1
|
Lazzara FE, Rodriguez RE, Palatnik JF. Molecular mechanisms regulating GROWTH-REGULATING FACTORS activity in plant growth, development, and environmental responses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:4360-4372. [PMID: 38666596 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Plants rely on complex regulatory mechanisms to ensure proper growth and development. As plants are sessile organisms, these mechanisms must be flexible enough to adapt to changes in the environment. GROWTH-REGULATING FACTORS (GRFs) are plant-specific transcription factors that act as a central hub controlling plant growth and development, which offer promising biotechnological applications to enhance plant performance. Here, we analyze the complex molecular mechanisms that regulate GRFs activity, and how their natural and synthetic variants can impact on plant growth and development. We describe the biological roles of the GRFs and examine how they regulate gene expression and contribute to the control of organ growth and plant responses to a changing environment. This review focuses on the premise that unlocking the full biotechnological potential of GRFs requires a thorough understanding of the various regulatory layers governing GRF activity, the functional divergence among GRF family members, and the gene networks that they regulate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franco E Lazzara
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, 2000, Argentina
| | - Ramiro E Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, 2000, Argentina
- Centro de Estudios Interdisciplinarios, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Sante Fe, 2000, Argentina
| | - Javier F Palatnik
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, 2000, Argentina
- Centro de Estudios Interdisciplinarios, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Sante Fe, 2000, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ezaki K, Koga H, Takeda-Kamiya N, Toyooka K, Higaki T, Sakamoto S, Tsukaya H. Precocious cell differentiation occurs in proliferating cells in leaf primordia in Arabidopsis angustifolia3 mutant. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1322223. [PMID: 38689848 PMCID: PMC11058843 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1322223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
During leaf development, the timing of transition from cell proliferation to expansion is an important factor in determining the final organ size. However, the regulatory system involved in this transition remains less understood. To get an insight into this system, we investigated the compensation phenomenon, in which the cell number decreases while the cell size increases in organs with determinate growth. Compensation is observed in several plant species suggesting coordination between cell proliferation and expansion. In this study, we examined an Arabidopsis mutant of ANGUSTIFOLIA 3 (AN3)/GRF-INTERACTING FACTOR 1, a positive regulator of cell proliferation, which exhibits the compensation. Though the AN3 role has been extensively investigated, the mechanism underlying excess cell expansion in the an3 mutant remains unknown. Focusing on the early stage of leaf development, we performed kinematic, cytological, biochemical, and transcriptome analyses, and found that the cell size had already increased during the proliferation phase, with active cell proliferation in the an3 mutant. Moreover, at this stage, chloroplasts, vacuoles, and xylem cells developed earlier than in the wild-type cells. Transcriptome data showed that photosynthetic activity and secondary cell wall biosynthesis were activated in an3 proliferating cells. These results indicated that precocious cell differentiation occurs in an3 cells. Therefore, we suggest a novel AN3 role in the suppression of cell expansion/differentiation during the cell proliferation phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazune Ezaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Takeda-Kamiya
- Technology Platform Division, Mass Spectrometry and Microscopy Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kiminori Toyooka
- Technology Platform Division, Mass Spectrometry and Microscopy Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takumi Higaki
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shingo Sakamoto
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Y, Qin M, Zhang G, Lu J, Zhang C, Ma N, Sun X, Gao J. Transcription factor RhRAP2.4L orchestrates cell proliferation and expansion to control petal size in rose. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:2338-2353. [PMID: 38084893 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Maintaining proper flower size is vital for plant reproduction and adaption to the environment. Petal size is determined by spatiotemporally regulated cell proliferation and expansion. However, the mechanisms underlying the orchestration of cell proliferation and expansion during petal growth remains elusive. Here, we determined that the transition from cell proliferation to expansion involves a series of distinct and overlapping processes during rose (Rosa hybrida) petal growth. Changes in cytokinin content were associated with the transition from cell proliferation to expansion during petal growth. RNA sequencing identified the AP2/ERF transcription factor gene RELATED TO AP2 4-LIKE (RhRAP2.4L), whose expression pattern positively associated with cytokinin levels during rose petal development. Silencing RhRAP2.4L promoted the transition from cell proliferation to expansion and decreased petal size. RhRAP2.4L regulates cell proliferation by directly repressing the expression of KIP RELATED PROTEIN 2 (RhKRP2), encoding a cell cycle inhibitor. In addition, we also identified BIG PETALub (RhBPEub) as another direct target gene of RhRAP2.4L. Silencing RhBPEub decreased cell size, leading to reduced petal size. Furthermore, the cytokinin signaling protein ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR 14 (RhARR14) activated RhRAP2.4L expression to inhibit the transition from cell proliferation to expansion, thereby regulating petal size. Our results demonstrate that RhRAP2.4L performs dual functions in orchestrating cell proliferation and expansion during petal growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Meizhu Qin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guifang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingyun Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chengkun Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nan Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoming Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junping Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schneider M, Van Bel M, Inzé D, Baekelandt A. Leaf growth - complex regulation of a seemingly simple process. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:1018-1051. [PMID: 38012838 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the underlying mechanisms of plant development is crucial to successfully steer or manipulate plant growth in a targeted manner. Leaves, the primary sites of photosynthesis, are vital organs for many plant species, and leaf growth is controlled by a tight temporal and spatial regulatory network. In this review, we focus on the genetic networks governing leaf cell proliferation, one major contributor to final leaf size. First, we provide an overview of six regulator families of leaf growth in Arabidopsis: DA1, PEAPODs, KLU, GRFs, the SWI/SNF complexes, and DELLAs, together with their surrounding genetic networks. Next, we discuss their evolutionary conservation to highlight similarities and differences among species, because knowledge transfer between species remains a big challenge. Finally, we focus on the increase in knowledge of the interconnectedness between these genetic pathways, the function of the cell cycle machinery as their central convergence point, and other internal and environmental cues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Schneider
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michiel Van Bel
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Baekelandt
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kikukawa K, Takigawa-Imamura H, Soga K, Kotake T, Higaki T. Smooth Elongation of Pavement Cells Induced by RIC1 Overexpression Leads to Marginal Protrusions of the Cotyledon in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:1356-1371. [PMID: 37718531 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The interdigitated pavement cell shape is suggested to be mechanically rational at both the cellular and tissue levels, but the biological significance of the cell shape is not fully understood. In this study, we explored the potential importance of the jigsaw puzzle-like cell shape for cotyledon morphogenesis in Arabidopsis. We used a transgenic line overexpressing a Rho-like GTPase-interacting protein, ROP-INTERACTIVE CRIB MOTIF-CONTAINING PROTEIN 1 (RIC1), which causes simple elongation of pavement cells. Computer-assisted microscopic analyses, including virtual reality observation, revealed that RIC1 overexpression resulted in abnormal cotyledon shapes with marginal protrusions, suggesting that the abnormal organ shape might be explained by changes in the pavement cell shape. Microscopic, biochemical and mechanical observations indicated that the pavement cell deformation might be due to reduction in the cell wall cellulose content with alteration of cortical microtubule organization. To examine our hypothesis that simple elongation of pavement cells leads to an abnormal shape with marginal protrusion of the cotyledon, we developed a mathematical model that examines the impact of planar cell growth geometry on the morphogenesis of the organ that is an assemblage of the cells. Computer simulations supported experimental observations that elongated pavement cells resulted in an irregular cotyledon shape, suggesting that marginal protrusions were due to local growth variation possibly caused by stochastic bias in the direction of cell elongation cannot be explained only by polarity-based cell elongation, but that an organ-level regulatory mechanism is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hisako Takigawa-Imamura
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Kouichi Soga
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585 Japan
| | - Toshihisa Kotake
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570 Japan
- Green Biology Research Center, Saitama University, Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570 Japan
| | - Takumi Higaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555 Japan
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kurokami 2-39-1 Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555 Japan
- International Research Center for Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Kumamoto University, Kurokami 2-39-1 Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Al-Mosleh S, Mahadevan L. How to Grow a Flat Leaf. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:098401. [PMID: 37721834 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.098401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Growing a flat lamina such as a leaf is almost impossible without some feedback to stabilize long wavelength modes that are easy to trigger since they are energetically cheap. Here we combine the physics of thin elastic plates with feedback control theory to explore how a leaf can remain flat while growing. We investigate both in-plane (metric) and out-of-plane (curvature) growth variation and account for both local and nonlocal feedback laws. We show that a linearized feedback theory that accounts for both spatially nonlocal and temporally delayed effects suffices to suppress long wavelength fluctuations effectively and explains recently observed statistical features of growth in tobacco leaves. Our work provides a framework for understanding the regulation of the shape of leaves and other leaflike laminar objects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salem Al-Mosleh
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - L Mahadevan
