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Kumar N, Singh DK, Chandan NK, Thorat ST, Patole PB, Gite A, Reddy KS. Nano‑zinc enhances gene regulation of non‑specific immunity and antioxidative status to mitigate multiple stresses in fish. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5015. [PMID: 36977939 PMCID: PMC10050481 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32296-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The toxicity of ammonia surged with arsenic pollution and high temperature (34 °C). As climate change enhances the pollution in water bodies, however, the aquatic animals are drastically affected and extinct from nature. The present investigation aims to mitigate arsenic and ammonia toxicity and high-temperature stress (As + NH3 + T) using zinc nanoparticles (Zn-NPs) in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. Zn-NPs were synthesized using fisheries waste to developing Zn-NPs diets. The four isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were formulated and prepared. The diets containing Zn-NPs at 0 (control), 2, 4 and 6 mg kg-1 diets were included. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-s-transferase (GST) were noticeably improved using Zn-NPs diets in fish reared under with or without stressors. Interestingly, lipid peroxidation was significantly reduced, whereas vitamin C and acetylcholine esterase were enhanced with supplementation of Zn-NPs diets. Immune-related attributes such as total protein, globulin, albumin, myeloperoxidase (MPO), A:G ratio, and NBT were also improved with Zn-NPs at 4 mg kg-1 diet. The immune-related genes such as immunoglobulin (Ig), tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), and interleukin (IL1b) were strengthening in the fish using Zn-NPs diets. Indeed, the gene regulations of growth hormone (GH), growth hormone regulator (GHR1), myostatin (MYST) and somatostatin (SMT) were significantly improved with Zn-NPs diets. Blood glucose, cortisol and HSP 70 gene expressions were significantly upregulated by stressors, whereas the dietary Zn-NPs downregulated the gene expression. Blood profiling (RBC, WBC and Hb) was reduced considerably with stressors (As + NH3 + T), whereas Zn-NPs enhanced the RBC, WBC, and Hb count in fish reread in control or stress conditions. DNA damage-inducible protein gene and DNA damage were significantly reduced using Zn-NPs at 4 mg kg-1 diet. Moreover, the Zn-NPs also enhanced the arsenic detoxification in different fish tissues. The present investigation revealed that Zn-NPs diets mitigate ammonia and arsenic toxicity, and high-temperature stress in P. hypophthalmus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Malegaon, Baramati, Pune, 413115, India.
| | - Dilip Kumar Singh
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Kolkata Center, Kolkata, 700091, India
| | | | - Supriya Tukaram Thorat
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Malegaon, Baramati, Pune, 413115, India
| | - Pooja Bapurao Patole
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Malegaon, Baramati, Pune, 413115, India
| | - Archana Gite
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Malegaon, Baramati, Pune, 413115, India
| | - Kotha Sammi Reddy
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Malegaon, Baramati, Pune, 413115, India
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Ojo OO, Fatokun DI, Ejidike IP, Awolope RU, Sanni SO. Quercetin Zinc and Iron Metal Complexes Protect against Sodium Arsenite Intoxication in the Hepato-Renal System of Wistar Rats via the Oxidative Stress Pathway. J Toxicol 2022; 2022:6178261. [PMID: 36530374 PMCID: PMC9750782 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6178261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic exposure to arsenic is a major health concern consequent upon generation of excessive reactive oxygen species. The safety of treatment with chelating agents has not been well established; therefore, there is a need for a paradigm shift in the approach to management of arsenic toxicity. Bioflavonoids are known to influence redox homeostasis in cells; the study therefore investigates the efficacy of quercetin and its zinc and iron metal complexes on sodium arsenite (NaAr)-intoxication in rats. METHODS Spectroscopic study of quercetin hydrate and its metal complexes was performed using UV-Vis and FT-IR spectrometer. Furthermore, twenty male Wistar rats were obtained and equally divided into four groups, treated orally and daily for 28 days with 10 mg/kg NaAr, 30 mg/kg quercetin, quercetin-zinc, and quercetin-iron separately. Five more rats were used as control. Plasmatic aspartate transferase (AST), alanine transferase (ALT), creatinine (CREA), and total protein (TP) were estimated. Levels of kidney and liver lipid peroxidation (LPO), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were determined. Histology was used to view the lesions. RESULTS Treatment of arsenic-toxicity with quercetin and its complexes decreased the activities of ALT, AST, CREA, TP, CAT, and GST and concentration of LPO and GSH. Quercetin-zn treatment showed a better result than quercetin-iron in the liver. Histology results showed absence of lesions in quercetin zinc and iron treatment in both the kidney and the liver. CONCLUSION Quercetin zinc and iron increased the bioavailability of quercetin and therefore could be relevant as adjuvants in arsenic poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatoyin O. Ojo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Anchor University, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Deborah I. Fatokun
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Anchor University, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Ikechukwu P. Ejidike
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Anchor University, Lagos, Nigeria
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemistry, Faculty of Computer and Applied Sciences, Vaal University of Technology, Vaderbijlpark, South Africa
| | - Rachel U. Awolope
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Anchor University, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Saheed O. Sanni
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemistry, Faculty of Computer and Applied Sciences, Vaal University of Technology, Vaderbijlpark, South Africa
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Kumar N, Singh DK, Bhushan S, Jamwal A. Mitigating multiple stresses in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus with a novel dietary mixture of selenium nanoparticles and Omega-3-fatty acid. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19429. [PMID: 34593853 PMCID: PMC8484548 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98582-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Effects of a novel dietary mixture of selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) and omega-3-fatty acids i.e., Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on mitigating arsenic pollution, high-temperature stress and bacterial infection were investigated in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. To aim this, four isocaloric and iso-nitrogenous diets were prepared: control feed (no supplementation), Se-NPs at 0.2 mg kg-1 diet with EPA + DHA at 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6% as supplemented diets. Fish were reared under normal condition or concurrent exposure to arsenic (2.65 mg L-1), and temperature (34 °C) (As + T) stress for 105 days. The experiment was conducted with eight treatments in triplicates. Response to various stresses i.e., primary (cortisol), secondary (oxidative stress, immunity, and stress biomarkers) and tertiary stress response (growth performance, bioaccumulation and mortality due to bacterial infection) were determined. Supplementation of dietary Se-NPs at 0.2 mg kg-1 diet and EPA + DHA at 0.2 and 0.4% reduced the primary stress level. Exposure to arsenic and temperature (As + T) and fed with control diet and EPA + DHA at 0.6% aggravated the cortisol level. Anti-oxidative enzymes (Catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-s-transferase) and immunity (Nitroblue tetrazolium, total protein, albumin, globulin, A:G ratio, total immunoglobulin and myeloperoxidase) of the fish were augmented by supplementation of Se-NPs and EPA + DHA at 0.2 and 0.4%. Neurotransmitter enzyme, HSP 70, Vitamin C were significantly enhanced (p < 0.01) with supplementation of Se-NPs at 0.2 mg kg-1 and EPA + DHA at 0.2 and 0.4%. Whereas total lipid, cholesterol, phospholipid, triglyceride and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) were reduced (p < 0.01) with the supplementation of Se-NPs at 0.2 mg kg-1 diet and EPA + DHA at 0.2 and 0.4%. Tertiary stress response viz. growth performance was also significantly enhanced with supplementation of Se-NPs at 0.2 mg kg-1 and EPA + DHA at 0.2 and 0.4% reared under As + T. Whereas arsenic bioaccumulation in fish tissues was significantly reduced with dietary supplementation of Se-NPs and EPA + DHA. Cumulative mortality and relative percentage survival were reduced with Se-NPs at 0.2 mg kg-1 and EPA + DHA at 0.2 and 0.4%. The investigation revealed that a novel combination of Se-NPs at 0.2 mg kg-1 and EPA + DHA at 0.4% followed by 0.2% has the potential to alleviate temperature stress, bacterial infection and arsenic pollution. Whereas diet containing Se-NPs at 0.2 mg kg-1 diet and EPA + DHA at 0.6% was noticeably enhanced the stress in P. hypophthalmus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar
