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Daniels N, Bindoff AD, Vickers JC, King AE, Collins JM. Vulnerability of neurofilament-expressing neurons in frontotemporal dementia. Mol Cell Neurosci 2024; 131:103974. [PMID: 39369804 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2024.103974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 09/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is an umbrella term for several early onset dementias, that are caused by frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), which involves the atrophy of the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. Neuron loss in the frontal and temporal lobes is a characteristic feature of FTLD, however the selective vulnerability of different neuronal populations in this group of diseases is not fully understood. Neurofilament-expressing neurons have been shown to be selectively vulnerable in other neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, therefore we sought to investigate whether this neuronal population is vulnerable in FTLD. We also examined whether neuronal sub-type vulnerability differed between FTLD with TDP-43 inclusions (FTLD-TDP) and FTLD with tau inclusions (FTLD-Tau). Post-mortem human tissue from the superior frontal gyrus (SFG) of FTLD-TDP (n = 15), FTLD-Tau (n = 8) and aged Control cases (n = 6) was immunolabelled using antibodies against non-phosphorylated neurofilaments (SMI32 antibody), calretinin and NeuN, to explore neuronal cell loss. The presence of non-phosphorylated neurofilament immunolabelling in axons of the SFG white matter was also quantified as a measure of axon pathology, as axonal neurofilaments are normally phosphorylated. We demonstrate the selective loss of neurofilament-expressing neurons in both FTLD-TDP and FTLD-Tau cases compared to aged Controls. We also show that non-phosphorylated neurofilament axonal pathology in the SFG white matter was associated with increasing age, but not FTLD. This data suggests neurofilament-expressing neurons are vulnerable in both FTLD-TDP and FTLD-Tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Daniels
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Aidan D Bindoff
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - James C Vickers
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Anna E King
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Jessica M Collins
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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2
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Luo J, Lin S. Dietary vitamin K intake is associated with decreased neurofilament light chain among middle-aged and older adults from the NHANES. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1396707. [PMID: 39346641 PMCID: PMC11428379 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1396707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Neurofilament-light chain (NfL) is associated with neurodegenerative diseases, which are increasingly prevalent with aging. Vitamin K has been shown a neuroprotective effect. Therefore, we aimed to explore the potential relationship between dietary vitamin K intake and serum NfL. Methods This study was conducted on the 2013-2014 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a multi-site population-based study of the US general population. Serum NfL level was measured using a highly sensitive immunoassay. Dietary vitamin K intake was estimated from two-day dietary recall interviews, and its relationship with NfL was determined using linear regression models. Results The study included a total of 1,533 participants with a median age of 46 years, comprising 801 women (52.2%) and 732 men (47.8%). The median dietary intake of vitamin K was 81.6 μg/d, and the median serum NfL was 12 pg./mL. After adjusting for potential confounding factors in the full model, individuals with higher dietary vitamin K intake had lower serum NfL levels (Q4 vs. Q1, β = -4.92, 95%CI: -7.66, -2.19, p = 0.002). A non-linear negative dose-response association is found between dietary vitamin K intake and serum NfL levels (P for non-linearity = 0.008); this association reaches a plateau when the dietary vitamin K intake is higher than 200 μg/d. According to the results of stratified analysis, the relationship between dietary vitamin K intake and serum NfL levels was stronger in the population of middle-aged and older adults. Conclusion The present study suggested a negative association between dietary vitamin K intake and serum NfL levels in the general US population, especially in middle-aged and older adults. This study might offer a novel nutritional idea for the primary prevention and mechanism exploration of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Luo
- School of Rehabilitation, Jiangsu College of Nursing, Huai'an, Jiangsu, China
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu, China
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Di Sarno I, Tozza S, Santorelli FM, Cassano E, Natale G, Dubbioso R, Ruggiero L, Tessa A, Iodice R, Nolano M, Manganelli F. Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2CC misdiagnosed as Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy. Neurol Sci 2024:10.1007/s10072-024-07747-7. [PMID: 39223423 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-024-07747-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) is a heterogeneous group of genetic neuropathies and is typically characterized by distal muscle weakness, sensory loss, pes cavus and areflexia. Herein we describe a case of CMT2CC presenting with proximal muscle weakness and equivocal electrophysiological features, that was misdiagnosed as chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). CASE REPORT A 30-year-old woman complained of proximal muscle weakness with difficulty climbing stairs. Neurological examination showed weakness in lower limb (LL) muscles, that was marked proximally and mild distally, and absence of deep tendon reflexes in the ankles. Nerve conduction studies (NCS) showed sensory-motor neuropathy with non-uniform NC velocity and a partial conduction block (CBs) in peroneal nerve and tibial nerves. Thus, a diagnosis of CIDP was entertained and the patient underwent ineffective treatment with intravenous immunoglobulins. At electrophysiological revaluation CB in peroneal nerve was undetectable as also distal CMAP had decreased whereas the CBs persisted in tibial nerves. Hypothesizing a hereditary neuropathy, we examined the proband's son, who presented mild weakness of distal and proximal muscles at lower limbs. Neurophysiological investigation showed findings consistent with an intermediate-axonal electrophysiological pattern. A targeted-NGS including 136 CMT genes showed the heterozygous frameshift mutation (c.3057dupG; p.K1020fs*43) in the NEFH gene, coding for the neurofilament heavy chain and causing CMT2CC. INTERPRETATION Diagnosis of a genetic neuropathy may be challenging when clinical features are atypical and/or electrophysiological features are misleading. The most common misdiagnosis is CIDP. Our report suggests that also CMT2CC patients with proximal muscle weakness and equivocal electrophysiological features might be misdiagnosed as CIDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Di Sarno
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odonstomatological Sciences, University Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini, Naples, 5 - 80131, Italy
| | - Stefano Tozza
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odonstomatological Sciences, University Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini, Naples, 5 - 80131, Italy.
| | | | - Emanuele Cassano
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odonstomatological Sciences, University Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini, Naples, 5 - 80131, Italy
| | - Gemma Natale
- Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
| | - Raffaele Dubbioso
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odonstomatological Sciences, University Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini, Naples, 5 - 80131, Italy
| | - Lucia Ruggiero
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odonstomatological Sciences, University Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini, Naples, 5 - 80131, Italy
| | | | - Rosa Iodice
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odonstomatological Sciences, University Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini, Naples, 5 - 80131, Italy
| | - Maria Nolano
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odonstomatological Sciences, University Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini, Naples, 5 - 80131, Italy
| | - Fiore Manganelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odonstomatological Sciences, University Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini, Naples, 5 - 80131, Italy
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Ávila-Gómez P, Shingai Y, Dash S, Liu C, Callegari K, Meyer H, Khodarkovskaya A, Aburakawa D, Uchida H, Faraco G, Garcia-Bonilla L, Anrather J, Lee FS, Iadecola C, Sanchez T. Molecular and Functional Alterations in the Cerebral Microvasculature in an Optimized Mouse Model of Sepsis-Associated Cognitive Dysfunction. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0426-23.2024. [PMID: 39266325 PMCID: PMC11439565 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0426-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammation has been implicated in the development and progression of neurodegenerative conditions such as cognitive impairment and dementia. Recent clinical studies indicate an association between sepsis, endothelial dysfunction, and cognitive decline. However, the investigations of the role and therapeutic potential of the cerebral microvasculature in sepsis-induced cognitive dysfunction have been limited by the lack of standardized experimental models for evaluating the alterations in the cerebral microvasculature and cognition induced by the systemic inflammatory response. Herein, we validated a mouse model of endotoxemia that recapitulates key pathophysiology related to sepsis-induced cognitive dysfunction, including the induction of an acute systemic hyperinflammatory response, blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage, neurovascular inflammation, and memory impairment after recovery from the systemic inflammation. In the acute phase, we identified novel molecular (e.g., upregulation of plasmalemma vesicle-associated protein, PLVAP, a driver of endothelial permeability, and the procoagulant plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, PAI-1) and functional perturbations (i.e., albumin and small-molecule BBB leakage) in the cerebral microvasculature along with neuroinflammation. Remarkably, small-molecule BBB permeability, elevated levels of PAI-1, intra-/perivascular fibrin/fibrinogen deposition, and microglial activation persisted 1 month after recovery from sepsis. We also highlight molecular neuronal alterations of potential clinical relevance following systemic inflammation including changes in neurofilament phosphorylation and decreases in postsynaptic density protein 95 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, suggesting diffuse axonal injury, synapse degeneration, and impaired neurotrophism. Our study serves as a standardized mouse model to support future mechanistic studies of sepsis-associated cognitive dysfunction and to identify novel endothelial therapeutic targets for this devastating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Ávila-Gómez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065
| | - Yuto Shingai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065
| | - Sabyasachi Dash
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065
| | - Catherine Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065
| | - Keri Callegari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065
| | - Heidi Meyer
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065
| | - Anne Khodarkovskaya
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065
| | - Daiki Aburakawa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065
| | - Hiroki Uchida
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065
| | - Giuseppe Faraco
- Department of Neuroscience, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065
| | - Lidia Garcia-Bonilla
- Department of Neuroscience, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065
| | - Josef Anrather
- Department of Neuroscience, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065
| | - Francis S Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065
| | - Costantino Iadecola
- Department of Neuroscience, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065
| | - Teresa Sanchez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065
- Department of Neuroscience, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065
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5
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Richardson B, Goedert T, Quraishe S, Deinhardt K, Mudher A. How do neurons age? A focused review on the aging of the microtubular cytoskeleton. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1899-1907. [PMID: 38227514 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.390974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging is the leading risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. We now understand that a breakdown in the neuronal cytoskeleton, mainly underpinned by protein modifications leading to the destabilization of microtubules, is central to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. This is accompanied by morphological defects across the somatodendritic compartment, axon, and synapse. However, knowledge of what occurs to the microtubule cytoskeleton and morphology of the neuron during physiological aging is comparatively poor. Several recent studies have suggested that there is an age-related increase in the phosphorylation of the key microtubule stabilizing protein tau, a modification, which is known to destabilize the cytoskeleton in Alzheimer's disease. This indicates that the cytoskeleton and potentially other neuronal structures reliant on the cytoskeleton become functionally compromised during normal physiological aging. The current literature shows age-related reductions in synaptic spine density and shifts in synaptic spine conformation which might explain age-related synaptic functional deficits. However, knowledge of what occurs to the microtubular and actin cytoskeleton, with increasing age is extremely limited. When considering the somatodendritic compartment, a regression in dendrites and loss of dendritic length and volume is reported whilst a reduction in soma volume/size is often seen. However, research into cytoskeletal change is limited to a handful of studies demonstrating reductions in and mislocalizations of microtubule-associated proteins with just one study directly exploring the integrity of the microtubules. In the axon, an increase in axonal diameter and age-related appearance of swellings is reported but like the dendrites, just one study investigates the microtubules directly with others reporting loss or mislocalization of microtubule-associated proteins. Though these are the general trends reported, there are clear disparities between model organisms and brain regions that are worthy of further investigation. Additionally, longitudinal studies of neuronal/cytoskeletal aging should also investigate whether these age-related changes contribute not just to vulnerability to disease but also to the decline in nervous system function and behavioral output that all organisms experience. This will highlight the utility, if any, of cytoskeletal fortification for the promotion of healthy neuronal aging and potential protection against age-related neurodegenerative disease. This review seeks to summarize what is currently known about the physiological aging of the neuron and microtubular cytoskeleton in the hope of uncovering mechanisms underpinning age-related risk to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Richardson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Thomas Goedert
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Shmma Quraishe
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Katrin Deinhardt
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Amritpal Mudher
