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Nickle A, Ko S, Merrill AE. Fibroblast growth factor 2. Differentiation 2024; 139:100733. [PMID: 37858405 PMCID: PMC11009566 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF2), also known as basic fibroblast growth factor, is a potent stimulator of growth and differentiation in multiple tissues. Its discovery traces back over 50 years ago when it was first isolated from bovine pituitary extracts due to its ability to stimulate fibroblast proliferation. Subsequent studies investigating the genomic structure of FGF2 identified multiple protein isoforms, categorized as the low molecular weight and high molecular weight FGF2. These isoforms arise from alternative translation initiation events and exhibit unique molecular and cellular functions. In this concise review, we aim to provide an overview of what is currently known about the structure, expression, and functions of the FGF2 isoforms within the contexts of development, homeostasis, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Nickle
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Sebastian Ko
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Amy E Merrill
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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2
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Zhao M, Taniguchi Y, Shimono C, Jonouchi T, Cheng Y, Shimizu Y, Nalbandian M, Yamamoto T, Nakagawa M, Sekiguchi K, Sakurai H. Heparan Sulfate Chain-Conjugated Laminin-E8 Fragments Advance Paraxial Mesodermal Differentiation Followed by High Myogenic Induction from hiPSCs. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308306. [PMID: 38685581 PMCID: PMC11234437 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have great therapeutic potential. The cell source differentiated from hiPSCs requires xeno-free and robust methods for lineage-specific differentiation. Here, a system is described for differentiating hiPSCs on new generation laminin fragments (NGLFs), a recombinant form of a laminin E8 fragment conjugated to the heparan sulfate chains (HS) attachment domain of perlecan. Using NGLFs, hiPSCs are highly promoted to direct differentiation into a paraxial mesoderm state with high-efficiency muscle lineage generation. HS conjugation to the C-terminus of Laminin E8 fragments brings fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) bound to the HS close to the cell surface of hiPSCs, thereby facilitating stronger FGF signaling pathways stimulation and initiating HOX gene expression, which triggers the paraxial mesoderm differentiation of hiPSCs. This highly efficient differentiation system can provide a roadmap for paraxial mesoderm development and an infinite source of myocytes and muscle stem cells for disease modeling and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhao
- Department of Clinical ApplicationCenter for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA)Kyoto University53 Shogoin‐Kawahara‐cho, Sakyo‐kuKyoto606‐8507Japan
- Center for Medical EpigeneticsSchool of Basic Medical SciencesChongqing Medical University1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong DistrictChongqing400016China
| | - Yukimasa Taniguchi
- Division of Matrixome Research and ApplicationInstitute for Protein ResearchOsaka University3‐2 Yamadaoka, SuitaOsaka565‐0871Japan
| | - Chisei Shimono
- Division of Matrixome Research and ApplicationInstitute for Protein ResearchOsaka University3‐2 Yamadaoka, SuitaOsaka565‐0871Japan
| | - Tatsuya Jonouchi
- Department of Clinical ApplicationCenter for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA)Kyoto University53 Shogoin‐Kawahara‐cho, Sakyo‐kuKyoto606‐8507Japan
| | - Yushen Cheng
- Department of Life Science FrontiersCenter for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA)Kyoto University53 Shogoin‐Kawahara‐cho, Sakyo‐kuKyoto606‐8507Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shimizu
- Division of Matrixome Research and ApplicationInstitute for Protein ResearchOsaka University3‐2 Yamadaoka, SuitaOsaka565‐0871Japan
| | - Minas Nalbandian
- Department of Clinical ApplicationCenter for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA)Kyoto University53 Shogoin‐Kawahara‐cho, Sakyo‐kuKyoto606‐8507Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Department of Life Science FrontiersCenter for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA)Kyoto University53 Shogoin‐Kawahara‐cho, Sakyo‐kuKyoto606‐8507Japan
| | - Masato Nakagawa
- Department of Life Science FrontiersCenter for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA)Kyoto University53 Shogoin‐Kawahara‐cho, Sakyo‐kuKyoto606‐8507Japan
| | - Kiyotoshi Sekiguchi
- Division of Matrixome Research and ApplicationInstitute for Protein ResearchOsaka University3‐2 Yamadaoka, SuitaOsaka565‐0871Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Sakurai
- Department of Clinical ApplicationCenter for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA)Kyoto University53 Shogoin‐Kawahara‐cho, Sakyo‐kuKyoto606‐8507Japan
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3
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Angjelova A, Jovanova E, Polizzi A, Annunziata M, Laganà L, Santonocito S, Isola G. Insights and Advancements in Periodontal Tissue Engineering and Bone Regeneration. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:773. [PMID: 38792956 PMCID: PMC11123221 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60050773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The regeneration of periodontal bone defects continues to be an essential therapeutic concern in dental biomaterials. Numerous biomaterials have been utilized in this sector so far. However, the immune response and vascularity in defect regions may be disregarded when evaluating the effectiveness of biomaterials for bone repair. Among several regenerative treatments, the most recent technique of in situ tissue engineering stands out for its ability to replicate endogenous restorative processes by combining scaffold with particular growth factors. Regenerative medicine solutions that combine biomaterials/scaffolds, cells, and bioactive substances have attracted significant interest, particularly for bone repair and regeneration. Dental stem cells (DSCs) share the same progenitor and immunomodulatory properties as other types of MSCs, and because they are easily isolable, they are regarded as desirable therapeutic agents in regenerative dentistry. Recent research has demonstrated that DSCs sown on newly designed synthetic bio-material scaffolds preserve their proliferative capacity while exhibiting increased differentiation and immuno-suppressive capabilities. As researchers discovered how short peptide sequences modify the adhesion and proliferative capacities of scaffolds by activating or inhibiting conventional osteogenic pathways, the scaffolds became more effective at priming MSCs. In this review, the many components of tissue engineering applied to bone engineering will be examined, and the impact of biomaterials on periodontal regeneration and bone cellular biology/molecular genetics will be addressed and updated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Angjelova
- University Dental Clinical Center St. Pantelejmon, Skopje, Faculty of Dentistry, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia; (A.A.); (E.J.)
| | - Elena Jovanova
- University Dental Clinical Center St. Pantelejmon, Skopje, Faculty of Dentistry, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia; (A.A.); (E.J.)
| | - Alessandro Polizzi
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (L.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Marco Annunziata
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via L. De Crecchio, 6, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Ludovica Laganà
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (L.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Simona Santonocito
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (L.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Gaetano Isola
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (L.L.); (S.S.)
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4
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Feng K, Wang K, Zhou Y, Xue H, Wang F, Jin H, Zhao W. Non-Anticoagulant Activities of Low Molecular Weight Heparins-A Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1254. [PMID: 37765064 PMCID: PMC10537022 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) are derived from heparin through chemical or enzymatic cleavage with an average molecular weight (Mw) of 2000-8000 Da. They exhibit more selective activities and advantages over heparin, causing fewer side effects, such as bleeding and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Due to different preparation methods, LMWHs have diverse structures and extensive biological activities. In this review, we describe the basic preparation methods in this field and compare the main principles and advantages of these specific methods in detail. Importantly, we focus on the non-anticoagulant pharmacological effects of LMWHs and their conjugates, such as preventing glycocalyx shedding, anti-inflammatory, antiviral infection, anti-fibrosis, inhibiting angiogenesis, inhibiting cell adhesion and improving endothelial function. LMWHs are effective in various diseases at the animal level, including cancer, some viral diseases, fibrotic diseases, and obstetric diseases. Finally, we briefly summarize their usage and potential applications in the clinic to promote the development and utilization of LMWHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China; (K.F.); (K.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.X.); (W.Z.)
| | - Kaixuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China; (K.F.); (K.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.X.); (W.Z.)
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China; (K.F.); (K.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.X.); (W.Z.)
| | - Haoyu Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China; (K.F.); (K.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.X.); (W.Z.)
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, 6 Changjiang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300100, China
| | - Hongzhen Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China; (K.F.); (K.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.X.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China; (K.F.); (K.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.X.); (W.Z.)
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5
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Wishart TFL, Lovicu FJ. Spatiotemporal Localisation of Heparan Sulphate Proteoglycans throughout Mouse Lens Morphogenesis. Cells 2023; 12:1364. [PMID: 37408198 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPGs) consist of a core protein decorated with sulphated HS-glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. These negatively charged HS-GAG chains rely on the activity of PAPSS synthesising enzymes for their sulfation, which allows them to bind to and regulate the activity of many positively charged HS-binding proteins. HSPGs are found on the surfaces of cells and in the pericellular matrix, where they interact with various components of the cell microenvironment, including growth factors. By binding to and regulating ocular morphogens and growth factors, HSPGs are positioned to orchestrate growth factor-mediated signalling events that are essential for lens epithelial cell proliferation, migration, and lens fibre differentiation. Previous studies have shown that HS sulfation is essential for lens development. Moreover, each of the full-time HSPGs, differentiated by thirteen different core proteins, are differentially localised in a cell-type specific manner with regional differences in the postnatal rat lens. Here, the same thirteen HSPG-associated GAGs and core proteins as well as PAPSS2, are shown to be differentially regulated throughout murine lens development in a spatiotemporal manner. These findings suggest that HS-GAG sulfation is essential for growth factor-induced cellular processes during embryogenesis, and the unique and divergent localisation of different lens HSPG core proteins indicates that different HSPGs likely play specialized roles during lens induction and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayler F L Wishart
- Molecular and Cellular Biomedicine, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Frank J Lovicu
- Molecular and Cellular Biomedicine, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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6
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Fibroblast growth factor-2 bound to specific dermal fibroblast-derived extracellular vesicles is protected from degradation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22131. [PMID: 36550142 PMCID: PMC9780220 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26217-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) has multiple roles in cutaneous wound healing but its natural low stability prevents the development of its use in skin repair therapies. Here we show that FGF2 binds the outer surface of dermal fibroblast (DF)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) and this association protects FGF2 from fast degradation. EVs isolated from DF cultured in the presence of FGF2 harbor FGF2 on their surface and FGF2 can bind purified EVs in absence of cells. Remarkably, FGF2 binding to EVs is restricted to a specific subpopulation of EVs, which do not express CD63 and CD81 markers. Treatment of DF with FGF2-EVs activated ERK and STAT signaling pathways and increased cell proliferation and migration. Local injection of FGF2-EVs improved wound healing in mice. We further demonstrated that binding to EVs protects FGF2 from both thermal and proteolytic degradation, thus maintaining FGF2 function. This suggests that EVs protect soluble factors from degradation and increase their stability and half-life. These results reveal a novel aspect of EV function and suggest EVs as a potential tool for delivering FGF2 in skin healing therapies.