- grid.464970.80000 0004 1772 8233ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Baramati, Pune, Maharashtra 413115 India
| | - Dilip Kumar Singh
- grid.444582.b0000 0000 9414 8698ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, 400061 India
| | - Shashi Bhushan
- grid.444582.b0000 0000 9414 8698ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, 400061 India
| | - Ankur Jamwal
- DRPCAU-College of Fisheries Dholi, Samastipur, Bihar 848125 India
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Abdollahzade N, Babri S, Majidinia M. Attenuation of chronic arsenic neurotoxicity via melatonin in male offspring of maternal rats exposed to arsenic during conception: Involvement of oxidative DNA damage and inflammatory signaling cascades. Life Sci 2020; 266:118876. [PMID: 33310035 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to arsenic is demonstrated to elevate the risk of brain damage and neurological disorders in the fetus, mainly due to its ability for crossing through the placental barriers. Increase in oxidative stress, inflammation, and DNA damage is main mechanisms of arsenic-induced neurotoxicity. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of melatonin, as a potent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agent against arsenic toxicity in the brains of male offspring rats. Pregnant mother rats were randomly assigned into four groups including group I, as control, group II received 10 mg/kg melatonin, group III received arsenic at 50 mg/kg, and group IV received melatonin and arsenic. After a two-month period, oxidative stress, DNA damage, inflammation and apoptosis were assessed in the male offspring rats. Exposure to arsenic significantly increased the pro-inflammatory and oxidative factors resulting in DNA damage and apoptosis in the brain tissues of offspring rats in comparison to controls (p < 0.05). Exogenous administration of melatonin showed a significant increase in the tissue levels of acetylcholine esterase, decrease in the lactate dehydrogenase and myeloperoxidase, when compared to arsenic group (p < 0.05). Melatonin also overcame the arsenic-induced oxidative stress and suppressed inflammation, DNA damage and apoptosis. Our results suggested that melatonin may be a promising neuro-protective agent and momentous therapy for the treatment of arsenic-toxicity in clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseh Abdollahzade
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shirin Babri
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Maryam Majidinia
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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Dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) enhanced lung carcinogenesis via histone H3K9 modification in a transplacental mouse model. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:927-937. [PMID: 32052077 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02665-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Pregnant CD-1 mice received 200 ppm dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) in the drinking water from gestation day 8-18, and tumor formation was assessed in offspring at the age of 84 weeks. DMA elevated the incidence of lung adenocarcinoma (10.0%) and total tumors (33.3%) in male offspring compared to male control offspring (1.9 and 15.1%, respectively). DMA also elevated the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (10.0%) in male offspring compared to male control offspring (0.0%). DMA and its metabolites were detected in the lungs of transplacental DMA-treated neonatal mice. Transplacental DMA exposure increased cell proliferation in the epithelium in the lungs of both neonatal and 6-week-old male mice. Microarray and real-time PCR analyses detected high expression of keratin 8 (Krt8) in the lungs of both neonatal and 6-week-old DMA-treated mice. Western blot analysis indicated that DMA elevated methylation of histone H3K9, but not H3K27, in the lungs of male mice. Importantly, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) analysis using an H3K9me3 antibody found differences in heterochromatin formation between mice exposed to DMA and the controls. Notably, ChIP-seq analysis also found regions of lower heterochromatin formation in DMA-treated mice, and one of these regions contained the Krt8 gene, agreeing with the results obtained by microarray analysis. High expression of Krt8 was also detected in adenoma and adenocarcinoma of the lung in male offspring. Overall, these data indicate that transplacental DMA treatment enhanced lung and liver carcinogenesis in male mice. In the lung, DMA caused aberrant methylation of histone H3K9, increased Krt8 expression, and enhanced cell proliferation.
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Tsuji JS, Chang ET, Gentry PR, Clewell HJ, Boffetta P, Cohen SM. Dose-response for assessing the cancer risk of inorganic arsenic in drinking water: the scientific basis for use of a threshold approach. Crit Rev Toxicol 2019; 49:36-84. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1573804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellen T. Chang
- Exponent, Inc., Menlo Park, CA and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Paolo Boffetta
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuel M. Cohen
- Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology and the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Suzuki S, Toyoda T, Kato H, Naiki-Ito A, Yamashita Y, Akagi JI, Cho YM, Ogawa K, Takahashi S. Dimethylarsinic acid may promote prostate carcinogenesis in rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2019; 32:73-77. [PMID: 31092973 PMCID: PMC6511539 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2018-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is a known human carcinogen, inducing tumors of the lung, urinary bladder, skin, liver and prostate. However, there are no reports of prostate tumors induced by arsenicals in in vivo animal models. In a previous study, we found that HMGB2 expression was a predictive marker for prostate carcinogens in the rat 4-week repeated dose test. In this study, six-week-old male F344 rats were orally treated with a total of six chemicals (2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF), p-cresidine, dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), glycidol, N-nitrosodiethylamine and acrylamide) for four weeks. Animals were sacrificed at the end of the study, and HMGB2 and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry was performed. The numbers of HMGB2- and Ki-67- positive cells in all prostate lobes were significantly increased by DMA, one of the arsenicals, compared with the controls. Meanwhile, the number of Ki-67-positive cells in lateral and dorsal prostate lobes was significantly decreased by 2-AAF with the reduction of body weight, but HMGB2 expression was not. The other chemicals did not change HMGB2 and Ki-67 expression. These data indicate that DMA may have an ability to enhance prostate carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shugo Suzuki
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology,
Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-Cho,
Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Takeshi Toyoda
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health
Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology,
Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-Cho,
Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Aya Naiki-Ito
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology,
Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-Cho,
Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Yoriko Yamashita
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology,
Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-Cho,
Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Akagi
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health
Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Young-Man Cho
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health
Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health
Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology,
Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-Cho,
Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