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Adelman JW, Sukowaty AT, Partridge KJ, Gawrys JE, Terhune SS, Ebert AD. Stabilizing microtubules aids neurite structure and disrupts syncytia formation in human cytomegalovirus-infected human forebrain neurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.16.608340. [PMID: 39229072 PMCID: PMC11370344 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.16.608340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a prolific human herpesvirus that infects most individuals by adulthood. While typically asymptomatic in adults, congenital infection can induce serious neurological symptoms including hearing loss, visual deficits, cognitive impairment, and microcephaly in 10-15% of cases. HCMV has been shown to infect most neural cells with our group recently demonstrating this capacity in stem cell-derived forebrain neurons. Infection of neurons induces deleterious effects on calcium dynamics and electrophysiological function paired with gross restructuring of neuronal morphology. Here, we utilize an iPSC-derived model of the human forebrain to demonstrate how HCMV infection induces syncytia, drives neurite retraction, and remodels microtubule networks to promote viral production and release. We establish that HCMV downregulates microtubule associated proteins at 14 days postinfection while simultaneously sparing other cytoskeletal elements, and this includes HCMV-driven alterations to microtubule stability. Further, we pharmacologically modulate microtubule dynamics using paclitaxel (stabilize) and colchicine (destabilize) to examine the effects on neurite structure, syncytial morphology, assembly compartment formation, and viral release. With paclitaxel, we found improvement of neurite outgrowth with a corresponding disruption to HCMV-induced syncytia formation and Golgi network disruptions but with limited impact on viral titers. Together, these data suggest that HCMV infection-induced disruption of microtubules in human cortical neurons can be partially mitigated with microtubule stabilization, suggesting a potential avenue for future neuroprotective therapeutic exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob W Adelman
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Andrew T Sukowaty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Kaitlyn J Partridge
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jessica E Gawrys
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Scott S Terhune
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Allison D Ebert
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Adra J, Giglio D, Karlsson P, Zetterberg H, Einbeigi Z. Blood biomarkers for neuroaxonal injury and astrocytic activation in chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Acta Oncol 2024; 63:636-641. [PMID: 39099324 PMCID: PMC11332453 DOI: 10.2340/1651-226x.2024.39895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a troublesome side effect in patients exposed to taxanes in the treatment of cancer and may affect quality of life dramatically. Here we assessed whether serum levels of neurofilament light (NfL) and tau (two neuroaxonal injury biomarkers) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, a biomarker for astrocytic activation) correlate with the development of CIPN in the adjuvant setting of early breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using ultrasensitive single molecule array technology, serum levels of NfL, GFAP, and tau were measured before and every 3 weeks in 10 women receiving adjuvant EC (epirubicin 90 mg/m² and cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m²) every 3 weeks × 3, followed by weekly paclitaxel 80 mg/m² × 9-12 weeks after surgery due to early breast cancer. CIPN was graded according to the NCI Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE v5.0) and the questionnaire EORTC QLQ CIPN-20. RESULTS Serum levels of GFAP increased successively during cycles of EC. NfL increased instead in response to the treatment of paclitaxel. NfL and GFAP continued to rise throughout exposure of cumulatively higher doses of paclitaxel and were reduced 3 months after the end of chemotherapy. Serums levels of tau were marginally affected by exposure to chemotherapy. Women with worse symptoms of CIPN had higher concentrations of NfL than women with mild symptoms of CIPN. INTERPRETATION NfL and GFAP are promising biomarkers to identify women at risk of developing CIPN. Larger prospective studies are now needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamila Adra
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Daniel Giglio
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Karlsson
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Zakaria Einbeigi
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Medicine and Oncology, Södra Älvsborgs Hospital, Borås, Sweden
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8
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Islam S, Gleber-Netto FO, Mulcahy CF, Glaun MDE, Srivastava S, Hunt PJ, Williams MD, Barbon CE, Spiotto M, Zhao W, Adebayo A, Akhter S, Xie T, Debnath KC, Sathishkumar HN, Myers B, Lothumalla S, Yaman I, Burks JK, Gomez J, Rao X, Wang J, Woodman K, Mansour J, Arenkiel B, Osman KL, Haxton C, Lever TE, Hutcheson KA, Amit M. Neural landscape is associated with functional outcomes in irradiated patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eabq5585. [PMID: 39083586 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abq5585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The incidence of human papilloma virus-mediated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) has increased over the past 40 years, particularly among young individuals with a favorable prognosis; however, current therapy often leads to unfortunate side effects, such as dysphagia. Despite the emphasis on dysphagia in previous studies, there is an important research gap in understanding the correlation between neuronal changes and patient-reported and functional outcomes in patients with OPSCC. To address this issue, we examined pathologic tissue samples from patients with OPSCC using multiplex immunofluorescence staining and machine learning to correlate tumor-associated neuronal changes with prospectively collected patient-reported and functional outcomes. We found that tumor enrichment of adrenergic (TH+) and CGRP+ sensory-afferent nerves correlated with poorer swallowing outcomes. Functional electromyography recordings showed correlations between growing (GAP43+) and immature cholinergic (ChAT+DCX+) nerves and denervation patterns in survivors of OPSCC. A murine model of radiation-induced dysphagia further confirmed that immature cholinergic and CGRP+ nerves were correlated with impaired swallowing. Preclinical interventional studies also supported the independent contributions of CGRP+ and cholinergic (ChAT+) nerves to dysphagia in treated mouse models of OPSCC. Our results suggest that CGRP+ and ChAT+ neuronal signaling play distinct roles in tumor- and radiation-induced dysphagia in OPSCC and offer a comprehensive dataset on the neural landscape of OPSCC. These insights may guide early interventions for swallow preservation and the repurposing of neurology-related drugs, such as CGRP blockers, in clinical oncology and survivorship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shajedul Islam
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Frederico O Gleber-Netto
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Collin F Mulcahy
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mica D E Glaun
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Snigdha Srivastava
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Patrick J Hunt
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michelle D Williams
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Carly E Barbon
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael Spiotto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Weilu Zhao
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston) School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Adewale Adebayo
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shamima Akhter
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tongxin Xie
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kala Chand Debnath
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hinduja Naidu Sathishkumar
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Blake Myers
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Sahana Lothumalla
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ismail Yaman
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jared K Burks
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Leukemia and Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Javier Gomez
- Department of Leukemia and Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiayu Rao
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Karin Woodman
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jobran Mansour
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Shreveport Medical Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Benjamin Arenkiel
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kate L Osman
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Chandler Haxton
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Teresa E Lever
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Katherine A Hutcheson
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Moran Amit
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Stern S, Crisamore K, Schuck R, Pacanowski M. Evaluation of the landscape of pharmacodynamic biomarkers in Niemann-Pick Disease Type C (NPC). Orphanet J Rare Dis 2024; 19:280. [PMID: 39061081 PMCID: PMC11282650 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-024-03233-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is an autosomal recessive, progressive disorder resulting from variants in NPC1 or NPC2 that leads to the accumulation of cholesterol and other lipids in late endosomes and lysosomes. The clinical manifestations of the disease vary by age of onset, and severity is often characterized by neurological involvement. To date, no disease-modifying therapy has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and treatment is typically supportive. The lack of robust biomarkers contributes to challenges associated with disease monitoring and quantifying treatment response. In recent years, advancements in detection methods have facilitated the identification of biomarkers in plasma and cerebral spinal fluid from patients with NPC, namely calbindin D, neurofilament light chain, 24(S)hydroxycholesterol, cholestane-triol, trihydroxycholanic acid glycinate, amyloid-β, total and phosphorylated tau, and N-palmitoyl-O-phosphocholine-serine. These biomarkers have been used to support several clinical trials as pharmacodynamic endpoints. Despite the significant advancements in laboratory techniques, translation of those advancements has lagged, and it remains unclear which biomarkers correlate with disease severity and progression, or which biomarkers could inform treatment response. In this review, we assess the landscape of biomarkers currently proposed to guide disease monitoring or indicate treatment response in patients with NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Stern
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA.
| | - Karryn Crisamore
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Robert Schuck
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Michael Pacanowski
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
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10
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Behairi N, Samer A, Sahraoui L, Mataam DH, Trari R, Flissi B, Belguendouz H, Amir ZC, Touil-Boukoffa C. Neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and alteration of spatial memory in BALB/c mice through ampicillin-induced gut dysbiosis; NOS2 and NFL involvement in a microbiota-gut-brain axis model. J Neuroimmunol 2024; 392:578374. [PMID: 38797060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate ampicillin (AMP) mechanisms in microbiota-gut-brain axis. We evaluated its effect on two gut and brain regions and behavioral performances. We administred AMP (1 g/l) to BALB/c mice for 21 days. Then, we analyzed body weigth change, stool consistency scoring, gut length, intestinal microbiota composition, nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) expression and tissue integrity. We subsequently evaluated NOS2, GFAP, CD68 and NFL cerebral expression and spatial memory.Interestingly, our data showed gut microbiota disruption, NOS2 upregulation and tissue damage, associated to cerebral NOS2, GFAP, CD68 and NFL over-expression and behavioral alteration. Antiobiotic therapy should be prescribed with great caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassima Behairi
- University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cytokines and NO Synthases, Immunity and Pathogeny Team, El-Alia, BP 32, 16111 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Arezki Samer
- University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cytokines and NO Synthases, Immunity and Pathogeny Team, El-Alia, BP 32, 16111 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Lynda Sahraoui
- Laboratory of Animal Health and Production, Higher National Veterinary School of Issad-Abbes Oued-Smar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Djehane Houria Mataam
- University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cytokines and NO Synthases, Immunity and Pathogeny Team, El-Alia, BP 32, 16111 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Ryad Trari
- University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cytokines and NO Synthases, Immunity and Pathogeny Team, El-Alia, BP 32, 16111 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Billel Flissi
- University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cytokines and NO Synthases, Immunity and Pathogeny Team, El-Alia, BP 32, 16111 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Houda Belguendouz
- University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cytokines and NO Synthases, Immunity and Pathogeny Team, El-Alia, BP 32, 16111 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Zine-Charaf Amir
- Department of Anatomy and Pathological Cytology, University Hospital Center Mustapha Pacha, 1945 Pl. May 1st, Sidi M'Hamed, 16000 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Chafia Touil-Boukoffa
- University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cytokines and NO Synthases, Immunity and Pathogeny Team, El-Alia, BP 32, 16111 Algiers, Algeria.
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11
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Ávila-Gómez P, Shingai Y, Dash S, Liu C, Callegari K, Meyer H, Khodarkovskaya A, Aburakawa D, Uchida H, Faraco G, Garcia-Bonilla L, Anrather J, Lee FS, Iadecola C, Sanchez T. Molecular and functional alterations in the cerebral microvasculature in an optimized mouse model of sepsis-associated cognitive dysfunction. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.28.596050. [PMID: 38853992 PMCID: PMC11160628 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.28.596050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Systemic inflammation has been implicated in the development and progression of neurodegenerative conditions such as cognitive impairment and dementia. Recent clinical studies indicate an association between sepsis, endothelial dysfunction, and cognitive decline. However, the investigations of the role and therapeutic potential of the cerebral microvasculature in systemic inflammation-induced cognitive dysfunction have been limited by the lack of standardized experimental models for evaluating the alterations in the cerebral microvasculature and cognition induced by the systemic inflammatory response. Herein, we validated a mouse model of endotoxemia that recapitulates key pathophysiology related to sepsis-induced cognitive dysfunction, including the induction of an acute systemic hyperinflammatory response, blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage, neurovascular inflammation, and memory impairment after recovery from the systemic inflammatory response. In the acute phase, we identified novel molecular (e.g. upregulation of plasmalemma vesicle associated protein, a driver of endothelial permeability, and the pro-coagulant plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, PAI-1) and functional perturbations (i.e., albumin and small molecule BBB leakage) in the cerebral microvasculature along with neuroinflammation. Remarkably, small molecule BBB permeability, elevated levels of PAI-1, intra/perivascular fibrin/fibrinogen deposition and microglial activation persisted 1 month after recovery from sepsis. We also highlight molecular neuronal alterations of potential clinical relevance following systemic inflammation including changes in neurofilament phosphorylation and decreases in postsynaptic density protein 95 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor suggesting diffuse axonal injury, synapse degeneration and impaired neurotrophism. Our study serves as a standardized model to support future mechanistic studies of sepsis-associated cognitive dysfunction and to identify novel endothelial therapeutic targets for this devastating condition. SIGNIFICANCE The limited knowledge of how systemic inflammation contributes to cognitive decline is a major obstacle to the development of novel therapies for dementia and other neurodegenerative diseases. Clinical evidence supports a role for the cerebral microvasculature in sepsis-induced neurocognitive dysfunction, but the investigation of the underlying mechanisms has been limited by the lack of standardized experimental models. Herein, we optimized a mouse model that recapitulates important pathophysiological aspects of systemic inflammation-induced cognitive decline and identified key alterations in the cerebral microvasculature associated with cognitive dysfunction. Our study provides a reliable experimental model for mechanistic studies and therapeutic discovery of the impact of systemic inflammation on cerebral microvascular function and the development and progression of cognitive impairment.
