1
|
Oya M, Miyasaka Y, Nakamura Y, Tanaka M, Suganami T, Mashimo T, Nakamura K. Age-related ciliopathy: Obesogenic shortening of melanocortin-4 receptor-bearing neuronal primary cilia. Cell Metab 2024; 36:1044-1058.e10. [PMID: 38452767 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is often associated with aging. However, the mechanism of age-related obesity is unknown. The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) mediates leptin-melanocortin anti-obesity signaling in the hypothalamus. Here, we discovered that MC4R-bearing primary cilia of hypothalamic neurons progressively shorten with age in rats, correlating with age-dependent metabolic decline and increased adiposity. This "age-related ciliopathy" is promoted by overnutrition-induced upregulation of leptin-melanocortin signaling and inhibited or reversed by dietary restriction or the knockdown of ciliogenesis-associated kinase 1 (CILK1). Forced shortening of MC4R-bearing cilia in hypothalamic neurons by genetic approaches impaired neuronal sensitivity to melanocortin and resulted in decreased brown fat thermogenesis and energy expenditure and increased appetite, finally developing obesity and leptin resistance. Therefore, despite its acute anti-obesity effect, chronic leptin-melanocortin signaling increases susceptibility to obesity by promoting the age-related shortening of MC4R-bearing cilia. This study provides a crucial mechanism for age-related obesity, which increases the risk of metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manami Oya
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Miyasaka
- Institute of Experimental Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Nakamura
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Miyako Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; Department of Immunometabolism, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Suganami
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; Department of Immunometabolism, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research (COMIT), Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tomoji Mashimo
- Institute of Experimental Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Division of Animal Genetics, Laboratory Animal Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Division of Genome Engineering, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shaikh Qureshi WM, Hentges KE. Functions of cilia in cardiac development and disease. Ann Hum Genet 2024; 88:4-26. [PMID: 37872827 PMCID: PMC10952336 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Errors in embryonic cardiac development are a leading cause of congenital heart defects (CHDs), including morphological abnormalities of the heart that are often detected after birth. In the past few decades, an emerging role for cilia in the pathogenesis of CHD has been identified, but this topic still largely remains an unexplored area. Mouse forward genetic screens and whole exome sequencing analysis of CHD patients have identified enrichment for de novo mutations in ciliary genes or non-ciliary genes, which regulate cilia-related pathways, linking cilia function to aberrant cardiac development. Key events in cardiac morphogenesis, including left-right asymmetric development of the heart, are dependent upon cilia function. Cilia dysfunction during left-right axis formation contributes to CHD as evidenced by the substantial proportion of heterotaxy patients displaying complex CHD. Cilia-transduced signaling also regulates later events during heart development such as cardiac valve formation, outflow tract septation, ventricle development, and atrioventricular septa formation. In this review, we summarize the role of motile and non-motile (primary cilia) in cardiac asymmetry establishment and later events during heart development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wasay Mohiuddin Shaikh Qureshi
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Kathryn E. Hentges
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Busselez J, Uzbekov RE, Franco B, Pancione M. New insights into the centrosome-associated spliceosome components as regulators of ciliogenesis and tissue identity. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2023; 14:e1776. [PMID: 36717357 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecular condensates are membrane-less assemblies of proteins and nucleic acids. Centrosomes are biomolecular condensates that play a crucial role in nuclear division, cytoskeletal remodeling, and cilia formation in animal cells. Spatial omics technology is providing new insights into the dynamic exchange of spliceosome components between the nucleus and the centrosome/cilium. Intriguingly, centrosomes are emerging as cytoplasmic sites for information storage, enriched with RNA molecules and RNA-processing proteins. Furthermore, growing evidence supports the view that nuclear spliceosome components assembled at the centrosome function as potential coordinators of splicing subprograms, pluripotency, and cell differentiation. In this article, we first discuss the current understanding of the centrosome/cilium complex, which controls both stem cell differentiation and pluripotency. We next explore the molecular mechanisms that govern splicing factor assembly and disassembly around the centrosome and examine how RNA processing pathways contribute to ciliogenesis. Finally, we discuss numerous unresolved compelling questions regarding the centrosome-associated spliceosome components and transcript variants within the cytoplasm as sources of RNA-based secondary messages in the regulation of cell identity and cell fate determination. This article is categorized under: RNA-Based Catalysis > RNA Catalysis in Splicing and Translation RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA-Protein Complexes RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing RNA Processing > RNA Processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Busselez
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Rustem E Uzbekov
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Tours, Tours, France
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Brunella Franco
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine, Medical Genetics, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale (SSM, School of Advanced Studies), Genomics and Experimental Medicine program, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Pancione
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Atmakuru PS, Dhawan J. The cilium-centrosome axis in coupling cell cycle exit and cell fate. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:308872. [PMID: 37144419 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The centrosome is an evolutionarily conserved, ancient organelle whose role in cell division was first described over a century ago. The structure and function of the centrosome as a microtubule-organizing center, and of its extracellular extension - the primary cilium - as a sensory antenna, have since been extensively studied, but the role of the cilium-centrosome axis in cell fate is still emerging. In this Opinion piece, we view cellular quiescence and tissue homeostasis from the vantage point of the cilium-centrosome axis. We focus on a less explored role in the choice between distinct forms of mitotic arrest - reversible quiescence and terminal differentiation, which play distinct roles in tissue homeostasis. We outline evidence implicating the centrosome-basal body switch in stem cell function, including how the cilium-centrosome complex regulates reversible versus irreversible arrest in adult skeletal muscle progenitors. We then highlight exciting new findings in other quiescent cell types that suggest signal-dependent coupling of nuclear and cytoplasmic events to the centrosome-basal body switch. Finally, we propose a framework for involvement of this axis in mitotically inactive cells and identify future avenues for understanding how the cilium-centrosome axis impacts central decisions in tissue homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priti S Atmakuru
- CSIR Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Jyotsna Dhawan
- CSIR Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Finetti F, Onnis A, Baldari CT. IFT20: An Eclectic Regulator of Cellular Processes beyond Intraflagellar Transport. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012147. [PMID: 36292997 PMCID: PMC9603483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Initially discovered as the smallest component of the intraflagellar transport (IFT) system, the IFT20 protein has been found to be implicated in several unconventional mechanisms beyond its essential role in the assembly and maintenance of the primary cilium. IFT20 is now considered a key player not only in ciliogenesis but also in vesicular trafficking of membrane receptors and signaling proteins. Moreover, its ability to associate with a wide array of interacting partners in a cell-type specific manner has expanded the function of IFT20 to the regulation of intracellular degradative and secretory pathways. In this review, we will present an overview of the multifaceted role of IFT20 in both ciliated and non-ciliated cells.
Collapse
|
6
|
Hedgehog Morphogens Act as Growth Factors Critical to Pre- and Postnatal Cardiac Development and Maturation: How Primary Cilia Mediate Their Signal Transduction. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121879. [PMID: 35741008 PMCID: PMC9221318 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are crucial for normal cardiac organogenesis via the formation of cyto-architectural, anatomical, and physiological boundaries in the developing heart and outflow tract. These tiny, plasma membrane-bound organelles function in a sensory-integrative capacity, interpreting both the intra- and extra-cellular environments and directing changes in gene expression responses to promote, prevent, and modify cellular proliferation and differentiation. One distinct feature of this organelle is its involvement in the propagation of a variety of signaling cascades, most notably, the Hedgehog cascade. Three ligands, Sonic, Indian, and Desert hedgehog, function as growth factors that are most commonly dependent on the presence of intact primary cilia, where the Hedgehog receptors Patched-1 and Smoothened localize directly within or at the base of the ciliary axoneme. Hedgehog signaling functions to mediate many cell behaviors that are critical for normal embryonic tissue/organ development. However, inappropriate activation and/or upregulation of Hedgehog signaling in postnatal and adult tissue is known to initiate oncogenesis, as well as the pathogenesis of other diseases. The focus of this review is to provide an overview describing the role of Hedgehog signaling and its dependence upon the primary cilium in the cell types that are most essential for mammalian heart development. We outline the breadth of developmental defects and the consequential pathologies resulting from inappropriate changes to Hedgehog signaling, as it pertains to congenital heart disease and general cardiac pathophysiology.