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7
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Vikan AK, Kostas M, Haugsten EM, Selbo PK, Wesche J. Efficacy and Selectivity of FGF2-Saporin Cytosolically Delivered by PCI in Cells Overexpressing FGFR1. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061476. [PMID: 34204611 PMCID: PMC8231185 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) have become an attractive target in cancer research and therapy due to their implication in several cancers. Limitations of current treatment options require a need for additional, more specific and potent strategies to overcome cancers driven by FGFRs. Photochemical internalization (PCI) is a light-controlled method for cytosolic delivery of drugs that are entrapped in endosomes and lysosomes. We here evaluated the efficacy and selectivity of PCI of FGF2-saporin (FGF-SAP) in cells overexpressing FGFR1. FGF-SAP is a conjugate of FGF2 and the highly cytotoxic ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) saporin, which is used as payload to eliminate cancer cells. Evaluation of the targeting effect of PCI of FGF-SAP was done by comparing the cytotoxic response in osteosarcoma cells with very low levels of FGFR1 (U2OS) to cells overexpressing FGFR1 (U2OS-R1). We demonstrate that PCI greatly enhances cytotoxicity of the drug showing efficient cell killing at pM concentrations of the drug in U2OS-R1 cells. However, U2OS cells were also sensitive to the toxin after PCI. Binding experiments using confocal microscopy and Western blotting techniques indicate that FGF-SAP is taken up by cells through heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) in U2OS cells. We further show that the cytotoxicity of FGF-SAP in U2OS cells was reduced when cells were co-treated with heparin to compete out binding to HSPG, demonstrating that the cytotoxic effect was due to internalization by HSPGs. We conclude that to prevent off-target effects of FGF-based toxins, it will be necessary to circumvent binding to HSPGs, for example by mutating the binding site of FGF2 to HSPGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora K. Vikan
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway; (A.K.V.); (M.K.); (E.M.H.)
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Michal Kostas
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway; (A.K.V.); (M.K.); (E.M.H.)
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ellen Margrethe Haugsten
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway; (A.K.V.); (M.K.); (E.M.H.)
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål K. Selbo
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence: (P.K.S.); (J.W.)
| | - Jørgen Wesche
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway; (A.K.V.); (M.K.); (E.M.H.)
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence: (P.K.S.); (J.W.)
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8
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Nita A, Abraham SP, Krejci P, Bosakova M. Oncogenic FGFR Fusions Produce Centrosome and Cilia Defects by Ectopic Signaling. Cells 2021; 10:1445. [PMID: 34207779 PMCID: PMC8227969 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A single primary cilium projects from most vertebrate cells to guide cell fate decisions. A growing list of signaling molecules is found to function through cilia and control ciliogenesis, including the fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR). Aberrant FGFR activity produces abnormal cilia with deregulated signaling, which contributes to pathogenesis of the FGFR-mediated genetic disorders. FGFR lesions are also found in cancer, raising a possibility of cilia involvement in the neoplastic transformation and tumor progression. Here, we focus on FGFR gene fusions, and discuss the possible mechanisms by which they function as oncogenic drivers. We show that a substantial portion of the FGFR fusion partners are proteins associated with the centrosome cycle, including organization of the mitotic spindle and ciliogenesis. The functions of centrosome proteins are often lost with the gene fusion, leading to haploinsufficiency that induces cilia loss and deregulated cell division. We speculate that this complements the ectopic FGFR activity and drives the FGFR fusion cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Nita
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.N.); (S.P.A.); (P.K.)
| | - Sara P. Abraham
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.N.); (S.P.A.); (P.K.)
| | - Pavel Krejci
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.N.); (S.P.A.); (P.K.)
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CAS, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, 65691 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Bosakova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.N.); (S.P.A.); (P.K.)
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CAS, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, 65691 Brno, Czech Republic
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9
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Galli M, Yao Y, Giannobile WV, Wang HL. Current and future trends in periodontal tissue engineering and bone regeneration. PLASTIC AND AESTHETIC RESEARCH 2021; 8. [PMID: 35765666 PMCID: PMC9236184 DOI: 10.20517/2347-9264.2020.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal tissue engineering involves a multi-disciplinary approach towards the regeneration of periodontal ligament, cementum and alveolar bone surrounding teeth, whereas bone regeneration specifically applies to ridge reconstruction in preparation for future implant placement, sinus floor augmentation and regeneration of peri-implant osseous defects. Successful periodontal regeneration is based on verifiable cementogenesis on the root surface, oblique insertion of periodontal ligament fibers and formation of new and vital supporting bone. Ultimately, regenerated periodontal and peri-implant support must be able to interface with surrounding host tissues in an integrated manner, withstand biomechanical forces resulting from mastication, and restore normal function and structure. Current regenerative approaches utilized in everyday clinical practice are mainly guided tissue/bone regeneration-based. Although these approaches have shown positive outcomes for small and medium-sized defects, predictability of clinical outcomes is heavily dependent on the defect morphology and clinical case selection. In many cases, it is still challenging to achieve predictable regenerative outcomes utilizing current approaches. Periodontal tissue engineering and bone regeneration (PTEBR) aims to improve the state of patient care by promoting reconstitution of damaged and lost tissues through the use of growth factors and signaling molecules, scaffolds, cells and gene therapy. The present narrative review discusses key advancements in PTEBR including current and future trends in preclinical and clinical research, as well as the potential for clinical translatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Galli
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - William V Giannobile
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Biointerfaces Institute, North Campus Research Complex, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hom-Lay Wang
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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10
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DiGiacomo JW, Godet I, Trautmann-Rodriguez M, Gilkes DM. Extracellular Matrix-Bound FGF2 Mediates Estrogen Receptor Signaling and Therapeutic Response in Breast Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 19:136-149. [PMID: 33033110 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is often unaccounted for in studies that consider the stromal contribution to cancer cell signaling and response to treatment. To investigate the influence of a fibrotic microenvironment, we use fibroblast-derived ECM scaffolds as a cell culture platform. We uncover that estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer cells cultured within ECM-scaffolds have an increase in ER signaling that occurs via an MAPK-dependent, but estrogen-independent manner. The ECM acts as a reservoir by binding, enriching, and presenting growth factors to adjacent epithelial cells. We identified FGF2 as a specific ECM-bound factor that drives ER signaling. ER+ cells cultured on ECM matrices have reduced sensitivity to ER-targeted therapies. The sensitivity to ER-targeted therapy can be restored by inhibiting FGF2-FGFR1 binding. ECM-FGF2 complexes promote Cyclin D1 induction that prevents G1 arrest even in the presence of antiestrogens. This work demonstrates that the ECM can drive ER signaling and resistance to endocrine therapy, and suggests that patients with ER+ breast cancer that have high mammographic breast density may benefit from existing FGFR-targeted therapies. IMPLICATIONS: This work uncovers how the ECM may mediate signaling between growth factors and ER+ breast cancer cells to promote estrogen-independent ER signaling and resistance to endocrine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh W DiGiacomo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and The Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, Breast and Ovarian Cancer Program, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Inês Godet
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and The Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, Breast and Ovarian Cancer Program, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael Trautmann-Rodriguez
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and The Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniele M Gilkes
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and The Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. .,Department of Oncology, Breast and Ovarian Cancer Program, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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11
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Vijaya Kumar A, Brézillon S, Untereiner V, Sockalingum GD, Kumar Katakam S, Mohamed HT, Kemper B, Greve B, Mohr B, Ibrahim SA, Goycoolea FM, Kiesel L, Pavão MSG, Motta JM, Götte M. HS2ST1-dependent signaling pathways determine breast cancer cell viability, matrix interactions, and invasive behavior. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:2907-2922. [PMID: 32573871 PMCID: PMC7419026 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) act as signaling co‐receptors by interaction of their sulfated glycosaminoglycan chains with numerous signaling molecules. In breast cancer, the function of heparan sulfate 2‐O‐sulfotransferase (HS2ST1), the enzyme mediating 2‐O‐sulfation of HS, is largely unknown. Hence, a comparative study on the functional consequences of HS2ST1 overexpression and siRNA knockdown was performed in the breast cancer cell lines MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231. HS2ST1 overexpression inhibited Matrigel invasion, while its knockdown reversed the phenotype. Likewise, cell motility and adhesion to fibronectin and laminin were affected by altered HS2ST1 expression. Phosphokinase array screening revealed a general decrease in signaling via multiple pathways. Fluorescent ligand binding studies revealed altered binding of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF‐2) to HS2ST1‐expressing cells compared with control cells. HS2ST1‐overexpressing cells showed reduced MAPK signaling responses to FGF‐2, and altered expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), E‐cadherin, Wnt‐7a, and Tcf4. The increased viability of HS2ST1‐depleted cells was reduced to control levels by pharmacological MAPK pathway inhibition. Moreover, MAPK inhibitors generated a phenocopy of the HS2ST1‐dependent delay in scratch wound repair. In conclusion, HS2ST1 modulation of breast cancer cell invasiveness is a compound effect of altered E‐cadherin and EGFR expression, leading to altered signaling via MAPK and additional pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Vijaya Kumar
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Stéphane Brézillon
- CNRS, MEDyC UMR 7369, UFR de Médecine, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | | | | | - Sampath Kumar Katakam
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Hossam Taha Mohamed
- CNRS, MEDyC UMR 7369, UFR de Médecine, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.,Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, Giza, Egypt
| | - Björn Kemper
- Biomedical Technology Center of the Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Burkhard Greve
- Department of Radiotherapy - Radiooncology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Benedikt Mohr
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | | | | | - Ludwig Kiesel
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Mauro S G Pavão
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana M Motta
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
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12
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Perkins TN, Peeters PM, Albrecht C, Schins RPF, Dentener MA, Mossman BT, Wouters EFM, Reynaert NL. Crystalline silica alters Sulfatase-1 expression in rat lungs which influences hyper-proliferative and fibrogenic effects in human lung epithelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 348:43-53. [PMID: 29673857 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lung epithelial cells are the first cell-type to come in contact with hazardous dust materials. Upon deposition, they invoke complex reactions in attempt to eradicate particles from the airways, and repair damage. The cell surface is composed of a heterogeneous network of matrix proteins and proteoglycans, which act as scaffold and control cell-signaling networks. These functions are controlled, in part, by the sulfation patterns of heparin-sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), which are enzymatically regulated. Although there is evidence of altered HSPG-sulfation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), this is not investigated in silicosis. Our previous studies revealed down-regulation of Sulfatase-1 (SULF1) in human bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) by crystalline silica (CS). In this study, CS-induced down-regulation of SULF1, and increases in Sulfated-HSPGs, were determined in human BECs, and in rat lungs. By siRNA and plasmid transfection techniques the effects of SULF1 expression on silica-induced fibrogenic and proliferative gene expression were determined. These studies confirmed down-regulation of SULF1 and subsequent increases in sulfated-HSPGs in vitro. Moreover, short-term exposure of rats to CS resulted in similar changes in vivo. Conversely, effects were reversed after long term CS exposure of rats. SULF1 knockdown, and overexpression alleviated and exacerbated silica-induced decrease in cell viability, respectively. Furthermore, overexpression of SULF1 promoted silica-induced proliferative and fibrogenic gene expression, and collagen production. These findings demonstrate that the HSPG modification enzyme SULF1 and HSPG sulfation are altered by CS in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, these changes may contribute to CS-induced lung pathogenicity by affecting injury tolerance, hyperproliferation, and fibrotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy N Perkins
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University, Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Paul M Peeters
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University, Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; IUF, Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Catrin Albrecht
- IUF, Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Roel P F Schins
- IUF, Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Mieke A Dentener
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University, Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Brooke T Mossman
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA.