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12
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Grenon MB, Papavergi MT, Bathini P, Sadowski M, Lemere CA. Temporal Characterization of the Amyloidogenic APPswe/PS1dE9;hAPOE4 Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5754. [PMID: 38891941 PMCID: PMC11172317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating disorder with a global prevalence estimated at 55 million people. In clinical studies administering certain anti-beta-amyloid (Aβ) antibodies, amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIAs) have emerged as major adverse events. The frequency of these events is higher among apolipoprotein ε4 allele carriers (APOE4) compared to non-carriers. To reflect patients most at risk for vascular complications of anti-Aβ immunotherapy, we selected an APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mouse model bearing the human APOE4 gene (APPPS1:E4) and compared it with the same APP/PS1 mouse model bearing the human APOE3 gene (APOE ε3 allele; APPPS1:E3). Using histological and biochemical analyses, we characterized mice at three ages: 8, 12, and 16 months. Female and male mice were assayed for general cerebral fibrillar and pyroglutamate (pGlu-3) Aβ deposition, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), microhemorrhages, apoE and cholesterol composition, astrocytes, microglia, inflammation, lysosomal dysfunction, and neuritic dystrophy. Amyloidosis, lipid deposition, and astrogliosis increased with age in APPPS1:E4 mice, while inflammation did not reveal significant changes with age. In general, APOE4 carriers showed elevated Aβ, apoE, reactive astrocytes, pro-inflammatory cytokines, microglial response, and neuritic dystrophy compared to APOE3 carriers at different ages. These results highlight the potential of the APPPS1:E4 mouse model as a valuable tool in investigating the vascular side effects associated with anti-amyloid immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine B. Grenon
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (M.B.G.); (M.-T.P.); (P.B.)
- Section Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Maria-Tzousi Papavergi
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (M.B.G.); (M.-T.P.); (P.B.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Praveen Bathini
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (M.B.G.); (M.-T.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Martin Sadowski
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA;
| | - Cynthia A. Lemere
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (M.B.G.); (M.-T.P.); (P.B.)
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13
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Vervuurt M, Kuiperij HB, de Kort AM, Kersten I, Klijn CJM, Schreuder FHBM, Verbeek MM. Proximity extension assay in cerebrospinal fluid identifies neurofilament light chain as biomarker of neurodegeneration in sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Alzheimers Res Ther 2024; 16:108. [PMID: 38745197 PMCID: PMC11092079 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-024-01473-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathy (sCAA) is a disease characterised by the progressive deposition of the amyloid beta (Aβ) in the cerebral vasculature, capable of causing a variety of symptoms, from (mild) cognitive impairment, to micro- and major haemorrhagic lesions. Modern diagnosis of sCAA relies on radiological detection of late-stage hallmarks of disease, complicating early diagnosis and potential interventions in disease progression. Our goal in this study was to identify and validate novel biomarkers for sCAA. METHODS We performed a proximity extension assay (PEA) on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of sCAA/control participants (n = 34/51). Additionally, we attempted to validate the top candidate biomarker in CSF and serum samples (n = 38/26) in a largely overlapping validation cohort, through analysis with a targeted immunoassay. RESULTS Thirteen proteins were differentially expressed through PEA, with top candidate NFL significantly increased in CSF of sCAA patients (p < 0.0001). Validation analyses using immunoassays revealed increased CSF and serum NFL levels in sCAA patients (both p < 0.0001) with good discrimination between sCAA and controls (AUC: 0.85; AUC: 0.79 respectively). Additionally, the CSF: serum NFL ratio was significantly elevated in sCAA (p = 0.002). DISCUSSION Large-scale targeted proteomics screening of CSF of sCAA patients and controls identified thirteen biomarker candidates for sCAA. Orthogonal validation of NFL identified NFL in CSF and serum as biomarker, capable of differentiating between sCAA patients and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Vervuurt
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - H Bea Kuiperij
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna M de Kort
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Iris Kersten
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina J M Klijn
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Floris H B M Schreuder
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel M Verbeek
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, Nijmegen, 830 TML, 6500 HB, The Netherlands.
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14
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Duan Z, Feng J, Guan Y, Li S, Wu B, Shao Y, Ma Z, Hu Z, Xiang L, Zhu M, Fan X, Qi X. Enrichment of oligodendrocyte precursor phenotypes in subsets of low-grade glioneuronal tumours. Brain Commun 2024; 6:fcae156. [PMID: 38764775 PMCID: PMC11099663 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Current histological classification of low-grade glioneuronal tumours does not adequately represent their underlying biology. The neural lineage(s) and differentiation stage(s) involved and the cell state(s) affected by the recurrent genomic alterations are unclear. Here, we describe dysregulated oligodendrocyte lineage developmental programmes in three low-grade glioneuronal tumour subtypes. Ten dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumours, four myxoid glioneuronal tumours and five rosette-forming glioneuronal tumours were collected. Besides a comprehensive characterization of clinical features, known diagnostic markers and genomic alterations, we used comprehensive immunohistochemical stainings to characterize activation of rat sarcoma/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, involvement of neuronal component, resemblance to glial lineages and differentiation blockage along the stages of oligodendrocyte lineage. The findings were further complemented by gene set enrichment analysis with transcriptome data of dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumours from the literature. Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumours, myxoid glioneuronal tumours and rosette-forming glioneuronal tumours occur at different ages, with symptoms closely related to tumour location. Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumours and myxoid glioneuronal tumours contain oligodendrocyte-like cells and neuronal component. Rosette-forming glioneuronal tumours contained regions of rosette-forming neurocytic and astrocytic features. Scattered neurons, identified by neuronal nuclei antigen and microtubule-associated protein-2 staining, were consistently observed in all dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumours and myxoid glioneuronal tumours examined, but only in one rosette-forming glioneuronal tumour. Pervasive neurofilament-positive axons were observed only in dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour and myxoid glioneuronal tumour samples. Alterations in B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1, fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha occurred in a mutually exclusive manner, coinciding with strong staining of phospho-p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase and low apoptotic signal. All dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumours, myxoid glioneuronal tumours and the neurocytic regions of rosette-forming glioneuronal tumours showed strong expression of neuron-glia antigen 2, platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (markers of oligodendrocyte precursor cells) and neurite outgrowth inhibitor-A (a marker of developing oligodendrocytes), but lacked the expression of oligodendrocyte markers ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 6 and myelin basic protein. Notably, transcriptomes of dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumours were enriched in oligodendrocyte precursor cell signature, but not in signatures of neural stem cells, myelinating oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour, myxoid glioneuronal tumour and rosette-forming glioneuronal tumour resemble oligodendrocyte precursor cells, and their enrichment of oligodendrocyte precursor cell phenotypes is closely associated with the recurrent mutations in rat sarcoma/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejun Duan
- Department of Pathology, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jing Feng
- Department of Pathology, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yuguang Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Shouwei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yang Shao
- Nanjing Geneseq Technology Inc., Nanjing 211899, China
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zhong Ma
- Department of Pathology, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Zejuan Hu
- Department of Pathology, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Lei Xiang
- Department of Pathology, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Mingwang Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiaolong Fan
- Department of Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xueling Qi
- Department of Pathology, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
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15
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Wilson D, Chan D, Chang L, Mathis R, Verberk I, Montalban X, Comabella M, Fissolo N, Bielekova B, Masvekar R, Chitnis T, Ziemssen T, Akgün K, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Brück W, Giovannoni G, Gnanapavan S, Bittner S, Zipp F, Comi G, Furlan R, Lehmann S, Thebault S, Freedman M, Bar-Or A, Kramer M, Otto M, Halbgebauer S, Hrusovsky K, Plavina T, Khalil M, Piehl F, Wiendl H, Kappos L, Maceski A, Willemse E, Leppert D, Teunissen C, Kuhle J. Development and multi-center validation of a fully automated digital immunoassay for neurofilament light chain: toward a clinical blood test for neuronal injury. Clin Chem Lab Med 2024; 62:322-331. [PMID: 37702323 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2023-0518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neurofilament light chain (NfL) has emerged as a promising biomarker for detecting and monitoring axonal injury. Until recently, NfL could only be reliably measured in cerebrospinal fluid, but digital single molecule array (Simoa) technology has enabled its precise measurement in blood samples where it is typically 50-100 times less abundant. We report development and multi-center validation of a novel fully automated digital immunoassay for NfL in serum for informing axonal injury status. METHODS A 45-min immunoassay for serum NfL was developed for use on an automated digital analyzer based on Simoa technology. The analytical performance (sensitivity, precision, reproducibility, linearity, sample type) was characterized and then cross validated across 17 laboratories in 10 countries. Analytical performance for clinical NfL measurement was examined in individual patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) after 3 months of disease modifying treatment (DMT) with fingolimod. RESULTS The assay exhibited a lower limit of detection (LLoD) of 0.05 ng/L, a lower limit of quantification (LLoQ) of 0.8 ng/L, and between-laboratory imprecision <10 % across 17 validation sites. All tested samples had measurable NfL concentrations well above the LLoQ. In matched pre-post treatment samples, decreases in NfL were observed in 26/29 RRMS patients three months after DMT start, with significant decreases detected in a majority of patients. CONCLUSIONS The sensitivity characteristics and reproducible performance across laboratories combined with full automation make this assay suitable for clinical use for NfL assessment, monitoring in individual patients, and cross-comparisons of results across multiple sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Inge Verberk
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xavier Montalban
- Laboratori de Neuroinmunologia Clinica Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Comabella
- Laboratori de Neuroinmunologia Clinica Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicolas Fissolo
- Laboratori de Neuroinmunologia Clinica Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bibi Bielekova
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ruturaj Masvekar
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tanuja Chitnis
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tjalf Ziemssen
- MS Center Dresden, Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katja Akgün
- MS Center Dresden, Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wolfgang Brück
- Institute for Neuropathology at the University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gavin Giovannoni
- Department of Neurology, Barts Health NHS Trust, The Royal London Hospital, E1 1FR, London, UK
| | - Sharmilee Gnanapavan
- Department of Neurology, Barts Health NHS Trust, The Royal London Hospital, E1 1FR, London, UK
| | - Stefan Bittner
- University Medical Center Mainz, Department of Neurology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frauke Zipp
- University Medical Center Mainz, Department of Neurology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, University Vita e Salute San Raffaele and IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Furlan
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, University Vita e Salute San Raffaele and IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Simon Thebault
- University of Ottawa, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Mark Freedman
- University of Ottawa, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Steffen Halbgebauer
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE e.V.), Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Michael Khalil
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Fredrik Piehl
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ludwig Kappos
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel, Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandra Maceski
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), Departments of Head, Spine and Neuromedicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eline Willemse
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), Departments of Head, Spine and Neuromedicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Leppert
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), Departments of Head, Spine and Neuromedicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Charlotte Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jens Kuhle
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), Departments of Head, Spine and Neuromedicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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16
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Vlasakova K, Tsuchiya T, Garfinkel IN, Ruth MP, Tyszkiewicz C, Detwiler TJ, Somps CJ, Di Cesare Mannelli L, Glaab WE. Performance of biomarkers NF-L, NSE, Tau and GFAP in blood and cerebrospinal fluid in rat for the detection of nervous system injury. Front Neurosci 2024; 17:1285359. [PMID: 38292901 PMCID: PMC10824906 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1285359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Target organ toxicity is often a reason for attritions in nonclinical and clinical drug development. Leveraging emerging safety biomarkers in nonclinical studies provides an opportunity to monitor such toxicities early and efficiently, potentially translating to early clinical trials. As a part of the European Union's Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI), two projects have focused on evaluating safety biomarkers of nervous system (NS) toxicity: Translational Safety Biomarker Pipeline (TransBioLine) and Neurotoxicity De-Risking in Preclinical Drug Discovery (NeuroDeRisk). Methods Performance of fluid-based NS injury biomarker candidates neurofilament light chain (NF-L), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neuron specific enolase (NSE) and total Tau in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was evaluated in 15 rat in vivo studies. Model nervous system toxicants as well as other compounds were used to evaluate sensitivity and specificity. Histopathologic assessments of nervous tissues and behavioral observations were conducted to detect and characterize NS injuries. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to compare the relative performance of the biomarkers in their ability to detect NS injury. Results NF-L was the best performer in detecting both peripheral nervous system (PNS) and CNS injury in plasma, (AUC of 0.97-0.99; respectively). In CSF, Tau correlated the best with CNS (AUC 0.97), but not PNS injury. NSE and GFAP were suitable for monitoring CNS injury, but with lesser sensitivity. In summary, NF-L is a sensitive and specific biomarker in rats for detecting compound-induced central and peripheral NS injuries. While NF-L measurement alone cannot inform the site of the injury, addition of biomarkers like Tau and NSE and analysis in both blood and CSF can provide additional information about the origin of the NS injury. Conclusion These results demonstrate the utility of emerging safety biomarkers of drug-induced NS injury in rats and provide additional supporting evidence for biomarker translation across species and potential use in clinical settings to monitor drug-induced NS injury in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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17
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Yokokura TJ, Duan C, Ding EA, Kumar S, Wang R. Effects of Ionic Strength on the Morphology, Scattering, and Mechanical Response of Neurofilament-Derived Protein Brushes. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:328-337. [PMID: 38052005 PMCID: PMC10872360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein brushes not only play a key role in the functionality of neurofilaments but also have wide applications in biomedical materials. Here, we investigate the effect of ionic strength on the morphology of protein brushes using continuous-space self-consistent field theory. A coarse-grained multiblock charged macromolecular model is developed to capture the chemical identity of amino acid sequences. For neurofilament heavy (NFH) brushes at pH 2.4, we predict three morphological regimes: swollen brushes, condensed brushes, and coexisting brushes, which consist of both a dense inner layer and a diffuse outer layer. The brush height predicted by our theory is in good agreement with the experimental data for a wide range of ionic strengths. The dramatic height decrease is a result of the electrostatic screening-induced transition from the overlapping state to the isolated state of the coexisting brushes. We also studied the evolution of the scattering and mechanical responses accompanying the morphological change. The oscillation in the reflectivity spectra characterizes the existence and microstructure of the inner condensed layer, whereas the shoulder in the force spectra signifies a swollen morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi J Yokokura