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Elia AC, Magara G, Caruso C, Masoero L, Prearo M, Arsieni P, Caldaroni B, Dörr AJM, Scoparo M, Salvati S, Brizio P, Squadrone S, Abete MC. A comparative study on subacute toxicity of arsenic trioxide and dimethylarsinic acid on antioxidant status in Crandell Rees feline kidney (CRFK), human hepatocellular carcinoma (PLC/PRF/5), and epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cell lines. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:333-348. [PMID: 29498595 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1442758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is a global contaminant of terrestrial and aquatic environments posing concern for environmental and human health. The effects of subacute concentrations of arsenic trioxide (AsIII) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAV) were examined using Crandell Rees feline kidney (CRFK), human hepatocellular carcinoma (PLC/PRF/5), and epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC). Whole monolayer with suffering cells (confluence 100%, pyknosis and refractive cells; value scale = 2) led to identification of subacute As concentrations for the three cell lines. The selected AsIII concentrations were 1.33 µM for CRFK and 33.37 µM for PLC/PRF/5 and EPC, at 48 hr time point. The selected DMAV concentrations were 0.67 mM for PLC/PRF/5, 1.33 mM for CRFK, and 2.67 mM for EPC for 48 hr. Unlike the AsIII test, the three cell lines did not exhibit marked susceptibility to DMAV-mediated toxicity. Several oxidative stress biomarker levels, directly or indirectly associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) elimination including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidases, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, glyoxalase I, glyoxalase II, and total glutathione, were determined in the three cell lines at 24 and 48 hr. Antioxidant responses in metal-treated cells were significantly altered compared to controls, suggesting a perturbation of redox state. The weakening of antioxidant pathway in either healthy or tumoral cells was greater using AsIII than DMAV. Differences in level of several oxidative stress biomarkers suggest that the oxidative stress mechanism induced by AsIII is distinctly different from DMAV. Multifaceted mechanisms of action underlying ROS generation in tumor and nontumor cells versus AsIII and DMAV exposure are thus involved. Since As-mediated toxicity is quite complex, more data regarding both oxidant-enhancement and oxidant-lowering strategies may be useful to improve knowledge regarding the influence of As on human and animal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Concetta Elia
- a Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie , Università degli Studi di Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Gabriele Magara
- a Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie , Università degli Studi di Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Claudio Caruso
- b Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Torino , Italy
| | - Loretta Masoero
- b Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Torino , Italy
| | - Marino Prearo
- b Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Torino , Italy
| | - Paola Arsieni
- b Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Torino , Italy
| | - Barbara Caldaroni
- a Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie , Università degli Studi di Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | | | - Melissa Scoparo
- a Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie , Università degli Studi di Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Stefania Salvati
- b Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Torino , Italy
| | - Paola Brizio
- b Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Torino , Italy
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9
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Weinmuellner R, Kryeziu K, Zbiral B, Tav K, Schoenhacker-Alte B, Groza D, Wimmer L, Schosserer M, Nagelreiter F, Rösinger S, Mildner M, Tschachler E, Grusch M, Grillari J, Heffeter P. Long-term exposure of immortalized keratinocytes to arsenic induces EMT, impairs differentiation in organotypic skin models and mimics aspects of human skin derangements. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:181-194. [PMID: 28776197 PMCID: PMC5773649 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2034-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is one of the most important human carcinogens and environmental pollutants. However, the evaluation of the underlying carcinogenic mechanisms is challenging due to the lack of suitable in vivo and in vitro models, as distinct interspecies differences in arsenic metabolism exist. Thus, it is of high interest to develop new experimental models of arsenic-induced skin tumorigenesis in humans. Consequently, aim of this study was to establish an advanced 3D model for the investigation of arsenic-induced skin derangements, namely skin equivalents, built from immortalized human keratinocytes (NHEK/SVTERT3-5). In contrast to spontaneously immortalized HACAT cells, NHEK/SVTERT3-5 cells more closely resembled the differentiation pattern of primary keratinocytes. With regard to arsenic, our results showed that while our new cell model was widely unaffected by short-time treatment (72 h) with low, non-toxic doses of ATO (0.05-0.25 µM), chronic exposure (6 months) resulted in distinct changes of several cell characteristics. Thus, we observed an increase in the G2 fraction of the cell cycle accompanied by increased nucleus size and uneven tubulin distribution. Moreover, cells showed strong signs of de-differentiation and upregulation of several epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition markers. In line with these effects, chronic contact to arsenic resulted in impaired skin-forming capacities as well as localization of ki67-positive (proliferating) cells at the upper layers of the epidermis; a condition termed Bowen's disease. Finally, chronically arsenic-exposed cells were characterized by an increased tumorigenicity in SCID mice. Taken together, our study presents a new model system for the investigation of mechanisms underlying the tumor-promoting effects of chronic arsenic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Weinmuellner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory on Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Department of Biotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - K Kryeziu
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - B Zbiral
- Christian Doppler Laboratory on Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Department of Biotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - K Tav
- Christian Doppler Laboratory on Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Department of Biotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - B Schoenhacker-Alte
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - D Groza
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - L Wimmer
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Schosserer
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Haus B, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - F Nagelreiter
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Haus B, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - S Rösinger
- Christian Doppler Laboratory on Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Department of Biotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Mildner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - E Tschachler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Grusch
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - J Grillari
- Christian Doppler Laboratory on Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Department of Biotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Haus B, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - P Heffeter
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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10
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Gamboa-Loira B, Cebrián ME, Franco-Marina F, López-Carrillo L. Arsenic metabolism and cancer risk: A meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 156:551-558. [PMID: 28433864 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the studies that have reported association measures between risk of cancer and the percentage distribution of urinary inorganic arsenic (iAs) metabolites by anatomical site, in non-ecological epidemiological studies. METHODS Studies were identified in the PubMed database in the period from 1990 to 2015. Inclusion criteria were: non-ecological epidemiological study, with histologically confirmed cancer cases, reporting the percentage distribution of inorganic arsenic (iAs), monomethylated (MMA) and dimethylated (DMA) metabolites, as well as association measures with confidence intervals (CI) between cancer and %iAs and/or %MMA and/or %DMA. A descriptive meta-analysis was performed by the method of the inverse of the variance for the fixed effects model and the DerSimonian and Laird's method for the random effects model. Heterogeneity was tested using the Q statistic and stratifying for epidemiological design and total As in urine. The possibility of publication bias was assessed through Begg's test. RESULTS A total of 13 eligible studies were found, most of them were performed in Taiwan and focused on skin and bladder cancer. The positive association between %MMA and various types of cancer was consistent, in contrast to the negative relationship between %DMA and cancer that was inconsistent. The summary risk of bladder (OR=1.79; 95% CI: 1.42, 2.26, n=4 studies) and lung (OR=2.44; 95% CI: 1.57, 3.80, n=2 studies) cancer increased significantly with increasing %MMA, without statistical heterogeneity. In contrast, lung cancer risk was inversely related to %DMA (OR=0.58; 95% CI: 0.36, 0.93, n=2 studies), also without significant heterogeneity. These results were similar after stratifying by epidemiological design and total As in urine. No evidence of publication bias was found. CONCLUSION These findings provide additional support that methylation needs to be taken into account when assessing the potential iAs carcinogenicity risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Gamboa-Loira
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, C.P. 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Mariano E Cebrián
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, C.P. 07360 D.F., Mexico.
| | - Francisco Franco-Marina
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Col. Sección XVI, C.P. 14080 Tlalpan, D.F., Mexico.
