1
|
Ghosh S, Tanbir SE, Mitra T, Roy SS. Unveiling stem-like traits and chemoresistance mechanisms in ovarian cancer cells through the TGFβ1-PITX2A/B signaling axis. Biochem Cell Biol 2024. [PMID: 38976906 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2024-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the deadliest gynecological malignancy, having a high mortality rate due to its asymptomatic nature, chemoresistance, and recurrence. However, the proper mechanistic knowledge behind these phenomena is still inadequate. Cancer recurrence is commonly observed due to cancer stem cells which also show chemoresistance. We aimed to decipher the molecular mechanism behind chemoresistance and stemness in OC. Earlier studies suggested that PITX2, a homeobox transcription factor and, its different isoforms are associated with OC progression upon regulating different signaling pathways. Moreover, they regulate the expression of drug efflux transporters in kidney and colon cancer, rendering chemoresistance properties in the tumor cell. Considering these backgrounds, we decided to look for the role of PITX2 isoforms in promoting stemness and chemoresistance in OC cells. In this study, PITX2A/B has been shown to promote stemness and to enhance the transcription of ABCB1. PITX2 has been discovered to augment ABCB1 gene expression by directly binding to its promoter. To further investigate the regulatory mechanism of PITX2 gene expression, we found that TGFβ signaling could augment the PITX2A/B expression through both SMAD and non-SMAD signaling pathways. Collectively, we conclude that TGFβ1-activated PITX2A/B induces stem-like features and chemoresistance properties in the OC cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sampurna Ghosh
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sk Eashayan Tanbir
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Tulika Mitra
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sib Sankar Roy
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Johnson LL, Hebert S, Kueppers RB, McLoon LK. Nystagmus Associated With the Absence of MYOD Expression Across the Lifespan in Extraocular and Limb Muscles. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:24. [PMID: 37703038 PMCID: PMC10503593 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.12.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The extraocular muscles (EOMs) undergo significant levels of continuous myonuclear turnover and myofiber remodeling throughout life, in contrast to limb skeletal muscles. Activation of the myogenic pathway in muscle precursor cells is controlled by myogenic transcription factors, such as MYOD. Limb muscles from MyoD-/- mice develop normally but have a regeneration defect, and these mice develop nystagmus. We examined MyoD-/- mice to determine if they have an aging phenotype. Methods Eye movements of aging MyoD-/- mice and littermate controls (wild type) were examined using optokinetic nystagmus (OKN). We assessed limb muscle function, changes to myofiber number, mean cross-sectional area, and abundance of the PAX7 and PITX2 populations of myogenic precursor cells. Results Aging did not significantly affect limb muscle function despite decreased mean cross-sectional areas at 18+ months. Aging wild type mice had normal OKN responses; all aging MyoD-/- mice had nystagmus. With OKN stimulus present, the MyoD-/- mice at all ages had shorter slow phase durations compared to wild type age matched controls. In the dark, the MyoD-/- mice had a shorter slow phase duration with age. This correlated with significantly decreased fiber numbers and cross-sectional areas. The EOM in MyoD-/- mice had increased numbers of PAX7-positive satellite cells and significantly decreased PITX2-positive myonuclei. Conclusions The absence of MYOD expression in aging mice causes a decrease in on-going myofiber remodeling, EOM fiber size, and number, and is associated with the development of spontaneous nystagmus. These results suggest that muscle-specific mutations can result in nystagmus, with increasing aging-related changes in the MyoD-/- EOM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura L. Johnson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
- Graduate Program in Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology and Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Sadie Hebert
- Department of Biology Teaching and Learning, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Rachel B. Kueppers
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Linda K. McLoon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
- Graduate Program in Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology and Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wurmser M, Madani R, Chaverot N, Backer S, Borok M, Dos Santos M, Comai G, Tajbakhsh S, Relaix F, Santolini M, Sambasivan R, Jiang R, Maire P. Overlapping functions of SIX homeoproteins during embryonic myogenesis. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010781. [PMID: 37267426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Four SIX homeoproteins display a combinatorial expression throughout embryonic developmental myogenesis and they modulate the expression of the myogenic regulatory factors. Here, we provide a deep characterization of their role in distinct mouse developmental territories. We showed, at the hypaxial level, that the Six1:Six4 double knockout (dKO) somitic precursor cells adopt a smooth muscle fate and lose their myogenic identity. At the epaxial level, we demonstrated by the analysis of Six quadruple KO (qKO) embryos, that SIX are required for fetal myogenesis, and for the maintenance of PAX7+ progenitor cells, which differentiated prematurely and are lost by the end of fetal development in qKO embryos. Finally, we showed that Six1 and Six2 are required to establish craniofacial myogenesis by controlling the expression of Myf5. We have thus described an unknown role for SIX proteins in the control of myogenesis at different embryonic levels and refined their involvement in the genetic cascades operating at the head level and in the genesis of myogenic stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maud Wurmser
- Université de Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Rouba Madani
- Université de Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Chaverot
- Université de Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Backer
- Université de Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Matthew Borok
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, EnvA, EFS, AP-HP, IMRB, Creteil, France
| | | | - Glenda Comai
- Stem Cells & Development, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Shahragim Tajbakhsh
- Stem Cells & Development, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Relaix
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, EnvA, EFS, AP-HP, IMRB, Creteil, France
| | - Marc Santolini
- Université de Paris Cité, Interaction Data Lab, CRI Paris, INSERM. Paris, France
| | - Ramkumar Sambasivan
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Rulang Jiang
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Pascal Maire
- Université de Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ramírez de Acuña F, Hernandez-Torres F, Rodriguez-Outeiriño L, Dominguez JN, Matias-Valiente L, Sanchez-Fernandez C, Franco D, Aranega AE. Pitx2 Differentially Regulates the Distinct Phases of Myogenic Program and Delineates Satellite Cell Lineages During Muscle Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:940622. [PMID: 35874842 PMCID: PMC9298408 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.940622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that regulate embryonic myogenesis from early myogenic progenitors to myoblasts, as well as the emergence of adult satellite stem cells (SCs) during development, are key concepts to understanding the genesis and regenerative abilities of the skeletal muscle. Several previous pieces of evidence have revealed that the transcription factor Pitx2 might be a player within the molecular pathways controlling somite-derived muscle progenitors’ fate and SC behavior. However, the role exerted by Pitx2 in the progression from myogenic progenitors to myoblasts including SC precursors remains unsolved. Here, we show that Pitx2 inactivation in uncommitted early myogenic precursors diminished cell proliferation and migration leading to muscle hypotrophy and a low number of SCs with decreased myogenic differentiation potential. However, the loss of Pitx2 in committed myogenic precursors gave rise to normal muscles with standard amounts of SCs exhibiting high levels of Pax7 expression. This SC population includes few MYF5+ SC-primed but increased amount of less proliferative miR-106b+cells, and display myogenic differentiation defects failing to undergo proper muscle regeneration. Overall our results demonstrate that Pitx2 is required in uncommitted myogenic progenitors but it is dispensable in committed precursors for proper myogenesis and reveal a role for this transcription factor in the generation of diverse SC subpopulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felícitas Ramírez de Acuña
- Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaén, Spain
- Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, MEDINA Foundation, Center for Excellence in Research of Innovative Medicines in Andalusia, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Hernandez-Torres
- Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaén, Spain
- Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, MEDINA Foundation, Center for Excellence in Research of Innovative Medicines in Andalusia, Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology III and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Lara Rodriguez-Outeiriño
- Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaén, Spain
- Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, MEDINA Foundation, Center for Excellence in Research of Innovative Medicines in Andalusia, Granada, Spain
| | - Jorge N. Dominguez
- Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaén, Spain
- Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, MEDINA Foundation, Center for Excellence in Research of Innovative Medicines in Andalusia, Granada, Spain
| | - Lidia Matias-Valiente
- Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaén, Spain
- Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, MEDINA Foundation, Center for Excellence in Research of Innovative Medicines in Andalusia, Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Sanchez-Fernandez
- Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaén, Spain
- Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, MEDINA Foundation, Center for Excellence in Research of Innovative Medicines in Andalusia, Granada, Spain
| | - Diego Franco
- Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaén, Spain
- Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, MEDINA Foundation, Center for Excellence in Research of Innovative Medicines in Andalusia, Granada, Spain
| | - Amelia E. Aranega
- Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaén, Spain
- Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, MEDINA Foundation, Center for Excellence in Research of Innovative Medicines in Andalusia, Granada, Spain
- *Correspondence: Amelia E. Aranega,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tarsis K, Gildor T, Morgulis M, Ben-Tabou de-Leon S. Distinct regulatory states control the elongation of individual skeletal rods in the sea urchin embryo. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:1322-1339. [PMID: 35403290 PMCID: PMC9543741 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding how gene regulatory networks (GRNs) control developmental progression is a key to the mechanistic understanding of morphogenesis. The sea urchin larval skeletogenesis provides an excellent platform to tackle this question. In the early stages of sea urchin skeletogenesis, skeletogenic genes are uniformly expressed in the skeletogenic lineage. Yet, during skeletal elongation, skeletogenic genes are expressed in distinct spatial sub‐domains. The regulation of differential gene expression during late skeletogenesis is not well understood. Results Here we reveal the dynamic expression of the skeletogenic regulatory genes that define a specific regulatory state for each pair of skeletal rods, in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling, essential for skeleton formation, specifically controls the migration of cells that form the postoral and distal anterolateral skeletogenic rods. VEGF signaling also controls the expression of regulatory genes in cells at the tips of the postoral rods, including the transcription factors Pitx1 and MyoD1. Pitx1 activity is required for normal skeletal elongation and for the expression of some of VEGF target genes. Conclusions Our study illuminates the fine‐tuning of the regulatory system during the transition from early to late skeletogenesis that gives rise to rod‐specific regulatory states. The skeletogenic transcription factors form specific regulatory states in various skeletogenic sub‐populations. Late VEGF signaling controls the regulatory states at the tips of the post‐oral and anterolateral skeletal rods. VEGF signaling controls the expression of the transcription factors, MyoD1 and Pitx1. Pitx1 activity is required for normal skeletal elongation and for the expression of some of VEGF target genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Tarsis