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Chao Duan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Erika A Ding
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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18
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Klitholm M, Jeppesen AN, Christensen S, Parkner T, Tybirk L, Kirkegaard H, Sandfeld-Paulsen B, Grejs AM. Neurofilament Light Chain and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein as early prognostic biomarkers after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2023; 193:109983. [PMID: 37778613 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023.109983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Neurofilament Light Chain (NfL) and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) are proteins released into the bloodstream upon hypoxic brain injury. We evaluated the biokinetics and examined the prognostic performance of serum NfL and GFAP in comatose out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients. Furthermore, we compared the prognostic performance to that of serum Neuron Specific Enolase (NSE). METHODS This is a sub-study of the "Targeted temperature management for 48 vs 24 hours" (NCT01689077) trial. NfL and GFAP serum values from 82 patients were examined in blood samples collected at 24, 48 and 72 hours (h) after reaching target temperature of 33 ± 1 °C. This temperature was reached within a median of 281-320 minutes after intensive care unit admission. GFAP was analysed at 48 and 72 h. The neuroprognostic performance of NfL and GFAP was evaluated after 6 months follow-up. RESULTS NfL and GFAP values were significantly higher in patients with a poor outcome (Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) score 3-5) vs. good outcome (CPC 1-2). NfL 24 h: 1371.5 (462.0; 2125.1) vs. 24.8 (14.0; 61.6). GFAP 48 h: 1285.3 (843.9; 2236.7) vs. 361.2 (200.4; 665.6) (both p < 0.001). Both biomarkers were promising markers of poor functional outcome at 24 and 48 h respectively: NfL 24 h: AUROC 0.95 (95% CI: 0.91-1.00). GFAP 48 h: AUROC 0.88 (95% CI: 0.81-0.96). NfL and GFAP both predicted outcome better than NSE at 48 h (both p < 0.01). At 72 h NfL but not GFAP outperformed NSE (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION Serum NfL and GFAP may be strong biomarkers of poor functional outcome after OHCA from an early timepoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maibritt Klitholm
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
| | - Anni Nørgaard Jeppesen
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Anaesthesia Section, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Steffen Christensen
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Tina Parkner
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Lea Tybirk
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Hans Kirkegaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark; Research Centre for Emergency Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Sandfeld-Paulsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Viborg Regional Hospital, Heibergs Alle 4, 8800 Viborg, Denmark
| | - Anders Morten Grejs
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
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19
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Nasr-Eldin YK, Cartwright MS, Hamed A, Ali LH, Abdel-Nasser AM. Exploration of Neurofilament Light Chain and Nerve Ultrasound in Leprotic Neuropathy. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2023; 42:2803-2813. [PMID: 37661825 DOI: 10.1002/jum.16319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore neurofilament light chain (NfL) levels in leprotic neuropathy compared to controls, and to determine if the changes correlate with ultrasonographic nerve findings. METHODS Individuals with leprosy with signs or symptoms suggestive of peripheral nerve involvement were recruited. They were evaluated by clinical examination, functional scores, laboratory assessments (including NfL), nerve conduction studies (NCS), and ultrasound. Ultrasound was conducted in bilateral median, ulnar, tibial, fibular, sural, and vagus nerves as well as cervical roots 5 and 6. Results were compared to age, sex, and body mass index matched healthy controls. RESULTS A total of 320 nerves from 20 patients and 480 nerves from 30 controls were evaluated. NfL was significantly elevated in those with leprosy with a mean and standard deviation of 7.50 + 2.83 compared with 3.42 + 1.18 in controls (P < .001). Ultrasound showed focal enlargement of the nerves, particularly at entrapment sites. Additionally, there were noticeable changes in neural Doppler signal, echogenicity, and epineural thickness among the measured nerve sites. NfL levels in those with leprosy correlated closely with nerve cross-sectional area at all sites (P < .05). Functional and clinical assessment scores correlated with NfL and sonographic cross-sectional area as well (P ≤ .05). CONCLUSIONS NfL is elevated in leprotic neuropathy. Ultrasound showed specific morphological changes in individuals with leprosy, and nerve enlargement correlated with NfL levels. Thus, both modalities may be useful for the diagnosis, prognosis, and disease monitoring in those with leprotic neuropathy, and further investigations are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael S Cartwright
- Neurology Department, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ahmed Hamed
- Rheumatology and Rehabilitation Department, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Lamia Hamdy Ali
- Clinical Pathology Department, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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20
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England SJ, Rusnock AK, Mujcic A, Kowalchuk A, de Jager S, Hilinski WC, Juárez-Morales JL, Smith ME, Grieb G, Banerjee S, Lewis KE. Molecular analyses of zebrafish V0v spinal interneurons and identification of transcriptional regulators downstream of Evx1 and Evx2 in these cells. Neural Dev 2023; 18:8. [PMID: 38017520 PMCID: PMC10683209 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-023-00176-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND V0v spinal interneurons are highly conserved, glutamatergic, commissural neurons that function in locomotor circuits. We have previously shown that Evx1 and Evx2 are required to specify the neurotransmitter phenotype of these cells. However, we still know very little about the gene regulatory networks that act downstream of these transcription factors in V0v cells. METHODS To identify candidate members of V0v gene regulatory networks, we FAC-sorted wild-type and evx1;evx2 double mutant zebrafish V0v spinal interneurons and expression-profiled them using microarrays and single cell RNA-seq. We also used in situ hybridization to compare expression of a subset of candidate genes in evx1;evx2 double mutants and wild-type siblings. RESULTS Our data reveal two molecularly distinct subtypes of zebrafish V0v spinal interneurons at 48 h and suggest that, by this stage of development, evx1;evx2 double mutant cells transfate into either inhibitory spinal interneurons, or motoneurons. Our results also identify 25 transcriptional regulator genes that require Evx1/2 for their expression in V0v interneurons, plus a further 11 transcriptional regulator genes that are repressed in V0v interneurons by Evx1/2. Two of the latter genes are hmx2 and hmx3a. Intriguingly, we show that Hmx2/3a, repress dI2 interneuron expression of skor1a and nefma, two genes that require Evx1/2 for their expression in V0v interneurons. This suggests that Evx1/2 might regulate skor1a and nefma expression in V0v interneurons by repressing Hmx2/3a expression. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies two molecularly distinct subsets of zebrafish V0v spinal interneurons, as well as multiple transcriptional regulators that are strong candidates for acting downstream of Evx1/2 to specify the essential functional characteristics of these cells. Our data further suggest that in the absence of both Evx1 and Evx2, V0v spinal interneurons initially change their neurotransmitter phenotypes from excitatory to inhibitory and then, later, start to express markers of distinct types of inhibitory spinal interneurons, or motoneurons. Taken together, our findings significantly increase our knowledge of V0v and spinal development and move us closer towards the essential goal of identifying the complete gene regulatory networks that specify this crucial cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amra Mujcic
- Biology Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | - Sarah de Jager
- Physiology, Development and Neuroscience Department, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - José L Juárez-Morales
- Biology Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Programa de IxM-CONAHCYT, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR), La Paz, Baja California Sur, México
| | | | - Ginny Grieb
- Biology Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Santanu Banerjee
- Biological Sciences Department, SUNY-Cortland, Cortland, NY, USA
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21
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Park HM, Le L, Nguyen TT, Nam KH, Ordureau A, Lee JE, Nguyen TV. The CRL3 gigaxonin ubiquitin ligase-USP15 pathway governs the destruction of neurofilament proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2306395120. [PMID: 37903270 PMCID: PMC10636361 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2306395120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Giant axonal neuropathy (GAN) is caused by mutations in the GAN gene encoding for gigaxonin (GIG), which functions as an adaptor of the CUL3-RBX1-GIG (CRL3GIG) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. The pathological hallmark of GAN is characterized by the accumulation of densely packed neurofilaments (NFs) in the axons. However, there are fundamental knowledge gaps in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which the ubiquitin-proteasome system controls the homeostasis of NF proteins. Recently, the deubiquitylating enzyme USP15 was reported to play a crucial role in regulating ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of CRL4CRBN substrate proteins. Here, we report that the CRL3GIG-USP15 pathway governs the destruction of NF proteins NEFL and INA. We identified a specific degron called NEFLL12 degron for CRL3GIG. Notably, mutations in the C-terminal Kelch domain of GIG, represented by L309R, R545C, and C570Y, disrupted the binding of GIG to NEFL and INA, leading to the accumulation of these NF proteins. This accounts for the loss-of-function mutations in GAN patients. In addition to regulating NFs, CRL3GIG also controls actin filaments by directly targeting actin-filament-binding regulatory proteins TPM1, TPM2, TAGLN, and CNN2 for proteasomal degradation. Thus, our findings broadly impact the field by providing fundamental mechanistic insights into regulating extremely long-lived NF proteins NEFL and INA by the CRL3GIG-USP15 pathway and offering previously unexplored therapeutic opportunities to treat GAN patients and other neurodegenerative diseases by explicitly targeting downstream substrates of CRL3GIG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung-Min Park
- Biometrology Group, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon34113, Korea
| | - Ly Le
- Division of Quantum Simulation and Optimization, SandboxAQ, New York, NY10591
| | - Thao T. Nguyen
- Gehrke Proteomics Center, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65211
| | - Ki Hong Nam
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY10065
| | - Alban Ordureau
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY10065
| | - J. Eugene Lee
- Biometrology Group, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon34113, Korea
| | - Thang Van Nguyen
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65212
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22
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Saffari S, Rademakers DJ, Pulos N, Shin AY. Dose-response analysis after administration of a human platelet-derived exosome product on neurite outgrowth in vitro. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:3191-3199. [PMID: 37539665 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Modulating the nerve's local microenvironment using exosomes is proposed to enhance nerve regeneration. This study aimed to determine the optimal dose of purified exosome product (PEP) required to exert maximal neurite extension. An in vitro dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurite outgrowth assay was used to evaluate the effect of treatment with (i) 5% PEP, (ii) 10% PEP, (iii) 15% PEP, or (iv) 20% PEP on neurite extension (N = 9/group), compared to untreated controls. After 72 h, neurite extension was measured to quantify nerve regeneration. Live cell imaging was used to visualize neurite outgrowth during incubation. Treatment with 5% PEP resulted in the longest neurite extension and was superior to the untreated DRG (p = 0.003). Treatment with 10% PEP, 15% PEP, and 20% PEP was found to be comparable to controls (p = 0.12, p = 0.06, and p = 0.41, respectively) and each other. Live cell imaging suggested that PEP migrated towards the DRG neural regeneration site, compared to the persistent homogenous distribution of PEP in culture media alone. 5% PEP was found to be the optimal concentration for nerve regeneration based on this in vitro dose-response analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Saffari
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Hand and Microvascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Daan J Rademakers
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Hand and Microvascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas Pulos
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Hand and Microvascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alexander Y Shin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Hand and Microvascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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23
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Puig S, Xue X, Salisbury R, Shelton MA, Kim SM, Hildebrand MA, Glausier JR, Freyberg Z, Tseng GC, Yocum AK, Lewis DA, Seney ML, MacDonald ML, Logan RW. Circadian rhythm disruptions associated with opioid use disorder in synaptic proteomes of human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4777-4792. [PMID: 37674018 PMCID: PMC10914630 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Opioid craving and relapse vulnerability is associated with severe and persistent sleep and circadian rhythm disruptions. Understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of circadian rhythms and opioid use disorder (OUD) may prove valuable for developing new treatments for opioid addiction. Previous work indicated molecular rhythm disruptions in the human brain associated with OUD, highlighting synaptic alterations in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc)-key brain regions involved in cognition and reward, and heavily implicated in the pathophysiology of OUD. To provide further insights into the synaptic alterations in OUD, we used mass-spectrometry based proteomics to deeply profile protein expression alterations in bulk tissue and synaptosome preparations from DLPFC and NAc of unaffected and OUD subjects. We identified 55 differentially expressed (DE) proteins in DLPFC homogenates, and 44 DE proteins in NAc homogenates, between unaffected and OUD subjects. In synaptosomes, we identified 161 and 56 DE proteins in DLPFC and NAc, respectively, of OUD subjects. By comparing homogenate and synaptosome protein expression, we identified proteins enriched specifically in synapses that were significantly altered in both DLPFC and NAc of OUD subjects. Across brain regions, synaptic protein alterations in OUD subjects were primarily identified in glutamate, GABA, and circadian rhythm signaling. Using time-of-death (TOD) analyses, where the TOD of each subject is used as a time-point across a 24-h cycle, we were able to map circadian-related changes associated with OUD in synaptic proteomes associated with vesicle-mediated transport and membrane trafficking in the NAc and platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta signaling in DLPFC. Collectively, our findings lend further support for molecular rhythm disruptions in synaptic signaling in the human brain as a key factor in opioid addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Puig
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiangning Xue
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ryan Salisbury
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Micah A Shelton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sam-Moon Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mariah A Hildebrand
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jill R Glausier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zachary Freyberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - George C Tseng
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - David A Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Marianne L Seney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Matthew L MacDonald
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Ryan W Logan
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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24
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Seo G, Kim S, Byun JC, Kwon S, Lee YJ. Evaluation of the neurofilament light chain as a biomarker in children with spinal muscular atrophy treated with nusinersen. Brain Dev 2023; 45:554-563. [PMID: 37541812 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the neurofilament light chain (NfL) as a biomarker for treatment responses in children with a broad spectrum of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) under nusinersen treatment. METHOD We measured NfL levels in serum (sNfL) and cerebrospinal fluid (cNfL) in nusinersen-treated patients with SMA and children without neurologic disorders. Correlations between cNfL and sNfL levels and motor function scores were analyzed. RESULTS sNfL and cNfL levels were measured in eight patients with SMA (SMA type 1, n = 3; SMA type 2, n = 5). sNfL levels were strongly correlated with cNfL levels regardless of the SMA subtype (r = 0.97, P < 0.001). Patients with SMA type 1 had higher baseline cNfL and sNfL levels before treatment initiation than those with SMA type 2 and neurologically healthy children. In patients with acute stage of SMA type 1 and 2, the NfL level rapidly decreased during the nusinersen treatment loading phase followed by stabilization at a lower plateau level. In contrast, in a patient with a chronic stage of SMA type 2, the NfL level remained within the normal range with no apparent downward trend. Motor function scores showed a tendency toward an inverse correlation with NfL levels in patients with acute stage although not in patients with chronic stage. CONCLUSIONS cNfL and sNfL levels can be promising biomarkers for monitoring treatment response in patients within their acute stage, particularly in SMA type 1, although not in patients with a chronic stage of SMA type 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gigyo Seo
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Saeyoon Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jun Chul Byun
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Soonhak Kwon
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yun Jeong Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea.