| | - Lizbeth López-Carrillo
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, C.P. 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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Oyagbemi AA, Omobowale TO, Asenuga ER, Ochigbo GO, Adejumobi AO, Adedapo AA, Yakubu MA. Sodium arsenite-induced cardiovascular and renal dysfunction in rat via oxidative stress and protein kinase B (Akt/PKB) signaling pathway. Redox Rep 2017; 22:467-477. [DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2017.1308910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ademola Adetokunbo Oyagbemi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Grace Onyeche Ochigbo
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Adeolu Alex Adedapo
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Momoh Audu Yakubu
- Department of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, COSET, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA
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12
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Hashim D, Boffetta P. Occupational and environmental exposures and cancers in developing countries. Ann Glob Health 2015; 80:393-411. [PMID: 25512155 DOI: 10.1016/j.aogh.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past few decades, there has been a decline in cancers attributable to environmental and occupational carcinogens of asbestos, arsenic, and indoor and outdoor air pollution in high-income countries. For low- to middle-income countries (LMICs), however, these exposures are likely to increase as industrialization expands and populations grow. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to review the evidence on the cancer risks and burdens of selected environmental and occupational exposures in less-developed economies. FINDINGS A causal association has been established between asbestos exposure and mesothelioma and lung cancer. For arsenic exposure, there is strong evidence of bladder, skin, lung, liver, and kidney cancer effects. Women are at the highest risk for lung cancer due to indoor air pollution exposure; however, the carcinogenic effect on the risk for cancer in children has not been studied in these countries. Cancer risks associated with ambient air pollution remain the least studied in LMICs, although reported exposures are higher than World Health Organization, European, and US standards. Although some associations between lung cancer and ambient air pollutants have been reported, studies in LMICs are weak or subject to exposure misclassification. For pulmonary cancers, tobacco smoking and respiratory diseases have a positive synergistic effect on cancer risks. CONCLUSIONS A precise quantification of the burden of human cancer attributable to environmental and occupational exposures in LMICs is uncertain. Although the prevalence of carcinogenic exposures has been reported to be high in many such countries, the effects of the exposures have not been studied due to varying country-specific limitations, some of which include lack of resources and government support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Hashim
- Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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Chou WC, Chung YT, Chen HY, Wang CJ, Ying TH, Chuang CY, Tseng YC, Wang SL. Maternal arsenic exposure and DNA damage biomarkers, and the associations with birth outcomes in a general population from Taiwan. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86398. [PMID: 24558361 PMCID: PMC3928045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic (iAs) is an established transplacental agent known to affect fetal development in animal studies. However, iAs has not been adequately studied in the general population with respect to iAs exposure during pregnancy and its impact on the health status of newborns. The aims of this study were to 1) elucidate the association between arsenic exposure and oxidative/methylated DNA damage in pregnant women, and 2) determine the association with birth outcomes. A birth cohort study of 299 pregnant mother-newborn pairs was recruited during 2001-2002 in Taiwan. We collected maternal urine samples during the 3(rd) trimester for measuring iAs and its metabolites. We used high-performance liquid chromatography/inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS) for quantifications of the arsenic species. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) was used to measure the 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) and N(7)-methylguanosine (N(7)-MeG) DNA damage biomarkers. Birth outcomes were collected to assess the associations with maternal arsenic exposure and the DNA damage biomarkers. Multiple regression analyses showed that maternal urinary iAs had positive associations with the methylated N(7)-MeG (beta = 0.35, p<0.001) and oxidative 8-oxodG (beta = 0.24, p<0.001) DNA damage biomarkers, and a decreased one-minute (1-min) Apgar score (beta = -0.23, p = 0.041). Maternal N(7)-MeG was also associated with a decreased 1-min Apgar score (beta = -0.25, p = 0.042). Mutual adjustment for iAs and N(7)-MeG showed an independent and significant prediction for a decreased 1-min Apgar score of iAs (beta = -0.28, p = 0.036). Maternal iAs exposure was associated with both maternal DNA damage and adverse newborn health. Maternal N(7)-MeG levels might be a novel biomarker for monitoring fetal health related to iAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun Chou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Yu-The Chung
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yen Chen
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Jen Wang
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ho Ying
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chih Tseng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hsinchu Cathay General Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Li Wang
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institutes and Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
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Bhattacharjee P, Banerjee M, Giri AK. Role of genomic instability in arsenic-induced carcinogenicity. A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 53:29-40. [PMID: 23314041 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to chronic arsenic toxicity is associated with cancer. Although unstable genome is a characteristic feature of cancer cells, the mechanisms leading to genomic instability in arsenic-induced carcinogenesis are poorly understood. While there are excellent reviews relating to genomic instability in general, there is no comprehensive review presenting the mechanisms involved in arsenic-induced genomic instability. This review was undertaken to present the current state of research in this area and to highlight the major mechanisms that may involved in arsenic-induced genomic instability leading to cancer. Genomic instability is broadly classified into chromosomal instability (CIN), primarily associated with mitotic errors; and microsatellite instability (MIN), associated with DNA level instability. Arsenic-induced genomic instability is essentially multi-factorial in nature and involves molecular cross-talk across several cellular pathways, and is modulated by a number of endogenous and exogenous factors. Arsenic and its metabolites generate oxidative stress, which in turn induces genomic instability through DNA damage, irreversible DNA repair, telomere dysfunction, mitotic arrest and apoptosis. In addition to genetic alteration; epigenetic regulation through promoter methylation and miRNA expression alters gene expression profiling leading to genome more vulnerable and unstable towards cancer risk. Moreover, mutations or silencing of pro-apoptotic genes can lead to genomic instability by allowing survival of damaged cells that would otherwise die. Although a large body of information is now generated regarding arsenic-induced carcinogenesis; further studies exploring genome-wide association, role of environment and diet are needed for a better understanding of the arsenic-induced genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritha Bhattacharjee
- Molecular and Human Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata-700 032, India
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Kumasaka MY, Yamanoshita O, Shimizu S, Ohnuma S, Furuta A, Yajima I, Nizam S, Khalequzzaman M, Shekhar HU, Nakajima T, Kato M. Enhanced carcinogenicity by coexposure to arsenic and iron and a novel remediation system for the elements in well drinking water. Arch Toxicol 2012; 87:439-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0964-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Martinez VD, Vucic EA, Adonis M, Gil L, Lam WL. Arsenic biotransformation as a cancer promoting factor by inducing DNA damage and disruption of repair mechanisms. Mol Biol Int 2011. [PMID: 22091411 DOI: 10.4061/2011/718974]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to arsenic in drinking water poses a major global health concern. Populations exposed to high concentrations of arsenic-contaminated drinking water suffer serious health consequences, including alarming cancer incidence and death rates. Arsenic is biotransformed through sequential addition of methyl groups, acquired from s-adenosylmethionine (SAM). Metabolism of arsenic generates a variety of genotoxic and cytotoxic species, damaging DNA directly and indirectly, through the generation of reactive oxidative species and induction of DNA adducts, strand breaks and cross links, and inhibition of the DNA repair process itself. Since SAM is the methyl group donor used by DNA methyltransferases to maintain normal epigenetic patterns in all human cells, arsenic is also postulated to affect maintenance of normal DNA methylation patterns, chromatin structure, and genomic stability. The biological processes underlying the cancer promoting factors of arsenic metabolism, related to DNA damage and repair, will be discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor D Martinez
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L3
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18