Collapse
|
7
|
Hantel F, Liu H, Fechtner L, Neuhaus H, Ding J, Arlt D, Walentek P, Villavicencio-Lorini P, Gerhardt C, Hollemann T, Pfirrmann T. Cilia-localized GID/CTLH ubiquitin ligase complex regulates protein homeostasis of sonic hedgehog signaling components. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:jcs259209. [PMID: 35543155 PMCID: PMC9264362 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia are evolutionarily conserved organelles that orchestrate a variety of signal transduction pathways, such as sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling, during embryonic development. Our recent studies have shown that loss of GID ubiquitin ligase function results in aberrant AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation and elongated primary cilia, which suggests a functional connection to cilia. Here, we reveal that the GID complex is an integral part of the cilium required for primary cilia-dependent signal transduction and the maintenance of ciliary protein homeostasis. We show that GID complex subunits localize to cilia in both Xenopus laevis and NIH3T3 cells. Furthermore, we report SHH signaling pathway defects that are independent of AMPK and mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR) activation. Despite correct localization of SHH signaling components at the primary cilium and functional GLI3 processing, we find a prominent reduction of some SHH signaling components in the cilium and a significant decrease in SHH target gene expression. Since our data reveal a critical function of the GID complex at the primary cilium, and because suppression of GID function in X. laevis results in ciliopathy-like phenotypes, we suggest that GID subunits are candidate genes for human ciliopathies that coincide with defects in SHH signal transduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Hantel
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Huaize Liu
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Lisa Fechtner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Herbert Neuhaus
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Jie Ding
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Danilo Arlt
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Peter Walentek
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg University Faculty of Medicine, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS – Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Gerhardt
- Department of Medicine, Health and Medical University, 14471 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Thomas Hollemann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Thorsten Pfirrmann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Health and Medical University, 14471 Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Djenoune L, Berg K, Brueckner M, Yuan S. A change of heart: new roles for cilia in cardiac development and disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 2022; 19:211-227. [PMID: 34862511 PMCID: PMC10161238 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-021-00635-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although cardiac abnormalities have been observed in a growing class of human disorders caused by defective primary cilia, the function of cilia in the heart remains an underexplored area. The primary function of cilia in the heart was long thought to be restricted to left-right axis patterning during embryogenesis. However, new findings have revealed broad roles for cilia in congenital heart disease, valvulogenesis, myocardial fibrosis and regeneration, and mechanosensation. In this Review, we describe advances in our understanding of the mechanisms by which cilia function contributes to cardiac left-right axis development and discuss the latest findings that highlight a broader role for cilia in cardiac development. Specifically, we examine the growing line of evidence connecting cilia function to the pathogenesis of congenital heart disease. Furthermore, we also highlight research from the past 10 years demonstrating the role of cilia function in common cardiac valve disorders, including mitral valve prolapse and aortic valve disease, and describe findings that implicate cardiac cilia in mechanosensation potentially linking haemodynamic and contractile forces with genetic regulation of cardiac development and function. Finally, given the presence of cilia on cardiac fibroblasts, we also explore the potential role of cilia in fibrotic growth and summarize the evidence implicating cardiac cilia in heart regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Djenoune
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn Berg
- Department of Paediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Martina Brueckner
- Department of Paediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Shiaulou Yuan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Berchtold MW, Munk M, Kulej K, Porth I, Lorentzen L, Panina S, Zacharias T, Larsen MR, la Cour JM. The heart arrhythmia-linked D130G calmodulin mutation causes premature inhibitory autophosphorylation of CaMKII. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:119119. [PMID: 34391760 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) is well known for transmitting Ca2+-signals, which leads to a multitude of physiological responses. Its functionality is believed to involve CaMKII holoenzyme dynamics where trans-autophosphorylation of the crucial phosphorylation site, T286 occurs. Phosphorylation of this site does not occur when stimulated exclusively with the arrhythmia associated D130G mutant form of CaM in vitro. Here, we present evidence that the loss-of-CaMKII function correlates with premature phosphorylation of its inhibitory phosphosite T306 in CaMKIIα and T307 in CaMKIIδ as this site was up to 20-fold more phosphorylated in the presence of D130G CaM compared to wildtype CaM. Indeed, changing this phosphosite to a non-phosphorylatable alanine reversed the inhibitory effect of D130G both in vitro and in live cell experiments. In addition, several phosphosites with so far undescribed functions directing the Ca2+-sensitivity of the CaMKII sensor were also affected by the presence of the D130G mutation implicating a role of several additional autophosphosites (besides T286 and T306/T307) so far not known to regulate CaMKII Ca2+ sensitivity. Furthermore, we show that introducing a D130G mutation in the CALM2 gene of the P19CL6 pluripotent mouse embryonic carcinoma cell line using CRISPR/Cas9 decreased the spontaneous beat frequency compared to wildtype cells when differentiated into cardiomyocytes supporting an alteration of cardiomyocyte physiology caused by this point mutation. In conclusion, our observations shed for the first time light on how the D130G CaM mutation interferes with the function of CaMKII and how it affects the beating frequency of cardiomyocyte-like cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mads Munk
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katarzyna Kulej
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Isabel Porth
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lasse Lorentzen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Svetlana Panina
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; MonTa Biosciences ApS, Diplomvej 381, 2800 kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Martin R Larsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Jonas M la Cour
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; ChemoMetec A/S, Gydevang 43, 3450 Lillerød, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Duong Phu M, Bross S, Burkhalter MD, Philipp M. Limitations and opportunities in the pharmacotherapy of ciliopathies. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 225:107841. [PMID: 33771583 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ciliopathies are a family of rather diverse conditions, which have been grouped based on the finding of altered or dysfunctional cilia, potentially motile, small cellular antennae extending from the surface of postmitotic cells. Cilia-related disorders include embryonically arising conditions such as Joubert, Usher or Kartagener syndrome, but also afflictions with a postnatal or even adult onset phenotype, i.e. autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. The majority of ciliopathies are syndromic rather than affecting only a single organ due to cilia being found on almost any cell in the human body. Overall ciliopathies are considered rare diseases. Despite that, pharmacological research and the strive to help these patients has led to enormous therapeutic advances in the last decade. In this review we discuss new treatment options for certain ciliopathies, give an outlook on promising future therapeutic strategies, but also highlight the limitations in the development of therapeutic approaches of ciliopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max Duong Phu
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Section of Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bross
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Section of Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin D Burkhalter
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Section of Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Melanie Philipp
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Section of Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kopinke D, Norris AM, Mukhopadhyay S. Developmental and regenerative paradigms of cilia regulated hedgehog signaling. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 110:89-103. [PMID: 32540122 PMCID: PMC7736055 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are immotile appendages that have evolved to receive and interpret a variety of different extracellular cues. Cilia play crucial roles in intercellular communication during development and defects in cilia affect multiple tissues accounting for a heterogeneous group of human diseases called ciliopathies. The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is one of these cues and displays a unique and symbiotic relationship with cilia. Not only does Hh signaling require cilia for its function but the majority of the Hh signaling machinery is physically located within the cilium-centrosome complex. More specifically, cilia are required for both repressing and activating Hh signaling by modifying bifunctional Gli transcription factors into repressors or activators. Defects in balancing, interpreting or establishing these repressor/activator gradients in Hh signaling either require cilia or phenocopy disruption of cilia. Here, we will summarize the current knowledge on how spatiotemporal control of the molecular machinery of the cilium allows for a tight control of basal repression and activation states of the Hh pathway. We will then discuss several paradigms on how cilia influence Hh pathway activity in tissue morphogenesis during development. Last, we will touch on how cilia and Hh signaling are being reactivated and repurposed during adult tissue regeneration. More specifically, we will focus on mesenchymal stem cells within the connective tissue and discuss the similarities and differences of how cilia and ciliary Hh signaling control the formation of fibrotic scar and adipose tissue during fatty fibrosis of several tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kopinke
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Alessandra M Norris
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Saikat Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Paulson D, Harms R, Ward C, Latterell M, Pazour GJ, Fink DM. Loss of Primary Cilia Protein IFT20 Dysregulates Lymphatic Vessel Patterning in Development and Inflammation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:672625. [PMID: 34055805 PMCID: PMC8160126 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.672625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microenvironmental signals produced during development or inflammation stimulate lymphatic endothelial cells to undergo lymphangiogenesis, in which they sprout, proliferate, and migrate to expand the vascular network. Many cell types detect changes in extracellular conditions via primary cilia, microtubule-based cellular protrusions that house specialized membrane receptors and signaling complexes. Primary cilia are critical for receipt of extracellular cues from both ligand-receptor pathways and physical forces such as fluid shear stress. Here, we report the presence of primary cilia on immortalized mouse and primary adult human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells in vitro and on both luminal and abluminal domains of mouse corneal, skin, and mesenteric lymphatic vessels in vivo. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of disrupting primary cilia on lymphatic vessel patterning during development and inflammation. Intraflagellar transport protein 20 (IFT20) is part of the transport machinery required for ciliary assembly and function. To disrupt primary ciliary signaling, we generated global and lymphatic endothelium-specific IFT20 knockout mouse models and used immunofluorescence microscopy to quantify changes in lymphatic vessel patterning at E16.5 and in adult suture-mediated corneal lymphangiogenesis. Loss of IFT20 during development resulted in edema, increased and more variable lymphatic vessel caliber and branching, as well as red blood cell-filled lymphatics. We used a corneal suture model to determine ciliation status of lymphatic vessels during acute, recurrent, and tumor-associated inflammatory reactions and wound healing. Primary cilia were present on corneal lymphatics during all of the mechanistically distinct lymphatic patterning events of the model and assembled on lymphatic endothelial cells residing at the limbus, stalk, and vessel tip. Lymphatic-specific deletion of IFT20 cell-autonomously exacerbated acute corneal lymphangiogenesis resulting in increased lymphatic vessel density and branching. These data are the first functional studies of primary cilia on lymphatic endothelial cells and reveal a new dimension in regulation of lymphatic vascular biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delayna Paulson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
- BioSNTR, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Rebecca Harms
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
- BioSNTR, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Cody Ward