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Departments of Physics, and Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Schvarzstein M, Alam F, Toure M, Yanowitz JL. An Emerging Animal Model for Querying the Role of Whole Genome Duplication in Development, Evolution, and Disease. J Dev Biol 2023; 11:26. [PMID: 37367480 PMCID: PMC10299280 DOI: 10.3390/jdb11020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole genome duplication (WGD) or polyploidization can occur at the cellular, tissue, and organismal levels. At the cellular level, tetraploidization has been proposed as a driver of aneuploidy and genome instability and correlates strongly with cancer progression, metastasis, and the development of drug resistance. WGD is also a key developmental strategy for regulating cell size, metabolism, and cellular function. In specific tissues, WGD is involved in normal development (e.g., organogenesis), tissue homeostasis, wound healing, and regeneration. At the organismal level, WGD propels evolutionary processes such as adaptation, speciation, and crop domestication. An essential strategy to further our understanding of the mechanisms promoting WGD and its effects is to compare isogenic strains that differ only in their ploidy. Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is emerging as an animal model for these comparisons, in part because relatively stable and fertile tetraploid strains can be produced rapidly from nearly any diploid strain. Here, we review the use of Caenorhabditis polyploids as tools to understand important developmental processes (e.g., sex determination, dosage compensation, and allometric relationships) and cellular processes (e.g., cell cycle regulation and chromosome dynamics during meiosis). We also discuss how the unique characteristics of the C. elegans WGD model will enable significant advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of polyploidization and its role in development and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mara Schvarzstein
- Biology Department, Brooklyn College at the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
- Biology Department, The Graduate Center at the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Biochemistry Department, The Graduate Center at the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Fatema Alam
- Biology Department, Brooklyn College at the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | - Muhammad Toure
- Biology Department, Brooklyn College at the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | - Judith L. Yanowitz
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tomoi T, Tameshige T, Betsuyaku E, Hamada S, Sakamoto J, Uchida N, Torii K, Shimizu KK, Tamada Y, Urawa H, Okada K, Fukuda H, Tatematsu K, Kamei Y, Betsuyaku S. Targeted single-cell gene induction by optimizing the dually regulated CRE/ loxP system by a newly defined heat-shock promoter and the steroid hormone in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1171531. [PMID: 37351202 PMCID: PMC10283073 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1171531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms rely on intercellular communication systems to organize their cellular functions. In studies focusing on intercellular communication, the key experimental techniques include the generation of chimeric tissue using transgenic DNA recombination systems represented by the CRE/loxP system. If an experimental system enables the induction of chimeras at highly targeted cell(s), it will facilitate the reproducibility and precision of experiments. However, multiple technical limitations have made this challenging. The stochastic nature of DNA recombination events, especially, hampers reproducible generation of intended chimeric patterns. Infrared laser-evoked gene operator (IR-LEGO), a microscopic system that irradiates targeted cells using an IR laser, can induce heat shock-mediated expression of transgenes, for example, CRE recombinase gene, in the cells. In this study, we developed a method that induces CRE/loxP recombination in the target cell(s) of plant roots and leaves in a highly specific manner. We combined IR-LEGO, an improved heat-shock-specific promoter, and dexamethasone-dependent regulation of CRE. The optimal IR-laser power and irradiation duration were estimated via exhaustive irradiation trials and subsequent statistical modeling. Under optimized conditions, CRE/loxP recombination was efficiently induced without cellular damage. We also found that the induction efficiency varied among tissue types and cellular sizes. The developed method offers an experimental system to generate a precisely designed chimeric tissue, and thus, will be useful for analyzing intercellular communication at high resolution in roots and leaves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Tomoi
- Center for Innovation Support, Institute for Social Innovation and Cooperation, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
- School of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
- Laboratory for Biothermology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Tameshige
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research (KIBR), Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Eriko Betsuyaku
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan
| | - Saki Hamada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joe Sakamoto
- Laboratory for Biothermology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- Biophotonics Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Uchida
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keiko U. Torii
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Kentaro K. Shimizu
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research (KIBR), Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yosuke Tamada
- School of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
- Center for Optical Research and Education (CORE), Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
- Robotics, Engineering and Agriculture-Technology Laboratory (REAL), Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Hiroko Urawa
- Faculty of Education, Gifu Shotoku Gakuen University, Gifu, Japan
- Laboratory of Plant Organ Development, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Okada
- Laboratory of Plant Organ Development, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- Ryukoku Extention Center Shiga, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan
| | - Hiroo Fukuda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Tatematsu
- Laboratory of Plant Organ Development, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamei
- Laboratory for Biothermology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- Robotics, Engineering and Agriculture-Technology Laboratory (REAL), Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan
- Optics and Imaging Facility, Trans-Scale Biology Center, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Betsuyaku
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tabeta H, Gunji S, Kawade K, Ferjani A. Leaf-size control beyond transcription factors: Compensatory mechanisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1024945. [PMID: 36756231 PMCID: PMC9901582 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1024945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant leaves display abundant morphological richness yet grow to characteristic sizes and shapes. Beginning with a small number of undifferentiated founder cells, leaves evolve via a complex interplay of regulatory factors that ultimately influence cell proliferation and subsequent post-mitotic cell enlargement. During their development, a sequence of key events that shape leaves is both robustly executed spatiotemporally following a genomic molecular network and flexibly tuned by a variety of environmental stimuli. Decades of work on Arabidopsis thaliana have revisited the compensatory phenomena that might reflect a general and primary size-regulatory mechanism in leaves. This review focuses on key molecular and cellular events behind the organ-wide scale regulation of compensatory mechanisms. Lastly, emerging novel mechanisms of metabolic and hormonal regulation are discussed, based on recent advances in the field that have provided insights into, among other phenomena, leaf-size regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Tabeta
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shizuka Gunji
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Kawade
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Ali Ferjani
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kinoshita A, Naito M, Wang Z, Inoue Y, Mochizuki A, Tsukaya H. Position of meristems and the angles of the cell division plane regulate the uniqueness of lateral organ shape. Development 2022; 149:285889. [PMID: 36373561 PMCID: PMC10112895 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Leaf meristem is a cell proliferative zone present in the lateral organ primordia. In this study, we examined how cell proliferative zones in primordia of planar floral organs and polar auxin transport inhibitor (PATI)-treated leaf organs differ from those of non-treated foliage leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana, with a focus on the accumulation pattern of ANGUSTIFOLIA3 (AN3) protein, a key element for leaf meristem positioning. We found that PATI-induced leaf shape changes were correlated with cell division angle but not with meristem positioning/size or AN3 localisation. In contrast, different shapes between sepals and petals compared with foliage leaves were associated with both altered meristem position, due to altered AN3 expression patterns, and different distributions of cell division angles. A numerical simulation showed that meristem position majorly affected the final shape but biased cell division angles had a minor effect. Taken together, these results suggest that the unique shapes of different lateral organs depend on the position of the meristem in the case of floral organs and cell division angles in the case of leaf organs with different auxin flow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Kinoshita
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Makiko Naito
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Zining Wang
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Inoue
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - Atsushi Mochizuki
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Romanowski A, Furniss JJ, Hussain E, Halliday KJ. Phytochrome regulates cellular response plasticity and the basic molecular machinery of leaf development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:1220-1239. [PMID: 33693822 PMCID: PMC8195529 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants are plastic organisms that optimize growth in response to a changing environment. This adaptive capability is regulated by external cues, including light, which provides vital information about the habitat. Phytochrome photoreceptors detect far-red light, indicative of nearby vegetation, and elicit the adaptive shade-avoidance syndrome (SAS), which is critical for plant survival. Plants exhibiting SAS are typically more elongated, with distinctive, small, narrow leaf blades. By applying SAS-inducing end-of-day far-red (EoD FR) treatments at different times during Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaf 3 development, we have shown that SAS restricts leaf blade size through two distinct cellular strategies. Early SAS induction limits cell division, while later exposure limits cell expansion. This flexible strategy enables phytochromes to maintain control of leaf size through the proliferative and expansion phases of leaf growth. mRNAseq time course data, accessible through a community resource, coupled to a bioinformatics pipeline, identified pathways that underlie these dramatic changes in leaf growth. Phytochrome regulates a suite of major development pathways that control cell division, expansion, and cell fate. Further, phytochromes control cell proliferation through synchronous regulation of the cell cycle, DNA replication, DNA repair, and cytokinesis, and play an important role in sustaining ribosome biogenesis and translation throughout leaf development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Romanowski
- Halliday Lab, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences (IMPS), King’s Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Comparative Genomics of Plant Development, Fundación Instituto Leloir (FIL), Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Buenos Aires (IIBBA) – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - James J Furniss
- Halliday Lab, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences (IMPS), King’s Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ejaz Hussain
- Halliday Lab, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences (IMPS), King’s Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen J Halliday