| | - Emiel F M Wouters
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University, Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Niki L Reynaert
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University, Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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13
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Jenkins LM, Horst B, Lancaster CL, Mythreye K. Dually modified transmembrane proteoglycans in development and disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017; 39:124-136. [PMID: 29291930 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant cell signaling in response to secreted growth factors has been linked to the development of multiple diseases, including cancer. As such, understanding mechanisms that control growth factor availability and receptor-growth factor interaction is vital. Dually modified transmembrane proteoglycans (DMTPs), which are classified as cell surface macromolecules composed of a core protein decorated with covalently linked heparan sulfated (HS) and/or chondroitin sulfated (CS) glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, provide one type of regulatory mechanism. Specifically, DMTPs betaglycan and syndecan-1 (SDC1) play crucial roles in modulating key cell signaling pathways, such as Wnt, transforming growth factor-β and fibroblast growth factor signaling, to affect epithelial cell biology and cancer progression. This review outlines current and potential functions for betaglycan and SDC1, with an emphasis on comparing individual roles for HS and CS modified DMTPs. We highlight the mutual dependence of DMTPs' GAG chains and core proteins and provide comprehensive knowledge on how these DMTPs, through regulation of ligand availability and receptor internalization, control cell signaling pathways involved in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
| | - Ben Horst
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
| | - Carly L Lancaster
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
| | - Karthikeyan Mythreye
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA; Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
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14
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Szatmári T, Mundt F, Kumar-Singh A, Möbus L, Ötvös R, Hjerpe A, Dobra K. Molecular targets and signaling pathways regulated by nuclear translocation of syndecan-1. BMC Cell Biol 2017; 18:34. [PMID: 29216821 PMCID: PMC5721467 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-017-0150-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan syndecan-1 is important for tumor cell proliferation, migration, and cell cycle regulation in a broad spectrum of malignancies. Syndecan-1, however, also translocates to the cell nucleus, where it might regulate various molecular functions. Results We used a fibrosarcoma model to dissect the functions of syndecan-1 related to the nucleus and separate them from functions related to the cell-surface. Nuclear translocation of syndecan-1 hampered the proliferation of fibrosarcoma cells compared to the mutant lacking nuclear localization signal. The growth inhibitory effect of nuclear syndecan-1 was accompanied by significant accumulation of cells in the G0/G1 phase, which indicated a possible G1/S phase arrest. We implemented multiple, unsupervised global transcriptome and proteome profiling approaches and combined them with functional assays to disclose the molecular mechanisms that governed nuclear translocation and its related functions. We identified genes and pathways related to the nuclear compartment with network enrichment analysis of the transcriptome and proteome. The TGF-β pathway was activated by nuclear syndecan-1, and three genes were significantly altered with the deletion of nuclear localization signal: EGR-1 (early growth response 1), NEK11 (never-in-mitosis gene a-related kinase 11), and DOCK8 (dedicator of cytokinesis 8). These candidate genes were coupled to growth and cell-cycle regulation. Nuclear translocation of syndecan-1 influenced the activity of several other transcription factors, including E2F, NFκβ, and OCT-1. The transcripts and proteins affected by syndecan-1 showed a striking overlap in their corresponding biological processes. These processes were dominated by protein phosphorylation and post-translation modifications, indicative of alterations in intracellular signaling. In addition, we identified molecules involved in the known functions of syndecan-1, including extracellular matrix organization and transmembrane transport. Conclusion Collectively, abrogation of nuclear translocation of syndecan-1 resulted in a set of changes clustering in distinct patterns, which highlighted the functional importance of nuclear syndecan-1 in hampering cell proliferation and the cell cycle. This study emphasizes the importance of the localization of syndecan-1 when considering its effects on tumor cell fate. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12860-017-0150-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tünde Szatmári
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-14186, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Filip Mundt
- Division of Clinical Pathology/Cytology, Karolinska University Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-14186, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ashish Kumar-Singh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-14186, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Möbus
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-14186, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rita Ötvös
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-14186, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Hjerpe
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-14186, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Pathology/Cytology, Karolinska University Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-14186, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katalin Dobra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-14186, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Pathology/Cytology, Karolinska University Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-14186, Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Oshima K, Haeger SM, Hippensteel JA, Herson PS, Schmidt EP. More than a biomarker: the systemic consequences of heparan sulfate fragments released during endothelial surface layer degradation (2017 Grover Conference Series). Pulm Circ 2017; 8:2045893217745786. [PMID: 29199903 PMCID: PMC5731723 DOI: 10.1177/2045893217745786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in tissue fixation and imaging techniques have yielded increasing appreciation for the glycosaminoglycan-rich endothelial glycocalyx and its in vivo manifestation, the endothelial surface layer (ESL). Pathological loss of the ESL during critical illness promotes local endothelial dysfunction and, consequently, organ injury. Glycosaminoglycan fragments, such as heparan sulfate, are released into the plasma of animals and humans after ESL degradation and have thus served as a biomarker of endothelial injury. The development of state-of-the-art glycomic techniques, however, has revealed that these circulating heparan sulfate fragments are capable of influencing growth factor and other signaling pathways distant to the site of ESL injury. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge concerning the local (i.e. endothelial injury) and systemic (i.e. para- or endocrine) consequences of ESL degradation and identifies opportunities for future, novel investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Oshima
- 1 129263 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sarah M Haeger
- 1 129263 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Paco S Herson
- 2 129263 Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Eric P Schmidt
- 1 129263 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.,3 Department of Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA
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16
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Kevane B, Egan K, Allen S, Maguire P, Neary E, Lennon Á, Ní Áinle F. Endothelial barrier protective properties of low molecular weight heparin: A novel potential tool in the prevention of cancer metastasis? Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2017; 1:23-32. [PMID: 30046671 PMCID: PMC5974908 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the key events in the progression of cancer metastasis is the trans-endothelial migration of circulating tumor cells. Moreover, inhibition of tumor-induced vascular permeability has been shown to inhibit metastasis in vivo. Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) appears to confer a survival benefit in cancer but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To characterise LMWH-mediated endothelial barrier protection and to explore strategies to limit the LMWH-associated haemorrhagic risk in this setting. METHODS Endothelial barrier function was assessed using in vitro assays of endothelial permeability and tumor cell trans-endothelial migration. Thrombin-mediated activation of PAR-1 signalling was assessed by flow cytometry and western blotting. LMWH anticoagulant activity was assessed by calibrated automated thrombography and plasma anti-factor Xa activity assay. RESULTS LMWH tinzaparin enhanced endothelial barrier function and reduced tumor cell trans-endothelial migration (73.9±5.7% of baseline; P<.05). Tinzaparin-mediated attenuation of thrombin-induced permeability was not mediated through an inhibition of thrombin proteolytic activity. In addition, fractions of LMWH with diminished anticoagulant activity retained endothelial barrier protective properties and a marked synergistic effect on barrier function was observed using combinations of sub-anticoagulant concentrations of tinzaparin with simvastatin (which exhibits endothelial barrier protective properties in vitro), with almost complete protection against agonist-induced endothelial barrier permeability achieved (7.9±0.2% of baseline; P<.05). CONCLUSION Collectively, these results suggest that LMWH supports endothelial barrier function in a manner which does not appear to be dependent on its anticoagulant activity. If replicated in vivo, these findings could represent a novel therapeutic approach to the suppression of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Kevane
- School of Medicine & Medical ScienceUniversity College Dublin (UCD)DublinIreland
- SPHERE Research GroupUCD Conway InstituteDublinIreland
- Department of HaematologyRotunda HospitalDublinIreland
- Department of HaematologyMater Misericordiae University HospitalDublinIreland
| | - Karl Egan
- School of Medicine & Medical ScienceUniversity College Dublin (UCD)DublinIreland
- SPHERE Research GroupUCD Conway InstituteDublinIreland
| | - Seamus Allen
- School of Medicine & Medical ScienceUniversity College Dublin (UCD)DublinIreland
- SPHERE Research GroupUCD Conway InstituteDublinIreland
| | - Patricia Maguire
- SPHERE Research GroupUCD Conway InstituteDublinIreland
- Department of Biomolecular and Biomedical SciencesUCDDublinIreland
| | - Elaine Neary
- Department of NeonatologyRotunda HospitalDublinIreland
| | - Áine Lennon
- Department of HaematologyMater Misericordiae University HospitalDublinIreland
| | - Fionnuala Ní Áinle
- School of Medicine & Medical ScienceUniversity College Dublin (UCD)DublinIreland
- SPHERE Research GroupUCD Conway InstituteDublinIreland
- Department of HaematologyRotunda HospitalDublinIreland
- Department of HaematologyMater Misericordiae University HospitalDublinIreland
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17