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tsvia Gildor
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Miri Morgulis
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Smadar Ben-Tabou de-Leon
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Diaz RE, Taylor-Diaz EA, Trainor PA, Diogo R, Molnar JL. Comparative development of limb musculature in phylogenetically and ecologically divergent lizards. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:1576-1612. [PMID: 34927301 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Squamate reptiles (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) exhibit incredible diversity in their locomotion, behavior, morphology, and ecological breadth. Although they often are used as models of locomotor diversity, surprisingly little attention has been given to muscle development in squamate reptiles. In fact, the most detailed examination was conducted almost 80 years ago and solely focused on the proximal limb regions. Herein, we present forelimb and hindlimb muscle morphogenesis data for three lizard species with different locomotion and feeding strategies: the desert grassland whiptail lizard, the central bearded dragon, and the veiled chameleon. This study fills critical gaps in our understanding of muscle morphogenesis in squamate reptiles and presents a comparative and temporospatial analysis of muscle development. RESULTS Our results reveal a conserved pattern of early muscle development among lizards with different adult morphologies and ecologies. The variations that exist are concentrated in distal regions, particularly the specialized autopodia of chameleons, where differentiation of muscles associated with the digits is delayed. CONCLUSIONS The chameleon autopod provides an example of major evolutionary modifications to the skeleton with only minor disruption of the conserved order and pattern of limb muscle development. This robustness of muscle patterning facilitates the evolution of extreme yet functional phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raul E Diaz
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Herpetology, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Taylor-Diaz
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Investigator, Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Julia L Molnar
- Department of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hu S, Mahadevan A, Elysee IF, Choi J, Souchet NR, Bae GH, Taboada AK, Sanketi B, Duhamel GE, Sevier CS, Tao G, Kurpios NA. The asymmetric Pitx2 gene regulates gut muscular-lacteal development and protects against fatty liver disease. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110030. [PMID: 34818545 PMCID: PMC8650168 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal lacteals are essential lymphatic channels for absorption and transport of dietary lipids and drive the pathogenesis of debilitating metabolic diseases. However, organ-specific mechanisms linking lymphatic dysfunction to disease etiology remain largely unknown. In this study, we uncover an intestinal lymphatic program that is linked to the left-right (LR) asymmetric transcription factor Pitx2. We show that deletion of the asymmetric Pitx2 enhancer ASE alters normal lacteal development through the lacteal-associated contractile smooth muscle lineage. ASE deletion leads to abnormal muscle morphogenesis induced by oxidative stress, resulting in impaired lacteal extension and defective lymphatic system-dependent lipid transport. Surprisingly, activation of lymphatic system-independent trafficking directs dietary lipids from the gut directly to the liver, causing diet-induced fatty liver disease. Our study reveals the molecular mechanism linking gut lymphatic function to the earliest symmetry-breaking Pitx2 and highlights the important relationship between intestinal lymphangiogenesis and the gut-liver axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shing Hu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Aparna Mahadevan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Isaac F Elysee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Joseph Choi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Nathan R Souchet
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Gloria H Bae
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Alessandra K Taboada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Bhargav Sanketi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Gerald E Duhamel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Carolyn S Sevier
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ge Tao
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Natasza A Kurpios
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tran TQ, Kioussi C. Pitx genes in development and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4921-4938. [PMID: 33844046 PMCID: PMC11073205 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03833-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Homeobox genes encode sequence-specific transcription factors (SSTFs) that recognize specific DNA sequences and regulate organogenesis in all eukaryotes. They are essential in specifying spatial and temporal cell identity and as a result, their mutations often cause severe developmental defects. Pitx genes belong to the PRD class of the highly evolutionary conserved homeobox genes in all animals. Vertebrates possess three Pitx paralogs, Pitx1, Pitx2, and Pitx3 while non-vertebrates have only one Pitx gene. The ancient role of regulating left-right (LR) asymmetry is conserved while new functions emerge to afford more complex body plan and functionalities. In mouse, Pitx1 regulates hindlimb tissue patterning and pituitary development. Pitx2 is essential for the development of the oral cavity and abdominal wall while regulates the formation and symmetry of other organs including pituitary, heart, gut, lung among others by controlling growth control genes upon activation of the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway. Pitx3 is essential for lens development and migration and survival of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. Pitx gene mutations are linked to various congenital defects and cancers in humans. Pitx gene family has the potential to offer a new approach in regenerative medicine and aid in identifying new drug targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thai Q Tran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Chrissa Kioussi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gonzalez Curto G, Der Vartanian A, Frarma YEM, Manceau L, Baldi L, Prisco S, Elarouci N, Causeret F, Korenkov D, Rigolet M, Aurade F, De Reynies A, Contremoulins V, Relaix F, Faklaris O, Briscoe J, Gilardi-Hebenstreit P, Ribes V. The PAX-FOXO1s trigger fast trans-differentiation of chick embryonic neural cells into alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma with tissue invasive properties limited by S phase entry inhibition. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009164. [PMID: 33175861 PMCID: PMC7682867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromosome translocations generating PAX3-FOXO1 and PAX7-FOXO1 chimeric proteins are the primary hallmarks of the paediatric fusion-positive alveolar subtype of Rhabdomyosarcoma (FP-RMS). Despite the ability of these transcription factors to remodel chromatin landscapes and promote the expression of tumour driver genes, they only inefficiently promote malignant transformation in vivo. The reason for this is unclear. To address this, we developed an in ovo model to follow the response of spinal cord progenitors to PAX-FOXO1s. Our data demonstrate that PAX-FOXO1s, but not wild-type PAX3 or PAX7, trigger the trans-differentiation of neural cells into FP-RMS-like cells with myogenic characteristics. In parallel, PAX-FOXO1s remodel the neural pseudo-stratified epithelium into a cohesive mesenchyme capable of tissue invasion. Surprisingly, expression of PAX-FOXO1s, similar to wild-type PAX3/7, reduce the levels of CDK-CYCLIN activity and increase the fraction of cells in G1. Introduction of CYCLIN D1 or MYCN overcomes this PAX-FOXO1-mediated cell cycle inhibition and promotes tumour growth. Together, our findings reveal a mechanism that can explain the apparent limited oncogenicity of PAX-FOXO1 fusion transcription factors. They are also consistent with certain clinical reports indicative of a neural origin of FP-RMS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Line Manceau
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - Lorenzo Baldi
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - Selene Prisco
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - Nabila Elarouci
- Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Causeret
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Paris, France
| | - Daniil Korenkov
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - Muriel Rigolet
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, EnVA, EFS, IMRB, Créteil, France
| | - Frédéric Aurade
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, EnVA, EFS, IMRB, Créteil, France
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS974, Center for Research in Myology, Paris, France
| | - Aurélien De Reynies
- Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Contremoulins
- ImagoSeine core facility of Institut Jacques Monod and member of France-BioImaging, France
| | - Frédéric Relaix
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, EnVA, EFS, IMRB, Créteil, France
| | - Orestis Faklaris
- ImagoSeine core facility of Institut Jacques Monod and member of France-BioImaging, France
| | - James Briscoe
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Vanessa Ribes
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Park M, Nepali S, Lew H. Isolation and Characterization of Extraocular Muscle-Derived Muscle Progenitor Cells from Normal and Graves' Orbitopathy Patients. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 29:353-363. [PMID: 31969085 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are useful for various purposes, including tissue engineering, regeneration, and gene therapy. MSCs isolated from extraocular muscles (EOMs) can be easily expanded in vitro, and can undergo multilineage differentiations involving adipogenesis, chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and even neuronal or myogenic differentiation. This study aimed to isolate, characterize, and compare extraocular muscle-derived muscle progenitor cells (EOM-MPCs) from normal subjects and patients with Graves' orbitopathy (GO). EOM was obtained during strabismus surgery. Flow cytometry was conducted to identify CD surface antigens such as CD34, CD45, CD44, CD59, CD73, and CD90. We quantitated various cytokines secreted from MSCs, including interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL17A, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ, using a multi-analysis enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay array kit. We performed Oil Red O staining for adipogenesis, Alzarin Red staining for osteogenesis, Alcian blue staining for chondrogenesis, and polymerase chain reaction to measure messenger RNA expression during myogenesis. Our results show that EOM-MPCs from normal subjects and GO patients had similar levels of surface antigen expression and cytokine secretion. There was also no significant difference in the multilineage differentiation of adipocytes, chondrocytes, osteocytes, and myoblasts from EOM-MPCs taken from normal subjects and GO patients. However, hyaluronic acid synthetase 2 expression was higher after induction with tafluprost in EOM-MPCs from GO patients when compared with normal subjects. Together, these results show that EOM-MPCs derived from normal subjects are a good source for stem cell-based therapy for various disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mira Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sarmila Nepali