- Halliday Lab, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences (IMPS), King’s Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Author for communication:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang H, Guo Z, Zhuang Y, Suo Y, Du J, Gao Z, Pan J, Li L, Wang T, Xiao L, Qin G, Jiao Y, Cai H, Li L. MicroRNA775 regulates intrinsic leaf size and reduces cell wall pectin levels by targeting a galactosyltransferase gene in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:581-602. [PMID: 33955485 PMCID: PMC8136896 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koaa049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants possess unique primary cell walls made of complex polysaccharides that play critical roles in determining intrinsic cell and organ size. How genes responsible for synthesizing and modifying the polysaccharides in the cell wall are regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs) to control plant size remains largely unexplored. Here we identified 23 putative cell wall-related miRNAs, termed as CW-miRNAs, in Arabidopsis thaliana and characterized miR775 as an example. We showed that miR775 post-transcriptionally silences GALT9, which encodes an endomembrane-located galactosyltransferase belonging to the glycosyltransferase 31 family. Over-expression of miR775 and deletion of GALT9 led to significantly enlarged leaf-related organs, primarily due to increased cell size. Monosaccharide quantification, confocal Raman imaging, and immunolabeling combined with atomic force microscopy revealed that the MIR775A-GALT9 circuit modulates pectin levels and the elastic modulus of the cell wall. We also showed that MIR775A is directly repressed by the transcription factor ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5). Genetic analysis confirmed that HY5 is a negative regulator of leaf size that acts through the HY5-MIR775A-GALT9 repression cascade to control pectin levels. These findings demonstrate that miR775-regulated cell wall remodeling is an integral determinant of intrinsic leaf size in A. thaliana. Studying other CW-miRNAs would provide more insights into cell wall biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences and School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhonglong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences and School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yan Zhuang
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuanzhen Suo
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianmei Du
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhaoxu Gao
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiawei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences and School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences and School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tianxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences and School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Liang Xiao
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Genji Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences and School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuling Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and National Center for Plant Gene Research, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Huaqing Cai
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences and School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Author for correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fujikura U, Ezaki K, Horiguchi G, Seo M, Kanno Y, Kamiya Y, Lenhard M, Tsukaya H. Suppression of class I compensated cell enlargement by xs2 mutation is mediated by salicylic acid signaling. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008873. [PMID: 32584819 PMCID: PMC7343186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of leaf size has been studied for decades. Enhancement of post-mitotic cell expansion triggered by impaired cell proliferation in Arabidopsis is an important process for leaf size regulation, and is known as compensation. This suggests a key interaction between cell proliferation and cell expansion during leaf development. Several studies have highlighted the impact of this integration mechanism on leaf size determination; however, the molecular basis of compensation remains largely unknown. Previously, we identified extra-small sisters (xs) mutants which can suppress compensated cell enlargement (CCE) via a specific defect in cell expansion within the compensation-exhibiting mutant, angustifolia3 (an3). Here we revealed that one of the xs mutants, namely xs2, can suppress CCE not only in an3 but also in other compensation-exhibiting mutants erecta (er) and fugu2. Molecular cloning of XS2 identified a deleterious mutation in CATION CALCIUM EXCHANGER 4 (CCX4). Phytohormone measurement and expression analysis revealed that xs2 shows hyper activation of the salicylic acid (SA) response pathway, where activation of SA response can suppress CCE in compensation mutants. All together, these results highlight the regulatory connection which coordinates compensation and SA response. Leaves are determinate organ and size of leaves are determined by intrinsic and extrinsic cues. Cell proliferation and post-mitotic cell expansion should be coordinated during leaf morphogenesis to develop appropriate size depending on its developmental programs. Recent studies highlighted the existence of integrated mechanism which coordinates cell proliferation and cell expansion during leaf development. Compensation, which is enhanced post-mitotic cell expansion accompanied by a significant decrease in cell number during leaf organogenesis, is one of the clues for such coordination. However, the molecular mechanisms linking cell proliferation and cell expansion are still poorly understood. Previously, we reported extra-small sisters 2 (xs2) mutation caused specific defect in cell expansion and it suppressed increased post-mitotic cell enlargement in angustifolia3 (an3) mutant, which exhibits typical compensation. Here we identify the affected gene of xs2 mutant encodes a member of cation calcium exchanger which is believed to be involved in cation homeostasis within cells. Loss of function of this protein causes hyper accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) and increased expression of pathogen related genes. Physiological and genetic studies revealed activated SA signal transduction reduced cell size. It suppressed post-mitotic cell expansion in several compensation mutants not only an3 but partially suppressed in another type of compensation mutant which increases size of mitotic cells. This finding suggests post-mitotic cell expansion pathway is regulated in common by SA-dependent signaling and by compensation signaling during leaf development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ushio Fujikura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kazune Ezaki
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gorou Horiguchi
- Department of Life Science, College of Science, Rikkyo University, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Seo
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Japan
| | - Yuri Kanno
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Japan
| | - Yuji Kamiya
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Japan
| | - Michael Lenhard
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nozaki M, Kawade K, Horiguchi G, Tsukaya H. an3-Mediated Compensation Is Dependent on a Cell-Autonomous Mechanism in Leaf Epidermal Tissue. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1181-1190. [PMID: 32321167 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Leaves are formed by coordinated growth of tissue layers driven by cell proliferation and expansion. Compensation, in which a defect in cell proliferation induces compensated cell enlargement (CCE), plays an important role in cell-size determination during leaf development. We previously reported that CCE triggered by the an3 mutation is observed in epidermal and subepidermal layers in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) leaves. Interestingly, CCE is induced in a non-cell autonomous manner between subepidermal cells. However, whether CCE in the subepidermis affects cell size in the adjacent epidermis is still unclear. We induced layer-specific expression of AN3 in an3 leaves and found that CCE in the subepidermis had little impact on cell-size determination in the epidermis, and vice versa, suggesting that CCE is induced in a tissue-autonomous manner. Examination of the epidermis in an3 leaves having AN3-positive and -negative sectors generated by Cre/loxP revealed that, in contrast to the subepidermis, CCE occurred exclusively in AN3-negative epidermal cells, indicating a cell autonomous action of an3-mediated compensation in the epidermis. These results clarified that the epidermal and subepidermal tissue layers have different cell autonomies in CCE. In addition, quantification of cell-expansion kinetics in epidermal and subepidermal tissues of the an3 showed that the tissues exhibited a similar temporal profile to reach a peak cell-expansion rate as compared to wild type. This might be one feature representing that the two tissue layers retain their growth coordination even in the presence of CCE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Nozaki
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), 5-1, Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787 Japan
| | - Kensuke Kawade
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), 5-1, Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787 Japan
- National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
| | - Gorou Horiguchi
- Department of Life Science, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1, Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-8501 Japan
- Research Center for Life Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1, Nishi-Ikebukuro, Tokyo, Toshima-ku, 171-8501 Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), 5-1, Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787 Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Vercruysse J, Baekelandt A, Gonzalez N, Inzé D. Molecular networks regulating cell division during Arabidopsis leaf growth. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2365-2378. [PMID: 31748815 PMCID: PMC7178401 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Leaves are the primary organs for photosynthesis, and as such have a pivotal role for plant growth and development. Leaf development is a multifactorial and dynamic process involving many genes that regulate size, shape, and differentiation. The processes that mainly drive leaf development are cell proliferation and cell expansion, and numerous genes have been identified that, when ectopically expressed or down-regulated, increase cell number and/or cell size during leaf growth. Many of the genes regulating cell proliferation are functionally interconnected and can be grouped into regulatory modules. Here, we review our current understanding of six important gene regulatory modules affecting cell proliferation during Arabidopsis leaf growth: ubiquitin receptor DA1-ENHANCER OF DA1 (EOD1), GROWTH REGULATING FACTOR (GRF)-GRF-INTERACTING FACTOR (GIF), SWITCH/SUCROSE NON-FERMENTING (SWI/SNF), gibberellin (GA)-DELLA, KLU, and PEAPOD (PPD). Furthermore, we discuss how post-mitotic cell expansion and these six modules regulating cell proliferation make up the final leaf size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmien Vercruysse
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Baekelandt
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Gonzalez
- INRAE, Université de Bordeaux, UMR1332 Biologie du fruit et Pathologie, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, Villenave d’Ornon cedex, France
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Baldazzi V, Valsesia P, Génard M, Bertin N. Organ-wide and ploidy-dependent regulation both contribute to cell-size determination: evidence from a computational model of tomato fruit. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:6215-6228. [PMID: 31504751 PMCID: PMC6859726 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of a new organ is the result of coordinated events of cell division and expansion, in strong interaction with each other. This study presents a dynamic model of tomato fruit development that includes cell division, endoreduplication, and expansion processes. The model is used to investigate the potential interactions among these developmental processes within the context of the neo-cellular theory. In particular, different control schemes (either cell-autonomous or organ-controlled) are tested and compared to experimental data from two contrasting genotypes. The model shows that a pure cell-autonomous control fails to reproduce the observed cell-size distribution, and that an organ-wide control is required in order to get realistic cell-size variations. The model also supports the role of endoreduplication as an important determinant of the final cell size and suggests that a direct effect of endoreduplication on cell expansion is needed in order to obtain a significant correlation between size and ploidy, as observed in real data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Baldazzi
- INRA, PSH, 228 route de l'Aerodrome, Avignon, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, Sophia-Antipolis, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inria, INRA, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, BIOCORE, 2004 route des Lucioles, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | | | - Michel Génard
- INRA, PSH, 228 route de l'Aerodrome, Avignon, France
| | - Nadia Bertin