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25
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Oeztuerk M, Henes A, Schroeter CB, Nelke C, Quint P, Theissen L, Meuth SG, Ruck T. Current Biomarker Strategies in Autoimmune Neuromuscular Diseases. Cells 2023; 12:2456. [PMID: 37887300 PMCID: PMC10605022 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory neuromuscular disorders encompass a diverse group of immune-mediated diseases with varying clinical manifestations and treatment responses. The identification of specific biomarkers has the potential to provide valuable insights into disease pathogenesis, aid in accurate diagnosis, predict disease course, and monitor treatment efficacy. However, the rarity and heterogeneity of these disorders pose significant challenges in the identification and implementation of reliable biomarkers. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive review of biomarkers currently established in Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), myasthenia gravis (MG), and idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM). It highlights the existing biomarkers in these disorders, including diagnostic, prognostic, predictive and monitoring biomarkers, while emphasizing the unmet need for additional specific biomarkers. The limitations and challenges associated with the current biomarkers are discussed, and the potential implications for disease management and personalized treatment strategies are explored. Collectively, biomarkers have the potential to improve the management of inflammatory neuromuscular disorders. However, novel strategies and further research are needed to establish clinically meaningful biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tobias Ruck
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (M.O.); (A.H.); (P.Q.)
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26
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Zhang C, Ji S. Sex Differences in Axonal Dynamic Responses Under Realistic Tension Using Finite Element Models. J Neurotrauma 2023; 40:2217-2232. [PMID: 37335051 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2022.0512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Existing axonal finite element models do not consider sex morphological differences or the fidelity in dynamic input. To facilitate a systematic investigation into the micromechanics of diffuse axonal injury, we develop a parameterized modeling approach for automatic and efficient generation of sex-specific axonal models according to specified geometrical parameters. Baseline female and male axonal models in the corpus callosum with random microtubule (MT) gap configurations are generated for model calibration and evaluation. They are then used to simulate a realistic tensile loading consisting of both a loading and a recovery phase (to return to an initial undeformed state) generated from dynamic corpus callosum fiber strain in a real-world head impact simulation. We find that MT gaps and the dynamic recovery phase are both critical to successfully reproduce MT undulation as observed experimentally, which has not been reported before. This strengthens confidence in model dynamic responses. A statistical approach is further employed to aggregate axonal responses from a large sample of random MT gap configurations for both female and male axonal models (n = 10,000 each). We find that peak strains in MTs and the Ranvier node and associated neurofilament failures in female axons are substantially higher than those in male axons because there are fewer MTs in the former and also because of the random nature of MT gap locations. Despite limitations in various model assumptions as a result of limited experimental data currently available, these findings highlight the need to systematically characterize MT gap configurations and to ensure a realistic model input for axonal dynamic simulations. Finally, this study may offer fresh and improved insight into the biomechanical basis of sex differences in brain injury, and sets the stage for more systematic investigations at the microscale in the future, both numerically and experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaokai Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Songbai Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Eldjarn GH, Ferkingstad E, Lund SH, Helgason H, Magnusson OT, Gunnarsdottir K, Olafsdottir TA, Halldorsson BV, Olason PI, Zink F, Gudjonsson SA, Sveinbjornsson G, Magnusson MI, Helgason A, Oddsson A, Halldorsson GH, Magnusson MK, Saevarsdottir S, Eiriksdottir T, Masson G, Stefansson H, Jonsdottir I, Holm H, Rafnar T, Melsted P, Saemundsdottir J, Norddahl GL, Thorleifsson G, Ulfarsson MO, Gudbjartsson DF, Thorsteinsdottir U, Sulem P, Stefansson K. Large-scale plasma proteomics comparisons through genetics and disease associations. Nature 2023; 622:348-358. [PMID: 37794188 PMCID: PMC10567571 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06563-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput proteomics platforms measuring thousands of proteins in plasma combined with genomic and phenotypic information have the power to bridge the gap between the genome and diseases. Here we performed association studies of Olink Explore 3072 data generated by the UK Biobank Pharma Proteomics Project1 on plasma samples from more than 50,000 UK Biobank participants with phenotypic and genotypic data, stratifying on British or Irish, African and South Asian ancestries. We compared the results with those of a SomaScan v4 study on plasma from 36,000 Icelandic people2, for 1,514 of whom Olink data were also available. We found modest correlation between the two platforms. Although cis protein quantitative trait loci were detected for a similar absolute number of assays on the two platforms (2,101 on Olink versus 2,120 on SomaScan), the proportion of assays with such supporting evidence for assay performance was higher on the Olink platform (72% versus 43%). A considerable number of proteins had genomic associations that differed between the platforms. We provide examples where differences between platforms may influence conclusions drawn from the integration of protein levels with the study of diseases. We demonstrate how leveraging the diverse ancestries of participants in the UK Biobank helps to detect novel associations and refine genomic location. Our results show the value of the information provided by the two most commonly used high-throughput proteomics platforms and demonstrate the differences between them that at times provides useful complementarity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sigrun H Lund
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Hannes Helgason
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | - Bjarni V Halldorsson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Technology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Agnar Helgason
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Anthropology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - Magnus K Magnusson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Saedis Saevarsdottir
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | - Ingileif Jonsdottir
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Hilma Holm
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Pall Melsted
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | - Magnus O Ulfarsson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Daniel F Gudbjartsson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland.
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
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Blaber AP, Sadeghian F, Naz Divsalar D, Scarisbrick IA. Elevated biomarkers of neural injury in older adults following head-down bed rest: links to cardio-postural deconditioning with spaceflight and aging. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1208273. [PMID: 37822710 PMCID: PMC10562592 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1208273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Prolonged physical inactivity with bed rest or spaceflight is associated with cardiovascular and neuromuscular deconditioning; however, its impact on neural integrity of cardio-postural reflexes and possible mitigation with exercise has not been examined. We assessed the association between the physiological deconditioning of bed rest immobilization with neural injury markers and the effects of 60-75 min of daily exercise. Methods Data were collected as part of a randomized clinical trial (clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT04964999) at the McGill University Medical Centre. Twenty-two 55- to 65-year-old healthy volunteers gave informed consent and took part. Within sex, participants were randomly assigned to exercise (60- to 75-min daily) or control (inactive) groups and spent 14 days in continuous 6° head-down tilt. Neural injury [neurofilament light chain (NfL), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), total tau (t-Tau), myelin basic protein (MBP), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1)], as well as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) biomarkers were measured before, during, and after bed rest. The false discovery rate with Huber M-estimation was used to correlate changes in biomarkers with cardiovascular and muscular function changes over bed rest. Results Bed rest elevated NfL, GFAP, TNF-α, and IL-6 in all participants and reduced IGF-1 in females only. With standing, changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and lower limb muscle motoneuron activity correlated with changes in TNF-α and BDNF. Baroreflex control, leg muscle maximal voluntary contraction, and postural sway are correlated with GFAP and NfL. Exercise participants had fewer interactions than control participants, but significant correlations still existed, with both groups exhibiting similar reductions in orthostatic tolerance. Discussion An hour of daily exercise in older persons otherwise immobilized for 2 weeks did not abate bed rest-induced increases in serum signatures of neural injury or pro-inflammatory markers. Exercise reduced the number of physiological interactions of biomarkers, but significant cardio-postural correlations remained with no protection against post-bed rest orthostatic intolerance. The identification of associations of inflammatory and neural injury biomarkers with changes in cardio-postural physiology and exercise points to biotherapeutic opportunities and improved exercise interventions for astronauts and individuals in bed rest. Clinical trial registration https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=NCT04964999, identifier: NCT04964999.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Blaber
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Farshid Sadeghian
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Donya Naz Divsalar
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Isobel A. Scarisbrick
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Center for Regenerative Biotherapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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Chiricosta L, D’Angiolini S, Gugliandolo A, Salamone S, Pollastro F, Mazzon E. Transcriptomic Profiling after In Vitro Δ 8-THC Exposure Shows Cytoskeletal Remodeling in Trauma-Injured NSC-34 Cell Line. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1268. [PMID: 37765076 PMCID: PMC10535185 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal cell death is a physiological process that, when uncontrollable, leads to neurodegenerative disorders like spinal cord injury (SCI). SCI represents one of the major causes of trauma and disabilities worldwide for which no effective pharmacological intervention exists. Herein, we observed the beneficial effects of Δ8-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC) during neuronal cell death recovery. We cultured NSC-34 motoneuron cell line performing three different experiments. A traumatic scratch injury was caused in two experiments. One of the scratched was pretreated with Δ8-THC to observe the role of the cannabinoid following the trauma. An experimental control group was neither scratched nor pretreated. All the experiments underwent RNA-seq analysis. The effects of traumatic injury were observed in scratch against control comparison. Comparison of scratch models with or without pretreatment highlighted how Δ8-THC counteracts the traumatic event. Our results shown that Δ8-THC triggers the cytoskeletal remodeling probably due to the activation of the Janus Kinase Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway and the signaling cascade operated by the Mitogen-Activated Protein (MAP) Kinase signaling pathway. In light of this evidence, Δ8-THC could be a valid pharmacological approach in the treatment of abnormal neuronal cell death occurring in motoneuron cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Chiricosta
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Simone D’Angiolini
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Agnese Gugliandolo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Stefano Salamone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Federica Pollastro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Emanuela Mazzon
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
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Olczak M, Poniatowski ŁA, Siwińska A, Kwiatkowska M. Post-mortem detection of neuronal and astroglial biochemical markers in serum and urine for diagnostics of traumatic brain injury. Int J Legal Med 2023; 137:1441-1452. [PMID: 37272985 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-023-02990-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Currently available epidemiological data shows that traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents one of the leading causes of death that is associated with medico-legal practice, including forensic autopsy, criminological investigation, and neuropathological examination. Attention focused on TBI research is needed to advance its diagnostics in ante- and post-mortem cases with regard to identification and validation of novel biomarkers. Recently, several markers of neuronal, astroglial, and axonal injury have been explored in various biofluids to assess the clinical origin, progression, severity, and prognosis of TBI. Despite clinical usefulness, understanding their diagnostic accuracy could also potentially help translate them either into forensic or medico-legal practice, or both. The aim of this study was to evaluate post-mortem pro-BDNF, NSE, UCHL1, GFAP, S100B, SPTAN1, NFL, MAPT, and MBP levels in serum and urine in TBI cases. The study was performed using cases (n = 40) of fatal head injury and control cases (n = 20) of sudden death. Serum and urine were collected within ∼ 24 h after death and compared using ELISA test. In our study, we observed the elevated concentration levels of GFAP and MAPT in both serum and urine, elevated concentration levels of S100B and SPTAN1 in serum, and decreased concentration levels of pro-BDNF in serum compared to the control group. The obtained results anticipate the possible implementation of performed assays as an interesting tool for forensic and medico-legal investigations regarding TBI diagnosis where the head injury was not supposed to be the direct cause of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieszko Olczak
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Center for Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Oczki 1, 02-007, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Łukasz A Poniatowski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dietrich-Bonhoeffer-Klinikum, Salvador-Allende-Straße 30, 17036, Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Siwińska
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Center for Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Oczki 1, 02-007, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kwiatkowska
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Center for Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Oczki 1, 02-007, Warsaw, Poland
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England SJ, Woodard AK, Mujcic A, Kowalchuk A, de Jager S, Hilinski WC, Juárez-Morales JL, Smith ME, Grieb G, Banerjee S, Lewis KE. Molecular Analyses of V0v Spinal Interneurons and Identification of Transcriptional Regulators Downstream of Evx1 and Evx2 in these Cells. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3290462. [PMID: 37693471 PMCID: PMC10491344 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3290462/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Background V0v spinal interneurons are highly conserved, glutamatergic, commissural neurons that function in locomotor circuits. We have previously shown that Evx1 and Evx2 are required to specify the neurotransmitter phenotype of these cells. However, we still know very little about the gene regulatory networks that act downstream of these transcription factors in V0v cells. Methods To identify candidate members of V0v gene regulatory networks, we FAC-sorted WT and evx1;evx2 double mutant zebrafish V0v spinal interneurons and expression-profiled them using microarrays and single cell RNA-seq. We also used in situ hybridization to compare expression of a subset of candidate genes in evx1;evx2 double mutants and wild-type siblings. Results Our data reveal two molecularly distinct subtypes of V0v spinal interneurons at 48 h and suggest that, by this stage of development, evx1;evx2 double mutant cells transfate into either inhibitory spinal interneurons, or motoneurons. Our results also identify 25 transcriptional regulator genes that require Evx1/2 for their expression in V0v interneurons, plus a further 11 transcriptional regulator genes that are repressed in V0v interneurons by Evx1/2. Two of the latter genes are hmx2 and hmx3a. Intriguingly, we show that Hmx2/3a, repress dI2 interneuronal expression of skor1a and nefma, two genes that require Evx1/2 for their expression in V0v interneurons. This suggests that Evx1/2 might regulate skor1a and nefma expression in V0v interneurons by repressing Hmx2/3a expression. Conclusions This study identifies two molecularly distinct subsets of V0v spinal interneurons, as well as multiple transcriptional regulators that are strong candidates for acting downstream of Evx1/2 to specify the essential functional characteristics of these cells. Our data further suggest that in the absence of both Evx1 and Evx2, V0v spinal interneurons initially change their neurotransmitter phenotypes from excitatory to inhibitory and then, later, start to express markers of distinct types of inhibitory spinal interneurons, or motoneurons. Taken together, our findings significantly increase our knowledge of V0v and spinal development and move us closer towards the essential goal of identifying the complete gene regulatory networks that specify this crucial cell type.