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
- BioSNTR, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Mackenzie Latterell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
- BioSNTR, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Gregory J. Pazour
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Darci M. Fink
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
- BioSNTR, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
- *Correspondence: Darci M. Fink,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tambutté E, Ganot P, Venn AA, Tambutté S. A role for primary cilia in coral calcification? Cell Tissue Res 2020; 383:1093-1102. [PMID: 33330957 PMCID: PMC7960582 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03343-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are evolutionarily conserved organelles that extend from the surface of cells and are found in diverse organisms from protozoans to multicellular organisms. Motile cilia play various biological functions by their beating motion, including mixing fluids and transporting food particles. Non-motile cilia act as sensors that signal cells about their microenvironment. In corals, cilia have been described in some of the cell layers but never in the calcifying epithelium, which is responsible for skeleton formation. In the present study, we used scanning electron microscopy and immunolabelling to investigate the cellular ciliature of the different tissue layers of the coral Stylophora pistillata, with a focus on the calcifying calicoblastic ectoderm. We show that the cilium of the calcifying cells is different from the cilium of the other cell layers. It is much shorter, and more importantly, its base is structurally distinct from the base observed in cilia of the other tissue layers. Based on these structural observations, we conclude that the cilium of the calcifying cells is a primary cilium. From what is known in other organisms, primary cilia are sensors that signal cells about their microenvironment. We discuss the implications of the presence of a primary cilium in the calcifying epithelium for our understanding of the cellular physiology driving coral calcification and its environmental sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Tambutté
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1°, 98000, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Philippe Ganot
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1°, 98000, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Alexander A Venn
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1°, 98000, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Sylvie Tambutté
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1°, 98000, Monaco, Monaco.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Devlin LA, Ramsbottom SA, Overman LM, Lisgo SN, Clowry G, Molinari E, Powell L, Miles CG, Sayer JA. Embryonic and foetal expression patterns of the ciliopathy gene CEP164. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0221914. [PMID: 31990917 PMCID: PMC6986751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Nephronophthisis-related ciliopathies (NPHP-RC) are a group of inherited genetic disorders that share a defect in the formation, maintenance or functioning of the primary cilium complex, causing progressive cystic kidney disease and other clinical manifestations. Mutations in centrosomal protein 164 kDa (CEP164), also known as NPHP15, have been identified as a cause of NPHP-RC. Here we have utilised the MRC-Wellcome Trust Human Developmental Biology Resource (HDBR) to perform immunohistochemistry studies on human embryonic and foetal tissues to determine the expression patterns of CEP164 during development. Notably expression is widespread, yet defined, in multiple organs including the kidney, retina and cerebellum. Murine studies demonstrated an almost identical Cep164 expression pattern. Taken together, these data support a conserved role for CEP164 throughout the development of numerous organs, which, we suggest, accounts for the multi-system disease phenotype of CEP164-mediated NPHP-RC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L. A. Devlin
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - S. A. Ramsbottom
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - L. M. Overman
- MRC-Wellcome Trust Human Developmental Biology Resource, Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - S. N. Lisgo
- MRC-Wellcome Trust Human Developmental Biology Resource, Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - G. Clowry
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - E. Molinari
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - L. Powell
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - C. G. Miles
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - J. A. Sayer
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
- The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Freeman Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Intraflagellar transport 20: New target for the treatment of ciliopathies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1867:118641. [PMID: 31893523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are ubiquitous in mammalian cells. The formation and assembly of cilia depend on the normal functioning of the ciliary transport system. In recent years, various proteins involved in the intracellular transport of the cilium have attracted attention, as many diseases are caused by disorders in cilia formation. Intraflagellar transport 20 (IFT20) is a subunit of IFT complex B, which contains approximately 20 protein particles. Studies have shown that defects in IFT20 are associated with numerous system -related diseases, such as those of the urinary system, cardiovascular system, skeletal system, nervous system, immune system, reproductive system, and respiratory system. This review summarizes current research on IFT20.We describe studies related to the role of IFT20 in cilia formation and discuss new targets for treating diseases associated with ciliary dysplasia.
Collapse
|
16
|
Genetics of Congenital Heart Disease. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9120879. [PMID: 31888141 PMCID: PMC6995556 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is one of the most common birth defects. Studies in animal models and humans have indicated a genetic etiology for CHD. About 400 genes have been implicated in CHD, encompassing transcription factors, cell signaling molecules, and structural proteins that are important for heart development. Recent studies have shown genes encoding chromatin modifiers, cilia related proteins, and cilia-transduced cell signaling pathways play important roles in CHD pathogenesis. Elucidating the genetic etiology of CHD will help improve diagnosis and the development of new therapies to improve patient outcomes.
Collapse
|
17
|
Grubb S, Vestergaard ML, Andersen AS, Rasmussen KK, Mamsen LS, Tuckute G, Grunnet-Lauridsen K, Møllgård K, Ernst E, Christensen ST, Calloe K, Andersen CY. Comparison of Cultured Human Cardiomyocyte Clusters Obtained from Embryos/Fetuses or Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:608-619. [PMID: 30755084 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes (CMs) derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are used to study cardiogenesis and mechanisms of heart disease, and are being used in methods for toxiological screening of drugs. The phenotype of stem-cell-derived CMs should ideally resemble native CMs. Here, we compare embryonic/fetal CMs with hESC-derived CMs according to function and morphology. CM clusters were obtained from human embryonic/fetal hearts from elective terminated pregnancies before gestational week 12, and separated into atrial and ventricular tissues. Specific markers for embryonic CMs and primary cilia were visualized using immunofluorescence microscopy analysis. Contracting human embryonic cardiomyocyte (hECM) clusters morphologically and phenotypically resemble CMs in the embryonic/fetal heart. In addition, the contracting hECM clusters expressed primary cilia similar to that of cells in the embryonic/fetal heart. The electrophysiological characteristics of atrial and ventricular CMs were established by recording action potentials (APs) using sharp electrodes. In contrast to ventricular APs, atrial APs displayed a marked early repolarization followed by a plateau phase. hESC-CMs displayed a continuum of AP shapes. In all embryonic/fetal clusters, both atrial and ventricular, AP duration was prolonged by exposure to the KV11.1 channel inhibitor dofetilide (50 nM); however, the prolongation was not significant, possibly due to the relatively small number of experiments. This study provides novel information on APs and functional characteristics of atrial and ventricular CMs in first trimester hearts, and demonstrates that Kv11.1 channels play a functional role already at these early stages. These results provide information needed to validate methods being developed on the basis of in vitro-derived CMs from either hESC or iPSC, and although there was a good correlation between the morphology of the two types of CMs, differences in electrophysiological characteristics exist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Søren Grubb
- 1 Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maj Linea Vestergaard
- 2 Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Astrid Sten Andersen
- 2 Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karen Koefoed Rasmussen
- 3 Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Linn Salto Mamsen
- 2 Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Greta Tuckute
- 2 Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kjeld Møllgård
- 4 Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik Ernst
- 5 The Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren Tvorup Christensen
- 3 Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirstine Calloe
- 1 Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Yding Andersen
- 2 Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Schmitz B, Kleber ME, Lenders M, Delgado GE, Engelbertz C, Huang J, Pavenstädt H, Breithardt G, Brand SM, März W, Brand E. Genome-wide association study suggests impact of chromosome 10 rs139401390 on kidney function in patients with coronary artery disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2750. [PMID: 30809046 PMCID: PMC6391429 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39055-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an independent risk factor for onset and progression of coronary artery disease (CAD). Discovery of predisposing loci for kidney function in CAD patients was performed using a genome-wide association approach. Inclusion criteria were CAD with ≥50% stenosis (≥1 coronary artery) and a creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 30–75 ml/min/1.73 m2. An association of rs139401390 located to a region 58.8 kb upstream of renalase (RNLS) with eGFR was detected in the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study (n = 499, p = 7.88 × 10−9, mean eGFR 60.7 ml/min/1.73 m2). Direct genotyping of rs139401390A > G suggested increased eGFR by 12.0 ml/min/1.73 m2 per A allele (p = 0.000004). Genome-wide replication of rs139401390A > G in the Coronary Artery Disease and Renal Failure (CAD-REF) registry with a mean eGFR of 47.8 ml/min/1.73 m2 (n = 574, p = 0.033) was only nominally significant. Comparison of rs139401390 genotypes for risk of reduced kidney function in the overall LURIC study revealed higher adjusted odds ratios (OR) for eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 for CAD patients (n = 1992, OR = 2.36, p = 0.008, G/A + G/G vs A/A) compared to patients with/without CAD (n = 2908, OR = 1.97, p = 0.014, G/A + G/G vs A/A). No significant risk elevation was detected in patients without CAD (n = 948, p = 0.571). rs139401390 may affect kidney function in CAD patients with mild reduction in eGFR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Schmitz
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- Medical Clinic V, Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Malte Lenders
- Internal Medicine D, Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Rheumatology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Graciela E Delgado
- Medical Clinic V, Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christiane Engelbertz
- Internal Medicine D, Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Rheumatology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Division of Vascular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hermann Pavenstädt
- Internal Medicine D, Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Rheumatology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Günter Breithardt
- Division of Vascular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Stefan-Martin Brand
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Winfried März
- Medical Clinic V, Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Synlab Academy, Synlab Holding Deutschland GmbH, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Eva Brand
- Internal Medicine D, Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Rheumatology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
The Roles of Primary Cilia in Cardiovascular Diseases. Cells 2018; 7:cells7120233. [PMID: 30486394 PMCID: PMC6315816 DOI: 10.3390/cells7120233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles found in most mammalian cell types. Cilia act as sensory organelles that transmit extracellular clues into intracellular signals for molecular and cellular responses. Biochemical and molecular defects in primary cilia are associated with a wide range of diseases, termed ciliopathies, with phenotypes ranging from polycystic kidney disease, liver disorders, mental retardation, and obesity to cardiovascular diseases. Primary cilia in vascular endothelia protrude into the lumen of blood vessels and function as molecular switches for calcium (Ca2+) and nitric oxide (NO) signaling. As mechanosensory organelles, endothelial cilia are involved in blood flow sensing. Dysfunction in endothelial cilia contributes to aberrant fluid-sensing and thus results in vascular disorders, including hypertension, aneurysm, and atherosclerosis. This review focuses on the most recent findings on the roles of endothelial primary cilia within vascular biology and alludes to the possibility of primary cilium as a therapeutic target for cardiovascular disorders.