- INRA, PSH, 228 route de l'Aerodrome, Avignon, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Takahashi M, Morikawa H. Nitrogen Dioxide at Ambient Concentrations Induces Nitration and Degradation of PYR/PYL/RCAR Receptors to Stimulate Plant Growth: A Hypothetical Model. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:plants8070198. [PMID: 31262027 PMCID: PMC6681506 DOI: 10.3390/plants8070198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposing Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) seedlings fed with soil nitrogen to 10-50 ppb nitrogen dioxide (NO2) for several weeks stimulated the uptake of major elements, photosynthesis, and cellular metabolisms to more than double the biomass of shoot, total leaf area and contents of N, C P, K, S, Ca and Mg per shoot relative to non-exposed control seedlings. The 15N/14N ratio analysis by mass spectrometry revealed that N derived from NO2 (NO2-N) comprised < 5% of the total plant N, showing that the contribution of NO2-N as N source was minor. Moreover, histological analysis showed that leaf size and biomass were increased upon NO2 treatment, and that these increases were attributable to leaf age-dependent enhancement of cell proliferation and enlargement. Thus, NO2 may act as a plant growth signal rather than an N source. Exposure of Arabidopsis leaves to 40 ppm NO2 induced virtually exclusive nitration of PsbO and PsbP proteins (a high concentration of NO2 was used). The PMF analysis identified the ninth tyrosine residue of PsbO1 (9Tyr) as a nitration site. 9Tyr of PsbO1 was exclusively nitrated after incubation of the thylakoid membranes with a buffer containing NO2 and NO2- or a buffer containing NO2- alone. Nitration was catalyzed by illumination and repressed by photosystem II (PSII) electron transport inhibitors, and decreased oxygen evolution. Thus, protein tyrosine nitration altered (downregulated) the physiological function of cellular proteins of Arabidopsis leaves. This indicates that NO2-induced protein tyrosine nitration may stimulate plant growth. We hypothesized that atmospheric NO2 at ambient concentrations may induce tyrosine nitration of PYR/PYL/RCAR receptors in Arabidopsis leaves, followed by degradation of PYR/PYL/RCAR, upregulation of target of rapamycin (TOR) regulatory complexes, and stimulation of plant growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Misa Takahashi
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
| | - Hiromichi Morikawa
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lateral Inhibition by a Peptide Hormone-Receptor Cascade during Arabidopsis Lateral Root Founder Cell Formation. Dev Cell 2019; 48:64-75.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
19
|
Kawade K, Li Y, Koga H, Sawada Y, Okamoto M, Kuwahara A, Tsukaya H, Hirai MY. The cytochrome P450 CYP77A4 is involved in auxin-mediated patterning of the Arabidopsis thaliana embryo. Development 2018; 145:145/17/dev168369. [PMID: 30213790 DOI: 10.1242/dev.168369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism often plays an important role in developmental control, in addition to supporting basal physiological requirements. However, our understanding of this interaction remains limited. Here, we performed quantitative phenome analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana cytochrome P450 mutants to identify a novel interaction between development and metabolism. We found that cyp77a4 mutants exhibit specific defects in cotyledon development, including asymmetric positioning and cup-shaped morphology, which could be rescued by introducing the CYP77A4 gene. Microscopy revealed that the abnormal patterning was detected at least from the 8-cell stage of the cyp77a4 embryos. We next analysed auxin distribution in mutant embryos, as the phenotypes resembled those of auxin-related mutants. We found that the auxin response pattern was severely perturbed in the cyp77a4 embryos owing to an aberrant distribution of the auxin efflux carrier PIN1. CYP77A4 intracellularly localised to the endoplasmic reticulum, which is consistent with the notion that this enzyme acts as an epoxidase of unsaturated fatty acids in the microsomal fraction. We propose that the CYP77A4-dependent metabolic pathway is an essential element for the establishment of polarity in plant embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Kawade
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, 5-1, Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan .,National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yimeng Li
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuji Sawada
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mami Okamoto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ayuko Kuwahara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, 5-1, Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masami Yokota Hirai
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Omidbakhshfard MA, Fujikura U, Olas JJ, Xue GP, Balazadeh S, Mueller-Roeber B. GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR 9 negatively regulates arabidopsis leaf growth by controlling ORG3 and restricting cell proliferation in leaf primordia. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007484. [PMID: 29985961 PMCID: PMC6053248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf growth is a complex process that involves the action of diverse transcription factors (TFs) and their downstream gene regulatory networks. In this study, we focus on the functional characterization of the Arabidopsis thaliana TF GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR9 (GRF9) and demonstrate that it exerts its negative effect on leaf growth by activating expression of the bZIP TF OBP3-RESPONSIVE GENE 3 (ORG3). While grf9 knockout mutants produce bigger incipient leaf primordia at the shoot apex, rosette leaves and petals than the wild type, the sizes of those organs are reduced in plants overexpressing GRF9 (GRF9ox). Cell measurements demonstrate that changes in leaf size result from alterations in cell numbers rather than cell sizes. Kinematic analysis and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation assay revealed that GRF9 restricts cell proliferation in the early developing leaf. Performing in vitro binding site selection, we identified the 6-base motif 5'-CTGACA-3' as the core binding site of GRF9. By global transcriptome profiling, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) we identified ORG3 as a direct downstream, and positively regulated target of GRF9. Genetic analysis of grf9 org3 and GRF9ox org3 double mutants reveals that both transcription factors act in a regulatory cascade to control the final leaf dimensions by restricting cell number in the developing leaf.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ushio Fujikura
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam‐Golm, Germany
| | - Justyna Jadwiga Olas
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam‐Golm, Germany
| | | | - Salma Balazadeh
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam‐Golm, Germany
- Max‐Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam‐Golm, Germany
| | - Bernd Mueller-Roeber
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam‐Golm, Germany
- Max‐Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam‐Golm, Germany
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Department Plant Development, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Shimano S, Hibara KI, Furuya T, Arimura SI, Tsukaya H, Itoh JI. Conserved functional control, but distinct regulation, of cell proliferation in rice and Arabidopsis leaves revealed by comparative analysis of GRF-INTERACTING FACTOR 1 orthologs. Development 2018; 145:dev.159624. [PMID: 29567670 DOI: 10.1242/dev.159624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of cell proliferation is crucial for establishing the shape of plant leaves. We have identified MAKIBA3 (MKB3), a loss-of-function mutant of which exhibits a narrowed- and rolled-leaf phenotype in rice. MKB3 was found to be an ortholog of Arabidopsis ANGUSTIFOLIA3 (AN3), which positively regulates cell proliferation. The reduced leaf size of mkb3 plants with enlarged cells and the increased size of MKB3-overexpressing leaves with normal-sized cells indicate that MKB3 is a positive regulator of leaf proliferation and that mkb3 mutation triggers a compensation syndrome, as does Arabidopsis an3 Expression analysis revealed that MKB3 is predominantly expressed on the epidermis of leaf primordia, which is different from the location of AN3 A protein movement assay demonstrated that MKB3 moves from an MKB3-expressing domain to a non-expressing domain, which is required for normal leaf development. Our results suggest that rice MKB3 and Arabidopsis AN3 have conserved functions and effects on leaf development. However, the expression pattern of MKB3 and direction of protein movement are different between rice and Arabidopsis, which might reflect differences in leaf primordia development in these two species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Shimano
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Hibara
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Furuya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Arimura
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Bio-Next Project, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Yamate Building #3, 5-1, Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Itoh
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kawade K, Tanimoto H, Horiguchi G, Tsukaya H. Spatially Different Tissue-Scale Diffusivity Shapes ANGUSTIFOLIA3 Gradient in Growing Leaves. Biophys J 2017; 113:1109-1120. [PMID: 28877493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial gradient of signaling molecules is pivotal for establishing developmental patterns of multicellular organisms. It has long been proposed that these gradients could arise from the pure diffusion process of signaling molecules between cells, but whether this simplest mechanism establishes the formation of the tissue-scale gradient remains unclear. Plasmodesmata are unique channel structures in plants that connect neighboring cells for molecular transport. In this study, we measured cellular- and tissue-scale kinetics of molecular transport through plasmodesmata in Arabidopsis thaliana developing leaf primordia by fluorescence recovery assays. These trans-scale measurements revealed biophysical properties of diffusive molecular transport through plasmodesmata and revealed that the tissue-scale diffusivity, but not the cellular-scale diffusivity, is spatially different along the leaf proximal-to-distal axis. We found that the gradient in cell size along the developmental axis underlies this spatially different tissue-scale diffusivity. We then asked how this diffusion-based framework functions in establishing a signaling gradient of endogenous molecules. ANGUSTIFOLIA3 (AN3) is a transcriptional co-activator, and as we have shown here, it forms a long-range signaling gradient along the leaf proximal-to-distal axis to determine a cell-proliferation domain. By genetically engineering AN3 mobility, we assessed each contribution of cell-to-cell movement and tissue growth to the distribution of the AN3 gradient. We constructed a diffusion-based theoretical model using these quantitative data to analyze the AN3 gradient formation and demonstrated that it could be achieved solely by the diffusive molecular transport in a growing tissue. Our results indicate that the spatially different tissue-scale diffusivity is a core mechanism for AN3 gradient formation. This provides evidence that the pure diffusion process establishes the formation of the long-range signaling gradient in leaf development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Kawade
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan; National Institute for Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.
| | | | - Gorou Horiguchi
- Department of Life Science, College of Science, Rikkyo University, Tokyo, Japan; Research Center for Life Science, Rikkyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan; Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Variable Cell Growth Yields Reproducible OrganDevelopment through Spatiotemporal Averaging. Dev Cell 2017; 38:15-32. [PMID: 27404356 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Organ sizes and shapes are strikingly reproducible, despite the variable growth and division of individual cells within them. To reveal which mechanisms enable this precision, we designed a screen for disrupted sepal size and shape uniformity in Arabidopsis and identified mutations in the mitochondrial i-AAA protease FtsH4. Counterintuitively, through live imaging we observed that variability of neighboring cell growth was reduced in ftsh4 sepals. We found that regular organ shape results from spatiotemporal averaging of the cellular variability in wild-type sepals, which is disrupted in the less-variable cells of ftsh4 mutants. We also found that abnormal, increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in ftsh4 mutants disrupts organ size consistency. In wild-type sepals, ROS accumulate in maturing cells and limit organ growth, suggesting that ROS are endogenous signals promoting termination of growth. Our results demonstrate that spatiotemporal averaging of cellular variability is required for precision in organ size.