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Zerimech S, Nguyen H, Vandenbark AA, Offner H, Baltan S. Novel therapeutic for multiple sclerosis protects white matter function in EAE mouse model. FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2023; 3:1237078. [PMID: 37933270 PMCID: PMC10627517 DOI: 10.3389/fmmed.2023.1237078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease with prominent axon dysfunction. Our previous studies in an MS mouse model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), demonstrated that major histocompatibility complex Class II constructs can reverse clinical signs of EAE. These constructs block binding and downstream signaling of macrophage migration inhibitory factors (MIF-1/2) through CD74, thereby inhibiting phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation and tissue inflammation and promoting remyelination. To directly assess the effects of a novel third generation construct, DRhQ, on axon integrity in EAE, we compared axon conduction properties using electrophysiology on corpus callosum slices and optic nerves. By using two distinct white matter (WM) tracts, we aimed to assess the impact of the EAE and the benefit of DRhQ on myelinated and unmyelinated axons as well as to test the clinical value of DRhQ on demyelinating lesions in CC and optic myelitis. Our study found that EAE altered axon excitability, delayed axon conduction and slowed spatiotemporal summation correlated with diffuse astrocyte and microglia activation. Because MS predisposes patients to stroke, we also investigated and showed that vulnerability to WM ischemia is increased in the EAE MS mouse model. Treatment with DRhQ after the onset of EAE drastically inhibited microglial and astrocyte activation, improved functional integrity of the myelinated axons and enhanced recovery after ischemia. These results demonstrate that DRhQ administered after the onset of EAE promotes WM integrity and function, and reduces subsequent vulnerability to ischemic injury, suggesting important therapeutic potential for treatment of progressive MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Zerimech
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (APOM), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Hung Nguyen
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (APOM), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Arthur A. Vandenbark
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Healthcare System, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Halina Offner
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (APOM), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Healthcare System, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Selva Baltan
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (APOM), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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Puig S, Xue X, Salisbury R, Shelton MA, Kim SM, Hildebrand MA, Glausier JR, Freyberg Z, Tseng GC, Yocum AK, Lewis DA, Seney ML, MacDonald ML, Logan RW. Circadian rhythm disruptions associated with opioid use disorder in the synaptic proteomes of the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.07.536056. [PMID: 37066169 PMCID: PMC10104116 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.07.536056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Opioid craving and relapse vulnerability is associated with severe and persistent sleep and circadian rhythm disruptions. Understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of circadian rhythms and opioid use disorder (OUD) may prove valuable for developing new treatments for opioid addiction. Previous work indicated molecular rhythm disruptions in the human brain associated with OUD, highlighting synaptic alterations in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc)-key brain regions involved in cognition and reward, and heavily implicated in the pathophysiology of OUD. To provide further insights into the synaptic alterations in OUD, we used mass-spectrometry based proteomics to deeply profile protein expression alterations in bulk tissue and synaptosome preparations from DLPFC and NAc of unaffected and OUD subjects. We identified 55 differentially expressed (DE) proteins in DLPFC homogenates, and 44 DE proteins in NAc homogenates, between unaffected and OUD subjects. In synaptosomes, we identified 161 and 56 DE proteins in DLPFC and NAc, respectively, of OUD subjects. By comparing homogenate and synaptosome protein expression, we identified proteins enriched specifically in synapses that were significantly altered in both DLPFC and NAc of OUD subjects. Across brain regions, synaptic protein alterations in OUD subjects were primarily identified in glutamate, GABA, and circadian rhythm signaling. Using time-of-death (TOD) analyses, where the TOD of each subject is used as a time-point across a 24- hour cycle, we were able to map circadian-related changes associated with OUD in synaptic proteomes related to vesicle-mediated transport and membrane trafficking in the NAc and platelet derived growth factor receptor beta signaling in DLPFC. Collectively, our findings lend further support for molecular rhythm disruptions in synaptic signaling in the human brain as a key factor in opioid addiction.
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Halawani D, Wang Y, Ramakrishnan A, Estill M, He X, Shen L, Friedel RH, Zou H. Circadian clock regulator Bmal1 gates axon regeneration via Tet3 epigenetics in mouse sensory neurons. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5165. [PMID: 37620297 PMCID: PMC10449865 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40816-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Axon regeneration of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons after peripheral axotomy involves reconfiguration of gene regulatory circuits to establish regenerative gene programs. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, through an unbiased survey, we show that the binding motif of Bmal1, a central transcription factor of the circadian clock, is enriched in differentially hydroxymethylated regions (DhMRs) of mouse DRG after peripheral lesion. By applying conditional deletion of Bmal1 in neurons, in vitro and in vivo neurite outgrowth assays, as well as transcriptomic profiling, we demonstrate that Bmal1 inhibits axon regeneration, in part through a functional link with the epigenetic factor Tet3. Mechanistically, we reveal that Bmal1 acts as a gatekeeper of neuroepigenetic responses to axonal injury by limiting Tet3 expression and restricting 5hmC modifications. Bmal1-regulated genes not only concern axon growth, but also stress responses and energy homeostasis. Furthermore, we uncover an epigenetic rhythm of diurnal oscillation of Tet3 and 5hmC levels in DRG neurons, corresponding to time-of-day effect on axon growth potential. Collectively, our studies demonstrate that targeting Bmal1 enhances axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Halawani
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yiqun Wang
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Aarthi Ramakrishnan
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Molly Estill
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xijing He
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Shen
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roland H Friedel
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hongyan Zou
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Babić M, Banović M, Berečić I, Banić T, Babić Leko M, Ulamec M, Junaković A, Kopić J, Sertić J, Barišić N, Šimić G. Molecular Biomarkers for the Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Pharmacodynamics of Spinal Muscular Atrophy. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5060. [PMID: 37568462 PMCID: PMC10419842 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12155060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a progressive degenerative illness that affects 1 in every 6 to 11,000 live births. This autosomal recessive disorder is caused by homozygous deletion or mutation of the SMN1 gene (survival motor neuron). As a backup, the SMN1 gene has the SMN2 gene, which produces only 10% of the functional SMN protein. Nusinersen and risdiplam, the first FDA-approved medications, act as SMN2 pre-mRNA splicing modifiers and enhance the quantity of SMN protein produced by this gene. The emergence of new therapies for SMA has increased the demand for good prognostic and pharmacodynamic (response) biomarkers in SMA. This article discusses current molecular diagnostic, prognostic, and pharmacodynamic biomarkers that could be assessed in SMA patients' body fluids. Although various proteomic, genetic, and epigenetic biomarkers have been explored in SMA patients, more research is needed to uncover new prognostic and pharmacodynamic biomarkers (or a combination of biomarkers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Babić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maria Banović
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Berečić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tea Banić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirjana Babić Leko
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Monika Ulamec
- Department of Pathology, University Clinical Hospital Sestre Milosrdnice Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Pathology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alisa Junaković
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Janja Kopić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jadranka Sertić
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nina Barišić
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Goran Šimić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Maroto-García J, Martínez-Escribano A, Delgado-Gil V, Mañez M, Mugueta C, Varo N, García de la Torre Á, Ruiz-Galdón M. Biochemical biomarkers for multiple sclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 548:117471. [PMID: 37419300 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most frequent demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Although there is currently no definite cure for MS, new therapies have recently been developed based on a continuous search for new biomarkers. DEVELOPMENT MS diagnosis relies on the integration of clinical, imaging and laboratory findings as there is still no singlepathognomonicclinical feature or diagnostic laboratory biomarker. The most commonly laboratory test used is the presence of immunoglobulin G oligoclonal bands (OCB) in cerebrospinal fluid of MS patients. This test is now included in the 2017 McDonald criteria as a biomarker of dissemination in time. Nevertheless, there are other biomarkers currently in use such as kappa free light chain, which has shown higher sensitivity and specificity for MS diagnosis than OCB. In addition, other potential laboratory tests involved in neuronal damage, demyelination and/or inflammation could be used for detecting MS. CONCLUSIONS CSF and serum biomarkers have been reviewed for their use in MS diagnosis and prognosis to stablish an accurate and prompt MS diagnosis, crucial to implement an adequate treatment and to optimize clinical outcomes over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Maroto-García
- Biochemistry Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Faculty of Medicine. University of Malaga, Spain.