Collapse
|
20
|
Ritter A, Louwen F, Yuan J. Deficient primary cilia in obese adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells: obesity, a secondary ciliopathy? Obes Rev 2018; 19:1317-1328. [PMID: 30015415 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity alters the composition, structure and function of adipose tissue, characterized by chronic inflammation, insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) are responsible for cell renewal, spontaneous repair and immunomodulation in adipose tissue. Increasing evidence highlights that ASCs are deficient in obesity, and the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. We have recently shown that obese ASCs have defective primary cilia, which are shortened and unable to properly respond to stimuli. Impaired cilia compromise ASC functions. This work suggests an intertwined connection of obesity, defective cilia and dysfunctional ASCs. We have here discussed the current data regarding defective cilia in various cell types in obesity. Based on these observations, we hypothesize that obesity, a systemic chronic metainflammation, could impair cilia in diverse ciliated cells, like pancreatic islet cells, stem cells and hypothalamic neurons, making these critical cells dysfunctional by shutting down their signal sensors and transducers. In this context, obesity may represent a secondary form of ciliopathy induced by obesity-related inflammation and metabolic dysfunction. Reactivation of ciliated cells might be an alternative strategy to combat obesity and its associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Ritter
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - F Louwen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - J Yuan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Courchaine K, Rykiel G, Rugonyi S. Influence of blood flow on cardiac development. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 137:95-110. [PMID: 29772208 PMCID: PMC6109420 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The role of hemodynamics in cardiovascular development is not well understood. Indeed, it would be remarkable if it were, given the dauntingly complex array of intricately synchronized genetic, molecular, mechanical, and environmental factors at play. However, with congenital heart defects affecting around 1 in 100 human births, and numerous studies pointing to hemodynamics as a factor in cardiovascular morphogenesis, this is not an area in which we can afford to remain in the dark. This review seeks to present the case for the importance of research into the biomechanics of the developing cardiovascular system. This is accomplished by i) illustrating the basics of some of the highly complex processes involved in heart development, and discussing the known influence of hemodynamics on those processes; ii) demonstrating how altered hemodynamic environments have the potential to bring about morphological anomalies, citing studies in multiple animal models with a variety of perturbation methods; iii) providing examples of widely used technological innovations which allow for accurate measurement of hemodynamic parameters in embryos; iv) detailing the results of studies in avian embryos which point to exciting correlations between various hemodynamic manipulations in early development and phenotypic defect incidence in mature hearts; and finally, v) stressing the relevance of uncovering specific biomechanical pathways involved in cardiovascular formation and remodeling under adverse conditions, to the potential treatment of human patients. The time is ripe to unravel the contributions of hemodynamics to cardiac development, and to recognize their frequently neglected role in the occurrence of heart malformation phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Courchaine
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland OR, USA
| | - Graham Rykiel
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland OR, USA
| | - Sandra Rugonyi
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland OR, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kaur S, McGlashan SR, Ward ML. Evidence of primary cilia in the developing rat heart. Cilia 2018; 7:4. [PMID: 30079247 PMCID: PMC6069708 DOI: 10.1186/s13630-018-0058-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A transient increase in cytosolic Ca2+ (the "Ca2+ transient") determines the degree and duration of myocyte force development in the heart. However, we have previously observed that, under the same experimental conditions, the Ca2+ transients from isolated cardiac myocytes are reduced in amplitude in comparison to those from multicellular cardiac preparations. We therefore questioned whether the enzymatic cell isolation procedure might remove structures that modulate intracellular Ca2+ in some way. Primary cilia are found in a diverse range of cell types, and have an abundance of Ca2+-permeable membrane channels that result in Ca2+ influx when activated. Although primary cilia are reportedly ubiquitous, their presence and function in the heart remain controversial. If present, we hypothesized they might provide an additional Ca2+ entry pathway in multicellular cardiac tissue that was lost during cell isolation. The aim of our study was to look for evidence of primary cilia in isolated myocytes and ventricular tissue from rat hearts. Methods Immunohistochemical techniques were used to identify primary cilia-specific proteins in isolated myocytes from adult rat hearts, and in tissue sections from embryonic, neonatal, young, and adult rat hearts. Either mouse anti-acetylated α-tubulin or rabbit polyclonal ARL13B antibodies were used, counterstained with Hoechst dye. Selected sections were also labelled with markers for other cell types found in the heart and for myocyte F-actin. Results No evidence of primary cilia was found in either tissue sections or isolated myocytes from adult rat ventricles. However, primary cilia were present in tissue sections from embryonic, neonatal (P2) and young (P21 and P28) rat hearts. Conclusion The lack of primary cilia in adult rat hearts rules out their contribution to myocyte Ca2+ homoeostasis by providing a Ca2+ entry pathway. However, evidence of primary cilia in tissue from embryonic and very young rat hearts suggests they have a role during development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarbjot Kaur
- 1Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1023 New Zealand
| | - Sue R McGlashan
- 2Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Marie-Louise Ward
- 1Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1023 New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
The E3 ubiquitin ligase SMURF1 regulates cell-fate specification and outflow tract septation during mammalian heart development. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9542. [PMID: 29934521 PMCID: PMC6015040 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27854-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Smad ubiquitin regulatory factor 1 (SMURF1) is a HECT-type E3 ubiquitin ligase that plays a critical role in vertebrate development by regulating planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling and convergent extension (CE). Here we show that SMURF1 is involved in mammalian heart development. We find that SMURF1 is highly expressed in outflow tract cushion mesenchyme and Smurf1−/− mouse embryos show delayed outflow tract septation. SMURF1 is expressed in smooth muscle cells of the coronary arteries and great vessels. Thickness of the aortic smooth muscle cell layer is reduced in Smurf1−/− mouse embryos. We show that SMURF1 is a negative regulator of cardiomyogenesis and a positive regulator of smooth muscle cell and cardiac fibroblast differentiation, indicating that SMURF1 is important for cell-type specification during heart development. Finally, we provide evidence that SMURF1 localizes at the primary cilium where it may regulate bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, which controls the initial phase of cardiomyocyte differentiation. In summary, our results demonstrate that SMURF1 is a critical regulator of outflow tract septation and cell-type specification during heart development, and that these effects may in part be mediated via control of cilium-associated BMP signaling.