Collapse
|
24
|
Meng LS, Xu MK, Li D, Zhou MM, Jiang JH. Soluble Sugar Accumulation Can Influence Seed Size via AN3-YDA Gene Cascade. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:4121-4132. [PMID: 28489361 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, seed size is central to many aspects in evolutionary fitness and is a crucial agricultural trait. In this study, Arabidopsis an3 (angustifolia3) mutants present with increased seed size. Target-gene analysis revealed that YDA, which encodes a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase, is a target gene of AN3. Indeed, the loss of YDA function decreases seed size. Furthermore, AN3 and YDA mutations both disrupt normal sucrose and glucose contents and cause altered seed size in an3 or yda mutants. With these results, we provide a molecular model in which soluble sugar accumulation might affect seed size regulation via the AN3-YDA gene cascade. Our findings guide the synthesis of a model that predicts the integration of soluble sugar accumulation at AN3 to control the establishment of seed size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Sheng Meng
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University , Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Ke Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University , Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University , Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Ming Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University , Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Hong Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University , Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sun X, Cahill J, Van Hautegem T, Feys K, Whipple C, Novák O, Delbare S, Versteele C, Demuynck K, De Block J, Storme V, Claeys H, Van Lijsebettens M, Coussens G, Ljung K, De Vliegher A, Muszynski M, Inzé D, Nelissen H. Altered expression of maize PLASTOCHRON1 enhances biomass and seed yield by extending cell division duration. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14752. [PMID: 28300078 PMCID: PMC5356070 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize is the highest yielding cereal crop grown worldwide for grain or silage. Here, we show that modulating the expression of the maize PLASTOCHRON1 (ZmPLA1) gene, encoding a cytochrome P450 (CYP78A1), results in increased organ growth, seedling vigour, stover biomass and seed yield. The engineered trait is robust as it improves yield in an inbred as well as in a panel of hybrids, at several locations and over multiple seasons in the field. Transcriptome studies, hormone measurements and the expression of the auxin responsive DR5rev:mRFPer marker suggest that PLA1 may function through an increase in auxin. Detailed analysis of growth over time demonstrates that PLA1 stimulates the duration of leaf elongation by maintaining dividing cells in a proliferative, undifferentiated state for a longer period of time. The prolonged duration of growth also compensates for growth rate reduction caused by abiotic stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohuan Sun
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - James Cahill
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, 50011 Iowa, USA
| | - Tom Van Hautegem
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Kim Feys
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Clinton Whipple
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo 84602, Utah, USA
| | - Ondrej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators and Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, 771 47 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 771 47 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Sofie Delbare
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Charlot Versteele
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Kirin Demuynck
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Jolien De Block
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Veronique Storme
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Hannes Claeys
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Mieke Van Lijsebettens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Griet Coussens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 907 36 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alex De Vliegher
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Michael Muszynski
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, 50011 Iowa, USA
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Hilde Nelissen
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
He Z, Zeng J, Ren Y, Chen D, Li W, Gao F, Cao Y, Luo T, Yuan G, Wu X, Liang Y, Deng Q, Wang S, Zheng A, Zhu J, Liu H, Wang L, Li P, Li S. OsGIF1 Positively Regulates the Sizes of Stems, Leaves, and Grains in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1730. [PMID: 29051769 PMCID: PMC5633614 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Growth-regulating factor (GRF) interacting factors (GIFs) are involved in several developmental processes in Arabidopsis. We previously showed that upregulation of OsGIF1 expression improves rice grain size. However, whether OsGIF1 is involved in other developmental processes remains unclear. Here, we report pleiotropic effects of OsGIF1 on rice organ size regulation. Overexpression and functional knock-out via a CRISPR/Cas9 strategy revealed that OsGIF1 not only positively regulates the sizes of rice leaf, stem, and grain but also influences rice reproduction. Expression profiles based on both qRT-PCR and GUS (β-glucuronidase) histochemical staining suggested that OsGIF1 is differentially expressed across various rice tissues, consistent with its roles in regulating the development of multiple rice organs. Additionally, we found that OsGIF1-GFP localized preferentially in the nucleus, which supports its proposed role as a transcriptional cofactor. Further histological analysis suggested that OsGIF1 affected rice organ size possibly by regulating cell size. Our results suggest that OsGIF1 plays important roles in vegetative and reproductive developmental processes, with important implications for rice breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongshan He
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Jing Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Yun Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Dan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Fengyan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Ye Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Tao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Guoqiang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Xianghong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Yueyang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Qiming Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Shiquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Aiping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Huainian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Lingxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Ping Li, Shuangcheng Li,
| | - Shuangcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Ping Li, Shuangcheng Li,
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Nishihama R, Ishida S, Urawa H, Kamei Y, Kohchi T. Conditional Gene Expression/Deletion Systems for Marchantia polymorpha Using its Own Heat-Shock Promoter and Cre/loxP-Mediated Site-Specific Recombination. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:271-280. [PMID: 26148498 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The liverwort Marchantia polymorpha is an emerging model plant suitable for addressing, using genetic approaches, various evolutionary questions in the land plant lineage. Haploid dominancy in its life cycle facilitates genetic analyses, but conversely limits the ability to isolate mutants of essential genes. To overcome this issue and to be employed in cell lineage, mosaic and cell autonomy analyses, we developed a system that allows conditional gene expression and deletion using a promoter of a heat-shock protein (HSP) gene and the Cre/loxP site-specific recombination system. Because the widely used promoter of the Arabidopsis HSP18.2 gene did not operate in M. polymorpha, we identified a promoter of an endogenous HSP gene, MpHSP17.8A1, which exhibited a highly inducible transient expression level upon heat shock with a low basal activity level. Reporter genes fused to this promoter were induced globally in thalli under whole-plant heat treatment and also locally using a laser-assisted targeted heating technique. By expressing Cre fused to the glucocorticoid receptor under the control of the MpHSP17.8A1 promoter, a low background, sufficiently inducible control for loxP-mediated recombination could be achieved in M. polymorpha. Based on these findings, we developed a Gateway technology-based binary vector for the conditional induction of gene deletions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Nishihama
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Sakiko Ishida
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Hiroko Urawa
- Faculty of Education, Gifu Shotoku Gakuen University, Gifu, 501-6194 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamei
- Spectrography and Bioimaging Facility, NIBB Core Facilities, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan Department of Basic Biology in the School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (the Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Katano M, Takahashi K, Hirano T, Kazama Y, Abe T, Tsukaya H, Ferjani A. Suppressor Screen and Phenotype Analyses Revealed an Emerging Role of the Monofunctional Peroxisomal Enoyl-CoA Hydratase 2 in Compensated Cell Enlargement. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:132. [PMID: 26925070 PMCID: PMC4756126 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Efficient use of seed nutrient reserves is crucial for germination and establishment of plant seedlings. Mobilizing seed oil reserves in Arabidopsis involves β-oxidation, the glyoxylate cycle, and gluconeogenesis, which provide essential energy and the carbon skeletons needed to sustain seedling growth until photoautotrophy is acquired. We demonstrated that H(+)-PPase activity is required for gluconeogenesis. Lack of H(+)-PPase in fugu5 mutants increases cytosolic pyrophosphate (PPi) levels, which partially reduces sucrose synthesis de novo and inhibits cell division. In contrast, post-mitotic cell expansion in cotyledons was unusually enhanced, a phenotype called compensation. Therefore, it appears that PPi inhibits several cellular functions, including cell cycling, to trigger compensated cell enlargement (CCE). Here, we mutagenized fugu5-1 seeds with (12)C(6+) heavy-ion irradiation and screened mutations that restrain CCE to gain insight into the genetic pathway(s) involved in CCE. We isolated A#3-1, in which cell size was severely reduced, but cell number remained similar to that of original fugu5-1. Moreover, cell number decreased in A#3-1 single mutant (A#3-1sm), similar to that of fugu5-1, but cell size was almost equal to that of the wild type. Surprisingly, A#3-1 mutation did not affect CCE in other compensation exhibiting mutant backgrounds, such as an3-4 and fugu2-1/fas1-6. Subsequent map-based cloning combined with genome sequencing and HRM curve analysis identified enoyl-CoA hydratase 2 (ECH2) as the causal gene of A#3-1. The above phenotypes were consistently observed in the ech2-1 allele and supplying sucrose restored the morphological and cellular phenotypes in fugu5-1, ech2-1, A#3-1sm, fugu5-1 ech2-1, and A#3-1; fugu5-1. Taken together, these results suggest that defects in either H(+)-PPase or ECH2 compromise cell proliferation due to defects in mobilizing seed storage lipids. In contrast, ECH2 alone likely promotes CCE during the post-mitotic cell expansion stage of cotyledon development, probably by converting indolebutyric acid to indole acetic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mana Katano
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei UniversityTokyo, Japan
| | | | - Tomonari Hirano
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Miyazaki UniversityMiyazaki, Japan
| | | | | | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural SciencesOkazaki, Japan
| | - Ali Ferjani
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei UniversityTokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Ali Ferjani,