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
| | - Helen Lew
- Department of Ophthalmology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Figeac N, Pruller J, Hofer I, Fortier M, Ortuste Quiroga HP, Banerji CRS, Zammit PS. DEPDC1B is a key regulator of myoblast proliferation in mouse and man. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12717. [PMID: 31825138 PMCID: PMC6985657 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES DISHEVELLED, EGL-10, PLECKSTRIN (DEP) domain-containing 1B (DEPDC1B) promotes dismantling of focal adhesions and coordinates detachment events during cell cycle progression. DEPDC1B is overexpressed in several cancers with expression inversely correlated with patient survival. Here, we analysed the role of DEPDC1B in the regulation of murine and human skeletal myogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression dynamics of DEPDC1B were examined in murine and human myoblasts and rhabdomyosarcoma cells in vitro by RT-qPCR and/or immunolabelling. DEPDC1B function was mainly tested via siRNA-mediated gene knockdown. RESULTS DEPDC1B was expressed in proliferating murine and human myoblasts, with expression then decreasing markedly during myogenic differentiation. SiRNA-mediated knockdown of DEPDC1B reduced myoblast proliferation and induced entry into myogenic differentiation, with deregulation of key cell cycle regulators (cyclins, CDK, CDKi). DEPDC1B and β-catenin co-knockdown was unable to rescue proliferation in myoblasts, suggesting that DEPDC1B functions independently of canonical WNT signalling during myogenesis. DEPDC1B can also suppress RHOA activity in some cell types, but DEPDC1B and RHOA co-knockdown actually had an additive effect by both further reducing proliferation and enhancing myogenic differentiation. DEPDC1B was expressed in human Rh30 rhabdomyosarcoma cells, where DEPDC1B or RHOA knockdown promoted myogenic differentiation, but without influencing proliferation. CONCLUSION DEPDC1B plays a central role in myoblasts by driving proliferation and preventing precocious myogenic differentiation during skeletal myogenesis in both mouse and human.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Figeac
- King's College LondonRandall Centre for Cell and Molecular BiophysicsLondonUK
| | - Johanna Pruller
- King's College LondonRandall Centre for Cell and Molecular BiophysicsLondonUK
| | - Isabella Hofer
- King's College LondonRandall Centre for Cell and Molecular BiophysicsLondonUK
| | - Mathieu Fortier
- King's College LondonRandall Centre for Cell and Molecular BiophysicsLondonUK
| | | | | | - Peter S. Zammit
- King's College LondonRandall Centre for Cell and Molecular BiophysicsLondonUK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Master control: transcriptional regulation of mammalian Myod. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2019; 40:211-226. [PMID: 31301002 PMCID: PMC6726840 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-019-09538-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
MYOD is a master regulator of the skeletal myogenic program. But what regulates expression of Myod? More than 20 years ago, studies established that Myod expression is largely controlled by just two enhancer regions located within a region 24 kb upstream of the transcription start site in mammals, which regulate Myod expression in the embryo, fetus and adult. Despite this apparently simple arrangement, Myod regulation is complex, with different combinations of transcription factors acting on these enhancers in different muscle progenitor cells and phases of differentiation. A range of epigenetic modifications in the Myod upstream region also play a part in activating and repressing Myod expression during development and regeneration. Here the evidence for this binding at Myod control regions is summarized, giving an overview of our current understanding of Myod expression regulation in mammals.
Collapse
|
13
|
Rafipay A, Berg ALR, Erskine L, Vargesson N. Expression analysis of limb element markers during mouse embryonic development. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:1217-1226. [PMID: 30225906 PMCID: PMC6282987 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: While data regarding expression of limb element and tissue markers during normal mouse limb development exist, few studies show expression patterns in upper and lower limbs throughout key limb development stages. A comparison to normal developmental events is essential when analyzing development of the limb in mutant mice models. Results: Expression patterns of the joint marker Gdf5, tendon and ligament marker Scleraxis, early muscle marker MyoD1, and blood vessel marker Cadherin5 (Cdh5) are presented during the most active phases of embryonic mouse limb patterning. Anti‐neurofilament staining of developing nerves in the fore‐ and hindlimbs and cartilage formation and progression also are described. Conclusions: This study demonstrates and describes a range of key morphological markers and methods that together can be used to assess normal and abnormal limb development. Developmental Dynamics 247:1217–1226, 2018. © 2018 The Authors. Developmental Dynamics published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Anatomists Expression patterns of molecular markers throughout both fore‐ and hindlimb development ‐ which can be used to assess normal and abnormal development. Detailled description of innervation during fore‐ and hindlimb development confirming innervation first seen after limb patterning events have begun. Description of cartilage development and progression indicates alizarin red staining not seen until E15.5 in both fore‐ and hindlimbs. Hindlimb lags behind forelimb molecularly and morphologically until E14.5. Detailled description of methods used to study fore‐ and hindlimb development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Rafipay
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen
| | - Amanda L R Berg
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen
| | - Lynda Erskine
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen
| | - Neil Vargesson
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yan H, Jiang E, Zhu H, Hu L, Liu J, Qu L. The novel 22 bp insertion mutation in a promoter region of the <i>PITX2</i> gene is associated with litter size and growth traits in goats. Arch Anim Breed 2018. [DOI: 10.5194/aab-61-329-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. The paired-like homeodomain 2 (PITX2) gene plays a critical role in
regulating development, reproduction, and growth traits in ruminants. Hence,
the objective of this study was to explore the polymorphisms of this gene and
to evaluate their associations with quantitative traits. Herein, a novel
insertion in the promoter region of the PITX2 gene was reported in
Shaanbei white cashmere (SBWC) goats (n=1012). The genotype distributions
between mothers of single-kid and multi-kid groups within SBWC goats were
significantly different (P<0.01), implying that this indel mutation might
affect the litter size. Furthermore, association analysis found that this
indel mutation was significantly associated with litter size (P=0.001).
Individuals with genotype DD had a significantly smaller litter size than
those with other genotypes (P<0.01). Besides, this indel was significantly
associated with the body length (P=0.042) and the chest width (P=0.031). Especially, the individuals with genotype DD had a significantly
lower body length than those with genotype II (P<0.05), which was
consistent with the trend in litter size. These findings suggested that the
new 22 bp indel mutation within the PITX2 gene is significantly
associated with litter size and growth traits; this can be utilized as a
functional molecular marker in goat breeding.
Collapse
|
15
|
Chang CN, Kioussi C. Location, Location, Location: Signals in Muscle Specification. J Dev Biol 2018; 6:E11. [PMID: 29783715 PMCID: PMC6027348 DOI: 10.3390/jdb6020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscles control body movement and locomotion, posture and body position and soft tissue support. Mesoderm derived cells gives rise to 700 unique muscles in humans as a result of well-orchestrated signaling and transcriptional networks in specific time and space. Although the anatomical structure of skeletal muscles is similar, their functions and locations are specialized. This is the result of specific signaling as the embryo grows and cells migrate to form different structures and organs. As cells progress to their next state, they suppress current sequence specific transcription factors (SSTF) and construct new networks to establish new myogenic features. In this review, we provide an overview of signaling pathways and gene regulatory networks during formation of the craniofacial, cardiac, vascular, trunk, and limb skeletal muscles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ning Chang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
- Molecular Cell Biology Graduate Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Chrissa Kioussi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
- Molecular Cell Biology Graduate Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Vallejo D, Hernández-Torres F, Lozano-Velasco E, Rodriguez-Outeiriño L, Carvajal A, Creus C, Franco D, Aránega AE. PITX2 Enhances the Regenerative Potential of Dystrophic Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 10:1398-1411. [PMID: 29641992 PMCID: PMC5998647 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), one of the most lethal genetic disorders, involves progressive muscle degeneration resulting from the absence of DYSTROPHIN. Lack of DYSTROPHIN expression in DMD has critical consequences in muscle satellite stem cells including a reduced capacity to generate myogenic precursors. Here, we demonstrate that the c-isoform of PITX2 transcription factor modifies the myogenic potential of dystrophic-deficient satellite cells. We further show that PITX2c enhances the regenerative capability of mouse DYSTROPHIN-deficient satellite cells by increasing cell proliferation and the number of myogenic committed cells, but importantly also increasing dystrophin-positive (revertant) myofibers by regulating miR-31. These PITX2-mediated effects finally lead to improved muscle function in dystrophic (DMD/mdx) mice. Our studies reveal a critical role for PITX2 in skeletal muscle repair and may help to develop therapeutic strategies for muscular disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vallejo
- Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, CU Las Lagunillas B3-362, Jaén 23071, Spain
| | - Francisco Hernández-Torres
- Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, CU Las Lagunillas B3-362, Jaén 23071, Spain
| | - Estefanía Lozano-Velasco
- Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, CU Las Lagunillas B3-362, Jaén 23071, Spain
| | - Lara Rodriguez-Outeiriño
- Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, CU Las Lagunillas B3-362, Jaén 23071, Spain
| | - Alejandra Carvajal
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada 18014, Spain
| | - Carlota Creus
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada 18014, Spain
| | - Diego Franco
- Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, CU Las Lagunillas B3-362, Jaén 23071, Spain
| | - Amelia Eva Aránega
- Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, CU Las Lagunillas B3-362, Jaén 23071, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Imbriano C, Molinari S. Alternative Splicing of Transcription Factors Genes in Muscle Physiology and Pathology. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9020107. [PMID: 29463057 PMCID: PMC5852603 DOI: 10.3390/genes9020107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle formation is a multi-step process that is governed by complex networks of transcription factors. The regulation of their functions is in turn multifaceted, including several mechanisms, among them alternative splicing (AS) plays a primary role. On the other hand, altered AS has a role in the pathogenesis of numerous muscular pathologies. Despite these premises, the causal role played by the altered splicing pattern of transcripts encoding myogenic transcription factors in neuromuscular diseases has been neglected so far. In this review, we systematically investigate what has been described about the AS patterns of transcription factors both in the physiology of the skeletal muscle formation process and in neuromuscular diseases, in the hope that this may be useful in re-evaluating the potential role of altered splicing of transcription factors in such diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carol Imbriano
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Department of Life Sciences, Modena, Italy.