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Kole D, Grella A, Dolivo D, Shumaker L, Hermans W, Dominko T. High molecular weight FGF2 isoforms demonstrate canonical receptor-mediated activity and support human embryonic stem cell self-renewal. Stem Cell Res 2017; 21:106-116. [PMID: 28433654 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) is a highly pleiotropic member of a large family of growth factors with a broad range of activities, including mitogenesis and angiogenesis (Ornitz et al., 1996; Zhang et al., 2006), and it is known to be essential for maintenance of balance between survival, proliferation, and self-renewal in human pluripotent stem cells (Eiselleova et al., 2009; Zoumaro-Djayoon et al., 2011). A single FGF2 transcript can be translated into five FGF2 protein isoforms, an 18kDa low molecular weight (LMW) isoform and four larger high molecular weight (HMW) isoforms (Arese et al., 1999; Arnaud et al., 1999). As they are not generally secreted, high molecular weight (HMW) FGF2 isoforms have predominantly been investigated intracellularly; only a very limited number of studies have investigated their activity as extracellular factors. Here we report over-expression, isolation, and biological activity of all recombinant human FGF2 isoforms. We show that HMW FGF2 isoforms can support self-renewal of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in vitro. Exogenous supplementation with HMW FGF2 isoforms also activates the canonical FGFR/MAPK pathway and induces mitogenic activity in a manner similar to that of the 18kDa FGF2 isoform. Though all HMW isoforms, when supplemented exogenously, are able to recapitulate LMW FGF2 activity to some degree, it appears that certain isoforms tend to do so more poorly, demonstrating a lesser functional response by several measures. A better understanding of isoform-specific FGF2 effects will lead to a better understanding of developmental and pathological FGF2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Kole
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, United States
| | - Alexandra Grella
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, United States
| | - David Dolivo
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, United States
| | - Lucia Shumaker
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, United States
| | - William Hermans
- Blue Sky Bioservices Inc., 60 Prescott Street, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Tanja Dominko
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, United States; University of Nova Gorica, Center for Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Glavni trg 8, Vipava, Slovenia.
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18
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Hu HT, Umemori H, Hsueh YP. Postsynaptic SDC2 induces transsynaptic signaling via FGF22 for bidirectional synaptic formation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33592. [PMID: 27627962 PMCID: PMC5024341 DOI: 10.1038/srep33592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional synapse formation requires tight coordination between pre- and post-synaptic termini. Previous studies have shown that postsynaptic expression of heparan sulfate proteoglycan syndecan-2 (SDC2) induces dendritic spinogenesis. Those SDC2-induced dendritic spines are frequently associated with presynaptic termini. However, how postsynaptic SDC2 accelerates maturation of corresponding presynaptic termini is unknown. Because fibroblast growth factor 22 (FGF22), a heparan sulfate binding growth factor, has been shown to act as a presynaptic organizer released from the postsynaptic site, it seems possible that postsynaptic SDC2 presents FGF22 to the presynaptic FGF receptor to promote presynaptic differentiation. Here, we show that postsynaptic SDC2 uses its ectodomain to interact with and facilitate dendritic filopodial targeting of FGF22, triggering presynaptic maturation. Since SDC2 also enhances filopodial targeting of NMDAR via interaction with the CASK-mLIN7-MINT1 adaptor complex, presynaptic maturation promoted by FGF22 further feeds back to activate NMDAR at corresponding postsynaptic sites through increased neurotransmitter release and, consequently, promotes the dendritic filopodia-spines (F-S) transition. Meanwhile, via regulation of the KIF17 motor, CaMKII (activated by the NMDAR pathway) may further facilitate FGF22 targeting to dendritic filopodia that receive presynaptic stimulation. Our study suggests a positive feedback that promotes the coordination of postsynaptic and presynaptic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Tang Hu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hisashi Umemori
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yi-Ping Hsueh
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
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20
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Mechanisms of FGF gradient formation during embryogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 53:94-100. [PMID: 26454099 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) have long been attributed to influence morphogenesis in embryonic development. Signaling by FGF morphogen encodes positional identity of tissues by creating a concentration gradient over the developing embryo. Various mechanisms that influence the development of such gradient have been elucidated in the recent past. These mechanisms of FGF gradient formation present either as an extracellular control over FGF ligand diffusion or as a subcellular control of FGF propagation and signaling. In this review, we describe our current understanding of FGF as a morphogen, the extracellular control of FGF gradient formation by heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and mechanisms of intracellular regulation of FGF signaling that influence gradient formation.
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21
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Syndecan-1 in Cancer: Implications for Cell Signaling, Differentiation, and Prognostication. DISEASE MARKERS 2015; 2015:796052. [PMID: 26420915 PMCID: PMC4569789 DOI: 10.1155/2015/796052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Syndecan-1, a cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan, is critically involved in the differentiation and prognosis of various tumors. In this review, we highlight the synthesis, cellular interactions, and the signalling pathways regulated by syndecan-1. The basal syndecan-1 level is also crucial for understanding the sequential changes involving malignant transformation, tumor progression, and advanced or disseminated cancer stages. Moreover, we focus on the cellular localization of this proteoglycan as cell membrane anchored and/or shed, soluble syndecan-1 with stromal or nuclear accumulation and how this may carry different, highly tissue specific prognostic information for individual tumor types.
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22
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Kovalszky I, Hjerpe A, Dobra K. Nuclear translocation of heparan sulfate proteoglycans and their functional significance. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2491-7. [PMID: 24780644 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are important constituents of the cell membrane and they act as co-receptors for cellular signaling. Syndecan-1, glypican and perlecan also translocate to the nucleus in a regulated manner. Similar nuclear transport of growth factors and heparanase indicate a possible co-regulation and functional significance. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review we dissect the structural requirement for the nuclear translocation of HSPGs and their functional implications.s MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The functions of the nuclear HSPGs are still incompletely understood. Evidence point to possible functions in hampering cell proliferation, inhibition of DNA topoisomerase I activity and inhibition of gene transcription. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE HSPGs influence the behavior of malignant tumors in many different ways. Modulating their functions may offer powerful tools to control fundamental biological processes and provide the basis for subsequent targeted therapies in cancer. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Matrix-mediated cell behaviour and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Kovalszky
- First Department of Pathology & Experimental Cancer Research Semmelweis University, Üllői street 26, Budapest 1085, Hungary
| | - Anders Hjerpe
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital F46, SE-141 86 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Katalin Dobra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital F46, SE-141 86 Stockholm Sweden.
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Datta P, Yang B, Linhardt RJ, Sharfstein ST. Modulation of heparan sulfate biosynthesis by sodium butyrate in recombinant CHO cells. Cytotechnology 2014; 67:223-35. [PMID: 24468831 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-013-9677-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium butyrate, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, has been used to improve transgene expression in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The current study explores the impact of butyrate treatment on heparan sulfate (HS) biosynthesis and structural composition in a recombinant CHO-S cell line expressing enzymes in the heparin (HP)/(HS) biosynthetic pathway (Dual-10 stably expressing NDST2 and HS3st1). Flow cytometric analysis showed that antithrombin binding was increased in Dual-10 cells and basic fibroblast growth factor binding was decreased in response to sodium butyrate treatment. The results were in agreement with the AMAC-LCMS (2-aminoacridine-tagged HS/HP analysis by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry) data that showed that there was an increase in heparan sulfate tri-sulfated disaccharides and a decrease in N-sulfated disaccharides in the butyrate-treated cells. However, we could not detect any changes in the chondroitin sulfate pathway in Dual-10 cells treated with butyrate. The current study is the first to report the effect of butyrate on glycosaminoglycan profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Datta
- Department of Biology and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Avenue, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
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Shiota M, Hikita Y, Kawamoto Y, Kusakabe H, Tanaka M, Izumi Y, Nakao T, Miura K, Funae Y, Iwao H. Pravastatin-induced proangiogenic effects depend upon extracellular FGF-2. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 16:2001-9. [PMID: 22117815 PMCID: PMC3822970 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01494.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) have been shown to exert several protective effects on the vasculature that are unrelated to changes in the cholesterol profile, and to induce angiogenesis. The proangiogenic effect exerted by statins has been attributed to the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway in endothelial cells; however, it is unclear how statins activate this pathway. Pravastatin-mediated activation of Akt and MAPK occurs rapidly (within 10 min.) and at low doses (10 nM). Here, we hypothesized that FGF-2 contributes to the proangiogenic effect of statins. We found that pravastatin, a hydrophilic statin, induced phosphorylation of the FGF receptor (FGFR) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. SU5402, an inhibitor of FGFR, abolished pravastatin-induced PI3K/Akt and MAPK activity. Likewise, anti-FGF-2 function-blocking antibodies inhibited Akt and MAPK activity. Moreover, depletion of extracellular FGF-2 by heparin prevented pravastatin-induced phosphorylation of Akt and MAPK. Treatment with FGF-2 antibody inhibited pravastatin-enhanced endothelial cell proliferation, migration and tube formation. These observations indicate that pravastatin exerts proangiogenic effects in endothelial cells depending upon the extracellular FGF-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Shiota
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan.