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Martinez VD, Vucic EA, Becker-Santos DD, Gil L, Lam WL. Arsenic exposure and the induction of human cancers. J Toxicol 2011; 2011:431287. [PMID: 22174709 PMCID: PMC3235889 DOI: 10.1155/2011/431287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is a metalloid, that is, considered to be a human carcinogen. Millions of individuals worldwide are chronically exposed through drinking water, with consequences ranging from acute toxicities to development of malignancies, such as skin and lung cancer. Despite well-known arsenic-related health effects, the molecular mechanisms involved are not fully understood; however, the arsenic biotransformation process, which includes methylation changes, is thought to play a key role. This paper explores the relationship of arsenic exposure with cancer development and summarizes current knowledge of the potential mechanisms that may contribute to the neoplastic processes observed in arsenic exposed human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor D. Martinez
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L3
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, 8380453 Santiago, Chile
| | - Emily A. Vucic
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L3
| | - Daiana D. Becker-Santos
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L3
| | - Lionel Gil
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, 8380453 Santiago, Chile
| | - Wan L. Lam
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L3
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MiADMSA reverses impaired mitochondrial energy metabolism and neuronal apoptotic cell death after arsenic exposure in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 256:241-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Martinez VD, Vucic EA, Adonis M, Gil L, Lam WL. Arsenic biotransformation as a cancer promoting factor by inducing DNA damage and disruption of repair mechanisms. Mol Biol Int 2011; 2011:718974. [PMID: 22091411 PMCID: PMC3200225 DOI: 10.4061/2011/718974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to arsenic in drinking water poses a major global health concern. Populations exposed to high concentrations of arsenic-contaminated drinking water suffer serious health consequences, including alarming cancer incidence and death rates. Arsenic is biotransformed through sequential addition of methyl groups, acquired from s-adenosylmethionine (SAM). Metabolism of arsenic generates a variety of genotoxic and cytotoxic species, damaging DNA directly and indirectly, through the generation of reactive oxidative species and induction of DNA adducts, strand breaks and cross links, and inhibition of the DNA repair process itself. Since SAM is the methyl group donor used by DNA methyltransferases to maintain normal epigenetic patterns in all human cells, arsenic is also postulated to affect maintenance of normal DNA methylation patterns, chromatin structure, and genomic stability. The biological processes underlying the cancer promoting factors of arsenic metabolism, related to DNA damage and repair, will be discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor D Martinez
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L3
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21
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Tokar EJ, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Ward JM, Lunn R, Sams RL, Waalkes MP. Cancer in experimental animals exposed to arsenic and arsenic compounds. Crit Rev Toxicol 2010; 40:912-27. [PMID: 20812815 PMCID: PMC3076186 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2010.506641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that has long been considered a human carcinogen. Recent studies raise further concern about the metalloid as a major, naturally occurring carcinogen in the environment. However, during this same period it has proven difficult to provide experimental evidence of the carcinogenicity of inorganic arsenic in laboratory animals and, until recently, there was considered to be a lack of clear evidence for carcinogenicity of any arsenical in animals. More recent work with arsenical methylation metabolites and early life exposures to inorganic arsenic has now provided evidence of carcinogenicity in rodents. Given that tens of millions of people worldwide are exposed to potentially unhealthy levels of environmental arsenic, in vivo rodent models of arsenic carcinogenesis are a clear necessity for resolving critical issues, such as mechanisms of action, target tissue specificity, and sensitive subpopulations, and in developing strategies to reduce cancers in exposed human populations. This work reviews the available rodent studies considered relevant to carcinogenic assessment of arsenicals, taking advantage of the most recent review by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) that has not yet appeared as a full monograph but has been summarized (IARC, 2009 , IARC Special Report: Policy, Vol. 10. Lyon: IARC Press, 453–454). Many valid studies show that arsenic can interact with other carcinogens/agents to enhance oncogenesis, and help elucidate mechanisms, and these too are summarized in this review. Finally, this body of rodent work is discussed in light of its impact on mechanisms and in the context of the persistent argument that arsenic is not carcinogenic in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J. Tokar
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | | | - Jerold M. Ward
- Global VetPathology, 10513 Wayridge Drive, Montgomery Village, MD
| | - Ruth Lunn
- Report on Carcinogens Office, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Science, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Reeder L. Sams
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Michael P. Waalkes
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC
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Kitchin KT, Conolly R. Arsenic-induced carcinogenesis--oxidative stress as a possible mode of action and future research needs for more biologically based risk assessment. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:327-35. [PMID: 20035570 DOI: 10.1021/tx900343d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs) induces cancer in human lungs, urinary bladder, skin, kidney, and liver, with the majority of deaths from lung and bladder cancer. To date, cancer risk assessments for iAs have not relied on mechanistic data, as we have lacked sufficient understanding of arsenic's pharmacokinetics and mode(s) of carcinogenic action (MOA). Furthermore, while there are vast amounts of toxicological data on iAs, relatively little of it has been collected using experimental designs that efficiently support development of biologically based dose-response (BBDR) models and subsequently risk assessment. This review outlines an efficient approach to the development of a BBDR model for iAs that would reduce uncertainties in its cancer risk assessment. This BBDR-based approach is illustrated by using oxidative stress as the carcinogenic MOA for iAs but would be generically applicable to other MOAs. Six major research needs that will facilitate BBDR model development for arsenic-induced cancer are (1) MOA research, which is needed to reduce the uncertainty in risk assessment; (2) development and integration of the pharmacodynamic component (MOA) of the BBDR model; (3) dose-response and extrapolation model selection; (4) the determination of internal human speciated arsenical concentrations to improve physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models; (5) animal models of arsenic carcinogenesis; and (6) the determination of the low dose human relationship for death from cancer, particularly in lungs and urinary bladder. The major parts of the BBDR model are arsenic exposure, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model, reactive species, antioxidant defenses, oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, growth factors, transcription factors, DNA damage, chromosome damage, cell proliferation, mutation accumulation, and cancer. The BBDR model will need to be developed concurrently with data collection so that model uncertainties can be identified and addressed through an iterative process of targeted additional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk T Kitchin
- Mail Drop B143-06, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA.
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Stepnik M, Stetkiewicz J, Krajnow A, Domeradzka K, Gradecka-Meesters D, Arkusz J, Stańczyk M, Palus J, Dziubałtowska E, Sobala W, Gromadzińska J, Wasowicz W, Rydzyński K. Carcinogenic effect of arsenate in C57BL/6J/Han mice and its modulation by different dietary selenium status. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2009; 72:2143-2152. [PMID: 19577296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Revised: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, carcinogenic effects of arsenate in female C57BL/6J/Han mice exposed in drinking water to 50, 200 or 500microgAs/L for 24 months were investigated. All animals were fed low-selenium diet, however half of them were supplemented with sodium selenite in drinking water (200microgSe/L) to ensure the normal dietary level of selenium. Glutathione peroxidase activity in erythrocytes and plasma as well as selenium concentration in plasma after 3, 6, 12 and 18 months in satellite groups showed considerable decrease in animals from non-selenium supplemented groups in comparison to supplemented groups. A clear arsenic concentration-dependent increase in the number of malignant lymphoma associated with increase in the risk of death was observed (hazard ratio=0.91, 1.46, and 2.24, for 50, 200 and 500microgAs/L, respectively). No significant influence of selenium dietary status on arsenic carcinogenicity was shown. A significant association between selenium supplementation status and increased risk of death of the animals from causes other than malignant tumors was found (HR=1.79, p=0.04).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Stepnik
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 Sw. Teresy Street, 91-348 Łódź, Poland.