Collapse
|
24
|
Gradilone SA, Pisarello MJL, LaRusso NF. Primary Cilia in Tumor Biology: The Primary Cilium as a Therapeutic Target in Cholangiocarcinoma. Curr Drug Targets 2018; 18:958-963. [PMID: 25706257 DOI: 10.2174/1389450116666150223162737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cilia are microtubule-based organelles, which are ubiquitously expressed in epithelial cells. Cholangiocytes, the epithelial cells lining the biliary tree, have primary cilia extending from their apical plasma membrane into the ductal lumen, where the cilia function as multisensory organelles transducing environmental cues into the cell interior. The decrease or loss of primary cilia has been described in several malignancies, including cholangiocarcinoma, suggesting that the loss of cilia is a common occurrence in neoplastic transformation. In this short review, we describe the expression of cilia in several cancers, explore the mechanisms and consequences of ciliary loss, and discuss the potential use of the primary cilia as therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A Gradilone
- Cancer Cell Biology and Translational Research. The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota. 801 16th Avenue NE. Austin, MN 55912, United States
| | - Maria J Lorenzo Pisarello
- Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Nicholas F LaRusso
- Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Baio J, Martinez AF, Bailey L, Hasaniya N, Pecaut MJ, Kearns-Jonker M. Spaceflight Activates Protein Kinase C Alpha Signaling and Modifies the Developmental Stage of Human Neonatal Cardiovascular Progenitor Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:805-818. [PMID: 29320953 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Spaceflight impacts cardiovascular function in astronauts; however, its impact on cardiac development and the stem cells that form the basis for cardiac repair is unknown. Accordingly, further research is needed to uncover the potential relevance of such changes to human health. Using simulated microgravity (SMG) generated by two-dimensional clinorotation and culture aboard the International Space Station (ISS), we assessed the effects of mechanical unloading on human neonatal cardiovascular progenitor cell (CPC) developmental properties and signaling. Following 6-7 days of SMG and 12 days of ISS culture, we analyzed changes in gene expression. Both environments induced the expression of genes that are typically associated with an earlier state of cardiovascular development. To understand the mechanism by which such changes occurred, we assessed the expression of mechanosensitive small RhoGTPases in SMG-cultured CPCs and observed decreased levels of RHOA and CDC42. Given the effect of these molecules on intracellular calcium levels, we evaluated changes in noncanonical Wnt/calcium signaling. After 6-7 days under SMG, CPCs exhibited elevated levels of WNT5A and PRKCA. Similarly, ISS-cultured CPCs exhibited elevated levels of calcium handling and signaling genes, which corresponded to protein kinase C alpha (PKCα), a calcium-dependent protein kinase, activation after 30 days. Akt was activated, whereas phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase levels were unchanged. To explore the effect of calcium induction in neonatal CPCs, we activated PKCα using hWnt5a treatment on Earth. Subsequently, early cardiovascular developmental marker levels were elevated. Transcripts induced by SMG and hWnt5a-treatment are expressed within the sinoatrial node, which may represent embryonic myocardium maintained in its primitive state. Calcium signaling is sensitive to mechanical unloading and directs CPC developmental properties. Further research both in space and on Earth may help refine the use of CPCs in stem cell-based therapies and highlight the molecular events of development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Baio
- 1 Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University , Loma Linda, California
| | - Aida F Martinez
- 1 Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University , Loma Linda, California
| | - Leonard Bailey
- 2 Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Loma Linda University , Loma Linda, California
| | - Nahidh Hasaniya
- 2 Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Loma Linda University , Loma Linda, California
| | - Michael J Pecaut
- 3 Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University , Loma Linda, California
| | - Mary Kearns-Jonker
- 1 Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University , Loma Linda, California
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Despite therapeutic advances that have prolonged life, myocardial infarction (MI) remains a leading cause of death worldwide and imparts a significant economic burden. The advancement of treatments to improve cardiac repair post-MI requires the discovery of new targeted treatment strategies. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of the epicardial covering of the heart in both cardiac development and lower vertebrate cardiac regeneration. The epicardium serves as a source of cardiac cells including smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells and cardiac fibroblasts. Mammalian adult epicardial cells are typically quiescent. However, the fetal genetic program is reactivated post-MI, and epicardial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) occurs as an inherent mechanism to support neovascularization and cardiac healing. Unfortunately, endogenous EMT is not enough to encourage sufficient repair. Recent developments in our understanding of the mechanisms supporting the EMT process has led to a number of studies directed at augmenting epicardial EMT post-MI. With a focus on the role of the primary cilium, this review outlines the newly demonstrated mechanisms supporting EMT, the role of epicardial EMT in cardiac development, and promising advances in augmenting epicardial EMT as potential therapeutics to support cardiac repair post-MI.
Collapse
|
27
|
Vestergaard ML, Grubb S, Koefoed K, Anderson-Jenkins Z, Grunnet-Lauridsen K, Calloe K, Clausen C, Christensen ST, Møllgård K, Andersen CY. Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes Self-Arrange with Areas of Different Subtypes During Differentiation. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:1566-1577. [PMID: 28795648 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The derivation of functional cardiomyocytes (CMs) from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) represents a unique way of studying human cardiogenesis, including the development of CM subtypes. In this study, we investigated the development and organization of hESC-derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CMs) and examined how the expression levels of CM subtypes correspond to human in vivo cardiogenesis. Beating clusters were used to determine cardiac differentiation, which was evaluated by the expression of cardiac genes GATA4 and TNNT2 and subcellular localization of GATA4 and NKX2.5. Sharp electrode recordings to determine action potentials (APs) further revealed spatial organization of intracluster CM subtypes (ie, complex clusters). Nodal-, atrial-, and ventricular-like AP morphologies were detected within distinct regions of complex clusters. The ability of different CM subtypes to self-organize was documented by immunohistochemical analyses and a differential spatial expression of β-III tubulin, myosin light chain 2v (MLC-2V), and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Furthermore, all hESC-CM subtypes formed expressed primary cilia, which are known to coordinate cellular signaling pathways during cardiomyogenesis and heart development. This study expands the foundation for studying regulatory pathways for spatial and temporal CM differentiation during human cardiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maj Linea Vestergaard
- 1 Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Grubb
- 2 Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karen Koefoed
- 3 Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zoe Anderson-Jenkins
- 1 Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristina Grunnet-Lauridsen
- 1 Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirstine Calloe
- 2 Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Kjeld Møllgård
- 3 Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Yding Andersen
- 1 Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bouman A, Alders M, Oostra RJ, van Leeuwen E, Thuijs N, van der Kevie-Kersemaekers AM, van Maarle M. Oral-facial-digital syndrome type 1 in males: Congenital heart defects are included in its phenotypic spectrum. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:1383-1389. [PMID: 28371265 PMCID: PMC5413846 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Oral‐facial‐digital syndrome type 1 (OFD1; OMIM# 311200) is an X‐linked dominant ciliopathy caused by mutations in the OFD1 gene. This condition is characterized by facial anomalies and abnormalities of oral tissues, digits, brain, and kidneys. Almost all affected patients are female, as OFD1 is presumed to be lethal in males, mostly in the first or second trimester of pregnancy. Live born males with OFD1 are a rare occurrence, with only five reported patients to date. In four patients the presence of a congenital heart defect (CHD) was observed. Here, we report an affected male fetus with a hemizygous de novo mutation in OFD1 (c.2101C>T; p.(Gln701*)). Ultrasound examination demonstrated severe hydrocephalus, a hypoplastic cerebellum and a hypoplastic left ventricle of the heart. The pregnancy was terminated at 16 weeks of gestation because of poor prognosis. Post‐mortem examination of the fetus confirmed severe hypoplasia of the left ventricle of the heart. We emphasize that CHDs should be included in the phenotypic spectrum of OFD1 in males. This justifies molecular analysis of OFD1 when CHD is encountered prenatally in combination with one or more phenotypic features previously described in the OFD1 gene alteration spectrum. The underlying pathogenesis of CHD in OFD1 (and other ciliopathies) probably involves dysfunction of the primary cilia regarding coordination of left‐right signalling during early heart development. Whether these CHDs wholly or partly result from defective left right signalling, in which different types of cilia are known to play a critical role, remains a topic of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arjan Bouman
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëlle Alders
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roelof Jan Oostra
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology, Academic Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth van Leeuwen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nikki Thuijs
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Merel van Maarle
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Xie HM, Werner P, Stambolian D, Bailey-Wilson JE, Hakonarson H, White PS, Taylor DM, Goldmuntz E. Rare copy number variants in patients with congenital conotruncal heart defects. Birth Defects Res 2017; 109:271-295. [PMID: 28398664 PMCID: PMC5407323 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies using different cardiac phenotypes, technologies and designs suggest a burden of large, rare or de novo copy number variants (CNVs) in subjects with congenital heart defects. We sought to identify disease-related CNVs, candidate genes, and functional pathways in a large number of cases with conotruncal and related defects that carried no known genetic syndrome. METHODS Cases and control samples were divided into two cohorts and genotyped to assess each subject's CNV content. Analyses were performed to ascertain differences in overall CNV prevalence and to identify enrichment of specific genes and functional pathways in conotruncal cases relative to healthy controls. RESULTS Only findings present in both cohorts are presented. From 973 total conotruncal cases, a burden of rare CNVs was detected in both cohorts. Candidate genes from rare CNVs found in both cohorts were identified based on their association with cardiac development or disease, and/or their reported disruption in published studies. Functional and pathway analyses revealed significant enrichment of terms involved in either heart or early embryonic development. CONCLUSION Our study tested one of the largest cohorts specifically with cardiac conotruncal and related defects. These results confirm and extend previous findings that CNVs contribute to disease risk for congenital heart defects in general and conotruncal defects in particular. As disease heterogeneity renders identification of single recurrent genes or loci difficult, functional pathway and gene regulation network analyses appear to be more informative. Birth Defects Research 109:271-295, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo M Xie
- The Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Petra Werner
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joan E Bailey-Wilson