| | - Ana Martínez-Escribano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Faculty of Medicine. University of Malaga, Spain; Laboratory Medicine, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-ARRIXACA, Murcia, Spain
| | - Virginia Delgado-Gil
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain
| | - Minerva Mañez
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain
| | - Carmen Mugueta
- Biochemistry Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Spain
| | - Nerea Varo
- Biochemistry Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Spain
| | - Ángela García de la Torre
- Clinical Analysis Service, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain; The Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain
| | - Maximiliano Ruiz-Galdón
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Faculty of Medicine. University of Malaga, Spain; Clinical Analysis Service, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain; The Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain
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Höfling C, Roßner S, Flachmeyer B, Krueger M, Härtig W, Michalski D. Tricellulin, α-Catenin and Microfibrillar-Associated Protein 5 Exhibit Concomitantly Altered Immunosignals along with Vascular, Extracellular and Cytoskeletal Elements after Experimental Focal Cerebral Ischemia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11893. [PMID: 37569268 PMCID: PMC10418498 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Along with initiatives to understand the pathophysiology of stroke in detail and to identify neuroprotective targets, cell-stabilizing elements have gained increasing attention. Although cell culture experiments have indicated that tricellulin, α-catenin and microfibrillar-associated protein 5 (MFAP5) contribute to cellular integrity, these elements have not yet been investigated in the ischemic brain. Applying immunofluorescence labeling, this study explored tricellulin, MFAP5 and α-catenin in non-ischemic and ischemic brain areas of mice (24, 4 h of ischemia) and rats (4 h of ischemia), along with collagen IV and fibronectin as vascular and extracellular matrix constituents and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) and neurofilament light chain (NF-L) as cytoskeletal elements. Immunosignals of tricellulin and notably MFAP5 partially appeared in a fiber-like pattern, and α-catenin appeared more in a dotted pattern. Regional associations with vascular and extracellular constituents were found for tricellulin and α-catenin, particularly in ischemic areas. Due to ischemia, signals of tricellulin, MFAP5 and α-catenin decreased concomitantly with MAP2 and NF-L, whereby MFAP5 provided the most sensitive reaction. For the first time, this study demonstrated ischemia-related alterations in tricellulin, MFAP5 and α-catenin along with the vasculature, extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton. Confirmatory studies are needed, also exploring their role in cellular integrity and the potential for neuroprotective approaches in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Höfling
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (C.H.); (S.R.); (W.H.)
| | - Steffen Roßner
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (C.H.); (S.R.); (W.H.)
| | - Bianca Flachmeyer
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 13, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (B.F.); (M.K.)
| | - Martin Krueger
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 13, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (B.F.); (M.K.)
| | - Wolfgang Härtig
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (C.H.); (S.R.); (W.H.)
| | - Dominik Michalski
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Coppens S, Lehmann S, Hopley C, Hirtz C. Neurofilament-Light, a Promising Biomarker: Analytical, Metrological and Clinical Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11624. [PMID: 37511382 PMCID: PMC10380627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofilament-light chain (Nf-L) is a non-specific early-stage biomarker widely studied in the context of neurodegenerative diseases (NDD) and traumatic brain injuries (TBI), which can be measured in biofluids after axonal damage. Originally measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), Nf-L can now be quantified in blood with the emergence of ultrasensitive assays. However, to ensure successful clinical implementation, reliable clinical thresholds and reference measurement procedures (RMP) should be developed. This includes establishing and distributing certified reference materials (CRM). As a result of the complexity of Nf-L and the number of circulating forms, a clear definition of what is measured when immunoassays are used is also critical to achieving standardization to ensure the long-term success of those assays. The use of powerful tools such as mass spectrometry for developing RMP and defining the measurand is ongoing. Here, we summarize the current methods in use for quantification of Nf-L in biofluid showing potential for clinical implementation. The progress and challenges in developing RMP and defining the measurand for Nf-L standardization of diagnostic tests are addressed. Finally, we discuss the impact of pathophysiological factors on Nf-L levels and the establishment of a clinical cut-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomé Coppens
- National Measurement Laboratory, LGC Limited, Teddington TW11 0LY, UK
- Univ. Montpellier, IRMB-PPC, INM, CHU Montpellier, INSERM CNRS, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- Univ. Montpellier, IRMB-PPC, INM, CHU Montpellier, INSERM CNRS, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Christophe Hirtz
- Univ. Montpellier, IRMB-PPC, INM, CHU Montpellier, INSERM CNRS, 34295 Montpellier, France
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Badina M, Bejan GC, Sporea C, Padure L, Mirea A, Leanca MC, Axente M, Grigoras FP, Bejan M, Shelby ES, Neagu E, Ion DA. Changes in pNFH Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Motor Evolution after the Loading Dose with Nusinersen in Different Types of Spinal Muscular Atrophy. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1244. [PMID: 37512056 PMCID: PMC10385472 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59071244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Aim and Objectives: The objective of our retrospective study was to investigate the changes in pNFH levels in cerebrospinal fluid, which is a reliable marker of neuronal damage, after the loading dose of nusinersen in different types of spinal muscular atrophy. Materials and Methods: We analyzed the spinal muscular atrophy types, the number of copies of the SMN2 gene, and the progression of the motor status using specific motor function scales in a group of 38 patients with spinal muscular atrophy types 1, 2, and 3. Results: We found a significant inverse correlation between pNFH levels and patient age, progress on functional motor scales, and nusinersen administration. Our results also revealed that the neurofilament levels in the cerebrospinal fluid were higher in patients with 2 SMN2 copies than those with more than 2 copies, although the association was not statistically significant due to the abnormal distribution of the values. Conclusions: We identified several predictors of favorable evolution under nusinersen treatment, including spinal muscular atrophy type 1, children aged ≤ 30 months, and the presence of only 2 copies of SMN2. Our study provides important insights into the use of pNFH as a biomarker to monitor disease progression and responses to treatment in patients with spinal muscular atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Badina
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", 37 Dionisie Lupu Street, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- National Teaching Center for Children's Neurorehabilitation "Dr. Nicolae Robanescu", 44 Dumitru Minca Street, 041408 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriel Cristian Bejan
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", 8 Eroii Sanitari Bvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Corina Sporea
- National Teaching Center for Children's Neurorehabilitation "Dr. Nicolae Robanescu", 44 Dumitru Minca Street, 041408 Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Midwifery and Nursing, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", 37 Dionisie Lupu Street, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Liliana Padure
- National Teaching Center for Children's Neurorehabilitation "Dr. Nicolae Robanescu", 44 Dumitru Minca Street, 041408 Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Midwifery and Nursing, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", 37 Dionisie Lupu Street, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andrada Mirea
- National Teaching Center for Children's Neurorehabilitation "Dr. Nicolae Robanescu", 44 Dumitru Minca Street, 041408 Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Midwifery and Nursing, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", 37 Dionisie Lupu Street, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Madalina-Cristina Leanca
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", 37 Dionisie Lupu Street, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- National Teaching Center for Children's Neurorehabilitation "Dr. Nicolae Robanescu", 44 Dumitru Minca Street, 041408 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Axente
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", 37 Dionisie Lupu Street, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- National Teaching Center for Children's Neurorehabilitation "Dr. Nicolae Robanescu", 44 Dumitru Minca Street, 041408 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florin Petru Grigoras
- National Teaching Center for Children's Neurorehabilitation "Dr. Nicolae Robanescu", 44 Dumitru Minca Street, 041408 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Bejan
- National Teaching Center for Children's Neurorehabilitation "Dr. Nicolae Robanescu", 44 Dumitru Minca Street, 041408 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena-Silvia Shelby
- National Teaching Center for Children's Neurorehabilitation "Dr. Nicolae Robanescu", 44 Dumitru Minca Street, 041408 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena Neagu
- National Teaching Center for Children's Neurorehabilitation "Dr. Nicolae Robanescu", 44 Dumitru Minca Street, 041408 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela Adriana Ion
- Department of Pathophysiology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Prof. Dr. Matei Bals, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", 1 Calistrat Grozovici Street, 021105 Bucharest, Romania
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Valberg SJ, Williams ZJ, Henry ML, Finno CJ. Cerebellar axonopathy in Shivers horses identified by spatial transcriptomic and proteomic analyses. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1568-1579. [PMID: 37288990 PMCID: PMC10365050 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shivers in horses is characterized by abnormal hindlimb movement when walking backward and is proposed to be caused by a Purkinje cell (PC) axonopathy based on histopathology. OBJECTIVES Define region-specific differences in gene expression within the lateral cerebellar hemisphere and compare cerebellar protein expression between Shivers horses and controls. ANIMALS Case-control study of 5 Shivers and 4 control geldings ≥16.2 hands in height. METHODS Using spatial transcriptomics, gene expression was compared between Shivers and control horses in PC soma and lateral cerebellar hemisphere white matter, consisting primarily of axons. Tandem-mass-tag (TMT-11) proteomic analysis was performed on lateral cerebellar hemisphere homogenates. RESULTS Differences in gene expression between Shivers and control horses were evident in principal component analysis of axon-containing white matter but not PC soma. In white matter, there were 455/1846 differentially expressed genes (DEG; 350 ↓DEG, 105 ↑DEG) between Shivers and controls, with significant gene set enrichment of the Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) cascade, highlighting neuroinflammation. There were 50/936 differentially expressed proteins (DEP). The 27 ↓DEP highlighted loss of axonal proteins including intermediate filaments (5), myelin (3), cytoskeleton (2), neurite outgrowth (2), and Na/K ATPase (1). The 23 ↑DEP were involved in the extracellular matrix (7), cytoskeleton (7), redox balance (2), neurite outgrowth (1), signal transduction (1), and others. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Our findings support axonal degeneration as a characteristic feature of Shivers. Combined with histopathology, these findings are consistent with the known distinctive response of PC to injury where axonal changes occur without a substantial impact on PC soma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J. Valberg
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Zoë J. Williams
- C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Marisa L. Henry
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Carrie J. Finno
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of California‐DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
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Cocco C, Manai AL, Manca E, Noli B. Brain-Biomarker Changes in Body Fluids of Patients with Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10932. [PMID: 37446110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease that is rarely diagnosed at an early stage. Although the understanding of PD-related mechanisms has greatly improved over the last decade, the diagnosis of PD is still based on neurological examination through the identification of motor symptoms, including bradykinesia, rigidity, postural instability, and resting tremor. The early phase of PD is characterized by subtle symptoms with a misdiagnosis rate of approximately 16-20%. The difficulty in recognizing early PD has implications for the potential use of novel therapeutic approaches. For this reason, it is important to discover PD brain biomarkers that can indicate early dopaminergic dysfunction through their changes in body fluids, such as saliva, urine, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). For the CFS-based test, the invasiveness of sampling is a major limitation, whereas the other body fluids are easier to obtain and could also allow population screening. Following the identification of the crucial role of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) in the pathology of PD, a very large number of studies have summarized its changes in body fluids. However, methodological problems have led to the poor diagnostic/prognostic value of this protein and alternative biomarkers are currently being investigated. The aim of this paper is therefore to summarize studies on protein biomarkers that are alternatives to α-syn, particularly those that change in nigrostriatal areas and in biofluids, with a focus on blood, and, eventually, saliva and urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cocco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Antonio Luigi Manai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Elias Manca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Barbara Noli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
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42
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Prehn A, Hobusch C, Härtig W, Michalski D, Krueger M, Flachmeyer B. Increasing reproducibility in preclinical stroke research: the correlation of immunofluorescence intensity measurements and Western blot analyses strongly depends on antibody clonality and tissue pre-treatment in a mouse model of focal cerebral ischemia. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1183232. [PMID: 37342767 PMCID: PMC10277931 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1183232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In the setting of stroke, ischemia not only impairs neuronal function, but also detrimentally affects the different components of the neurovascular unit, which are shown to be involved in the transition from reversible to long-lasting tissue damage. In this context, the glial proteins myelin basic protein (MBP) and the 2',3'-cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNP) as well as the vasculature-associated basement membrane proteins laminin and collagen IV have been identified as ischemia-sensitive elements. However, available data from immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses are often found to be contradictory, which renders interpretation of the respective data rather difficult. Therefore, the present study investigates the impact of tissue pre-treatment and antibody clonality on immunofluorescence measurements of the mentioned proteins in a highly reproducible model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. Here, immunofluorescence labeling using polyclonal antibodies revealed an increased immunofluorescence intensity of MBP, CNP, laminin and collagen IV in ischemic areas, although Western blot analyses did not reveal increased protein levels. Importantly, contrary to polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal ones did not provide increased fluorescence intensities in ischemic areas. Further, we were able to demonstrate that different ways of tissue pre-treatment including paraformaldehyde fixation and antigen retrieval may not only impact on fluorescence intensity measurements in general, but rather one-sidedly affect either ischemic or unaffected tissue. Therefore, immunofluorescence intensity measurements do not necessarily correlate with the actual protein levels, especially in ischemia-affected tissue and should always be complemented by different techniques to enhance reproducibility and to hopefully overcome the translational roadblock from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Prehn
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Härtig
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Martin Krueger
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Bircak-Kuchtova B, Chung HY, Wickel J, Ehler J, Geis C. Neurofilament light chains to assess sepsis-associated encephalopathy: Are we on the track toward clinical implementation? Crit Care 2023; 27:214. [PMID: 37259091 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-023-04497-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is the most common cause of admission to intensive care units worldwide. Sepsis patients frequently suffer from sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) reflecting acute brain dysfunction. SAE may result in increased mortality, extended length of hospital stay, and long-term cognitive dysfunction. The diagnosis of SAE is based on clinical assessments, but a valid biomarker to identify and confirm SAE and to assess SAE severity is missing. Several blood-based biomarkers indicating neuronal injury have been evaluated in sepsis and their potential role as early diagnosis and prognostic markers has been studied. Among those, the neuroaxonal injury marker neurofilament light chain (NfL) was identified to potentially serve as a prognostic biomarker for SAE and to predict long-term cognitive impairment. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of biomarkers, especially NfL, in SAE and discuss a possible future clinical application considering existing limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Bircak-Kuchtova
- Section Translational Neuroimmunology, Department for Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Ha-Yeun Chung
- Section Translational Neuroimmunology, Department for Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany.