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Yamanaka K, Kato K, Mizoi M, An Y, Nakanao M, Hoshino M, Okada S. Dimethylarsine likely acts as a mouse-pulmonary tumor initiator via the production of dimethylarsine radical and/or its peroxy radical. Life Sci 2009; 84:627-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2009.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Cohen SM, Arnold LL, Eldan M, Lewis AS, Beck BD. Methylated Arsenicals: The Implications of Metabolism and Carcinogenicity Studies in Rodents to Human Risk Assessment. Crit Rev Toxicol 2008; 36:99-133. [PMID: 16736939 DOI: 10.1080/10408440500534230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Monomethylarsonic acid (MMA(V)) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)) are active ingredients in pesticidal products used mainly for weed control. MMA(V) and DMA(V) are also metabolites of inorganic arsenic, formed intracellularly, primarily in liver cells in a metabolic process of repeated reductions and oxidative methylations. Inorganic arsenic is a known human carcinogen, inducing tumors of the skin, urinary bladder, and lung. However, a good animal model has not yet been found. Although the metabolic process of inorganic arsenic appears to enhance the excretion of arsenic from the body, it also involves formation of methylated compounds of trivalent arsenic as intermediates. Trivalent arsenicals (whether inorganic or organic) are highly reactive compounds that can cause cytotoxicity and indirect genotoxicity in vitro. DMA(V) was found to be a bladder carcinogen only in rats and only when administered in the diet or drinking water at high doses. It was negative in a two-year bioassay in mice. MMA(V) was negative in 2-year bioassays in rats and mice. The mode of action for DMA(V)-induced bladder cancer in rats appears to not involve DNA reactivity, but rather involves cytotoxicity with consequent regenerative proliferation, ultimately leading to the formation of carcinoma. This critical review responds to the question of whether DMA(V)-induced bladder cancer in rats can be extrapolated to humans, based on detailed comparisons between inorganic and organic arsenicals, including their metabolism and disposition in various animal species. The further metabolism and disposition of MMA(V) and DMA(V) formed endogenously during the metabolism of inorganic arsenic is different from the metabolism and disposition of MMA(V) and DMA(V) from exogenous exposure. The trivalent arsenicals that are cytotoxic and indirectly genotoxic in vitro are hardly formed in an organism exposed to MMA(V) or DMA(V) because of poor cellular uptake and limited metabolism of the ingested compounds. Furthermore, the evidence strongly supports a nonlinear dose-response relationship for the biologic processes involved in the carcinogenicity of arsenicals. Based on an overall review of the evidence, using a margin-of-exposure approach for MMA(V) and DMA(V) risk assessment is appropriate. At anticipated environmental exposures to MMA(V) and DMA(V), there is not likely to be a carcinogenic risk to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Cohen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology and Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-3135, USA.
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Mishra D, Flora SJS. Quercetin administration during chelation therapy protects arsenic-induced oxidative stress in mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 2008; 122:137-47. [PMID: 18183357 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-007-8064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Revised: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We studied the efficacy of quercetin and a thiol chelating agent, monoisoamyl 2, 3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (MiADMSA) either individually or in combination against arsenic-induced oxidative stress and mobilization of metal in mouse. Animals were chronically exposed to 25 ppm arsenite as sodium arsenite in drinking water for 12 months followed by treatment with MiADMSA (0.2 mmol/kg, orally), quercetin (0.2 mmol, orally) either alone or in combination, once daily for 5 consecutive days. Arsenic exposure led to a significant depletion of blood delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity, glutathione, white (WBC) and red blood cell (RBC) counts, and an increase in platelet levels while significantly increasing the level of reactive oxygen species (in RBCs). Hepatic reduced catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase activities showed a depletion, whereas thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels increased on arsenic exposure indicating arsenite-induced oxidative stress in blood and liver. Kidney CAT activity showed a depletion, whereas TBARS levels increased on arsenic exposure. These biochemical changes were accompanied by an increase in blood, liver, and kidney arsenic concentration. Treatment with MiADMSA was effective in increasing ALAD activity, whereas quercetin was ineffective when given alone. Quercetin when co-administered with MiADMSA also provided no additional beneficial effect on blood ALAD activity but significantly brought altered platelet counts nearer to the normal value. In contrast, administration of quercetin alone provided significant beneficial effects on hepatic oxidative stress and kidney TBARS levels. Renal biochemical variables remained insensitive to arsenic and any of the treatments. Interestingly, combined administration of quercetin with MiADMSA had a remarkable effect in depleting total arsenic concentration from blood and soft tissues. These results lead us to conclude that quercetin administration during chelation treatment had some beneficial effects particularly on the protection of inhibited blood ALAD activity and depletion of arsenic level from target organs. The study supports our earlier conclusion that a co-administration of an antioxidant particularly flavonoids more beneficial than monotherapy with the chelating agents to achieve optimal effects of chelation in arsenite toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepshikha Mishra
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defense Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474 002, India
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Manna P, Sinha M, Sil PC. Protection of arsenic-induced testicular oxidative stress by arjunolic acid. Redox Rep 2008; 13:67-77. [PMID: 18339249 DOI: 10.1179/135100008x259169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic-induced tissue damage is a major concern to the human population. An impaired antioxidant defense mechanism followed by oxidative stress is the major cause of arsenic-induced toxicity, which can lead to reproductive failure. The present study was carried out to investigate the preventive role of arjunolic acid, a triterpenoid saponin isolated from the bark of Terminalia arjuna, against arsenic-induced testicular damage in mice. Administration of arsenic (in the form of sodium arsenite, NaAsO(2), at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight) for 2 days significantly decreased the intracellular antioxidant power, the activities of the antioxidant enzymes, as well as the levels of cellular metabolites. In addition, arsenic intoxication enhanced testicular arsenic content, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation and the level of glutathione disulfide (GSSG). Exposure to arsenic also caused significant degeneration of the seminiferous tubules with necrosis and defoliation of spermatocytes. Pretreatment with arjunolic acid at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight for 4 days could prevent the arsenic-induced testicular oxidative stress and injury to the histological structures of the testes. Arjunolic acid had free radical scavenging activity in a cell-free system and antioxidant power in vivo. In summary, the results suggest that the chemopreventive role of arjunolic acid against arsenic-induced testicular toxicity may be due to its intrinsic antioxidant property.