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25
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Patel NS, Reisig KV, Clyne AM. A computational model of fibroblast growth factor-2 binding to endothelial cells under fluid flow. Ann Biomed Eng 2012; 41:154-71. [PMID: 22825797 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-012-0622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) is an angiogenic growth factor that binds to cell surface receptors (FGFR) and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG), as well as HSPG in the basement membrane. FGF2 plays a critical role in angiogenesis, yet clinical FGF2 trials demonstrated limited success perhaps due to inadequate understanding of FGF2 binding in physiological conditions. We developed a computational model of FGF2 binding to isolated (HSPG or FGFR) or combined (HSPG and FGFR) binding sites under physiological fluid flow and predicted the effects of FGF2 concentration, binding site density, fluid flow rate, and delivery mode (continuous vs. bolus) on FGF2 complex formation. The isolated binding site models showed increased binding with FGF2 and binding site density. However, in the triad model, increasing FGF2 concentration decreased triads (FGF2-HSPG-FGFR) and increased FGF2-HSPG complexes. Fluid flow decreased time to equilibrium and dissociation in isolated binding site models, yet flow effect in the triad model depended on binding site density. Similarly, FGF2 capture and complex stability in bolus delivery depended on bolus size, flow rate, association and dissociation rate constants, as well as binding site density. This model shows the integrated effects of FGF2 binding stoichiometry, fluid flow, and delivery mode, and enhances our understanding of FGF2 complex formation under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha S Patel
- Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Mooney R, Haeger S, Lawal R, Mason M, Shrestha N, Laperle A, Bjugstad K, Mahoney M. Control of neural cell composition in poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel culture with soluble factors. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:2805-15. [PMID: 21823990 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels are being developed as cell delivery vehicles that have great potential to improve neuronal replacement therapies. Current research priorities include (1) characterizing neural cell growth within PEG hydrogels relative to standard culture systems and (2) generating neuronal-enriched populations within the PEG hydrogel environment. This study compares the percentage of neural precursor cells (NPCs), neurons, and glia present when dissociated neural cells are seeded within PEG hydrogels relative to standard monolayer culture. Results demonstrate that PEG hydrogels enriched the initial cell population for NPCs, which subsequently gave rise to neurons, then to glia. Relative to monolayer culture, PEG hydrogels maintained an increased percentage of NPCs and a decreased percentage of glia. This neurogenic advantage of PEG hydrogels is accentuated in the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor and epidermal growth factor, which more potently increase NPC and neuronal expression markers when applied to cells cultured within PEG hydrogels. Finally, this work demonstrates that glial differentiation can be selectively eliminated upon supplementation with a γ-secretase inhibitor. Together, this study furthers our understanding of how the PEG hydrogel environment influences neural cell composition and also describes select soluble factors that are useful in generating neuronal-enriched populations within the PEG hydrogel environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Mooney
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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27
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The regulatory function of SPARC in vascular biology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:3165-73. [PMID: 21822645 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0781-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
SPARC is a matricellular protein, able to modulate cell/ECM interactions and influence cell responses to growth factors, and therefore is particularly attuned to contribute to physiological processes involving changes in ECM and cell mobilization. Indeed, the list of biological processes affected by SPARC includes wound healing, tumor progression, bone formation, fibrosis, and angiogenesis. The process of angiogenesis is complex and involves a number of cellular processes such as endothelial cell proliferation, migration, ECM degradation, and synthesis, as well as pericyte recruitment to stabilize nascent vessels. In this review, we will summarize current results that explore the function of SPARC in the regulation of angiogenic events with a particular emphasis on the modulation of growth factor activity by SPARC in the context of blood vessel formation. The primary function of SPARC in angiogenesis remains unclear, as SPARC activity in some circumstances promotes angiogenesis and in others is more consistent with an anti-angiogenic activity. Undoubtedly, the mercurial nature of SPARC belies a redundancy of functional proteins in angiogenesis as well as cell-type-specific activities that alter signal transduction events in response to unique cellular milieus. Nonetheless, the investigation of cellular mechanisms that define functional activities of SPARC continue to contribute novel and exciting paradigms to vascular biology.
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Beamish JA, He P, Kottke-Marchant K, Marchant RE. Molecular regulation of contractile smooth muscle cell phenotype: implications for vascular tissue engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2011; 16:467-91. [PMID: 20334504 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2009.0630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The molecular regulation of smooth muscle cell (SMC) behavior is reviewed, with particular emphasis on stimuli that promote the contractile phenotype. SMCs can shift reversibly along a continuum from a quiescent, contractile phenotype to a synthetic phenotype, which is characterized by proliferation and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis. This phenotypic plasticity can be harnessed for tissue engineering. Cultured synthetic SMCs have been used to engineer smooth muscle tissues with organized ECM and cell populations. However, returning SMCs to a contractile phenotype remains a key challenge. This review will integrate recent work on how soluble signaling factors, ECM, mechanical stimulation, and other cells contribute to the regulation of contractile SMC phenotype. The signal transduction pathways and mechanisms of gene expression induced by these stimuli are beginning to be elucidated and provide useful information for the quantitative analysis of SMC phenotype in engineered tissues. Progress in the development of tissue-engineered scaffold systems that implement biochemical, mechanical, or novel polymer fabrication approaches to promote contractile phenotype will also be reviewed. The application of an improved molecular understanding of SMC biology will facilitate the design of more potent cell-instructive scaffold systems to regulate SMC behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Beamish
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7207, USA
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29
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Dreyfuss JL, Regatieri CV, Jarrouge TR, Cavalheiro RP, Sampaio LO, Nader HB. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans: structure, protein interactions and cell signaling. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2010; 81:409-29. [PMID: 19722012 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652009000300007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are ubiquitously found at the cell surface and extracellular matrix in all the animal species. This review will focus on the structural characteristics of the heparan sulfate proteoglycans related to protein interactions leading to cell signaling. The heparan sulfate chains due to their vast structural diversity are able to bind and interact with a wide variety of proteins, such as growth factors, chemokines, morphogens, extracellular matrix components, enzymes, among others. There is a specificity directing the interactions of heparan sulfates and target proteins, regarding both the fine structure of the polysaccharide chain as well precise protein motifs. Heparan sulfates play a role in cellular signaling either as receptor or co-receptor for different ligands, and the activation of downstream pathways is related to phosphorylation of different cytosolic proteins either directly or involving cytoskeleton interactions leading to gene regulation. The role of the heparan sulfate proteoglycans in cellular signaling and endocytic uptake pathways is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana L Dreyfuss
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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30
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Mapili G, Lu Y, Chen S, Roy K. Laser-layered microfabrication of spatially patterned functionalized tissue-engineering scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2008; 75:414-24. [PMID: 16025464 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.30325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Understanding cell behavior inside complex, three-dimensional (3D) microenvironments with controlled spatiotemporal patterning of physical and biochemical factors would provide significant insights into the basic biology of organ development and tissue functions. One of the fundamental limitations in studying such behavior has been the inability to create patterned microenvironments within 3D scaffold structures. Here a simple, layer-by-layer stereolithography (SL) method that can precisely pattern ligands, extracellular-matrix (ECM) components, and growth factors, as well as controlled release particles inside a single scaffold, has been developed. The process also allows fabrication of predesigned internal architectures and porosities. Photocrosslinkable poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) was used as the basic structural component of these microfabricated scaffolds. PEG acrylates, covalently modified with the cell adhesive peptide arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) or the ECM component heparan sulfate, was incorporated within the scaffolds to facilitate cell attachment and to allow spatial sequestration of heparan-binding growth factors. Fluorescently labeled polymer microparticles and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) were chosen to illustrate the capability of SL to spatiotemporally pattern scaffolds. The results demonstrate that a precise, predesigned distribution of single or multiple factors within a single 3D structure can be created, and specific internal architectures can be fabricated. Functionalization of these scaffolds with RGD is demonstrated, and heparan sulfate allows efficient cell attachment and spatial localization of growth factors. Such patterned scaffolds might provide effective systems to study cell behavior in complex microenvironments and could eventually lead to engineering of complex, hybrid tissue structures through predesigned, multilineage differentiation of a single stem-cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gazell Mapili
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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Abstract
The dermis normally directs all phases of skin wound healing following tissue trauma or disease. However, in chronic wounds, the dermal matrix is insufficient to stimulate healing and assistance by external factors is needed for wound closure. Although the concept of the extracellular matrix directing wound healing is not new, ideas about how best to provide the extracellular matrix components required to 'jump-start' the healing process are still evolving. Historically, these strategies have included use of enzyme-inhibiting dressing materials, which bind matrix metalloproteinases and remove them from the chronic wound environment, or direct application of purified growth factors to stimulate fibroblast activity and deposition of neo-matrix. More recently, the application of a structurally intact, biochemically complex extracellular matrix, designed to provide the critical extracellular components of the dermis in a single application, has allowed for the reconstruction of new, healthy tissue and restoration of tissue integrity in the previously chronic wound. This review focuses on this third mechanism as an emerging tactic in effective wound repair. Intact extracellular matrix can quickly, easily, and effectively provide key extracellular components of the dermis necessary to direct the healing response and allow for the proliferation of new, healthy tissue. Its application may promote the healing of wounds that have been refractory to other, more conventional treatment strategies, and may eventually show utility when used earlier in wound healing treatment with the goal of preventing wounds from reaching a truly chronic, nonresponsive state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Hodde
- Cook Biotech Incorporated, West Lafayette, Indianapolis 47906, USA.