- Statistical Genetics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter S White
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Deanne M Taylor
- The Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth Goldmuntz
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kimura H, Eguchi S, Sasaki J, Kuba K, Nakanishi H, Takasuga S, Yamazaki M, Goto A, Watanabe H, Itoh H, Imai Y, Suzuki A, Mizushima N, Sasaki T. Vps34 regulates myofibril proteostasis to prevent hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e89462. [PMID: 28097232 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.89462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common heart disease with a prevalence of 1 in 500 in the general population. Several mutations in genes encoding cardiac proteins have been found in HCM patients, but these changes do not predict occurrence or prognosis and the molecular mechanisms underlying HCM remain largely elusive. Here we show that cardiac expression of vacuolar protein sorting 34 (Vps34) is reduced in a subset of HCM patients. In a mouse model, muscle-specific loss of Vps34 led to HCM-like manifestations and sudden death. Vps34-deficient hearts exhibited abnormal histopathologies, including myofibrillar disarray and aggregates containing αB-crystallin (CryAB). These features result from a block in the ESCRT-mediated proteolysis that normally degrades K63-polyubiquitinated CryAB. CryAB deposition was also found in myocardial specimens from a subset of HCM patients whose hearts showed decreased Vps34. Our results identify disruption of the previously unknown Vps34-CryAB axis as a potentially novel etiology of HCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Kimura
- Research Center for Biosignaling, Department of.,Medical Biology
| | | | | | - Keiji Kuba
- Biological Informatics and Experimental Therapeutics Pathology
| | | | | | | | | | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Itoh
- Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yumiko Imai
- Biological Informatics and Experimental Therapeutics Pathology
| | - Akira Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Cancer Genetics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Noboru Mizushima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehiko Sasaki
- Research Center for Biosignaling, Department of.,Medical Biology
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
The primary cilium, a hair-like sensory organelle found on most mammalian cells, has gained recent attention within the field of neuroscience. Although neural primary cilia have been known to play a role in embryonic central nervous system patterning, we are just beginning to appreciate their importance in the mature organism. After several decades of investigation and controversy, the neural primary cilium is emerging as an important regulator of neuroplasticity in the healthy adult central nervous system. Further, primary cilia have recently been implicated in disease states such as cancer and epilepsy. Intriguingly, while primary cilia are expressed throughout the central nervous system, their structure, receptors, and signaling pathways vary by anatomical region and neural cell type. These differences likely bear relevance to both their homeostatic and neuropathological functions, although much remains to be uncovered. In this review, we provide a brief historical overview of neural primary cilia and highlight several key advances in the field over the past few decades. We then set forth a proposed research agenda to fill in the gaps in our knowledge regarding how the primary cilium functions and malfunctions in nervous tissue, with the ultimate goal of targeting this sensory structure for neural repair following injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W Kirschen
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Qiaojie Xiong
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Liu X, Shen Q, Yu T, Huang H, Zhang Z, Ding J, Tang Y, Xu N, Yue S. Small GTPase Arl6 controls RH30 rhabdomyosarcoma cell growth through ciliogenesis and Hedgehog signaling. Cell Biosci 2016; 6:61. [PMID: 27999656 PMCID: PMC5154108 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-016-0126-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) originates from skeletal muscle precursors that fail to differentiate. Hedgehog (Hh) signaling and primary cilia contribute to the pathobiology of RMS. Results Here we showed ADP ribosylation factor like GTPase 6 (ARL6) localizes at the base of primary cilium, controls ciliogenesis and Hh signaling. The transcription of Arl6 is dynamic during the differentiation of myoblasts, companying with the growth and elimination of primary cilia. Arl6 expression is significantly up regulated in cilia-dependent RMS cells and tissues. Knockdown of Arl6 inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of RMS RH30 cells through defected ciliogenesis and reduced Hh activity. Conclusions Taken together, the functions of Arl6 in ciliogenesis and Hh signaling suggest it as a potential RMS drug target. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13578-016-0126-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Liu
- Department of Developmental Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166 Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuhong Shen
- Department of Developmental Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166 Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Yu
- Department of Developmental Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166 Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Huijie Huang
- Department of Developmental Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166 Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyu Zhang
- Department of Developmental Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166 Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Ding
- Department of Developmental Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166 Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of Developmental Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166 Jiangsu People's Republic of China.,Central Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Wujiang District, Suzhou, 215200 People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Xu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166 Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Shen Yue
- Department of Developmental Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166 Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
The centrosome is the main microtubule organizing center of animal cells. It contributes to spindle assembly and orientation during mitosis and to ciliogenesis in interphase. Numerical and structural defects in this organelle are known to be associated with developmental disorders such as dwarfism and microcephaly, but only recently, the molecular mechanisms linking centrosome aberrations to altered physiology are being elucidated. Defects in centrosome number or structure have also been described in cancer. These opposite clinical outcomes--arising from reduced proliferation and overproliferation respectively--can be explained in light of the tissue- and developmental-specific requirements for centrosome functions. The pathological outcomes of centrosome deficiencies have become clearer when considering its consequences. Among them, there are genetic instability (mainly aneuploidy, a defect in chromosome number), defects in the symmetry of cell division (important for cell fate specification and tissue architecture) and impaired ciliogenesis. In this review, we discuss the origins and the consequences of centrosome flaws, with particular attention on how they contribute to developmental diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Nano
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, 12 rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Renata Basto
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, 12 rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Fair JV, Voronova A, Bosiljcic N, Rajgara R, Blais A, Skerjanc IS. BRG1 interacts with GLI2 and binds Mef2c gene in a hedgehog signalling dependent manner during in vitro cardiomyogenesis. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 16:27. [PMID: 27484899 PMCID: PMC4970297 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-016-0127-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background The Hedgehog (HH) signalling pathway regulates cardiomyogenesis in vivo and in differentiating P19 embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, a mouse embryonic stem (mES) cell model. To further assess the transcriptional role of HH signalling during cardiomyogenesis in stem cells, we studied the effects of overexpressing GLI2, a primary transducer of the HH signalling pathway, in mES cells. Results Stable GLI2 overexpression resulted in an enhancement of cardiac progenitor-enriched genes, Mef2c, Nkx2-5, and Tbx5 during mES cell differentiation. In contrast, pharmacological blockade of the HH pathway in mES cells resulted in lower expression of these genes. Mass spectrometric analysis identified the chromatin remodelling factor BRG1 as a protein which co-immunoprecipitates with GLI2 in differentiating mES cells. We then determined that BRG1 is recruited to a GLI2-specific Mef2c gene element in a HH signalling-dependent manner during cardiomyogenesis in P19 EC cells, a mES cell model. Conclusions Thus, we propose a mechanism where HH/GLI2 regulates the expression of Mef2c by recruiting BRG1 to the Mef2c gene, most probably via chromatin remodelling, to ultimately regulate in vitro cardiomyogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12861-016-0127-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Vincent Fair
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, K1H 8M5, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Anastassia Voronova
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, K1H 8M5, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Neven Bosiljcic
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, K1H 8M5, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Rashida Rajgara
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, K1H 8M5, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Alexandre Blais
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, K1H 8M5, Ottawa, Canada. .,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, K1H 8M5, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Ilona Sylvia Skerjanc
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, K1H 8M5, Ottawa, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Liu X, Li M, Peng Y, Hu X, Xu J, Zhu S, Yu Z, Han S. miR-30c regulates proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation via the Shh signaling pathway in P19 cells. Exp Mol Med 2016; 48:e248. [PMID: 27469029 PMCID: PMC4973315 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2016.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding single-stranded RNAs that suppress protein expression by binding to the 3′ untranslated regions of their target genes. Many studies have shown that miRNAs have important roles in congenital heart diseases (CHDs) by regulating gene expression and signaling pathways. We previously found that miR-30c was highly expressed in the heart tissues of aborted embryos with ventricular septal defects. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effects of miR-30c in CHDs. miR-30c was overexpressed or knocked down in P19 cells, a myocardial cell model that is widely used to study cardiogenesis. We found that miR-30c overexpression not only increased cell proliferation by promoting cell entry into S phase but also suppressed cell apoptosis. In addition, we found that miR-30c inhibited dimethyl sulfoxide-induced differentiation of P19 cells. miR-30c knockdown, in contrast, inhibited cell proliferation and increased apoptosis and differentiation. The Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway is essential for normal embryonic development. Western blotting and luciferase assays revealed that Gli2, a transcriptional factor that has essential roles in the Shh signaling pathway, was a potential target gene of miR-30c. Ptch1, another important player in the Shh signaling pathway and a transcriptional target of Gli2, was downregulated by miR-30c overexpression and upregulated by miR-30c knockdown. Collectively, our study revealed that miR-30c suppressed P19 cell differentiation by inhibiting the Shh signaling pathway and altered the balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis, which may result in embryonic cardiac malfunctions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuehua Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuzhu Peng
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoshan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shasha Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhangbin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuping Han