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Manna P, Sinha M, Sil PC. Arsenic-induced oxidative myocardial injury: protective role of arjunolic acid. Arch Toxicol 2008; 82:137-49. [PMID: 18197399 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-007-0272-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kato K, Mizoi M, An Y, Nakano M, Wanibuchi H, Endo G, Endo Y, Hoshino M, Okada S, Yamanaka K. Oral administration of diphenylarsinic acid, a degradation product of chemical warfare agents, induces oxidative and nitrosative stress in cerebellar Purkinje cells. Life Sci 2007; 81:1518-25. [PMID: 17964605 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2007] [Revised: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new clinical syndrome with prominent cerebellar symptoms in patients living in Kamisu City, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan, is described. Since the patients ingested drinking water containing diphenylarsinic acid (DPA), a stable degradation product of both diphenylcyanoarsine and diphenylchloroarsine, which were developed for use as chemical weapons and cause severe vomiting and sneezing, DPA was suspected of being responsible for the clinical syndrome. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate prominent cerebellar symptoms due to DPA. The aim of the study was to determine if single (15 mg/kg) or continuous (5 mg/kg/day for 5 weeks) oral administration of DPA to ICR-strain mice induced oxidative and/or nitrosative stress in their brain. Significantly positive staining with malondialdehyde (MDA) and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) was observed in the cerebellar Purkinje cells by repeated administration (5 mg/kg/day) with DPA for 5 weeks that led to the cerebellar symptoms from a behavioral pharmacology standpoint and by single administration of DPA (15 mg/kg). Furthermore, it is possible that the production of 3-NT was not caused by peroxynitrite formation. The present results suggest the possibility that arsenic-associated novel active species may be a factor underlying the oxidative and nitrosative stress in Purkinje cells due to exposure to DPA, and that the damage may lead to the cerebellar symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kato
- Research Unit of Environmental Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nihon University College of Pharmacy, Chiba, Japan
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Ninh TD, Nagashima Y, Shiomi K. Water-soluble and lipid-soluble arsenic compounds in japanese flying squid Todarodes pacificus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:3196-202. [PMID: 17371043 DOI: 10.1021/jf063262e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble and lipid-soluble arsenic compounds in Japanese flying squid Todarodes pacificus were analyzed. Regardless of the tissues, the major water-soluble arsenic compound was identified as arsenobetaine by LC/ESI-MS analysis, as reported for a number of marine animals. Lipid-soluble arsenic compounds were found at relatively high levels in liver and testis. LC/ESI-MS analysis of water-soluble arsenic compounds released from liver phospholipids by either chemical hydrolysis or phospholipase D hydrolysis demonstrated that the major arsenolipids are dimethylarsinic acid (DMA)-containing glycerophospholipid (phosphatidyldimethylarsinic acid) and DMA-containing sphingomyelin where the choline moiety of sphingomyelin is replaced by DMA. This is the first work to report the presence of DMA-containing phospholipids in marine invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran Dang Ninh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
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Kalia K, Narula GD, Kannan GM, Flora SJS. Effects of combined administration of captopril and DMSA on arsenite induced oxidative stress and blood and tissue arsenic concentration in rats. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2007; 144:372-9. [PMID: 17188940 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Revised: 11/14/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We compared the therapeutic efficacy of captopril and a thiol chelating agent, meso 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) either individually or in combination against arsenite induced oxidative stress and mobilization of metal in rats. Animals were exposed to 100 ppm arsenite as sodium arsenite in drinking water for six weeks followed by treatment with DMSA (50 mg/kg, orally), captopril (50 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) either alone or in combination, once daily for 5 consecutive days. Arsenite exposure led to a significant depletion of blood delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity, glutathione and platelet levels while significantly increased the level of reactive oxygen species (in RBCs). Hepatic reduced glutathione (GSH) level showed a significant decrease while, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels increased on arsenite exposure indicating arsenite induced hepatic oxidative stress. Kidney GSH, GSSG, catalase and TBARS remained unchanged on arsenite exposure. Treatment with DMSA was effective in increasing ALAD activity while, captopril was ineffective when given alone. Captopril when co-administered with DMSA also provided no additional beneficial effect on blood ALAD activity but significant brought altered platelet counts back to the normal value. In contrast, administration of captopril alone provided significant beneficial effects on hepatic oxidative stress, and in combination with DMSA provided a more pronounced recovery in the TBARS level compared to the individual effect of DMSA and captopril. Renal biochemical variables remained insensitive to arsenite and any of the treatments. Interestingly, combined administration of captopril with DMSA had a remarkable effect in depleting total arsenic concentration from blood and soft tissues. These results lead us to conclude that captopril administration during chelation treatment had some beneficial effects particularly on the protection of inhibited blood ALAD activity, and depletion of arsenic level. The study supports our earlier conclusion that a co-administration of an antioxidant is more beneficial than monotherapy with the chelating agents, in order to achieve optimal effects of chelation in arsenite toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kalia
- Department of Biosciences, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar-388001, Gujarat, India
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Arsenic in drinking water and bladder cancer: review of epidemiological evidence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-1121(06)09021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Ninh TD, Nagashima Y, Shiomi K. Quantification of seven arsenic compounds in seafood products by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-single quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 23:1299-307. [PMID: 17118873 DOI: 10.1080/02652030600815355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-single quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS) method was developed to quantify seven arsenic compounds: arsenate (As(V)), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), arsenobetaine (AB), trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO), arsenocholine (AC) and tetramethylarsonium ion (TEMA), widely found in seafood. The arsenicals separated by anion- or cation-exchange LC were all readily identified under the optimized ESI-MS conditions. Linear calibration curves constructed by plotting the peak area counts of molecular ions against the arsenic concentrations were obtained for all seven arsenic compounds. The limits of quantification (S/N = 10) were 800, 600, 50, 10, 5, 5 and 5 ng ml-1 for As(V), MMA, DMA, AB, TMAO, AC and TEMA, respectively. The LC/ESI-MS method was found to be useful to quantify arsenic compounds in seafood by model experiments using the mid-gut gland and muscle of a shellfish (Buccinid whelks). Spiking experiments verified the accuracy of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Ninh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan-4, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
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Jin Y, Xi S, Li X, Lu C, Li G, Xu Y, Qu C, Niu Y, Sun G. Arsenic speciation transported through the placenta from mother mice to their newborn pups. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2006; 101:349-55. [PMID: 16458287 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2005.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Revised: 11/13/2005] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The primary goal of the present study was to confirm the arsenic species that can be transferred from the mother to the bodies of newborn pups through the placenta and the speciated arsenic distribution in the liver and brain of newborn mice after gestational maternal exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs). Mother mice were exposed to iAsIII and iAsV in drinking water during gestation. The livers and brains of the mother mice and their newborn pups were taken. Contents of iAs, monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), and trimethylarsenic (TMA) compound were detected using the HG-AAS method. Contents of iAs, MMA, and DMA in the liver of mother mice increased with the concentration of arsenite or arsenate in their drinking water. However, only DMA increased with the concentration of arsenate or arsenite in the drinking water in the brain of mother mice. On the other hand, contents of both iAs and DMA in the liver and brain of newborn mice increased with the concentration of arsenate or arsenite administered to their mother orally. Contents of arsenic species in the liver and brain of both mother mice and their newborn pups were significantly lower in the 10 ppm iAsV group than in the 10 ppm iAsIII group. Ratios of iAs or DMA levels between the brain and the liver of newborn mice were larger than 1, whereas those in mother mice were much smaller than 1. iAs taken from drinking water was distributed and metabolized mainly in the liver of mother mice. iAsIII in low levels may be taken up and metabolized easily in the liver compared to iAsV. Both iAs and DMA are transferred from the mother through the placenta and cross the immature blood-brain barrier (BBB) easily. Compared to that in the liver of newborn mice, DMA as an organic metabolite is prevalent in brain, a lipidic organ, if the BBB is not matured enough to prevent it from entering the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Jin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, PR China