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32
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Malavaud B, Pedron S, Sordello S, Mazerolles C, Billottet C, Thiery JP, Jouanneau J, Plouët J. Direct FGF receptor 1 activation through an anti-idiotypic strategy mimicks the biological activity of FGF-2 and inhibits the progression of the bladder carcinoma derived from NBT-II cells. Oncogene 2004; 23:6769-78. [PMID: 15273729 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis that tumor growth is angiogenesis-dependent has been documented by a considerable body of direct and indirect experimental data. Since the discovery of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), most attention has been focused on the VEGF system. Although fibroblast growth factors 1 and 2 (FGF-1 and FGF-2) can exert a strong angiogenic activity when they are supplied as a single pharmacological agent, their role in pathological angiogenesis in preclinical models remains controversial. To decipher the contribution of FGF receptors in various models of angiogenesis, we took advantage of the anti-idiotypic strategy to obtain circulating agonists specific for FGFR-1 and FGFR-2 (AIdF-1 and AIdF-2). They mimicked FGF-1 and FGF-2 for receptor binding, signal transduction, proliferation of endothelial cells and differentiation of the bladder carcinoma cell NBT-II which expresses FGFR-2b but not FGFR-1. The constitutive expression of FGFR-1 allowed binding of FGF-2 and AIdF-2 and inhibition of the proliferation of NBT-II cells. AIdF-1 and AIdF-2 induced angiogenesis in the corneal pocket assay. Although FGFR-1 dimerization achieved by AIdF-2 injection led to highly differentiated and smaller NBT-II tumors, no sign of reduction of tumor angiogenesis was observed, thus suggesting that endothelial cells are resistant to FGF.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenal Cortex/blood supply
- Animals
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/immunology
- Capillaries
- Cell Division
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/physiology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Phosphorylation
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/physiology
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/physiology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/genetics
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/immunology
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/pharmacology
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Malavaud
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, UMR CNRS 5089, 205 Route de Narbonne, Toulouse 31077, France
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Rauch BH, Millette E, Kenagy RD, Daum G, Clowes AW. Thrombin- and Factor Xa–Induced DNA Synthesis Is Mediated by Transactivation of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor-1 in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Circ Res 2004; 94:340-5. [PMID: 14670838 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000111805.09592.d8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin and factor Xa (FXa) are agonists for G protein–coupled receptors (GPRCs) and may contribute to vascular lesion formation by stimulating proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Mitogenic signaling of GPCRs requires transactivation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). In rat SMCs, thrombin transactivates the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) via a pathway that involves heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) as ligand for EGFR. The purpose of this study was to investigate in human SMCs the role of receptor transactivation in the mitogenic response to thrombin and FXa. Thrombin (10 nmol/L) and FXa (100 nmol/L) cause a 3.3- and 2.6-fold increase in DNA synthesis, respectively. In human SMCs, neither thrombin nor FXa causes EGFR phosphorylation, and blockade of EGFR kinase does not inhibit DNA synthesis. However, DNA synthesis and phosphorylation of fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (FGFR-1) induced by thrombin or FXa are inhibited by antibodies neutralizing basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) or by heparin. Hirudin inhibits thrombin-, but not FXa-induced mitogenesis, indicating that FXa acts independently of thrombin. We further demonstrate by ELISA that upon thrombin and FXa stimulation, bFGF is released and binds to the extracellular matrix. Our data suggest that in human vascular SMCs, both thrombin and FXa rapidly release bFGF into the pericellular matrix. This is followed by transactivation of the FGFR-1 and increased proliferation. Heparin may inhibit the mitogenic effects of thrombin and FXa in human SMCs by preventing bFGF binding to FGFR-1.
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MESH Headings
- Blotting, Western
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA/biosynthesis
- DNA/drug effects
- Extracellular Matrix/metabolism
- Factor Xa/pharmacology
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/metabolism
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/pharmacology
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/physiology
- Humans
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1
- Receptor, PAR-1/physiology
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/metabolism
- Thrombin/pharmacology
- Transcriptional Activation
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard H Rauch
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 356410, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, Wash 98195-6410, USA.
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Chabut D, Fischer AM, Colliec-Jouault S, Laurendeau I, Matou S, Le Bonniec B, Helley D. Low molecular weight fucoidan and heparin enhance the basic fibroblast growth factor-induced tube formation of endothelial cells through heparan sulfate-dependent alpha6 overexpression. Mol Pharmacol 2003; 64:696-702. [PMID: 12920206 DOI: 10.1124/mol.64.3.696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) activates its high-affinity receptors (FGFRs) but also acts through interaction with heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG). Exogenous polysaccharides also modulate the angiogenic activity of FGF-2. We investigated the effect and mechanism of action of a low molecular weight fucoidan derivative (LMWF) on tube formation by human endothelial cells. LMWF has a better arterial antithrombotic potential in animals than low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). After stimulation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) by FGF-2 and LMWF (or LMWH), we observed 1) using flow cytometry, an increase in the amount of the alpha6 integrin subunit; 2) using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, an increase in alpha6 mRNA (higher with LMWF than with LMWH); and 3) using a Matrigel model, an increase in vascular tube formation (also higher with LMWF than with LMWH). A direct link between alpha6 overexpression and vascular tube formation was confirmed by use of an anti-alpha6 antibody: in its presence, there was no capillary network formation on Matrigel. Unexpectedly, an anti-FGFR blocking antibody had no effect on alpha6 over-expression, whereas stripping off the heparan sulfate with heparitinases abolished overexpression. Overall, our data suggest that FGF-2 stimulates alpha6 over-expression in HUVEC, through HSPG but independently from FGFR, and that LMWF (or LMWH) modulates this interaction. Expression of heparan sulfate proteoglycan increases after ischemic injury. Given its antithrombotic properties and its ability to potentiate tube formation of endothelial cells, LMWF may have to be considered for revascularization of ischemic areas.
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MESH Headings
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiology
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/genetics
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight/pharmacology
- Heparitin Sulfate/pharmacology
- Humans
- Integrin alpha6/biosynthesis
- Integrin alpha6/genetics
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/drug effects
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/physiology
- Polysaccharides/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Chabut
- INSERM U428, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques Université Paris V, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75270 Paris Cedex 06.
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Fata JE, Werb Z, Bissell MJ. Regulation of mammary gland branching morphogenesis by the extracellular matrix and its remodeling enzymes. Breast Cancer Res 2003; 6:1-11. [PMID: 14680479 PMCID: PMC314442 DOI: 10.1186/bcr634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A considerable body of research indicates that mammary gland branching morphogenesis is dependent, in part, on the extracellular matrix (ECM), ECM-receptors, such as integrins and other ECM receptors, and ECM-degrading enzymes, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). There is some evidence that these ECM cues affect one or more of the following processes: cell survival, polarity, proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, and migration. Both three-dimensional culture models and genetic manipulations of the mouse mammary gland have been used to study the signaling pathways that affect these processes. However, the precise mechanisms of ECM-directed mammary morphogenesis are not well understood. Mammary morphogenesis involves epithelial 'invasion' of adipose tissue, a process akin to invasion by breast cancer cells, although the former is a highly regulated developmental process. How these morphogenic pathways are integrated in the normal gland and how they become dysregulated and subverted in the progression of breast cancer also remain largely unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmie E Fata
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco CA, USA
| | - Mina J Bissell
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Hsia E, Richardson TP, Nugent MA. Nuclear localization of basic fibroblast growth factor is mediated by heparan sulfate proteoglycans through protein kinase C signaling. J Cell Biochem 2003; 88:1214-25. [PMID: 12647303 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the process of wound healing will provide valuable insight for the development of new strategies to treat diseases associated with improper regeneration, such as blindness induced by corneal scarring. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) are not normally expressed in the corneal stroma, but their presence at sites of injury suggests their involvement in the wound healing response. Primary cultured corneal stromal fibroblasts constitutively express HSPG and represent an injured phenotype. Recently, nuclear localization of HSPG was shown to increase in corneal stromal fibroblasts plated on fibronectin (FN), an extracellular matrix protein whose appearance in the corneal stroma correlates with injury. One possible role for the nuclear localization of HSPG is to function as a shuttle for the nuclear transport of heparin-binding growth factors, such as basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2). Once in the nucleus, these growth factors might directly modulate cellular activities. To investigate this hypothesis, cells were treated with (125)I-labelled FGF-2 under various conditions and fractionated. Our results show that nuclear localization of FGF-2 was increased in cells plated on FN compared to those on collagen type I (CO). Interestingly, FGF-2-stimulated proliferation was increased in cells plated on FN compared to CO and this effect was absent in the presence of heparinase III. Furthermore, pre-treatment with heparinase III decreased nuclear FGF-2, and CHO cells defective in the ability to properly synthesize heparan sulfate chains showed reduced nuclear FGF-2 indicating that the heparan sulfate chains of HSPG are critical for this process. HSPG signaling, particularly through the cytoplasmic tails of syndecans, was investigated as a potential mechanism for the nuclear localization of FGF-2. Treatment with phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), under conditions that caused downregulation of protein kinase Calpha (PKCalpha), decreased nuclear FGF-2. Using pharmacological inhibitors of specific PKC isozymes, we elucidated a potential mode of regulation whereby PKCalpha mediates the nuclear localization of FGF-2 and PKCdelta inhibits it. Our studies suggest a novel mechanism in which FGF-2 translocates to the nucleus in response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Hsia