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Balbo BE, Amaral AG, Fonseca JM, de Castro I, Salemi VM, Souza LE, Dos Santos F, Irigoyen MC, Qian F, Chammas R, Onuchic LF. Cardiac dysfunction in Pkd1-deficient mice with phenotype rescue by galectin-3 knockout. Kidney Int 2016; 90:580-97. [PMID: 27475230 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in myocardial wall texture stand out among ADPKD cardiovascular manifestations in hypertensive and normotensive patients. To elucidate their pathogenesis, we analyzed the cardiac phenotype in Pkd1(cond/cond)Nestin(cre) (CYG+) cystic mice exposed to increased blood pressure, at 5 to 6 and 20 to 24 weeks of age, and Pkd1(+/-) (HTG+) noncystic mice at 5-6 and 10-13 weeks. Echocardiographic analyses revealed decreased myocardial deformation and systolic function in CYG+ and HTG+ mice, as well as diastolic dysfunction in older CYG+ mice, compared to their Pkd1(cond/cond) and Pkd1(+/+) controls. Hearts from CYG+ and HTG+ mice presented reduced polycystin-1 expression, increased apoptosis, and mild fibrosis. Since galectin-3 has been associated with heart dysfunction, we studied it as a potential modifier of the ADPKD cardiac phenotype. Double-mutant Pkd1(cond/cond):Nestin(cre);Lgals3(-/-) (CYG-) and Pkd1(+/-);Lgals3(-/-) (HTG-) mice displayed improved cardiac deformability and systolic parameters compared to single-mutants, not differing from the controls. CYG- and HTG- showed decreased apoptosis and fibrosis. Analysis of a severe cystic model (Pkd1(V/V); VVG+) showed that Pkd1(V/V);Lgals3(-/-) (VVG-) mice have longer survival, decreased cardiac apoptosis and improved heart function compared to VVG+. CYG- and VVG- animals showed no difference in renal cystic burden compared to CYG+ and VVG+ mice. Thus, myocardial dysfunction occurs in different Pkd1-deficient models and suppression of galectin-3 expression rescues this phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno E Balbo
- Division of Nephrology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andressa G Amaral
- Division of Nephrology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jonathan M Fonseca
- Division of Nephrology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isac de Castro
- Division of Nephrology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera M Salemi
- Heart Institute, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro E Souza
- Heart Institute, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Dos Santos
- Heart Institute, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria C Irigoyen
- Heart Institute, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Feng Qian
- Division of Nephrology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Roger Chammas
- Center for Translational Research in Oncology, Cancer Institute, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz F Onuchic
- Division of Nephrology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil; Center for Cellular and Molecular Studies and Therapy (NETCEM), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Burnicka-Turek O, Steimle JD, Huang W, Felker L, Kamp A, Kweon J, Peterson M, Reeves RH, Maslen CL, Gruber PJ, Yang XH, Shendure J, Moskowitz IP. Cilia gene mutations cause atrioventricular septal defects by multiple mechanisms. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:3011-3028. [PMID: 27340223 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrioventricular septal defects (AVSDs) are a common severe form of congenital heart disease (CHD). In this study we identified deleterious non-synonymous mutations in two cilia genes, Dnah11 and Mks1, in independent N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mouse mutant lines with heritable recessive AVSDs by whole-exome sequencing. Cilia are required for left/right body axis determination and second heart field (SHF) Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, and we find that cilia mutations affect these requirements differentially. Dnah11avc4 did not disrupt SHF Hh signaling and caused AVSDs only concurrently with heterotaxy, a left/right axis abnormality. In contrast, Mks1avc6 disrupted SHF Hh signaling and caused AVSDs without heterotaxy. We performed unbiased whole-genome SHF transcriptional profiling and found that cilia motility genes were not expressed in the SHF whereas cilia structural and signaling genes were highly expressed. SHF cilia gene expression predicted the phenotypic concordance between AVSDs and heterotaxy in mice and humans with cilia gene mutations. A two-step model of cilia action accurately predicted the AVSD/heterotaxyu phenotypic expression pattern caused by cilia gene mutations. We speculate that cilia gene mutations contribute to both syndromic and non-syndromic AVSDs in humans and provide a model that predicts the phenotypic consequences of specific cilia gene mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ozanna Burnicka-Turek
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, and Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA,
| | - Jeffrey D Steimle
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, and Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Wenhui Huang
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lindsay Felker
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Anna Kamp
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, and Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Junghun Kweon
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, and Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michael Peterson
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, and Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Roger H Reeves
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Cheryl L Maslen
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA and
| | - Peter J Gruber
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52245, USA
| | - Xinan H Yang
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, and Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jay Shendure
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ivan P Moskowitz
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, and Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bodle JC, Loboa EG. Concise Review: Primary Cilia: Control Centers for Stem Cell Lineage Specification and Potential Targets for Cell-Based Therapies. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1445-54. [PMID: 26866419 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Directing stem cell lineage commitment prevails as the holy grail of translational stem cell research, particularly to those interested in the application of mesenchymal stem cells and adipose-derived stem cells in tissue engineering. However, elucidating the mechanisms underlying their phenotypic specification persists as an active area of research. In recent studies, the primary cilium structure has been intimately associated with defining cell phenotype, maintaining stemness, as well as functioning in a chemo, electro, and mechanosensory capacity in progenitor and committed cell types. Many hypothesize that the primary cilium may indeed be another important player in defining and controlling cell phenotype, concomitant with lineage-dictated cytoskeletal dynamics. Many of the studies on the primary cilium have emerged from disparate areas of biological research, and crosstalk amongst these areas of research is just beginning. To date, there has not been a thorough review of how primary cilia fit into the current paradigm of stem cell differentiation and this review aims to summarize the current cilia work in this context. The goal of this review is to highlight the cilium's function and integrate this knowledge into the working knowledge of stem cell biologists and tissue engineers developing regenerative medicine technologies. Stem Cells 2016;34:1445-1454.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josephine C Bodle
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Loboa
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,College of Engineering University of Missouri, Columbia Columbia, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Andrés-Delgado L, Mercader N. Interplay between cardiac function and heart development. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1707-16. [PMID: 26952935 PMCID: PMC4906158 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mechanotransduction refers to the conversion of mechanical forces into biochemical or electrical signals that initiate structural and functional remodeling in cells and tissues. The heart is a kinetic organ whose form changes considerably during development and disease. This requires cardiomyocytes to be mechanically durable and able to mount coordinated responses to a variety of environmental signals on different time scales, including cardiac pressure loading and electrical and hemodynamic forces. During physiological growth, myocytes, endocardial and epicardial cells have to adaptively remodel to these mechanical forces. Here we review some of the recent advances in the understanding of how mechanical forces influence cardiac development, with a focus on fluid flow forces. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cardiomyocyte Biology: Integration of Developmental and Environmental Cues in the Heart edited by Marcus Schaub and Hughes Abriel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Andrés-Delgado
- Development of the Epicardium and Its Role during Regeneration Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC-ISCIII), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadia Mercader
- Development of the Epicardium and Its Role during Regeneration Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC-ISCIII), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Halliez S, Martin-Lannerée S, Passet B, Hernandez-Rapp J, Castille J, Urien C, Chat S, Laude H, Vilotte JL, Mouillet-Richard S, Béringue V. Prion protein localizes at the ciliary base during neural and cardiovascular development, and its depletion affects α-tubulin post-translational modifications. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17146. [PMID: 26679898 PMCID: PMC4683536 DOI: 10.1038/srep17146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although conversion of the cellular form of the prion protein (PrPC) into a misfolded isoform is the underlying cause of prion diseases, understanding PrPC physiological functions has remained challenging. PrPC depletion or overexpression alters the proliferation and differentiation properties of various types of stem and progenitor cells in vitro by unknown mechanisms. Such involvement remains uncertain in vivo in the absence of any drastic phenotype of mice lacking PrPC. Here, we report PrPC enrichment at the base of the primary cilium in stem and progenitor cells from the central nervous system and cardiovascular system of developing mouse embryos. PrPC depletion in a neuroepithelial cell line dramatically altered key cilium-dependent processes, such as Sonic hedgehog signalling and α-tubulin post-translational modifications. These processes were also affected over a limited time window in PrPC–ablated embryos. Thus, our study reveals PrPC as a potential actor in the developmental regulation of microtubule dynamics and ciliary functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Halliez
- INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Bruno Passet
- INRA, UMR1313, Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Johan Castille
- INRA, UMR1313, Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Céline Urien
- INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sophie Chat
- INRA, UMR1313, Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,INRA, Plateforme MIMA2, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Hubert Laude
- INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jean-Luc Vilotte
- INRA, UMR1313, Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Vincent Béringue
- INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Birket MJ, Ribeiro MC, Kosmidis G, Ward D, Leitoguinho AR, van de Pol V, Dambrot C, Devalla HD, Davis RP, Mastroberardino PG, Atsma DE, Passier R, Mummery CL. Contractile Defect Caused by Mutation in MYBPC3 Revealed under Conditions Optimized for Human PSC-Cardiomyocyte Function. Cell Rep 2015; 13:733-745. [PMID: 26489474 PMCID: PMC4644234 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Maximizing baseline function of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) is essential for their effective application in models of cardiac toxicity and disease. Here, we aimed to identify factors that would promote an adequate level of function to permit robust single-cell contractility measurements in a human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) model of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). A simple screen revealed the collaborative effects of thyroid hormone, IGF-1 and the glucocorticoid analog dexamethasone on the electrophysiology, bioenergetics, and contractile force generation of hPSC-CMs. In this optimized condition, hiPSC-CMs with mutations in MYBPC3, a gene encoding myosin-binding protein C, which, when mutated, causes HCM, showed significantly lower contractile force generation than controls. This was recapitulated by direct knockdown of MYBPC3 in control hPSC-CMs, supporting a mechanism of haploinsufficiency. Modeling this disease in vitro using human cells is an important step toward identifying therapeutic interventions for HCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Birket