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Meng LS, Wang YB, Loake GJ, Jiang JH. Seed Embryo Development Is Regulated via an AN3-MINI3 Gene Cascade. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1645. [PMID: 27857719 PMCID: PMC5093144 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In agriculture, seed mass is one of the most important components related to seed yield. MINISEED3 (MINI3) which encodes the transcriptional activator WRKY10, is thought to be a pivotal regulator of seed mass. In Arabidopsis SHORT HYPOCOTYL UNDER BLUE1 (SHB1) associates with the promoter of MINI3, regulating embryo cell proliferation (both cell division and elongation), which, in turn, modulates seed mass. Furthermore, the recruitment of SHB1 via MINI3 to both its cognate promoter and that of IKU2 implies a two-step amplification for countering the low expression level of IKU2, which is thought to function as a molecular switch for seed cavity enlargement. However, it is largely unknown how embryo cell proliferation, which encompasses both cell division and elongation, is regulated by SHB1 and MINI3 function. Here, we show that a loss of function mutation within the transcriptional coactivator ANGUSTIFOLIA3 (AN3), increases seed mass. Further, AN3 associates with the MINI3 promoter in vivo. Genetic evidence indicates that the absence of MINI3 function suppresses the decrease of cell number observed in an3-4 mutants by regulating cell division and in turn inhibits increased cell size of the an3-4 line by controlling cell elongation. Thus, seed embryo development is modulated via an AN3-MINI3 gene cascade. This regulatory model provides a deeper understanding of seed mass regulation, which may in turn lead to increased crop yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Sheng Meng
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhou, China
- Centre for Transformational Biotechnology of Medicinal and Food Plants, Jiangsu Normal University – The University of EdinburghXuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lai-Sheng Meng, Ji-Hong Jiang, Gary J. Loake,
| | - Yi-Bo Wang
- School of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Tianshui Normal UniversityTianshui, China
| | - Gary J. Loake
- Centre for Transformational Biotechnology of Medicinal and Food Plants, Jiangsu Normal University – The University of EdinburghXuzhou, China
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
- *Correspondence: Lai-Sheng Meng, Ji-Hong Jiang, Gary J. Loake,
| | - Ji-Hong Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhou, China
- Centre for Transformational Biotechnology of Medicinal and Food Plants, Jiangsu Normal University – The University of EdinburghXuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lai-Sheng Meng, Ji-Hong Jiang, Gary J. Loake,
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kim JH, Tsukaya H. Regulation of plant growth and development by the GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR and GRF-INTERACTING FACTOR duo. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:6093-107. [PMID: 26160584 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors are key regulators of gene expression and play pivotal roles in all aspects of living organisms. Therefore, identification and functional characterization of transcription factors is a prerequisite step toward understanding life. This article reviews molecular and biological functions of the two transcription regulator families, GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR (GRF) and GRF-INTERACTING FACTOR (GIF), which have only recently been recognized. A myriad of experimental evidence clearly illustrates that GRF and GIF are bona fide partner proteins and form a plant-specific transcriptional complex. One of the most conspicuous outcomes from this research field is that the GRF-GIF duo endows the primordial cells of vegetative and reproductive organs with a meristematic specification state, guaranteeing the supply of cells for organogenesis and successful reproduction. It has recently been shown that GIF1 proteins, also known as ANGUSTIFOLIA3, recruit chromatin remodelling complexes to target genes, and that AtGRF expression is directly activated by the floral identity factors, APETALA1 and SEPALLATA3, providing an important insight into understanding of the action of GRF-GIF. Moreover, GRF genes are extensively subjected to post-transcriptional control by microRNA396, revealing the presence of a complex regulatory circuit in regulation of plant growth and development by the GRF-GIF duo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hoe Kim
- Department of Biology, Kyungpook National University, 1370 Sankyuk-dong, Buk-gu, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Okello RCO, Heuvelink E, de Visser PHB, Struik PC, Marcelis LFM. What drives fruit growth? FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2015; 42:817-827. [PMID: 32480724 DOI: 10.1071/fp15060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cell division, endoreduplication (an increase in nuclear DNA content without cell division) and cell expansion are important processes for growth. It is debatable whether organ growth is driven by all three cellular processes. Alternatively, all could be part of a dominant extracellular growth regulatory mechanism. Cell level processes have been studied extensively and a positive correlation between cell number and fruit size is commonly reported, although few positive correlations between cell size or ploidy level and fruit size have been found. Here, we discuss cell-level growth dynamics in fruits and ask what drives fruit growth and during which development stages. We argue that (1) the widely accepted positive correlation between cell number and fruit size does not imply a causal relationship; (2) fruit growth is regulated by both cell autonomous and noncell autonomous mechanisms as well as a global coordinator, the target of rapamycin; and (3) increases in fruit size follow the neocellular theory of growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C O Okello
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Greenhouse Horticulture, PO Box 644, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ep Heuvelink
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter H B de Visser
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Greenhouse Horticulture, PO Box 644, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul C Struik
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, PO Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo F M Marcelis
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
To achieve optimal functionality, plant organs like leaves and petals have to grow to a certain size. Beginning with a limited number of undifferentiated cells, the final size of an organ is attained by a complex interplay of cell proliferation and subsequent cell expansion. Regulatory mechanisms that integrate intrinsic growth signals and environmental cues are required to enable optimal leaf and flower development. This review focuses on plant-specific principles of growth reaching from the cellular to the organ level. The currently known genetic pathways underlying these principles are summarized and network connections are highlighted. Putative non-cell autonomously acting mechanisms that might coordinate plant-cell growth are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hjördis Czesnick
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Michael Lenhard
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Randall RS, Sornay E, Dewitte W, Murray JAH. AINTEGUMENTA and the D-type cyclin CYCD3;1 independently contribute to petal size control in Arabidopsis: evidence for organ size compensation being an emergent rather than a determined property. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:3991-4000. [PMID: 25948704 PMCID: PMC4473993 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant lateral aerial organ (LAO) growth is determined by the number and size of cells comprising the organ. Genetic alteration of one parameter is often accompanied by changes in the other, such that the overall effect on final LAO size is minimized, suggested to be caused by an active organ level 'compensation mechanism'. For example, the aintegumenta (ant) mutant exhibits reduced cell number but increased cell size in LAOs. The ANT transcription factor regulates the duration of the cell division phase of LAO growth, and its ectopic expression is correlated with increased levels of the cell cycle regulator CYCD3;1. This has previously led to the suggestion that ANT regulates CYCD3;1. It is shown here that while ANT is required for normal cell proliferation in petals, CYCD3;1 is not, suggesting that ANT does not regulate CYCD3;1 during petal growth. Moreover CYCD3;1 expression was similar in wild-type and ant-9 flowers. In contrast to the compensatory changes between cell size and number in ant mutants, cycd3;1 mutants show increased petal cell size unaccompanied by changes in cell number, leading to larger organs. However, loss of CYCD3;1 in the ant-9 mutant background leads to a phenotype consistent with compensation mechanisms. These apparently arbitrary examples of compensation are reconciled through a model of LAO growth in which distinct phases of division and cell expansion occupy differing lengths of a defined overall growth window. This leads to the proposal that many observations of 'compensation mechanisms' might alternatively be more simply explained as emergent properties of LAO development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo S Randall
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Emily Sornay
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Walter Dewitte
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - James A H Murray
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Huang T, Irish VF. Temporal Control of Plant Organ Growth by TCP Transcription Factors. Curr Biol 2015; 25:1765-70. [PMID: 26073137 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis petal is a simple laminar organ whose development is largely impervious to environmental effects, making it an excellent model for dissecting the regulation of cell-cycle progression and post-mitotic cell expansion that together sculpt organ form. Arabidopsis petals grow via basipetal waves of cell division, followed by a phase of cell expansion. RABBIT EARS (RBE) encodes a C2H2 zinc finger transcriptional repressor and is required for petal development. During the early phase of petal initiation, RBE regulates a microRNA164-dependent pathway that controls cell proliferation at the petal primordium boundaries. The effects of rbe mutations on petal lamina growth suggest that RBE is also required to regulate later developmental events during petal organogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that, early in petal development, RBE represses the transcription of a suite of CIN-TCP genes that in turn act to inhibit the number and duration of cell divisions; the temporal alleviation of that repression results in the transition from cell division to post-mitotic cell expansion and concomitant petal maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tengbo Huang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520-8104, USA
| | - Vivian F Irish
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520-8104, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 165 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8106, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hisanaga T, Kawade K, Tsukaya H. Compensation: a key to clarifying the organ-level regulation of lateral organ size in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:1055-63. [PMID: 25635111 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Leaves are ideal model systems to study the organ size regulation of multicellular plants. Leaf cell number and cell size are determinant factors of leaf size which is controlled through cell proliferation and post-mitotic cell expansion, respectively. To achieve a proper leaf size, cell proliferation and post-mitotic cell expansion should be co-ordinated during leaf morphogenesis. Compensation, which is enhanced post-mitotic cell expansion associated with a decrease in cell number during lateral organ development, is suggestive of such co-ordination. Genetic and kinematic studies revealed at least three classes of modes of compensation, indicating that compensation is a heterogeneous phenomenon. Recent studies have increased our understanding about the molecular basis of compensation by identifying the causal genes of each compensation-exhibiting mutant. Furthermore, analyses using chimeric leaves revealed that a type of compensated cell expansion requires cell-to-cell communication. Information from recent advances in molecular and genetic studies on compensation has been integrated here and its role in organ size regulation is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Hisanaga
- Graduate School of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Kensuke Kawade