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Papy-Garcia D, Barbosa I, Duchesnay A, Saadi S, Caruelle JP, Barritault D, Martelly I. Glycosaminoglycan mimetics (RGTA) modulate adult skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation in vitro. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 2002; 62:46-55. [PMID: 12124786 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.10192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Muscle regeneration occurs through the activation of satellite cells, which are stimulated to proliferate and to fuse into myofibers that will reconstitute the damaged muscle. We have previously reported that a family of new compounds called "regenerating agents" (RGTAs), which are polymers engineered to mimic heparan sulfates, stimulate in vivo tissue repair. One of these agents, RG1192, a dextran derivative substituted by CarboxyMethyl, Benzylamide, and Sulfate (noted CMBS, RGTA type), was shown to improve greatly the regeneration of rat skeletal muscle after severe crushing, denervation, and acute ischemia. In vitro, these compounds mimic the protecting and stabilizing properties of heparin or heparan sulfates toward heparin-binding growth factors (HBGFs). We hypothesized that RGTA could act by increasing the bioavailability of some HBGF involved in myoblast growth and thus asked whether RGTA would alter the ability of satellite cells to proliferate. Its effect was tested on primary cultures of rat satellite cells. The RG1192 stimulated the proliferation of satellite cells in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. It appeared to be as efficient as natural glycosaminoglycans (GAGs; heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, or keratan sulfate) in stimulating satellite cell proliferation but was about 100 times more efficient than heparin. RG1192 stimulated satellite cell proliferation by increasing the potency of fibroblast growth factor 2 and scatter factor-hepatocyte growth factor. It also partially restored myoblast proliferation of satellite cells with chlorate-induced hyposulfation. Taken together, our results explain to some extent the improving effect of RGTA with a CMBS structure, such as the RG1192, on muscle regeneration in vivo by providing support for the hypothesis that RGTA may act by increasing the potency of some HBGFs during the proliferation phase of the regenerating muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulce Papy-Garcia
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Croissance Cellulaire, la Réparation et la Régénération Tissulaires-UPRES A 7053, Faculté de Sciences et Technologie, Université Paris XII, Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94 010 Créteil Cedex, France
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Bodo M, Lilli C, Aisa MC, Scapoli L, Bellucci C, Rinaldi E, Tosi L, Baroni T, Conte C, Bellocchio S, Carinci F, Stabellini G, Carinci P. Basic fibroblast growth factor: effects on matrix remodeling, receptor expression, and transduction pathway in human periosteal fibroblasts with FGFR2 gene mutation. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2002; 22:621-30. [PMID: 12162872 DOI: 10.1089/10799900260100105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Crouzon syndrome, which is associated with fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR2) mutations, is characterized by premature fusion of cranial sutures. We used an in vitro model of cultured periosteal fibroblasts from normal subjects and from Crouzon patients with FGFR2 mutation. We analyzed the matrix turnover rate and the effects of adding FGF2 by evaluating fibronectin synthesis and the activity of some proteolytic enzymes. To assess the role of some FGF signaling molecules involved in FGFR2 regulation, we studied Grb2 tyrosine phosphorylation and the phosphotyrosine proteins associated with Grb2. The iodinate FGF binding assay was performed to quantify FGFR expression. Compared with normal fibroblasts, fibronectin synthesis was decreased in Crouzon fibroblasts, and protease activities in cells and medium were enhanced, suggesting that excess fibronectin catabolism is present. Differences were more marked when FGF2 was added. Very few phosphoproteins were visible in anti-Grb2 immunoprecipitations from Crouzon fibroblasts, which showed a significant increase in the number of high-affinity and low-affinity FGF2 receptors. These results suggest that the abnormal genotype and the Crouzon cellular phenotype are related. To compensate the low levels of tyrosine phosphorylation, Crouzon cells might increase the numbers of FGFR2, thus increasing the cell surface binding sites for FGF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bodo
- Sezione di Istologia ed Embriologia Sperimentale-Fac. Medicina, Università di Perugia, Italia.
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Abstract
Injuries to the spinal cord that result in disruption of axonal continuity have devastating consequences for injured patients. Current therapies that use biologically active agents to promote neuronal survival and/or growth have had modest success in allowing injured neurons to regrow through the area of the lesion. Strategies for successful regeneration will require an engineering approach. We propose the design of cell-free grafts of biocompatible materials to build a bridge across the injured area through which axons can regenerate. There are three critical regions of this bridge: the on-ramp, the surface of the bridge itself, and the off-ramp. Each of these regions has specific design requirements, which, if met, can promote regeneration of axons in the injured spinal cord. These requirements, and proposed solutions, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert M Geller
- Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Jiang ZS, Padua RR, Ju H, Doble BW, Jin Y, Hao J, Cattini PA, Dixon IMC, Kardami E. Acute protection of ischemic heart by FGF-2: involvement of FGF-2 receptors and protein kinase C. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002; 282:H1071-80. [PMID: 11834506 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00290.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effect of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 on myocardial resistance to injury when administered after the onset of ischemia, in vivo and ex vivo, and the role of FGF-2 receptors and protein kinase C (PKC). FGF-2 was injected into the left ventricle of rats undergoing permanent surgical coronary occlusion leading to myocardial infarction (MI). After 24 h, FGF-2-treated hearts displayed significantly reduced injury, determined by histological staining and troponin T release, and improved developed pressure compared with untreated controls. An FGF-2 mutant with diminished affinity for the tyrosine kinase FGF-2 receptor 1 (FGFR1) was not cardioprotective. FGF-2-treated hearts retained improved function and decreased damage at 6 wk after MI. In the ex vivo heart, FGF-2 administration during reperfusion after 30-min ischemia improved functional recovery and increased relative levels of PKC subtypes alpha, epsilon, and zeta in the particulate fraction, in a chelerythrine-preventable mode; it also decreased loss of energy metabolites. We conclude that intramyocardial FGF-2 administration shortly after the onset of ischemia confers protection from acute and chronic cardiac dysfunction and damage; FGF-2 delivered during reperfusion protects from ischemia-reperfusion injury; and protection by FGF-2 requires intact binding to FGFR1 and is likely mediated by PKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Sheng Jiang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R2H 2A6
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41
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Zajchowski LD, Robbins SM. Lipid rafts and little caves. Compartmentalized signalling in membrane microdomains. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2002; 269:737-52. [PMID: 11846775 DOI: 10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02715.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lipid rafts are liquid-ordered membrane microdomains with a unique protein and lipid composition found on the plasma membrane of most, if not all, mammalian cells. A large number of signalling molecules are concentrated within rafts, which have been proposed to function as signalling centres capable of facilitating efficient and specific signal transduction. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the composition, structure, and dynamic nature of lipid rafts, as well as a number of different signalling pathways that are compartmentalized within these microdomains. Potential mechanisms through which lipid rafts carry out their specialized role in signalling are discussed in light of recent experimental evidence.
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42
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Soulet F, Al Saati T, Roga S, Amalric F, Bouche G. Fibroblast growth factor-2 interacts with free ribosomal protein S19. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 289:591-6. [PMID: 11716516 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous FGF-2 added to cells is internalized and part of it translocates to the nucleus of the cells. To get a better understanding of the FGF-2-induced signaling pathway, we looked for proteins associated with FGF-2 in the cytoplasm of the target cells. We first used the GST-FGF-2 to isolate cytoplasmic proteins complexes containing FGF-2 from S100 extract (supernatant 100,000g). Among the retrieved proteins, we focused our studies on RPS19, a protein of the 40S small ribosomal subunit. We showed that FGF-2 interacts directly with RPS19 in vitro. Second, we coimmunoprecipitated RPS19 and FGF-2 from a S240 extract (240,000g supernatant) prepared from FGF-2-stimulated cells and devoid of 40S ribosomal subunit. The result of these experiments suggest that a pool of free RPS19 exists in cells and that FGF-2 interacts in vivo with free RPS19.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Soulet
- Laboratoire de Biologie Vasculaire, IPBS/CNRS, 205 Rte de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex, France
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43
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Fuki IV, Iozzo RV, Williams KJ. Perlecan heparan sulfate proteoglycan: a novel receptor that mediates a distinct pathway for ligand catabolism. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:25742-50. [PMID: 10818109 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m909173199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) participate in the catabolism of many physiologically important ligands. We previously reported that syndecan HSPGs directly mediate endocytosis, independent of coated pits. We now studied perlecan, a major cell surface HSPG genetically distinct from syndecans. Cells expressing perlecan but no other proteoglycans bound, internalized, and degraded atherogenic lipoproteins enriched in lipoprotein lipase. Binding was blocked by heparitinase, and degradation by chloroquine. Antibodies against beta(1) integrins reduced initial ligand binding, consistent with their roles as cell surface attachment sites for perlecan. By several criteria, catabolism via perlecan was distinct from either coated pits or the syndecan pathway. The kinetics of internalization (t(12) = 6 h) and degradation (t(12) approximately 18 h) were remarkably slow, unlike the other pathways. Blockade of the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein did not slow perlecan-dependent internalization. Internalization via perlecan was inhibited by genistein but unaffected by cytochalasin D, a pattern distinct from coated pits or syndecan-mediated endocytosis. Finally, we examined cooperation between perlecan and low density lipoprotein receptors and found limited synergy. Our results demonstrate that perlecan mediates internalization and lysosomal delivery that is kinetically and biochemically distinct from other known uptake pathways and is consistent with a very slow component of HSPG-dependent ligand processing found in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Fuki
- Dorrance H. Hamilton Research Laboratories, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, THomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Saito A, Higuchi I, Nakagawa M, Saito M, Uchida Y, Inose M, Kasai T, Niiyama T, Fukunaga H, Arimura K, Osame M. An overexpression of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and FGF receptor 4 in a severe clinical phenotype of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Muscle Nerve 2000; 23:490-7. [PMID: 10716758 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4598(200004)23:4<490::aid-mus6>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the expression of a select panel of growth factors and their receptors, including fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), FGF receptor 1 (FGF-R1), FGF receptor 3 (FGF-R3), FGF receptor 4 (FGF-R4), PDGF receptor alpha (PDGF-Ralpha), PDGF receptor beta (PDGF-Rbeta), and heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG), in muscle biopsy specimens from nine facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) patients using immunohistochemistry. Two cases of Duchenne-type muscular dystrophy (DMD), two of Becker-type muscular dystrophy (BMD), and one of limb-girdle-type muscular dystrophy (LGMD) were also investigated. Widespread immunostaining for FGF-1 and FGF-2 on the sarcolemma and overexpression of FGF-R4 in endomysial and perimysial connective tissue were seen in one patient with a severe clinical phenotype of FSHD who had respiratory failure. Standard histochemistry in this patient revealed marked interstitial fibrosis and lobulated fibers. The overexpression of FGF and FGF-R4 in this severe FSHD case may be associated with the muscle fibrosis and disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saito