| | - Susanna Molinari
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Department of Life Sciences, Modena, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Asfour HA, Allouh MZ, Said RS. Myogenic regulatory factors: The orchestrators of myogenesis after 30 years of discovery. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2018; 243:118-128. [PMID: 29307280 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217749494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal and postnatal myogenesis share many cellular and molecular aspects. Myogenic regulatory factors are basic Helix-Loop-Helix transcription factors that indispensably regulate both processes. These factors (Myf5, MyoD, Myogenin, and MRF4) function as an orchestrating cascade, with some overlapped actions. Prenatally, myogenic regulatory factors are restrictedly expressed in somite-derived myogenic progenitor cells and their derived myoblasts. Postnatally, myogenic regulatory factors are important in regulating the myogenesis process via satellite cells. Many positive and negative regulatory mechanisms exist either between myogenic regulatory factors themselves or between myogenic regulatory factors and other proteins. Upstream factors and signals are also involved in the control of myogenic regulatory factors expression within different prenatal and postnatal myogenic cells. Here, the authors have conducted a thorough and an up-to-date review of the myogenic regulatory factors since their discovery 30 years ago. This review discusses the myogenic regulatory factors structure, mechanism of action, and roles and regulations during prenatal and postnatal myogenesis. Impact statement Myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) are key players in the process of myogenesis. Despite a considerable amount of literature regarding these factors, their exact mechanisms of actions are still incompletely understood with several overlapped functions. Herein, we revised what has hitherto been reported in the literature regarding MRF structures, molecular pathways that regulate their activities, and their roles during pre- and post-natal myogenesis. The work submitted in this review article is considered of great importance for researchers in the field of skeletal muscle formation and regeneration, as it provides a comprehensive summary of all the biological aspects of MRFs and advances a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating myogenesis. Indeed, attaining a better understanding of MRFs could be utilized in developing novel therapeutic protocols for multiple myopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hasan A Asfour
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, 37251 Jordan University of Science & Technology , Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Mohammed Z Allouh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, 37251 Jordan University of Science & Technology , Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Raed S Said
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, 37251 Jordan University of Science & Technology , Irbid 22110, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang JS, Infante CR, Park S, Menke DB. PITX1 promotes chondrogenesis and myogenesis in mouse hindlimbs through conserved regulatory targets. Dev Biol 2017; 434:186-195. [PMID: 29273440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The PITX1 transcription factor is expressed during hindlimb development, where it plays a critical role in directing hindlimb growth and the specification of hindlimb morphology. While it is known that PITX1 regulates hindlimb formation, in part, through activation of the Tbx4 gene, other transcriptional targets remain to be elucidated. We have used a combination of ChIP-seq and RNA-seq to investigate enhancer regions and target genes that are directly regulated by PITX1 in embryonic mouse hindlimbs. In addition, we have analyzed PITX1 binding sites in hindlimbs of Anolis lizards to identify ancient PITX1 regulatory targets. We find that PITX1-bound regions in both mouse and Anolis hindlimbs are strongly associated with genes implicated in limb and skeletal system development. Gene expression analyses reveal a large number of misexpressed genes in the hindlimbs of Pitx1-/- mouse embryos. By intersecting misexpressed genes with genes that have neighboring mouse PITX1 binding sites, we identified 440 candidate targets of PITX1. Of these candidates, 68 exhibit ultra-conserved PITX1 binding events that are shared between mouse and Anolis hindlimbs. Among the ancient targets of PITX1 are important regulators of cartilage and skeletal muscle development, including Sox9 and Six1. Our data suggest that PITX1 promotes chondrogenesis and myogenesis in the hindlimb by direct regulation of several key members of the cartilage and muscle transcriptional networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang S Wang
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Carlos R Infante
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Sungdae Park
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Douglas B Menke
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hebert SL, Fitzpatrick KR, McConnell SA, Cucak A, Yuan C, McLoon LK. Effects of retinoic acid signaling on extraocular muscle myogenic precursor cells in vitro. Exp Cell Res 2017; 361:101-111. [PMID: 29017757 PMCID: PMC6546114 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
One major difference between limb and extraocular muscles (EOM) is the presence of an enriched population of Pitx2-positive myogenic precursor cells in EOM compared to limb muscle. We hypothesize that retinoic acid regulates Pitx2 expression in EOM myogenic precursor cells and that its effects would differ in leg muscle. The two muscle groups expressed differential retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR) levels. RXR co-localized with the Pitx2-positive cells but not with those expressing Pax7. EOM-derived and LEG-derived EECD34 cells were treated with vehicle, retinoic acid, the RXR agonist bexarotene, the RAR inverse agonist BMS493, or the RXR antagonist UVI 3003. In vitro, fewer EOM-derived EECD34 cells expressed desmin and fused, while more LEG-derived cells expressed desmin and fused when treated with retinoic acid compared to vehicle. Both EOM and LEG-derived EECD34 cells exposed to retinoic acid showed a higher percentage of cells expressing Pitx2 compared to vehicle, supporting the hypothesis that retinoic acid plays a role in maintaining Pitx2 expression. We hypothesize that retinoic acid signaling aids in the maintenance of large numbers of undifferentiated myogenic precursor cells in the EOM, which would be required to maintain EOM normalcy throughout a lifetime of myonuclear turnover.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadie L Hebert
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Krysta R Fitzpatrick
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Samantha A McConnell
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Anja Cucak
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Ching Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Linda K McLoon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Scionti I, Hayashi S, Mouradian S, Girard E, Esteves de Lima J, Morel V, Simonet T, Wurmser M, Maire P, Ancelin K, Metzger E, Schüle R, Goillot E, Relaix F, Schaeffer L. LSD1 Controls Timely MyoD Expression via MyoD Core Enhancer Transcription. Cell Rep 2017; 18:1996-2006. [PMID: 28228264 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MyoD is a master regulator of myogenesis. Chromatin modifications required to trigger MyoD expression are still poorly described. Here, we demonstrate that the histone demethylase LSD1/KDM1a is recruited on the MyoD core enhancer upon muscle differentiation. Depletion of Lsd1 in myoblasts precludes the removal of H3K9 methylation and the recruitment of RNA polymerase II on the core enhancer, thereby preventing transcription of the non-coding enhancer RNA required for MyoD expression (CEeRNA). Consistently, Lsd1 conditional inactivation in muscle progenitor cells during embryogenesis prevented transcription of the CEeRNA and delayed MyoD expression. Our results demonstrate that LSD1 is required for the timely expression of MyoD in limb buds and identify a new biological function for LSD1 by showing that it can activate RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription of enhancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Scionti
- Institut NeuroMyoGene, CNRS UMR5310, INSERM U1217, Université Lyon1, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France; Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the Cell, CNRS UMR5239, Université Lyon 1, ENS Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Shinichiro Hayashi
- Biology of the Neuromuscular System, INSERM IMRB-E10 U955, Université Paris-Est, 8 rue du Général Sarrail, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Sandrine Mouradian
- Institut NeuroMyoGene, CNRS UMR5310, INSERM U1217, Université Lyon1, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France; Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the Cell, CNRS UMR5239, Université Lyon 1, ENS Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Emmanuelle Girard
- Institut NeuroMyoGene, CNRS UMR5310, INSERM U1217, Université Lyon1, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France; Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the Cell, CNRS UMR5239, Université Lyon 1, ENS Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Faculté de Medicine Lyon Est, 3 Quai des Célestins, 69002 Lyon, France
| | - Joana Esteves de Lima
- Biology of the Neuromuscular System, INSERM IMRB-E10 U955, Université Paris-Est, 8 rue du Général Sarrail, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France
| | - Véronique Morel
- Institut NeuroMyoGene, CNRS UMR5310, INSERM U1217, Université Lyon1, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France; Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the Cell, CNRS UMR5239, Université Lyon 1, ENS Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Simonet
- Institut NeuroMyoGene, CNRS UMR5310, INSERM U1217, Université Lyon1, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France; Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the Cell, CNRS UMR5239, Université Lyon 1, ENS Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Maud Wurmser
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 22 rue Mechain, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Pascal Maire
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 22 rue Mechain, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Katia Ancelin
- Institut NeuroMyoGene, CNRS UMR5310, INSERM U1217, Université Lyon1, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Eric Metzger
- Klinik für Urologie und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Breisacherstrasse 66, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung, Standort Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Schüle
- Klinik für Urologie und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Breisacherstrasse 66, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung, Standort Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Evelyne Goillot
- Institut NeuroMyoGene, CNRS UMR5310, INSERM U1217, Université Lyon1, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France; Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the Cell, CNRS UMR5239, Université Lyon 1, ENS Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France.