| | - Jonathan Wickel
- Section Translational Neuroimmunology, Department for Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes Ehler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Geis
- Section Translational Neuroimmunology, Department for Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
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Renganathan B, Zewe JP, Cheng Y, Paumier J, Kittisopikul M, Ridge KM, Opal P, Gelfand VI. Gigaxonin is required for intermediate filament transport. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22886. [PMID: 37043392 PMCID: PMC10237250 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202202119r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Gigaxonin is an adaptor protein for E3 ubiquitin ligase substrates. It is necessary for ubiquitination and degradation of intermediate filament (IF) proteins. Giant axonal neuropathy is a pathological condition caused by mutations in the GAN gene that encodes gigaxonin. This condition is characterized by abnormal accumulation of IFs in both neuronal and non-neuronal cells; however, it is unclear what causes IF aggregation. In this work, we studied the dynamics of IFs using their subunits tagged with a photoconvertible protein mEOS 3.2. We have demonstrated that the loss of gigaxonin dramatically inhibited transport of IFs along microtubules by the microtubule motor kinesin-1. This inhibition was specific for IFs, as other kinesin-1 cargoes, with the exception of mitochondria, were transported normally. Abnormal distribution of IFs in the cytoplasm can be rescued by direct binding of kinesin-1 to IFs, demonstrating that transport inhibition is the primary cause for the abnormal IF distribution. Another effect of gigaxonin loss was a more than 20-fold increase in the amount of soluble vimentin oligomers in the cytosol of gigaxonin knock-out cells. We speculate that these oligomers saturate a yet unidentified adapter that is required for kinesin-1 binding to IFs, which might inhibit IF transport along microtubules causing their abnormal accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuvanasundar Renganathan
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyFeinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - James P. Zewe
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of NeurologyFeinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineDepartment of MedicineNorthwestern University, Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Jean‐Michel Paumier
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of NeurologyFeinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Mark Kittisopikul
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyFeinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Karen M. Ridge
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineDepartment of MedicineNorthwestern University, Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Puneet Opal
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of NeurologyFeinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Vladimir I. Gelfand
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyFeinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
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Yan Z, Li S, Wang Y, Guo Y, Zhang L. Protective effects of a novel glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. Future Med Chem 2023; 15:587-597. [PMID: 37097106 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the effects of a novel glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor (NGPI) on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). Methods: Cerebral ischemia was induced in mice using a modified bilateral common carotid artery ligation model. To assess the effects of NGPI against CIRI, mice which had been administered with different doses of NGPI (1.25, 2.5, 5 mg/kg/day) for 7 days before the injury were evaluated for infarct volume, the apoptosis level of brain tissue, integrity of brain tissue and oxidative stress level. Results: NGPI effectively improved the infarct area, apoptosis of neurons, integrity of brain tissue and oxidative stress level of mice with CIRI. Conclusion: NGPI could effectively improve CIRI and deserves further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Yan
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research & Development of Hebei Province, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, 067000, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research & Development of Hebei Province, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, 067000, China
| | - Youde Wang
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research & Development of Hebei Province, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, 067000, China
| | - Yachun Guo
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, 067000, China
| | - Liying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research & Development of Hebei Province, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, 067000, China
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Tai HC, Tsai WK, Chang ML, Praveen Rajneesh C, Tseng XW, Hsu WC, Wu YN, Chiang HS. Intracavernous injection of platelet-rich plasma reverses erectile dysfunction of chronic cavernous nerve degeneration through reduction of prostate hyperplasia evidence from an aging-induced erectile dysfunction rat model. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22826. [PMID: 36856608 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201443r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Age-induced erectile dysfunction (ED) is a convoluted medical condition, and restoring erectile function (EF) under geriatric conditions is highly complicated. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) treatment is an inexpensive cell-based therapeutic strategy. We have aimed to restore EF in aged-ED rats with PRP as a therapeutic tool. Male rats were grouped into aged and young according to age. The young rats were considered as normal control (NC) and treated with saline. Aged were further divided into 2 groups and treated with intracavernous (IC) PRP and saline. Treatment was scheduled at the 9th and 10th week for NC and 41th and 42th week for aged-ED rats, with EF analysis scheduled on the 12th week for NC and 44th week for aged-ED rats, respectively. Erectile response, immunofluorescence staining, and electron microscopic analyses were performed. IC PRP treatment effectively reduced prostate hyperplasia (PH). EF response indicated a significant increase in crucial EF parameters in PRP-treated aged-ED rats. Histological evidence denoted a rigid and restored development of tunica adventitia of the dorsal artery, decreased vacuolation of the dorsal penile nerve, and structural expansion of the epineurium. Masson's trichrome and immunostaining results affirmed an elevated expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in the corpus cavernosum (CC). Ultrastructure findings revealed that PRP effectively rejuvenated degenerating nerves, preserved endothelium and adherent junctions of corporal smooth muscle, and restored the axonal scaffolds by upregulating neurofilament-H (NF-H) expression. Finally, PRP enhanced neural stability by enhancing the axonal remyelination processes in aged-ED rats. Hence, PRP treatment was proven to restore EF in aged-ED rats, which was considered a safe, novel, cost-effective, and hassle-free strategy for EF restoration in geriatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Ching Tai
- Department of Urology, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Kung Tsai
- Department of Urology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Program in Nutrition and Food Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Lin Chang
- Department of Urology, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | - Xiao-Wen Tseng
- Program in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chun Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Clinical Pathology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-No Wu
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Han-Sun Chiang
- Department of Urology, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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47
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Ceylan MF, Tural Hesapcioglu S, Kanoğlu Yüksekkaya S, Erçin G, Yavas CP, Neşelіoğlu S, Erel O. Changes in neurofilament light chain protein (NEFL) in children and adolescents with Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder: Early period neurodegeneration. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 161:342-347. [PMID: 37003244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM Neurofilament light chain protein (NEFL), is defined as a structural protein which exists particularly in axones of neurons and is released to the cerum in consequence of neuroaxonal damage. The aim of this study is to investigate the peripheral cerumNEFLlevels of children and adolescents with early onset schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. METHOD In this study, we evaluated serum levels of NEFL in children and adolescents (13-17 years) with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and healthy control group. The study is conducted with 35 schizophrenia, 38 bipolar disorder manic episode patients and 40 healthy controls. RESULTS The median age of the patient and control groups was 16 (IQR- Interquartile Range: 2). There was no statistical difference in median age (p = 0.52) and gender distribution(p = 0.53) between groups. NEFL levels of the patients with schizophrenia were significantly higher than the controls. NEFL levels of the patients with bipolar disorder were significantly higher than the controls. Serum levels of NEFL of the schizophrenia were higher than the bipolar disorder; however, the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION In conclusion, serum NEFL level, as a confidential marker of neural damage, is increased in the children and adolescents with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. This result may indicatea degenerative period in neurons of children and adolescents with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder and may play a role in the pathophisiology of these disorders. This result shows that there is neuronal damage in both diseases, but neuronal damage may be more in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Fatih Ceylan
- Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Faculty of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Selma Tural Hesapcioglu
- Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Faculty of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Seda Kanoğlu Yüksekkaya
- Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Faculty of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Görkem Erçin
- Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Faculty of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cansu Pınar Yavas
- Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Faculty of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Salim Neşelіoğlu
- Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Biochemistry Department, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozcan Erel
- Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Biochemistry Department, Ankara, Turkey
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48
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Huerta TS, Haider B, Adamovich-Zeitlin R, Chen AC, Chaudhry S, Zanos TP, Chavan SS, Tracey KJ, Chang EH. Calcium imaging and analysis of the jugular-nodose ganglia enables identification of distinct vagal sensory neuron subsets. J Neural Eng 2023; 20:10.1088/1741-2552/acbe1e. [PMID: 36920156 PMCID: PMC10790314 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/acbe1e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Objective.Sensory nerves of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) transmit afferent signals from the body to the brain. These peripheral nerves are composed of distinct subsets of fibers and associated cell bodies, which reside in peripheral ganglia distributed throughout the viscera and along the spinal cord. The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) is a complex polymodal nerve that transmits a wide array of sensory information, including signals related to mechanical, chemical, and noxious stimuli. To understand how stimuli applied to the vagus nerve are encoded by vagal sensory neurons in the jugular-nodose ganglia, we developed a framework for micro-endoscopic calcium imaging and analysis.Approach.We developed novel methods forin vivoimaging of the intact jugular-nodose ganglion using a miniature microscope (Miniscope) in transgenic mice with the genetically-encoded calcium indicator GCaMP6f. We adapted the Python-based analysis package Calcium Imaging Analysis (CaImAn) to process the resulting one-photon fluorescence data into calcium transients for subsequent analysis. Random forest classification was then used to identify specific types of neuronal responders.Results.We demonstrate that recordings from the jugular-nodose ganglia can be accomplished through careful surgical dissection and ganglia stabilization. Using a customized acquisition and analysis pipeline, we show that subsets of vagal sensory neurons respond to different chemical stimuli applied to the vagus nerve. Successful classification of the responses with a random forest model indicates that certain calcium transient features, such as amplitude and duration, are important for encoding these stimuli by sensory neurons.Significance.This experimental approach presents a new framework for investigating how individual vagal sensory neurons encode various stimuli on the vagus nerve. Our surgical and analytical approach can be applied to other PNS ganglia in rodents and other small animal species to elucidate previously unexplored roles for peripheral neurons in a diverse set of physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás S Huerta
- Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States of America
| | - Bilal Haider
- Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
| | - Richard Adamovich-Zeitlin
- Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States of America
| | - Adrian C Chen
- Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States of America
| | - Saher Chaudhry
- Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
| | - Theodoros P Zanos
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States of America
- Institute of Health System Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
| | - Sangeeta S Chavan
- Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States of America
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
| | - Kevin J Tracey
- Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States of America
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
| | - Eric H Chang
- Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States of America
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
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49
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Gürth CM, do Rego Barros Fernandes Lima MA, Macarrón Palacios V, Cereceda Delgado AR, Hubrich J, D’Este E. Neurofilament Levels in Dendritic Spines Associate with Synaptic Status. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060909. [PMID: 36980250 PMCID: PMC10047839 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofilaments are one of the main cytoskeletal components in neurons; they can be found in the form of oligomers at pre- and postsynapses. How their presence is regulated at the postsynapse remains largely unclear. Here we systematically quantified, by immunolabeling, the occurrence of the neurofilament isoform triplet neurofilament light (NFL), medium (NFM), and heavy (NFH) at the postsynapse using STED nanoscopy together with markers of synaptic strength and activity. Our data show that, within dendritic spines, neurofilament isoforms rarely colocalize with each other and that they are present to different extents, with NFL being the most abundant isoform. The amount of the three isoforms correlates with markers of postsynaptic strength and presynaptic activity to varying degrees: NFL shows the highest correlation to both synaptic traits, suggesting its involvement in synaptic response, while NFM exhibits the lowest correlations. By quantifying the presence of neurofilaments at the postsynapse within the context of the synaptic status, this work sheds new light on the regulation of synaptic neurofilaments and their possible contribution to synaptopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara-Marie Gürth
- Department of Optical Nanoscopy, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Victor Macarrón Palacios
- Department of Optical Nanoscopy, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Angel Rafael Cereceda Delgado
- Department of Optical Nanoscopy, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jasmine Hubrich
- Department of Optical Nanoscopy, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elisa D’Este
- Optical Microscopy Facility, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)6221-486-380
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50
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Rademacher TD, Meuth SG, Wiendl H, Johnen A, Landmeyer NC. Molecular biomarkers and cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: State of the field, limitations, and future direction - A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 146:105035. [PMID: 36608917 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with cognitive impairment (CI) such as slowed information processing speed (IPS). Currently, no immunocellular or molecular markers have been established in cerebrospinal fluid and serum analysis as surrogate biomarkers with diagnostic or predictive value for the development of CI. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to sum up the evidence regarding currently discussed markers for CI in MS. METHODS A literature search was conducted on molecular biomarkers of CI in MS, such as neurofilament light chain, chitinases, and vitamin D. RESULTS 5543 publications were screened, of which 77 entered the systematic review. 13 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Neurofilament light chain (CSF: rp = -0.294, p = 0.003; serum: rp = -0.137, p = 0.001) and serum levels of vitamin D (rp = 0.190, p = 0.014) were associated with IPS outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Neurofilament light chain and vitamin D are promising biomarkers to track impairments in IPS in MS. Further longitudinal research is needed to establish the use of molecular biomarkers to monitor cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Johnen
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Germany
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