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
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45
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Garcia-Abreu J, Mendes FA, Onofre GR, De Freitas MS, Silva LC, Moura Neto V, Cavalcante LA. Contribution of heparan sulfate to the non-permissive role of the midline glia to the growth of midbrain neurites. Glia 2000; 29:260-72. [PMID: 10642752 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1136(20000201)29:3<260::aid-glia7>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Radial glial cells and astrocytes are heterogeneous with respect to morphology, cytoskeletal- and membrane-associated molecules and intercellular interactions. Astrocytes derived from lateral (L) and medial (M) midbrain sectors differ in their abilities to support neuritic growth of midbrain neurons in coculture (Garcia-Abreu et al. J Neurosci Res 40:471, 1995). There is a correlation between these abilities and the differential patterns of laminin (LN) organization that is fibrillar in growth-permissive L astrocytes and punctate in the non-permissive M astroglia (Garcia-Abreu et al. NeuroReport 6:761, 1995). There are also differences in the production of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) by L and M midbrain astrocytes (Garcia-Abreu et al. Glia 17:339, 1996). We show that the relative amounts of the glycoproteins laminin LN, fibronectin (FN) and tenascin (TN) are virtually identical in L and M glia, thus, confirming that an abundant content of LN is not sufficient to promote neurite growth. To further analyze the role of GAGs in the properties of M and L glia, we employed enzymatic degradation of the GAGs chondroitin sulfate (CS) and heparan sulfate (HS). Treatment with chondroitinase has little effect on the non-permissive properties of M glia but reduces the growth-supporting ability of L glia. By contrast, heparitinase I produces no significant changes on L glia but leads to neurite growth promotion by M glia. Taken together, these results suggest that glial CS helps to promote neurite growth and, more importantly, they indicate that a HS proteoglycan is, at least, partially responsible for the non-permissive role of the midline glia to the growth of midbrain neurites.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Garcia-Abreu
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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46
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Davy A, Feuerstein C, Robbins SM. Signaling within a caveolae-like membrane microdomain in human neuroblastoma cells in response to fibroblast growth factor. J Neurochem 2000; 74:676-83. [PMID: 10646519 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.740676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
It is now clear that the plasma membrane is not homogeneous but contains specific subcompartments characterized by their unique lipid and protein composition. Based on their enrichment in various signaling molecules, these microcompartments are now recognized to be sites of localized signal transduction for several extracellular stimuli. At least two different types of microdomains can be identified, largely based on the presence or absence of the caveolin proteins. The generic name of caveolae-like domains is commonly used to refer to both domains indistinguishably. Although caveolin proteins were long thought to be absent from the brain, we have shown that the human neuroblastoma cell line LAN-1 expresses both caveolin-1 and caveolin-2. Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 induced a specific signaling response within the caveolae-like domain of LAN-1 cells, characterized by the tyrosine phosphorylation of a 75-80-kDa protein. This protein present in the caveolae-like domains has properties suggesting that it is a member of the SNT family of adapter proteins. The signaling event originating in the caveolae-like domains in response to FGF-2 appeared to require the activation of at least Fyn and Lyn, two members of the Src family of tyrosine kinases. This work suggests that compartmentalized signaling within caveolae-like domains may create a level of specificity for certain growth factors such as FGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Davy
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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47
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Gillis P, Savla U, Volpert OV, Jimenez B, Waters CM, Panos RJ, Bouck NP. Keratinocyte growth factor induces angiogenesis and protects endothelial barrier function. J Cell Sci 1999; 112 ( Pt 12):2049-57. [PMID: 10341222 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.112.12.2049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), also called fibroblast growth factor-7, is widely known as a paracrine growth and differentiation factor that is produced by mesenchymal cells and has been thought to act specifically on epithelial cells. Here it is shown to affect a new cell type, the microvascular endothelial cell. At subnanomolar concentrations KGF induced in vivo neovascularization in the rat cornea. In vitro it was not effective against endothelial cells cultured from large vessels, but did act directly on those cultured from small vessels, inducing chemotaxis with an ED50 of 0.02-0.05 ng/ml, stimulating proliferation and activating mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK). KGF also helped to maintain the barrier function of monolayers of capillary but not aortic endothelial cells, protecting against hydrogen peroxide and vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor (VEGF/VPF) induced increases in permeability with an ED50 of 0.2-0.5 ng/ml. These newfound abilities of KGF to induce angiogenesis and to stabilize endothelial barriers suggest that it functions in microvascular tissue as it does in epithelial tissues to protect them against mild insults and to speed their repair after major damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gillis
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, R. H. Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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48
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Grudet N, Bonnamy PJ, Le Goff D, Carreau S. Role of proteoglycans on testosterone synthesis by purified Leydig cells from immature and mature rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1999; 68:153-62. [PMID: 10369413 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(99)00027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to characterize an involvement of proteoglycans (PG) in the regulation of Leydig cell function, we have examined the effects of para-nitrophenyl-beta-D-xyloside (PNPX), a specific inhibitor of PG synthesis and para-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside (PNPG), an inefficient structural analogue, on testosterone production by purified Leydig cells from immature and mature rats, in the presence or not of various concentrations of hCG during 24 h. Whatever the age, the addition of PNPX induces a decrease of [35S] and [3H] incorporations into cell layer associated-PG; these latter being less numerous (-50 and -25%, respectively in immature and mature rat), and less sulfated (-40%) when compared to control Leydig cells. In immature Leydig cells, the inhibition of PG synthesis decreases both the basal and weakly stimulable-hCG or -(Bu)2cAMP or -LH testosterone synthesis. In mature Leydig cells, the PG inhibition has no effect on testosterone production both in the absence of hCG and in the presence of weak amounts of hCG but increases it in the presence of subsaturating hCG concentrations. Whatever the age, the inhibition of PG synthesis is ineffective in the presence of saturating amounts of either hCG or (Bu)2cAMP. These effects are maintained in the presence of MIX, PMA, but are not observed in the presence of 22R-hydroxycholesterol. Therefore, our results suggest that in rat Leydig cells, the inhibition of PG synthesis affects the signal transduction at a step distal to cyclic AMP and more precisely, the cholesterol supply to the mitochondria by acting on its cellular distribution (free and esterified cholesterol).
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Affiliation(s)
- N Grudet
- Laboratoire de Biochimie-IRBA, Université de Caen, France
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49
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Szebenyi G, Fallon JF. Fibroblast growth factors as multifunctional signaling factors. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1998; 185:45-106. [PMID: 9750265 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60149-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family consists of at least 15 structurally related polypeptide growth factors. Their expression is controlled at the levels of transcription, mRNA stability, and translation. The bioavailability of FGFs is further modulated by posttranslational processing and regulated protein trafficking. FGFs bind to receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFRs), heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG), and a cysteine-rich FGF receptor (CFR). FGFRs are required for most biological activities of FGFs. HSPGs alter FGF-FGFR interactions and CFR participates in FGF intracellular transport. FGF signaling pathways are intricate and are intertwined with insulin-like growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta, bone morphogenetic protein, and vertebrate homologs of Drosophila wingless activated pathways. FGFs are major regulators of embryonic development: They influence the formation of the primary body axis, neural axis, limbs, and other structures. The activities of FGFs depend on their coordination of fundamental cellular functions, such as survival, replication, differentiation, adhesion, and motility, through effects on gene expression and the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Szebenyi
- Anatomy Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA
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50
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Wilkins-Port CE, McKeown-Longo PJ. Degradation of distinct forms of multimeric vitronectin by human fibroblasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1404:353-66. [PMID: 9739164 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(98)00076-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The plasma protein vitronectin is thought to be an important regulator of extravascular plasminogen activation. In previous studies we have shown that a disulfide stabilized multimeric form of vitronectin is endocytosed and degraded by fibroblast cells (T.S. Panetti, P.J. McKeown-Longo, J. Biol. Chem. 268 (1993) 11988-11993; P.J. McKeown-Longo, T.S. Panetti, in: K.T. Preissner, S. Rosenblatt, C. Kost, J. Wegerhoff, D.F. Mosher (Eds.), Biology of Vitronectins and their Receptors, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, 1993, pp. 111-118). The preparation of multimeric vitronectin used in these earlier studies was in the form of high molecular weight disulfide-bonded aggregates which were stable in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). To address the question of whether vitronectin needed to be in the form of disulfide stabilized multimers in order to be endocytosed, a multimeric vitronectin, which was not disulfide stabilized, was prepared from vitronectin that had been treated with reducing agent and alkylated with iodoacetamide. The resulting protein migrated as a 65/75 kDa protein on SDS gels in the absence of reducing agent, confirming that this form of vitronectin was no longer stabilized into disulfide-bonded aggregates. However, the protein was still multimeric when analyzed by native gels and could be converted to SDS stable multimers by cross-linking agents. This result demonstrated that reduced and alkylated vitronectin aggregates into multimeric forms which are not stable in SDS. Similar to disulfide stabilized multimers, alkylated multimers of vitronectin bound to sulfated proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix and were endocytosed and degraded. Degradation of both forms of vitronectin was inhibited with arginine-glycine-aspartic acid peptides, an anti-alphavbeta5 antibody and heparin. Chloroquine and wortmannin were also able to inhibit degradation of both forms of vitronectin, indicating that both multimeric forms were following the same endocytic and degradative pathway. These results suggest that the organization of vitronectin into a multimeric form which will be recognized for endocytosis does not require disulfide bond stabilization. This study further suggests that recognition of vitronectin for endocytosis is dependent upon its conversion from a monomeric to a multivalent form (C.E. Wilkins-Port, P.J. McKeown-Longo, Mol. Biol. Cell 8:S:64A (1997).
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Wilkins-Port
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program and the Department of Physiology and Cell Biology (Mail Code 134), Neil Hellman Medical Research Building, Albany Medical College of Union University, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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