)-3 and its receptor endothelin receptor type B, and transcription factors such as SOX10 and PHOX2B, are required for ENS development in humans. Important areas of active investigation include mechanisms that guide ENCDC migration, the role and signals downstream of endothelin receptor type B, and control of differentiation, neurochemical coding, and axonal targeting. Recent work also focuses on disease treatment by exploring the natural role of ENS stem cells and investigating potential therapeutic uses. Disease prevention may also be possible by modifying the fetal microenvironment to reduce the penetrance of Hirschsprung disease-causing mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan I. Lake
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and
| | - Robert O. Heuckeroth
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and ,2Department of Developmental, Regenerative, and Stem Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Abstract
Neurons, perhaps more than any other cell type, depend on mitochondrial trafficking for their survival. Recent studies have elucidated a motor/adaptor complex on the mitochondrial surface that is shared between neurons and other animal cells. In addition to kinesin and dynein, this complex contains the proteins Miro (also called RhoT1/2) and milton (also called TRAK1/2) and is responsible for much, although not necessarily all, mitochondrial movement. Elucidation of the complex has permitted inroads for understanding how this movement is regulated by a variety of intracellular signals, although many mysteries remain. Regulating mitochondrial movement can match energy demand to energy supply throughout the extraordinary architecture of these cells and can control the clearance and replenishing of mitochondria in the periphery. Because the extended axons of neurons contain uniformly polarized microtubules, they have been useful for studying mitochondrial motility in conjunction with biochemical assays in many cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Schwarz
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital Boston, and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Drévillon L, Megarbane A, Demeer B, Matar C, Benit P, Briand-Suleau A, Bodereau V, Ghoumid J, Nasser M, Decrouy X, Doco-Fenzy M, Rustin P, Gaillard D, Goossens M, Giurgea I. KBP-cytoskeleton interactions underlie developmental anomalies in Goldberg-Shprintzen syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:2387-99. [PMID: 23427148 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Goldberg-Shprintzen syndrome (GOSHS, MIM #609460) is an autosomal recessive disorder of intellectual disability, specific facial gestalt and Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR). In 2005, homozygosity mapping in a large consanguineous family identified KIAA1279 as the disease-causing gene. KIAA1279 encodes KIF-binding protein (KBP), whose function is incompletely understood. Studies have identified either the mitochondria or the cytoskeleton as the site of KBP localization and interactions. To better delineate the KIAA1279-related clinical spectrum and the molecular mechanisms involved in GOSHS, we studied five new patients from three different families. The homozygous KIAA1279 mutations in these patients (p.Arg90X, p.Ser200X or p.Arg202IlefsX2) led to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay and loss of KBP function. Despite the absence of functional KBP, respiratory chain complex activity in patient fibroblasts was normal. KBP did not co-localize with mitochondria in control human fibroblasts, but interacted with the actin and tubulin cytoskeleton. KBP expression directly affected neurite growth in a neuron-like cell line (human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y), in keeping with the central (polymicrogyria) and enteric (HSCR) neuronal developmental defects seen in GOSHS patients. The KBP interactions with actin filaments and microtubules (MTs) demonstrated in our study constitute the first evidence that an actin MT cross-link protein is involved in neuronal development in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Drévillon
- Service de Biochimie et Génétique, AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor - A. Chenevier, Créteil F-94000, France
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Lovas JR, Wang X. The meaning of mitochondrial movement to a neuron's life. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2013; 1833:184-94. [PMID: 22548961 PMCID: PMC3413748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cells precisely regulate mitochondrial movement in order to balance energy needs and avoid cell death. Neurons are particularly susceptible to disturbance of mitochondrial motility and distribution due to their highly extended structures and specialized function. Regulation of mitochondrial motility plays a vital role in neuronal health and death. Here we review the current understanding of regulatory mechanisms that govern neuronal mitochondrial transport and probe their implication in health and disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mitochondrial dynamics and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. Lovas
- Stanford Institute for Neuro-innovation and Translational Neurosciences and Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Xinnan Wang
- Stanford Institute for Neuro-innovation and Translational Neurosciences and Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine
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