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Seed size is a key determinant of evolutionary fitness, and is also one of the most important components of seed yield. In angiosperms, seed development begins with double fertilization, which leads to the formation of a diploid embryo and a triploid endosperm. The outermost layer of the seed is the seed coat, which differentiates from maternal integuments. Therefore, the size of a seed is determined by the co-ordinated growth of the embryo, endosperm, and maternal tissue. Recent studies have identified several factors that act maternally or zygotically to regulate seed size, and revealed possible mechanisms that underlie seed size control in Arabidopsis and rice. In this review, we summarize current research progress in maternal control of seed size and discuss the roles of several newly identified regulators in maternal regulation of seed growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yunhai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ferjani A, Hanai K, Gunji S, Maeda S, Sawa S, Tsukaya H. Balanced cell proliferation and expansion is essential for flowering stem growth control. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e992755. [PMID: 25831425 PMCID: PMC4622685 DOI: 10.4161/15592324.2014.992755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The postembryonic development of aboveground plant organs relies on a continuous supply of cells from the shoot apical meristem. Previous studies of developmental regulation in leaves and flowers have revealed the crucial role of coordinated cell proliferation and differentiation during organogenesis. However, the importance of this coordination has not been examined in flowering stems. Very recently, we attempted to identify regulatory factors that maintain flowering stem integrity. We found that the increased cell number in clavata (clv) mutants and the decreased cell size in de-etiolated (det)3-1 resulted in flowering stems that were thicker and thinner, respectively, than in wild-type (WT) plants. Interestingly, in the cell proliferation- and cell expansion-defective double mutant clv det3-1, the flowering stems often exhibited severe cracking, resulting in exposure of their inner tissues. In this study, further quantification of the cellular phenotypes in the cotyledons and leaves revealed no differences between det3-1 and clv3 det3-1. Together, the above findings suggest that the clv3 mutation in a det3-1 background primarily affects flowering stems, while its effect on other organs is likely negligible. We propose that the coordination between cell proliferation and differentiation is not only important during leaf development, but also plays a role in the growth control of Arabidopsis flowering stems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ferjani
- Department of Biology; Tokyo Gakugei University; Koganei-shi; Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence to: Ali Ferjani;
| | - Kenya Hanai
- Department of Biology; Tokyo Gakugei University; Koganei-shi; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shizuka Gunji
- Department of Biology; Tokyo Gakugei University; Koganei-shi; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saori Maeda
- Department of Biology; Tokyo Gakugei University; Koganei-shi; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology; Kumamoto University; Chuo-ku, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Department of Biological Sciences; Graduate School of Science; University of Tokyo; Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Notaguchi M. Identification of phloem-mobile mRNA. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2015; 128:27-35. [PMID: 25516498 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-014-0675-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Signaling between cells, tissues and organs is essential for multicellular organisms to coordinate and adapt their development and growth to internal and environmental changes. Plants have evolved a plant-specific symplasmic pathway, called plasmodesmata, for efficient intercellular communication, in addition to the receptor-ligand-based apoplasmic pathway. Long-distance signaling between distant organs is enabled via the phloem tube system, where plasmodesmata contribute to phloem loading and unloading for photosynthate allocation. In addition to signaling by small molecules such as metabolites and phytohormones, the transport of proteins, small RNAs and mRNAs is also considered an important mechanism to achieve long-distance signaling in plants. Recent studies on phloem-mobile proteins and small RNAs have revealed their role in crucial physiological processes including flowering, systemic silencing and nutrient allocation. However, the biological role of mRNAs found in the phloem tube is not yet clear, though their mobility over long-distances has been well evidenced. To gain this knowledge, it is important to collect further information on mRNA profiles in the phloem translocation stream. In this review, I summarize the current approaches to identifying the mRNA population in the phloem translocation system, and discuss the possible role of short- and long-distance mRNA transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michitaka Notaguchi
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, B-105, Bldg B, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan,
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kawade K, Tanimoto H. Mobility of signaling molecules: the key to deciphering plant organogenesis. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2015; 128:17-25. [PMID: 25516503 PMCID: PMC4375297 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-014-0692-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Signaling molecules move between cells to form a characteristic distribution pattern within a developing organ; thereafter, they spatiotemporally regulate organ development. A key question in this process is how the signaling molecules robustly form the precise distribution on a tissue scale in a reproducible manner. Despite of an increasing number of quantitative studies regarding the mobility of signaling molecules, the detail mechanism of organogenesis via intercellular signaling is still unclear. We here review the potential advantages of plant development to address this question, focusing on the cytoplasmic continuity of plant cells through the plasmodesmata. The plant system would provide a unique opportunity to define the simple transportation mode of diffusion process, and, hence, the mechanism of organogenesis via intercellular signaling. Based on the advances in the understanding of intercellular signaling at the molecular level and in the quantitative imaging techniques, we discuss our current challenges in measuring the mobility of signaling molecules for deciphering plant organogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Kawade
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan,
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Takahashi M, Morikawa H. Kinematic evidence that atmospheric nitrogen dioxide increases the rates of cell proliferation and enlargement to stimulate leaf expansion in Arabidopsis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e1022011. [PMID: 26786010 PMCID: PMC4854335 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1022011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the stimulation of leaf growth by atmospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2), we performed a kinematic analysis of the eighth leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana (accession C24) plants grown for 17-35 days after sowing in the presence or absence of 50 ppb NO2 (designated +NO2 plants and -NO2 plants, respectively). We found that the peak and mean values of the relative rates of leaf expansion, cell division and cell expansion were always greater in +NO2 plants than in -NO2 plants. No evidence for prolonged duration was obtained. Thus, NO2 treatment increased the rates of both cell proliferation and enlargement to increase leaf size. Furthermore, a fold-change analysis showed that cell proliferation and enlargement differentially regulated NO2-induced leaf expansion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Misa Takahashi
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences; Hiroshima University; Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Morikawa
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences; Hiroshima University; Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Qin Z, Zhang X, Zhang X, Feng G, Hu Y. The Arabidopsis ORGAN SIZE RELATED 2 is involved in regulation of cell expansion during organ growth. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:349. [PMID: 25491177 PMCID: PMC4271509 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0349-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In plants, the growth of an aerial organ to its characteristic size relies on the coordination of cell proliferation and expansion. These two different processes occur successively during organ development, with a period of overlap. However, the mechanism underlying the cooperative and coordinative regulation of cell proliferation and expansion during organ growth remains poorly understood. RESULTS This study characterized a new Arabidopsis ORGAN SIZE RELATED (OSR) gene, OSR2, which participates in the regulation of cell expansion process during organ growth. OSR2 was expressed primarily in tissues or organs undergoing growth by cell expansion, and the ectopic expression of OSR2 resulted in enlarged organs, primarily through enhancement of cell expansion. We further show that OSR2 functions redundantly with ARGOS-LIKE (ARL), another OSR gene that regulates cell expansion in organ growth. Moreover, morphological and cytological analysis of triple and quadruple osr mutants verified that the four OSR members differentially but cooperatively participate in the regulation of cell proliferation and cell expansion and thus the final organ size. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal that OSR2 is functional in the regulation of cell expansion during organ growth, which further implicates the involvement of OSR members in the regulation of both cell proliferation and expansion and thus the final organ size. These findings, together with our previous studies, strongly suggest that OSR-mediated organ growth may represent an evolutionary mechanism for the cooperative regulation of cell proliferation and expansion during plant organogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Qin
- />Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- />Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 China
- />University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoran Zhang
- />Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 China
| | - Guanping Feng
- />Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, Jiangxi 343009 China
| | - Yuxin Hu
- />Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 China
- />National Center for Plant Gene Research, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Maeda S, Gunji S, Hanai K, Hirano T, Kazama Y, Ohbayashi I, Abe T, Sawa S, Tsukaya H, Ferjani A. The conflict between cell proliferation and expansion primarily affects stem organogenesis in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:1994-2007. [PMID: 25246492 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant shoot organs such as stems, leaves and flowers are derived from specialized groups of stem cells organized at the shoot apical meristem (SAM). Organogenesis involves two major processes, namely cell proliferation and differentiation, whereby the former contributes to increasing the cell number and the latter involves substantial increases in cell volume through cell expansion. Co-ordination between the above processes in time and space is essential for proper organogenesis. To identify regulatory factors involved in proper organogenesis, heavy-ion beam-irradiated de-etiolated (det) 3-1 seeds have been used to identify striking phenotypes in the A#26-2; det3-1 mutant. In addition to the stunted plant stature mimicking det3-1, the A#26-2; det3-1 mutant exhibited stem thickening, increased floral organ number and a fruit shape reminiscent of clavata (clv) mutants. DNA sequencing analysis demonstrated that A#26-2; det3-1 harbors a mutation in the CLV3 gene. Importantly, A#26-2; det3-1 displayed cracks that randomly occurred on the main stem with a frequency of approximately 50%. Furthermore, the double mutants clv3-8 det3-1, clv1-4 det3-1 and clv2-1 det3-1 consistently showed stem cracks with frequencies of approximately 97, 38 and 35%, respectively. Cross-sections of stems further revealed an increase in vascular bundle number, cell number and size in the pith of clv3-8 det3-1 compared with det3-1. These findings suggest that the stem inner volume increase due to clv mutations exerts an outward mechanical stress; that in a det3-1 background (defective in cell expansion) resulted in cracking of the outermost layer of epidermal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saori Maeda