| | - Frederic Relaix
- Biology of the Neuromuscular System, INSERM IMRB-E10 U955, Université Paris-Est, 8 rue du Général Sarrail, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Schaeffer
- Institut NeuroMyoGene, CNRS UMR5310, INSERM U1217, Université Lyon1, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France; Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the Cell, CNRS UMR5239, Université Lyon 1, ENS Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Faculté de Medicine Lyon Est, 3 Quai des Célestins, 69002 Lyon, France.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hernández-Hernández JM, García-González EG, Brun CE, Rudnicki MA. The myogenic regulatory factors, determinants of muscle development, cell identity and regeneration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 72:10-18. [PMID: 29127045 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The Myogenic Regulatory Factors (MRFs) Myf5, MyoD, myogenin and MRF4 are members of the basic helix-loop-helix family of transcription factors that control the determination and differentiation of skeletal muscle cells during embryogenesis and postnatal myogenesis. The dynamics of their temporal and spatial expression as well as their biochemical properties have allowed the identification of a precise and hierarchical relationship between the four MRFs. This relationship establishes the myogenic lineage as well as the maintenance of the terminal myogenic phenotype. The application of genome-wide technologies has provided important new information as to how the MRFs function to activate muscle gene expression. Application of combined functional genomics technologies along with single cell lineage tracing strategies will allow a deeper understanding of the mechanisms mediating myogenic determination, cell differentiation and muscle regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Manuel Hernández-Hernández
- The Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada; Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Estela G García-González
- The Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada; Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Caroline E Brun
- The Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada; Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Michael A Rudnicki
- The Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada; Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hernandez-Torres F, Rodríguez-Outeiriño L, Franco D, Aranega AE. Pitx2 in Embryonic and Adult Myogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:46. [PMID: 28507987 PMCID: PMC5410577 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a heterogeneous tissue that represents between 30 and 38% of the human body mass and has important functions in the organism, such as maintaining posture, locomotor impulse, or pulmonary ventilation. The genesis of skeletal muscle during embryonic development is a process controlled by an elaborate regulatory network combining the interplay of extrinsic and intrinsic regulatory mechanisms that transform myogenic precursor cells into functional muscle fibers through a finely tuned differentiation program. However, the capacity of generating muscle still remains once these fibers have matured. Adult myogenesis resembles many of the embryonic morphogenetic episodes and depends on the activation of satellite cells that have the potential to differentiate into new muscle fibers. Pitx2 is a member of the bicoid family of homeodomain transcription factors that play an important role in morphogenesis. In the last decade, Pitx2 has emerged as a key element involved in the fine-tuning mechanism that regulates skeletal-muscle development as well as the differentiation and cell fate of satellite cells in adult muscle. Here we present an integrative view of all aspects of embryonic and adult myogenesis in which Pitx2 is involved, from embryonic development to satellite-cell proliferation, fate specification, and differentiation. Those new Pitx2 functions on satellite-cell biology might open new perspectives to develop therapeutic strategies for muscular disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Hernandez-Torres
- Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, Departmento de Biología Experimental, Universidad de JaénJaén, Spain.,Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, Fundación MEDINA Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en AndalucíaGranada, Spain
| | - Lara Rodríguez-Outeiriño
- Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, Departmento de Biología Experimental, Universidad de JaénJaén, Spain.,Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, Fundación MEDINA Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en AndalucíaGranada, Spain
| | - Diego Franco
- Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, Departmento de Biología Experimental, Universidad de JaénJaén, Spain.,Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, Fundación MEDINA Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en AndalucíaGranada, Spain
| | - Amelia E Aranega
- Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, Departmento de Biología Experimental, Universidad de JaénJaén, Spain.,Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, Fundación MEDINA Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en AndalucíaGranada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chen HS, Hsu CY, Chang YC, Chuang HY, Long CY, Hsieh TH, Tsai EM. Benzyl butyl phthalate decreases myogenic differentiation of endometrial mesenchymal stem/stromal cells through miR-137-mediated regulation of PITX2. Sci Rep 2017; 7:186. [PMID: 28298639 PMCID: PMC5428022 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00286-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalate, an environmental toxin, has been considered as an endocrine-disrupting chemical. Growing evidence has demonstrated links between endocrine-disrupting chemicals, tissue development, and reproductive physiology, but the mechanisms of gene expression regulation by environmental factors that affect cell differentiation are unclear. Herein, we investigated the effects of butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) on human endometrial mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (EN-MSC) differentiation and identified a novel signaling pathway. Differentiation of endometrial mesenchymal stem/stromal cells decreased after administration of BBP. We analyzed BBP regulation of gene expression in EN-MSC using cDNA microarrays and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software to identify affected target genes and their biological functions. PITX2 emerged as a common gene hit from separate screens targeting skeletal and muscular disorders, cell morphology, and tissue development. BBP decreased transcription of PITX2 and elevated expression of the microRNA miR-137, the predicted upstream negative regulator of PITX2. These data indicated that BBP affects PITX2 expression through miR-137 targeting of the 3' untranslated region of PITX2 mRNA. PITX2 down-regulation also decreased MyoD transcript levels in EN-MSC. Our results demonstrate that BBP decreases EN-MSC myogenic differentiation through up-regulation of miR-137, contribute to our understanding of EN-MSC differentiation, and underline the hazardous potential of environmental hormones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Sheng Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yi Hsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chia Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Yu Chuang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yu Long
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hua Hsieh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | - Eing-Mei Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhang X, Zhang S, Yang Q, Lei C, Chen H, Lan X. Exploration of dairy goat PITX2 alternative splice events and differential isoform expression. Small Rumin Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
26
|
Strain induced esophageal growth in a novel rodent model. J Pediatr Surg 2016; 51:1273-8. [PMID: 26976775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Longitudinal esophageal strain has been shown to increase esophageal length but the contribution of tissue hyperplasia to this growth is unknown. We used a novel model of esophageal stretch to determine the cellular response to the strain stimulus. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent transection of the distal esophagus. The distal stump was ligated and stretched over a silicone tube. The proximal esophageal stump was anastomosed to the stomach to restore continuity. After two, four, or seven days, the silicone tube was removed and the esophageal segment was measured and compared to its initial length. Sham animals had only a thin piece of silicone tubing placed. Standardized histologic sections were evaluated for wall thickness. Immunofluorescence with DAPI, Ki-67, and Myogenin antibodies was used to assess nuclear density, proliferation indices, and myoblast differentiation indices. RESULTS Experimental animals demonstrated a significant increase in esophageal length compared to sham controls at four and seven days with no difference at two days. There was significant lengthening between four and seven days among the experimental animals. There was no change in wall thickness between experimental and sham animals at any time point. Nuclear density was increased at all time points, although this only reached significance at day four. Proliferation indices were significantly increased relative to sham controls at all time points. Esophageal strain induced significantly increased myoblast differentiation. CONCLUSION In this novel rat model of esophageal strain, lengthening is associated with stable esophageal wall thickness, increased nuclear density, increased cellular proliferation, and increased myogenin expression. These data suggest that true tissue hyperplasia may contribute to the increased length seen after esophageal strain.