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marcelo C Ribeiro
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Georgios Kosmidis
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Dorien Ward
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ana Rita Leitoguinho
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Vera van de Pol
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Cheryl Dambrot
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Harsha D Devalla
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Richard P Davis
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Douwe E Atsma
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Passier
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Christine L Mummery
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tsimbouri PM. Adult Stem Cell Responses to Nanostimuli. J Funct Biomater 2015; 6:598-622. [PMID: 26193326 PMCID: PMC4598673 DOI: 10.3390/jfb6030598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been found in different tissues in the body, residing in stem cell microenvironments called "stem cell niches". They play different roles but their main activity is to maintain tissue homeostasis and repair throughout the lifetime of an organism. Their ability to differentiate into different cell types makes them an ideal tool to study tissue development and to use them in cell-based therapies. This differentiation process is subject to both internal and external forces at the nanoscale level and this response of stem cells to nanostimuli is the focus of this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Penelope M Tsimbouri
- Centre for Cell Engineering, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ma CX, Song YL, Xiao L, Xue LX, Li WJ, Laforest B, Komati H, Wang WP, Jia ZQ, Zhou CY, Zou Y, Nemer M, Zhang SF, Bai X, Wu H, Zang MX. EGF is required for cardiac differentiation of P19CL6 cells through interaction with GATA-4 in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2005-22. [PMID: 25504289 PMCID: PMC11113121 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1795-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of cardiac differentiation is critical for maintaining normal cardiac development and function. The precise mechanisms whereby cardiac differentiation is regulated remain uncertain. Here, we have identified a GATA-4 target, EGF, which is essential for cardiogenesis and regulates cardiac differentiation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, EGF demonstrates functional interaction with GATA-4 in inducing the cardiac differentiation of P19CL6 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Biochemically, GATA-4 forms a complex with STAT3 to bind to the EGF promoter in response to EGF stimulation and cooperatively activate the EGF promoter. Functionally, the cooperation during EGF activation results in the subsequent activation of cyclin D1 expression, which partly accounts for the lack of additional induction of cardiac differentiation by the GATA-4/STAT3 complex. Thus, we propose a model in which the regulatory cascade of cardiac differentiation involves GATA-4, EGF, and cyclin D1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Xia Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Ke Xue Da Dao 100, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan China
| | - Yang-Liu Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Ke Xue Da Dao 100, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan China
| | - Liyun Xiao
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024 China
| | - Li-Xiang Xue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Wen-Juan Li
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Brigitte Laforest
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Hiba Komati
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Wei-Ping Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Zhu-Qing Jia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Chun-Yan Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Yunzeng Zou
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Mona Nemer
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Shan-Feng Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Ke Xue Da Dao 100, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan China
| | - Xiaowen Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Huijian Wu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024 China
| | - Ming-Xi Zang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Ke Xue Da Dao 100, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Rachel RA, Yamamoto EA, Dewanjee MK, May-Simera HL, Sergeev YV, Hackett AN, Pohida K, Munasinghe J, Gotoh N, Wickstead B, Fariss RN, Dong L, Li T, Swaroop A. CEP290 alleles in mice disrupt tissue-specific cilia biogenesis and recapitulate features of syndromic ciliopathies. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:3775-91. [PMID: 25859007 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinct mutations in the centrosomal-cilia protein CEP290 lead to diverse clinical findings in syndromic ciliopathies. We show that CEP290 localizes to the transition zone in ciliated cells, precisely to the region of Y-linkers between central microtubules and plasma membrane. To create models of CEP290-associated ciliopathy syndromes, we generated Cep290(ko/ko) and Cep290(gt/gt) mice that produce no or a truncated CEP290 protein, respectively. Cep290(ko/ko) mice exhibit early vision loss and die from hydrocephalus. Retinal photoreceptors in Cep290(ko/ko) mice lack connecting cilia, and ciliated ventricular ependyma fails to mature. The minority of Cep290(ko/ko) mice that escape hydrocephalus demonstrate progressive kidney pathology. Cep290(gt/gt) mice die at mid-gestation, and the occasional Cep290(gt/gt) mouse that survives shows hydrocephalus and severely cystic kidneys. Partial loss of CEP290-interacting ciliopathy protein MKKS mitigates lethality and renal pathology in Cep290(gt/gt) mice. Our studies demonstrate domain-specific functions of CEP290 and provide novel therapeutic paradigms for ciliopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeeva Munasinghe
- National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA and
| | | | - Bill Wickstead
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Farouz Y, Chen Y, Terzic A, Menasché P. Concise Review: Growing Hearts in the Right Place: On the Design of Biomimetic Materials for Cardiac Stem Cell Differentiation. Stem Cells 2015; 33:1021-35. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Farouz
- Department of Chemistry, Paris Sciences et Lettres, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris; CNRS UMR; Paris France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris Descartes University; Paris France
- INSERM U970; Paris France
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Paris Sciences et Lettres, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris; CNRS UMR; Paris France
| | | | - Philippe Menasché
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris Descartes University; Paris France
- INSERM U970; Paris France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery; Paris France
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Cilia are highly conserved for their structure and also for their sensory functions. They serve as antennae for extracellular information. Whether the cilia are motile or not, they respond to environmental mechanical and chemical stimuli and signal to the cell body. The information from extracellular stimuli is commonly converted to electrical signals through the repertoire of ion-conducting channels in the ciliary membrane resulting in changes in concentrations of ions, especially Ca2+, in the cilia. These changes, in turn, affect motility and signaling pathways in the cilia and cell body to carry on the signal transduction. We review here the activities of ion channels in cilia from protists to vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Kleene
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH 45267-0576 USA 1-513-558-6099 (phone) 1-513-558-5738 (fax)
| | - Judith L Van Houten
- Department of Biology University of Vermont Burlington, VT 05405, USA 1-802-656-0452 (phone) 1-802-656-2914 (FAX)
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Linask KK, Han M, Bravo-Valenzuela NJM. Changes in vitelline and utero-placental hemodynamics: implications for cardiovascular development. Front Physiol 2014; 5:390. [PMID: 25426076 PMCID: PMC4227466 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyses of cardiovascular development have shown an important interplay between heart function, blood flow, and morphogenesis of heart structure during the formation of a four-chambered heart. It is known that changes in vitelline and placental blood flow seemingly contribute substantially to early cardiac hemodynamics. This suggests that in order to understand mammalian cardiac structure-hemodynamic functional relationships, blood flow from the extra-embryonic circulation needs to be taken into account and its possible impact on cardiogenesis defined. Previously published Doppler ultrasound analyses and data of utero-placental blood flow from human studies and those using the mouse model are compared to changes observed with environmental exposures that lead to cardiovascular anomalies. Use of current concepts and models related to mechanotransduction of blood flow and fluid forces may help in the future to better define the characteristics of normal and abnormal utero-placental blood flow and the changes in the biophysical parameters that may contribute to congenital heart defects. Evidence from multiple studies is discussed to provide a framework for future modeling of the impact of experimental changes in blood flow on the mouse heart during normal and abnormal cardiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kersti K Linask
- Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, Children's Research Institute, University of South Florida Health St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Mingda Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, Children's Research Institute, University of South Florida Health St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
|
49
|
McMurray RJ, Dalby MJ, Tsimbouri PM. Using biomaterials to study stem cell mechanotransduction, growth and differentiation. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 9:528-39. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. McMurray
- Mrksich Research Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Northwestern University; Evanston IL USA
| | - Matthew J. Dalby
- Centre for Cell Engineering, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology; University of Glasgow; UK
| | - P. Monica Tsimbouri
- Centre for Cell Engineering, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology; University of Glasgow; UK
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Louw JJ, Corveleyn A, Jia Y, Iqbal S, Boshoff D, Gewillig M, Peeters H, Moerman P, Devriendt K. Homozygous loss-of-function mutation in ALMS1 causes the lethal disorder mitogenic cardiomyopathy in two siblings. Eur J Med Genet 2014; 57:532-5. [PMID: 24972238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two siblings from consanguineous parents of Turkish descent presented with isolated dilated cardiomyopathy, leading to early death in infancy. The diagnosis of mitogenic cardiomyopathy was made histologically. METHODS AND RESULTS Linkage analysis combined with exome sequencing identified a homozygous deleterious mutation in the ALMS1 gene as the cause of this phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Alström syndrome is characterized by a typically transient dilating cardiomyopathy in infancy, suggesting that mitogenic cardiomyopathy represents the extreme phenotype, resulting in demise before the other clinical symptoms become evident. This observation further illustrates the role of ALMS1 and cell cycle regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacoba J Louw
- Department of Congenital and Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Center of Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Anniek Corveleyn
- Center of Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yaojuan Jia
- Center of Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sajid Iqbal
- Center of Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
| | - Derize Boshoff
- Department of Congenital and Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Gewillig
- Department of Congenital and Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hilde Peeters
- Center of Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe Moerman
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koenraad Devriendt
- Center of Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|