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei-shi, 184-8501 Japan These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Shizuka Gunji
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei-shi, 184-8501 Japan These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Kenya Hanai
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei-shi, 184-8501 Japan These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Tomonari Hirano
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Yusuke Kazama
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Iwai Ohbayashi
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei-shi, 184-8501 Japan
| | - Tomoko Abe
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, 860-8555 Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Ali Ferjani
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei-shi, 184-8501 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Debernardi JM, Mecchia MA, Vercruyssen L, Smaczniak C, Kaufmann K, Inze D, Rodriguez RE, Palatnik JF. Post-transcriptional control of GRF transcription factors by microRNA miR396 and GIF co-activator affects leaf size and longevity. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 79:413-26. [PMID: 24888433 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The growth-regulating factors (GRFs) are plant-specific transcription factors. They form complexes with GRF-interacting factors (GIFs), a small family of transcriptional co-activators. In Arabidopsis thaliana, seven out of the nine GRFs are controlled by microRNA miR396. Analysis of Arabidopsis plants carrying a GRF3 allele insensitive to miR396 revealed a strong boost in the number of cells in leaves, which was further enhanced synergistically by an additional increase of GIF1 levels. Genetic experiments revealed that GRF3 can still increase cell number in gif1 mutants, albeit to a much lesser extent. Genome-wide transcript profiling indicated that the simultaneous increase of GRF3 and GIF1 levels causes additional effects in gene expression compared to either of the transgenes alone. We observed that GIF1 interacts in vivo with GRF3, as well as with chromatin-remodeling complexes, providing a mechanistic explanation for the synergistic activities of a GRF3-GIF1 complex. Interestingly, we found that, in addition to the leaf size, the GRF system also affects the organ longevity. Genetic and molecular analysis revealed that the functions of GRFs in leaf growth and senescence can be uncoupled, demonstrating that the miR396-GRF-GIF network impinges on different stages of leaf development. Our results integrate the post-transcriptional control of the GRF transcription factors with the progression of leaf development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Debernardi
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y Esmeralda, Rosario, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Tiller N, Bock R. The translational apparatus of plastids and its role in plant development. MOLECULAR PLANT 2014; 7:1105-20. [PMID: 24589494 PMCID: PMC4086613 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssu022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts (plastids) possess a genome and their own machinery to express it. Translation in plastids occurs on bacterial-type 70S ribosomes utilizing a set of tRNAs that is entirely encoded in the plastid genome. In recent years, the components of the chloroplast translational apparatus have been intensely studied by proteomic approaches and by reverse genetics in the model systems tobacco (plastid-encoded components) and Arabidopsis (nucleus-encoded components). This work has provided important new insights into the structure, function, and biogenesis of chloroplast ribosomes, and also has shed fresh light on the molecular mechanisms of the translation process in plastids. In addition, mutants affected in plastid translation have yielded strong genetic evidence for chloroplast genes and gene products influencing plant development at various levels, presumably via retrograde signaling pathway(s). In this review, we describe recent progress with the functional analysis of components of the chloroplast translational machinery and discuss the currently available evidence that supports a significant impact of plastid translational activity on plant anatomy and morphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Tiller
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Sablowski R, Carnier Dornelas M. Interplay between cell growth and cell cycle in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:2703-14. [PMID: 24218325 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The growth of organs and whole plants depends on both cell growth and cell-cycle progression, but the interaction between both processes is poorly understood. In plants, the balance between growth and cell-cycle progression requires coordinated regulation of four different processes: macromolecular synthesis (cytoplasmic growth), turgor-driven cell-wall extension, mitotic cycle, and endocycle. Potential feedbacks between these processes include a cell-size checkpoint operating before DNA synthesis and a link between DNA contents and maximum cell size. In addition, key intercellular signals and growth regulatory genes appear to target at the same time cell-cycle and cell-growth functions. For example, auxin, gibberellin, and brassinosteroid all have parallel links to cell-cycle progression (through S-phase Cyclin D-CDK and the anaphase-promoting complex) and cell-wall functions (through cell-wall extensibility or microtubule dynamics). Another intercellular signal mediated by microtubule dynamics is the mechanical stress caused by growth of interconnected cells. Superimposed on developmental controls, sugar signalling through the TOR pathway has recently emerged as a central control point linking cytoplasmic growth, cell-cycle and cell-wall functions. Recent progress in quantitative imaging and computational modelling will facilitate analysis of the multiple interconnections between plant cell growth and cell cycle and ultimately will be required for the predictive manipulation of plant growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sablowski
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Marcelo Carnier Dornelas
- Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-862, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Han X, Kumar D, Chen H, Wu S, Kim JY. Transcription factor-mediated cell-to-cell signalling in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:1737-49. [PMID: 24347464 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells utilize mobile transcription factors to transmit intercellular signals when they perceive environmental stimuli or initiate developmental programmes. Studies on these novel cell-to-cell signals have accumulated multiple pieces of evidence showing that non-cell-autonomous transcription factors play pivotal roles in most processes related to the formation and development of plant organs. Recent studies have explored the evolution of mobile transcription factors and proposed mechanisms for their trafficking through plasmodesmata, where a selective system exists to facilitate this process. Mobile transcription factors contribute to the diversity of the intercellular signalling network, which is also established by peptides, hormones, and RNAs. Crosstalk between mobile transcription factors and other intercellular molecules leads to the development of complex biological signalling networks in plants. The regulation of plasmodesmata appears to have been another major step in controlling the intercellular trafficking of transcription factors based on studies of many plasmodesmal components. Furthermore, diverse omics approaches are being successfully applied to explore a large number of candidate transcription factors as mobile signals in plants. Here, we review these fascinating discoveries to integrate current knowledge of non-cell-autonomous transcription factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21plus/WCU Program), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Plant Molecular Biology & Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Takahashi M, Furuhashi T, Ishikawa N, Horiguchi G, Sakamoto A, Tsukaya H, Morikawa H. Nitrogen dioxide regulates organ growth by controlling cell proliferation and enlargement in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:1304-1315. [PMID: 24354517 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
• To gain more insight into the physiological function of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), we investigated the effects of exogenous NO₂ on growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. • Plants were grown in air without NO₂ for 1 wk after sowing and then grown for 1-4 wk in air with (designated treated plants) or without (control plants) NO₂. Plants were irrigated semiweekly with a nutrient solution containing 19.7 mM nitrate and 10.3 mM ammonium. • Five-week-old plants treated with 50 ppb NO₂ showed a ≤ 2.8-fold increase in biomass relative to controls. Treated plants also showed early flowering. The magnitude of the effects of NO₂ on leaf expansion, cell proliferation and enlargement was greater in developing than in maturing leaves. Leaf areas were 1.3-8.4 times larger on treated plants than corresponding leaves on control plants. The NO₂-induced increase in leaf size was largely attributable to cell proliferation in developing leaves, but was attributable to both cell proliferation and enlargement in maturing leaves. The expression of different sets of genes for cell proliferation and/or enlargement was induced by NO₂, but depended on the leaf developmental stage. • Collectively, these results indicated that NO₂ regulates organ growth by controlling cell proliferation and enlargement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Misa Takahashi
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Takamasa Furuhashi
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Naoko Ishikawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Gorou Horiguchi
- Department of Life Science, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-8501, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sakamoto
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Morikawa
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Tsukaya H. Comparative leaf development in angiosperms. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 17:103-9. [PMID: 24507501 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent accumulation of our knowledge on basic leaf development mechanisms in model angiosperm species has allowed us to pursue evolutionary development (evo/devo) studies of various kinds of leaf development. As a result, unexpected findings and clues have been unearthed aiding our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the diversity of leaf morphology, although the covered remain limited. In this review, we highlight recent findings of diversified leaf development in angiosperms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Hepworth J, Lenhard M. Regulation of plant lateral-organ growth by modulating cell number and size. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 17:36-42. [PMID: 24507492 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Leaves and floral organs grow to distinct, species-specific sizes and shapes. Research over the last few years has increased our understanding of how genetic pathways modulate cell proliferation and cell expansion to determine these sizes and shapes. In particular, the timing of proliferation arrest is an important point of control for organ size, and work on the regulators involved is showing how this control is achieved mechanistically and integrates environmental information. We are also beginning to understand how growth differs in different organs to produce their characteristic shapes, and how growth is integrated between different tissues that make up plant organs. Lastly, components of the general machinery in eukaryotic cells have been identified as having important roles in growth control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jo Hepworth
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, House 26, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michael Lenhard
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, House 26, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Lee BH, Wynn AN, Franks RG, Hwang YS, Lim J, Kim JH. The Arabidopsis thaliana GRF-INTERACTING FACTOR gene family plays an essential role in control of male and female reproductive development. Dev Biol 2014; 386:12-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|