Collapse
|
27
|
|
28
|
Drouin J. 60 YEARS OF POMC: Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of POMC gene expression. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 56:T99-T112. [PMID: 26792828 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) gene integrates numerous inputs that reflect the developmental history of POMC-expressing cells of the pituitary and hypothalamus, as well as their critical role in the endocrine system. These inputs are integrated at specific regulatory sequences within the promoter and pituitary or hypothalamic enhancers of the POMC locus. Investigations of developmental mechanisms and transcription factors (TFs) responsible for pituitary activation of POMC transcription led to the discovery of the Pitx factors that have critical roles in pituitary development and striking patterning functions in embryonic development. Terminal differentiation of the two pituitary POMC lineages, the corticotrophs and melanotrophs, is controlled by Tpit; mutations of the human TPIT gene cause isolated adrenocorticotrophic hormone deficiency. Intermediate lobe and melanotroph identity is provided by the pioneer TF Pax7 that remodels chromatin to reveal a new repertoire of enhancers for Tpit action. Many signaling pathways regulate POMC transcription including activation by hypothalamic corticotrophin-releasing hormone acting through the orphan nuclear receptors of the Nur family and feedback repression by glucocorticoids and their glucocorticoid receptor. TFs of the basic helix-loop-helix, Smad, Stat, Etv, and nuclear factor-B families also mediate signals for control of POMC transcription. Whereas most of these regulatory processes are conserved in different species, there are also notable differences between specific targets for regulation of the human compared with mouse POMC genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Drouin
- Laboratoire de génétique moléculaireInstitut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Świerczek B, Ciemerych MA, Archacka K. From pluripotency to myogenesis: a multistep process in the dish. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2015; 36:363-75. [PMID: 26715014 PMCID: PMC4762919 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-015-9436-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), such as embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells are a promising source of cells for regenerative medicine as they can differentiate into all cell types building a mammalian body. However, protocols leading to efficient and safe in vitro generation of desired cell types must be perfected before PSCs can be used in cell therapies or tissue engineering. In vivo, i.e. in developing mouse embryo or teratoma, PSCs can differentiate into skeletal muscle, but in vitro their spontaneous differentiation into myogenic cells is inefficient. Numerous attempts have been undertaken to enhance this process. Many of them involved mimicking the interactions occurring during embryonic myogenesis. The key regulators of embryonic myogenesis, such as Wnts proteins, fibroblast growth factor 2, and retinoic acid, have been tested to improve the frequency of in vitro myogenic differentiation of PSCs. This review summarizes the current state of the art, comparing spontaneous and directed myogenic differentiation of PSCs as well as the protocols developed this far to facilitate this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Świerczek
- Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria A Ciemerych
- Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Archacka
- Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Endo T. Molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle development, regeneration, and osteogenic conversion. Bone 2015; 80:2-13. [PMID: 26453493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Both skeletal muscle and bone are of mesodermal origin and derived from somites during embryonic development. Somites differentiate into the dorsal dermomyotome and the ventral sclerotome, which give rise to skeletal muscle and bone, respectively. Extracellular signaling molecules, such as Wnt and Shh, secreted from the surrounding environment, determine the developmental fate of skeletal muscle. Dermomyotome cells are specified as trunk muscle progenitor cells by transcription factor networks involving Pax3. These progenitor cells delaminate and migrate to form the myotome, where they are determined as myoblasts that differentiate into myotubes or myofibers. The MyoD family of transcription factors plays pivotal roles in myogenic determination and differentiation. Adult skeletal muscle regenerates upon exercise, muscle injury, or degeneration. Satellite cells are muscle-resident stem cells and play essential roles in muscle growth and regeneration. Muscle regeneration recapitulates the process of muscle development in many aspects. In certain muscle diseases, ectopic calcification or heterotopic ossification, as well as fibrosis and adipogenesis, occurs in skeletal muscle. Muscle-resident mesenchymal progenitor cells, which may be derived from vascular endothelial cells, are responsible for the ectopic osteogenesis, fibrogenesis, and adipogenesis. The small GTPase M-Ras is likely to participate in the ectopic calcification and ossification, as well as in osteogenesis during development. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Muscle Bone Interactions".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Endo
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Yayoicho, Inageku, Chiba, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Randolph ME, Pavlath GK. A muscle stem cell for every muscle: variability of satellite cell biology among different muscle groups. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:190. [PMID: 26500547 PMCID: PMC4595652 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body contains approximately 640 individual skeletal muscles. Despite the fact that all of these muscles are composed of striated muscle tissue, the biology of these muscles and their associated muscle stem cell populations are quite diverse. Skeletal muscles are affected differentially by various muscular dystrophies (MDs), such that certain genetic mutations specifically alter muscle function in only a subset of muscles. Additionally, defective muscle stem cells have been implicated in the pathology of some MDs. The biology of muscle stem cells varies depending on the muscles with which they are associated. Here we review the biology of skeletal muscle stem cell populations of eight different muscle groups. Understanding the biological variation of skeletal muscles and their resident stem cells could provide valuable insight into mechanisms underlying the susceptibility of certain muscles to myopathic disease.
Collapse
|
32
|
Buckingham M, Relaix F. PAX3 and PAX7 as upstream regulators of myogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 44:115-25. [PMID: 26424495 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Like other subclasses within the PAX transcription factor family, PAX3 and PAX7 play important roles in the emergence of a number of different tissues during development. PAX3 regulates neural crest and, together with its orthologue PAX7, is also expressed in parts of the central nervous system. In this chapter we will focus on their role in skeletal muscle. Both factors are key regulators of myogenesis where Pax3 plays a major role during early skeletal muscle formation in the embryo while Pax7 predominates during post-natal growth and muscle regeneration in the adult. We review the expression and functions of these factors in the myogenic context. We also discuss mechanistic aspects of PAX3/7 function and modulation of their activity by interaction with other proteins, as well as the post-transcriptional and transcriptional regulation of their expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Buckingham
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, CNRS URA 2578, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Frédéric Relaix
- INSERM U955 IMRB, Team 10, 94000 Creteil, France; UPEC Paris Est-Creteil University, Faculty of Medicine, F-94000 Creteil, France; Etablissement Français du Sang, 94017 Creteil, France; Université Paris Est, Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d'Alfort, 94700 Maison Alfort, France.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lozano-Velasco E, Vallejo D, Esteban FJ, Doherty C, Hernández-Torres F, Franco D, Aránega AE. A Pitx2-MicroRNA Pathway Modulates Cell Proliferation in Myoblasts and Skeletal-Muscle Satellite Cells and Promotes Their Commitment to a Myogenic Cell Fate. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:2892-909. [PMID: 26055324 PMCID: PMC4525317 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00536-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of a proliferating-cell status from a quiescent state as well as the shift between proliferation and differentiation are key developmental steps in skeletal-muscle stem cells (satellite cells) to provide proper muscle regeneration. However, how satellite cell proliferation is regulated is not fully understood. Here, we report that the c-isoform of the transcription factor Pitx2 increases cell proliferation in myoblasts by downregulating microRNA 15b (miR-15b), miR-23b, miR-106b, and miR-503. This Pitx2c-microRNA (miRNA) pathway also regulates cell proliferation in early-activated satellite cells, enhancing Myf5(+) satellite cells and thereby promoting their commitment to a myogenic cell fate. This study reveals unknown functions of several miRNAs in myoblast and satellite cell behavior and thus may have future applications in regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Lozano-Velasco
- Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Daniel Vallejo
- Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Francisco J Esteban
- Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Chris Doherty
- Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Francisco Hernández-Torres
- Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Diego Franco
- Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Amelia Eva Aránega
- Cardiac and Skeletal Myogenesis Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Blais A. Myogenesis in the Genomics Era. J Mol Biol 2015; 427:2023-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
35
|
L'honoré A, Commère PH, Ouimette JF, Montarras D, Drouin J, Buckingham M. Redox regulation by Pitx2 and Pitx3 is critical for fetal myogenesis. Dev Cell 2014; 29:392-405. [PMID: 24871946 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
During development, major metabolic changes occur as cells become more specialized within a lineage. In the case of skeletal muscle, differentiation is accompanied by a switch from a glycolytic proliferative progenitor state to an oxidative postmitotic differentiated state. Such changes require extensive mitochondrial biogenesis leading to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production that needs to be balanced by an antioxidant system. Our analysis of double conditional Pitx2/3 mouse mutants, both in vivo during fetal myogenesis and ex vivo in primary muscle cell cultures, reveals excessive upregulation of ROS levels leading to DNA damage and apoptosis of differentiating cells. This is a consequence of downregulation of Nrf1 and genes for antioxidant enzymes, direct targets of Pitx2/3, leading to decreased expression of antioxidant enzymes, as well as impairment of mitochondrial function. Our analysis identifies Pitx2 and Pitx3 as key regulators of the intracellular redox state preventing DNA damage as cells undergo differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurore L'honoré
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, CNRS URA 2578, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | | | - Jean-François Ouimette
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Didier Montarras
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, CNRS URA 2578, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jacques Drouin
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Margaret Buckingham
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, CNRS URA 2578, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gene regulatory networks and transcriptional mechanisms that control myogenesis. Dev Cell 2014; 28:225-38. [PMID: 24525185 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We discuss the upstream regulators of myogenesis that lead to the activation of myogenic determination genes and subsequent differentiation, focusing on the mouse model. Key upstream genes, such as Pax3 and Pax7, Six1 and Six4, or Pitx2, participate in gene regulatory networks at different sites of skeletal muscle formation. MicroRNAs also intervene, with emerging evidence for the role of other noncoding RNAs. Myogenic determination and subsequent differentiation depend on members of the MyoD family. We discuss new insights into mechanisms underlying the transcriptional activity of these factors.
Collapse
|
37
|
Liu Y, Huang Y, Fan J, Zhu GZ. PITX2 associates with PTIP-containing histone H3 lysine 4 methyltransferase complex. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 444:634-7. [PMID: 24486544 PMCID: PMC3963365 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.01.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary homeobox 2 (PITX2), a Paired-like homeodomain transcription factor and a downstream effector of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, plays substantial roles in embryonic development and human disorders. The mechanism of its functions, however, is not fully understood. In this study, we demonstrated that PITX2 associated with histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methyltransferase (HKMT) mixed-lineage leukemia 4 (MLL4/KMT2D), Pax transactivation domain-interacting protein (PTIP), and other H3K4·HKMT core subunits. This association of PITX2 with H3K4·HKMT complex was dependent on PITX2's homeodomain. Consistently, the PITX2 protein complex was shown to possess H3K4·HKMT activity. Furthermore, the chromatin immunoprecipitation result revealed co-occupancy of PITX2 and PTIP on the promoter of the PITX2's transcriptional target. Taken together, our data provide new mechanistic perspectives on PITX2's functions and its related biological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Genomic Core Facility, School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Guo-Zhang Zhu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Li X, Venugopalan SR, Cao H, Pinho FO, Paine ML, Snead ML, Semina EV, Amendt BA. A model for the molecular underpinnings of tooth defects in Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:194-208. [PMID: 23975681 PMCID: PMC3857954 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome (ARS) present various dental abnormalities, including hypodontia, and enamel hypoplasia. ARS is genetically associated with mutations in the PITX2 gene, which encodes one of the earliest transcription factors to initiate tooth development. Thus, Pitx2 has long been considered as an upstream regulator of the transcriptional hierarchy in early tooth development. However, because Pitx2 is also a major regulator of later stages of tooth development, especially during amelogenesis, it is unclear how mutant forms cause ARS dental anomalies. In this report, we outline the transcriptional mechanism that is defective in ARS. We demonstrate that during normal tooth development Pitx2 activates Amelogenin (Amel) expression, whose product is required for enamel formation, and that this regulation is perturbed by missense PITX2 mutations found in ARS patients. We further show that Pitx2-mediated Amel activation is controlled by chromatin-associated factor Hmgn2, and that Hmgn2 prevents Pitx2 from efficiently binding to and activating the Amel promoter. Consistent with a physiological significance to this interaction, we show that K14-Hmgn2 transgenic mice display a severe loss of Amel expression on the labial side of the lower incisors, as well as enamel hypoplasia-consistent with the human ARS phenotype. Collectively, these findings define transcriptional mechanisms involved in normal tooth development and shed light on the molecular underpinnings of the enamel defect observed in ARS patients who carry PITX2 mutations. Moreover, our findings validate the etiology of the enamel defect in a novel mouse model of ARS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52244, USA
| | - Shankar R. Venugopalan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52244, USA
| | - Huojun Cao
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52244, USA
| | - Flavia O. Pinho
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52244, USA
| | - Michael L. Paine
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA and
| | - Malcolm L. Snead
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA and
| | - Elena V. Semina
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Brad A. Amendt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52244, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Since the seminal discovery of the cell-fate regulator Myod, studies in skeletal myogenesis have inspired the search for cell-fate regulators of similar potential in other tissues and organs. It was perplexing that a similar transcription factor for other tissues was not found; however, it was later discovered that combinations of molecular regulators can divert somatic cell fates to other cell types. With the new era of reprogramming to induce pluripotent cells, the myogenesis paradigm can now be viewed under a different light. Here, we provide a short historical perspective and focus on how the regulation of skeletal myogenesis occurs distinctly in different scenarios and anatomical locations. In addition, some interesting features of this tissue underscore the importance of reconsidering the simple-minded view that a single stem cell population emerges after gastrulation to assure tissuegenesis. Notably, a self-renewing long-term Pax7+ myogenic stem cell population emerges during development only after a first wave of terminal differentiation occurs to establish a tissue anlagen in the mouse. How the future stem cell population is selected in this unusual scenario will be discussed. Recently, a wealth of information has emerged from epigenetic and genome-wide studies in myogenic cells. Although key transcription factors such as Pax3, Pax7, and Myod regulate only a small subset of genes, in some cases their genomic distribution and binding are considerably more promiscuous. This apparent nonspecificity can be reconciled in part by the permissivity of the cell for myogenic commitment, and also by new roles for some of these regulators as pioneer transcription factors acting on chromatin state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glenda Comai
- Stem Cells and Development, CNRS URA 2578, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Shahragim Tajbakhsh
- Stem Cells and Development, CNRS URA 2578, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Mammalian skeletal muscles are derived from mesoderm segments flanking the embryonic midline. Upon receiving inductive cues from the adjacent neural tube, lateral plate mesoderm, and surface ectoderm, muscle precursors start to delaminate, migrate to their final destinations and proliferate. Muscle precursor cells become committed to the myogenic fate, become differentiated muscle cells, and fuse to form myofibers. Myofibers then fuse together to form the muscle groups. Muscle precursor cells have the ability to proliferate, and differentiate during development, while a subset remains capable of regeneration and repair of local injuries in adulthood. When the process of muscle development is perturbed such as in muscular dystrophies and injuries, ways to intervene and allow for proper muscle development or repair are the focus of regenerative medicine. Thus, understanding the developmental program of muscle at the genetic, cellular, and molecular levels has become a major focus of skeletal muscle regeneration research in the last few years.
Collapse
|
41
|
Six1 regulates MyoD expression in adult muscle progenitor cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67762. [PMID: 23840772 PMCID: PMC3695946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Quiescent satellite cells are myogenic progenitors that enable regeneration of skeletal muscle. One of the early events of satellite cell activation following myotrauma is the induction of the myogenic regulatory factor MyoD, which eventually induces terminal differentiation and muscle function gene expression. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mechanism by which MyoD is induced during activation of satellite cells in mouse muscle undergoing regeneration. We show that Six1, a transcription factor essential for embryonic myogenesis, also regulates MyoD expression in muscle progenitor cells. Six1 knock-down by RNA interference leads to decreased expression of MyoD in myoblasts. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays reveal that Six1 binds the Core Enhancer Region of MyoD. Further, transcriptional reporter assays demonstrate that Core Enhancer Region reporter gene activity in myoblasts and in regenerating muscle depends on the expression of Six1 and on Six1 binding sites. Finally, we provide evidence indicating that Six1 is required for the proper chromatin structure at the Core Enhancer Region, as well as for MyoD binding at its own enhancer. Together, our results reveal that MyoD expression in satellite cells depends on Six1, supporting the idea that Six1 plays an important role in adult myogenesis, in addition to its role in embryonic muscle formation.
Collapse
|
42
|
Six homeoproteins directly activate Myod expression in the gene regulatory networks that control early myogenesis. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003425. [PMID: 23637613 PMCID: PMC3636133 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, several genetic pathways have been characterized that govern engagement of multipotent embryonic progenitors into the myogenic program through the control of the key myogenic regulatory gene Myod. Here we demonstrate the involvement of Six homeoproteins. We first targeted into a Pax3 allele a sequence encoding a negative form of Six4 that binds DNA but cannot interact with essential Eya co-factors. The resulting embryos present hypoplasic skeletal muscles and impaired Myod activation in the trunk in the absence of Myf5/Mrf4. At the axial level, we further show that Myod is still expressed in compound Six1/Six4:Pax3 but not in Six1/Six4:Myf5 triple mutant embryos, demonstrating that Six1/4 participates in the Pax3-Myod genetic pathway. Myod expression and head myogenesis is preserved in Six1/Six4:Myf5 triple mutant embryos, illustrating that upstream regulators of Myod in different embryonic territories are distinct. We show that Myod regulatory regions are directly controlled by Six proteins and that, in the absence of Six1 and Six4, Six2 can compensate. The onset of skeletal muscle formation is controlled by complex gene regulatory networks. By manipulation of these genetic pathways in the mouse embryo, we have examined the interplay between genes encoding the transcriptional regulator Pax3; the major myogenic determination proteins Myf5, Mrf4, and Myod; as well as genes encoding homeodomain proteins Six1 and Six4. In the absence of Myf5 and Six1/4, Myod expression is compromised. We demonstrate that key regulatory elements of the Myod gene are directly targeted by Six factors, including Six2, which is unexpectedly upregulated in the absence of Six1 and Six4. This work therefore reveals new aspects of the gene regulatory networks that control myogenesis.
Collapse
|
43
|
Knopp P, Figeac N, Fortier M, Moyle L, Zammit PS. Pitx genes are redeployed in adult myogenesis where they can act to promote myogenic differentiation in muscle satellite cells. Dev Biol 2013; 377:293-304. [PMID: 23438814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle retains a resident stem cell population called satellite cells. Although mitotically quiescent in mature muscle, satellite cells can be activated to produce myoblast progeny to generate myonuclei for skeletal muscle homoeostasis, hypertrophy and repair. Regulation of satellite cell function in adult requires redeployment of many of the regulatory networks fundamental to developmental myogenesis. Involved in such control of muscle stem cell fate in embryos are members of the Pitx gene family of bicoid-class homeodomain proteins. Here, we investigated the expression and function of all three Pitx genes in muscle satellite cells of adult mice. Endogenous Pitx1 was undetectable, whilst Pitx2a, Pitx2b and Pitx2c were at low levels in proliferating satellite cells, but increased during the early stages of myogenic differentiation. By contrast, proliferating satellite cells expressed robust amounts of Pitx3, with levels then decreasing as cells differentiated, although Pitx3 remained expressed in unfused myoblasts. To examine the role of Pitx genes in satellite cell function, retroviral-mediated expression of Pitx1, all Pitx2 isoforms or Pitx3, was used. Constitutive expression of any Pitx isoform suppressed satellite cell proliferation, with the cells undergoing enhanced myogenic differentiation. Conversely, myogenic differentiation into multinucleated myotubes was decreased when Pitx2 or Pitx3 levels were reduced using siRNA. Together, our results show that Pitx genes play a role in regulating satellite cell function during myogenesis in adult.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Knopp
- King's College London, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, England, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Frankel N. Multiple layers of complexity incis-regulatory regions of developmental genes. Dev Dyn 2012; 241:1857-66. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
|
45
|
Pazin DE, Gamer LW, Cox KA, Rosen V. Molecular profiling of synovial joints: use of microarray analysis to identify factors that direct the development of the knee and elbow. Dev Dyn 2012; 241:1816-26. [PMID: 22972626 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synovial joints develop from the interzone, a dense layer of mesenchymal progenitor cells that marks the site of the future joint. During the morphogenic events that follow, joints attain their distinct shape and organization. The molecular mechanisms controlling the initial specification of synovial joints has been studied, but the question of how individual joints attain the specific structure required for their unique functions remains largely unresolved. Here, we use microarray analysis to compare knee and elbow formation to identify factors involved in the development of specific joints. RESULTS The knee is enriched for the hindlimb patterning genes Hoxc9, Hoxc10, and Tbx4 and for Tgfbi, Rspo2, and Sfrp2, factors involved in transforming growth factor-beta/bone morphogenetic protein (TGFβ/BMP) and Wnt signaling. Consistent with these findings, we show that TGFβ signaling directs knee morphogenesis, and is necessary for meniscus development. The tissue surrounding the elbow is highly enriched for genes involved in muscle specification and differentiation, and in splotch-delayed muscleless mutants, elbow, but not knee morphogenesis is disrupted. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest there are fundamental differences in how individual joints develop after interzone formation. Our microarray analyses provides a new resource for further investigation of the pathways involved in the morphogenesis of specific synovial joints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy E Pazin
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Pandey SN, Cabotage J, Shi R, Dixit M, Sutherland M, Liu J, Muger S, Harper SQ, Nagaraju K, Chen YW. Conditional over-expression of PITX1 causes skeletal muscle dystrophy in mice. Biol Open 2012; 1:629-639. [PMID: 23125914 PMCID: PMC3486706 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20121305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 1 (PITX1) was specifically up-regulated in patients with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) by comparing the genome-wide mRNA expression profiles of 12 neuromuscular disorders. In addition, it is the only known direct transcriptional target of the double homeobox protein 4 (DUX4) of which aberrant expression has been shown to be the cause of FSHD. To test the hypothesis that up-regulation of PITX1 contributes to the skeletal muscle atrophy seen in patients with FSHD, we generated a tet-repressible muscle-specific Pitx1 transgenic mouse model in which expression of PITX1 in skeletal muscle can be controlled by oral administration of doxycycline. After PITX1 was over-expressed in the skeletal muscle for 5 weeks, the mice exhibited significant loss of body weight and muscle mass, decreased muscle strength, and reduction of muscle fiber diameters. Among the muscles examined, the tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, quadricep, bicep, tricep and deltoid showed significant reduction of muscle mass, while the soleus, masseter and diaphragm muscles were not affected. The most prominent pathological change was the development of atrophic muscle fibers with mild necrosis and inflammatory infiltration. The affected myofibers stained heavily with NADH-TR with the strongest staining in angular-shaped atrophic fibers. Some of the atrophic fibers were also positive for embryonic myosin heavy chain using immunohistochemistry. Immunoblotting showed that the p53 was up-regulated in the muscles over-expressing PITX1. The results suggest that the up-regulation of PITX1 followed by activation of p53-dependent pathways may play a major role in the muscle atrophy developed in the mouse model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sachchida N. Pandey
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Jennifer Cabotage
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Rongye Shi
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Manjusha Dixit
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Margret Sutherland
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 48109, USA
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Stephanie Muger
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Scott Q. Harper
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Kanneboyina Nagaraju
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 48109, USA
| | - Yi-Wen Chen
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Havis E, Coumailleau P, Bonnet A, Bismuth K, Bonnin MA, Johnson R, Fan CM, Relaix F, Shi DL, Duprez D. Sim2 prevents entry into the myogenic program by repressing MyoD transcription during limb embryonic myogenesis. Development 2012; 139:1910-20. [PMID: 22513369 DOI: 10.1242/dev.072561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor MyoD is a central actor that triggers the skeletal myogenic program. Cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous regulatory pathways must tightly control MyoD expression to ensure correct initiation of the muscle program at different places in the embryo and at different developmental times. In the present study, we have addressed the involvement of Sim2 (single-minded 2) in limb embryonic myogenesis. Sim2 is a bHLH-PAS transcription factor that inhibits transcription by active repression and displays enhanced expression in ventral limb muscle masses during chick and mouse embryonic myogenesis. We have demonstrated that Sim2 is expressed in muscle progenitors that have not entered the myogenic program, in different experimental conditions. MyoD expression is transiently upregulated in limb muscle masses of Sim2(-/-) mice. Conversely, Sim2 gain-of-function experiments in chick and Xenopus embryos showed that Sim2 represses MyoD expression. In addition, we show that Sim2 represses the activity of the mouse MyoD promoter in primary myoblasts and is recruited to the MyoD core enhancer in embryonic mouse limbs. Sim2 expression is non-autonomously and negatively regulated by the dorsalising factor Lmx1b. We propose that Sim2 represses MyoD transcription in limb muscle masses, through Sim2 recruitment to the MyoD core enhancer, in order to prevent premature entry into the myogenic program. This MyoD repression is predominant in ventral limb regions and is likely to contribute to the differential increase of the global mass of ventral muscles versus dorsal muscles.
Collapse
|
48
|
Makarenkova HP, Meech R. Barx homeobox family in muscle development and regeneration. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 297:117-73. [PMID: 22608559 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394308-8.00004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Homeobox transcription factors are key intrinsic regulators of myogenesis. In studies spanning several years, we have characterized the homeobox factor Barx2 as a novel marker for muscle progenitor cells and an important regulator of muscle growth and repair. In this review, we place the expression and function of Barx2 and its paralogue Barx1 in context with other muscle-expressed homeobox factors in both embryonic and adult myogenesis. We also describe the structure and regulation of Barx genes and possible gene/disease associations. The functional domains of Barx proteins, their molecular interactions, and cellular functions are presented with particular emphasis on control of genes and processes involved in myogenic differentiation. Finally, we describe the patterns of Barx gene expression in vivo and the phenotypes of various Barx gene perturbation models including null mice. We focus on the Barx2 null mouse model, which has demonstrated the critical roles of Barx2 in postnatal myogenesis including muscle maintenance during aging, and regeneration of acute and chronic muscle injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen P Makarenkova
- The Neurobiology Department, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Lozano-Velasco E, Contreras A, Crist C, Hernández-Torres F, Franco D, Aránega AE. Pitx2c modulates Pax3+/Pax7+ cell populations and regulates Pax3 expression by repressing miR27 expression during myogenesis. Dev Biol 2011; 357:165-78. [PMID: 21749861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pitx2 is a paired-related homeobox gene that is expressed in muscle progenitors during myogenesis. We have previously demonstrated that overexpression of Pitx2c isoform in myoblasts maintained these cells with a high proliferative capacity and completely blocked terminal differentiation by inducing high Pax3 expression levels (Martinez et al., 2006). We now report that Pitx2c-mediated proliferation vs. differentiation effect is maintained during in vivo myogenesis. In vivo Pitx2c loss of function leads to a decrease in Pax3+/Pax7- cell population in the embryo accompanied by an increase of Pax3+/Pax7+ cells. Pitx2c transient-transfection experiments further supported the notion that Pitx2c can modulate Pax3/Pax7 expression. Pitx2c but not Pitx3 controls Pax3/Pax7 expression, although redundant roles are elicited at the terminal myoblast differentiation. Contrary to Pitx2c, Pitx3 does not regulate cell proliferation or Pax3 expression, demonstrating the specificity of Pitx2c mediating these actions in myoblasts. Furthermore we demonstrated that Pitx2c modulates Pax3 by repressing miR27 expression and that Pax3-miR-27 modulation mediated by Pitx2c is independent of Pitx2c effects on cell proliferation. Therefore, this study sheds light on previously unknown function of Pitx2c balancing the different myogenic progenitor populations during myogenesis.
Collapse
|
50
|
Alvarado DM, McCall K, Aferol H, Silva MJ, Garbow JR, Spees WM, Patel T, Siegel M, Dobbs MB, Gurnett CA. Pitx1 haploinsufficiency causes clubfoot in humans and a clubfoot-like phenotype in mice. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:3943-52. [PMID: 21775501 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clubfoot affects 1 in 1000 live births, although little is known about its genetic or developmental basis. We recently identified a missense mutation in the PITX1 bicoid homeodomain transcription factor in a family with a spectrum of lower extremity abnormalities, including clubfoot. Because the E130K mutation reduced PITX1 activity, we hypothesized that PITX1 haploinsufficiency could also cause clubfoot. Using copy number analysis, we identified a 241 kb chromosome 5q31 microdeletion involving PITX1 in a patient with isolated familial clubfoot. The PITX1 deletion segregated with autosomal dominant clubfoot over three generations. To study the role of PITX1 haploinsufficiency in clubfoot pathogenesis, we began to breed Pitx1 knockout mice. Although Pitx1(+/-) mice were previously reported to be normal, clubfoot was observed in 20 of 225 Pitx1(+/-) mice, resulting in an 8.9% penetrance. Clubfoot was unilateral in 16 of the 20 affected Pitx1(+/-) mice, with the right and left limbs equally affected, in contrast to right-sided predominant hindlimb abnormalities previously noted with complete loss of Pitx1. Peroneal artery hypoplasia occurred in the clubfoot limb and corresponded spatially with small lateral muscle compartments. Tibial and fibular bone volumes were also reduced. Skeletal muscle gene expression was significantly reduced in Pitx1(-/-) E12.5 hindlimb buds compared with the wild-type, suggesting that muscle hypoplasia was due to abnormal early muscle development and not disuse atrophy. Our morphological data suggest that PITX1 haploinsufficiency may cause a developmental field defect preferentially affecting the lateral lower leg, a theory that accounts for similar findings in human clubfoot.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Alvarado
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|