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An Y, Kato K, Nakano M, Otsu H, Okada S, Yamanaka K. Specific induction of oxidative stress in terminal bronchiolar Clara cells during dimethylarsenic-induced lung tumor promoting process in mice. Cancer Lett 2005; 230:57-64. [PMID: 16253761 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2004] [Revised: 12/15/2004] [Accepted: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The induction of oxidative stress in pulmonary cells during the process of lung tumor promotion by dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), a main metabolite of inorganic arsenics in mammals, was examined by immunohistochemical analysis using a specific antibody against 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4HNE) adducts, which are major aldehydic metabolites of lipid peroxidation. We demonstrated that 4HNE-modified proteins existed specifically in the secretory granules in terminal bronchiolar Clara cells. Furthermore, the degree of positive staining increased with the duration of DMA administration. Transmission electron microscopy revealed morphological changes in the Clara cells of DMA-treated mice. These results suggest that Clara cells are the major target cell for DMA-induced oxidative stress and that the cells may play an important role in the lung tumor promotion process in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan An
- Department of Biochemical Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
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Flora SJS, Bhadauria S, Pant SC, Dhaked RK. Arsenic induced blood and brain oxidative stress and its response to some thiol chelators in rats. Life Sci 2005; 77:2324-37. [PMID: 15964026 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2004] [Accepted: 04/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic arsenic toxicity is a widespread problem, not only in India and Bangladesh but also in various other regions of the world. Exposure to arsenic may occur from natural or industrial sources. The treatment that is in use at present employs administration of thiol chelators, such as meso 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) and sodium 2,3-dimercaptopropane 1-sulfonate (DMPS), which facilitate its excretion from the body. However, these chelating agents are compromised with number of limitations due to their lipophobic nature, particularly for their use in cases of chronic poisoning. During chronic exposure, arsenic gains access into the cell and it becomes mandatory for a drug to cross cell membrane to chelate intracellular arsenic. To address this problem, analogs of DMSA having lipophilic character, were examined against chronic arsenic poisoning in experimental animals. In the present study, therapeutic efficacy of meso 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), sodium 2,3-dimercaptopropane 1-sulfonate (DMPS), monoisoamyl DMSA (MiADMSA) were compared in terms of reducing arsenic burden, as well as recovery in the altered biochemical variables particularly suggestive of oxidative stress. Adult male Wistar rats were given 100-ppm arsenic for 10 weeks followed by chelation therapy with the above chelating agents at a dose of 50 mg/Kg (orally) once daily for 5 consecutive days. Arsenic exposure resulted in marked elevation in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in blood, inhibition of ALAD activity and depletion of GSH. These changes were accompanied by significant decline in blood hemoglobin level. MiADMSA was the most effective chelator in reducing ROS in red blood cells, and in restoring blood ALAD compared to two other chelators. Brain superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) decreased, while ROS and TBARS increased significantly following arsenic exposure. There was a significant increase in the activity of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) with a corresponding decline in its substrate i.e. glutathione. Among all the three chelators, MiADMSA showed maximum reduction in the level of ROS in brain. Additionally, administration of MiADMSA was most effective in counteracting arsenic induced inhibition in brain ALAD, SOD and GPx activity. Based on these results and in particular higher metal decorporation from blood and brain, we suggest MiADMSA to be a potential drug of choice for the treatment of chronic arsenic poisoning. However, further studies are required for the choice of appropriate dose, duration of treatment and possible effects on other major organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swaran J S Flora
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474 002, India.
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Mizoi M, Takabayashi F, Nakano M, An Y, Sagesaka Y, Kato K, Okada S, Yamanaka K. The role of trivalent dimethylated arsenic in dimethylarsinic acid-promoted skin and lung tumorigenesis in mice: tumor-promoting action through the induction of oxidative stress. Toxicol Lett 2005; 158:87-94. [PMID: 16039397 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2004] [Revised: 03/01/2005] [Accepted: 03/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between lung- and skin-tumor promotion and oxidative stress caused by administration of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)) in mice. The incidence of lung tumors induced by lung tumor initiator (4NQO) and DMA(V) were, as well as 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), suppressed by cotreatment with (-)epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). When mice were topically treated with trivalent dimethylated arsenic (DMA(III)), a further reductive metabolite of DMA(V), not only an increase in skin tumors but also an elevation of 8-oxodG in epidermis were observed. These results suggest that tumor promotion due to DMA(V) administration is mediated by DMA(III) through the induction of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsumi Mizoi
- Department of Environmental Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nihon University College of Pharmacy, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
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Fujino Y, Guo X, Liu J, Matthews IP, Shirane K, Wu K, Kasai H, Miyatake M, Tanabe K, Kusuda T, Yoshimura T. Chronic arsenic exposure and urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in an arsenic-affected area in Inner Mongolia, China. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2005; 15:147-52. [PMID: 15150536 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jea.7500381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies have shown that generation of reactive oxidants during arsenic metabolism can play an important role in arsenic-induced injury. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between arsenic in drinking water and oxidative stress in humans by measuring 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study in an arsenic-affected village in Hetao Plain, Inner Mongolia, China. A total of 134 of the 143 inhabitants (93.7%) of the village participated in the study. The levels of 8-OHdG, arsenic and its metabolites were measured in urine collected from the participants. Regression analyses were performed to investigate the relationship between arsenic species and 8-OHdG levels in urine. RESULTS In the polluted village, monomethylarsenic was significantly higher in subjects with arsenic dermatosis than those without dermatosis despite no difference in mean levels of arsenic in well water between both types of subject. For subjects with arsenic dermatosis, arsenic species and metabolites in urine are significantly associated with 8-OHdG, while there was no statistically significant relationship for subjects without arsenic dermatosis. For all residents of the polluted village, the levels of dimethylarsenic and 8-OHdG were significantly higher for those who had been exposed to well water for more than 12 years. CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidence of a link between exposure to arsenic from drinking water and oxidative stress, which may play an important role in arsenic-involved injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Fujino
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Science, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
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An Y, Gao Z, Wang Z, Yang S, Liang J, Feng Y, Kato K, Nakano M, Okada S, Yamanaka K. Immunohistochemical analysis of oxidative DNA damage in arsenic-related human skin samples from arsenic-contaminated area of China. Cancer Lett 2004; 214:11-8. [PMID: 15331169 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2003] [Revised: 02/05/2004] [Accepted: 04/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The appearance of 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) was examined immunohistochemically using an 8-oxodG-monoclonal antibody in 28 cases of arsenic-related human skin tumors and in 20 cases of arsenic-unrelated human skin cancer to determine if the induction of oxidative stress participates in skin tumorigenesis caused by arsenics. The rate of 8-oxodG-positive was significantly higher in arsenic-related human skin cancer (28 of 28, 100%) than in arsenic-unrelated human skin cancer (3 of 20, 15%, P<0.01 by Chi2 test). Moreover, in all the arsenic-related skin samples, 8-oxodG was detected not only in tumor tissues but also in keratosis and normal tissues. These results suggest that the induction of oxidative stress may play an important role in arsenic carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan An
- Department of Biochemical Toxicology, Nihon University, College of Pharmacy, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
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Yamauchi H, Aminaka Y, Yoshida K, Sun G, Pi J, Waalkes MP. Evaluation of DNA damage in patients with arsenic poisoning: urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanine. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 198:291-6. [PMID: 15276408 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2003.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2003] [Accepted: 10/08/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between arsenic exposure and DNA damage in patients with acute or chronic arsenic poisoning was analyzed. Urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanine (8-OHdG) concentrations were measured as an indication of oxidative DNA damage. A remarkable increase in 8-OHdG in the urine was observed in 60% of 52 patients with acute arsenic poisoning from the accidental oral intake of the arsenic trioxide. This was two- to threefold higher than levels in normal healthy subjects (n = 248). There was a clear relationship between arsenic concentrations in urine after acute poisoning and elevated levels of 8-OHdG. Levels of urinary 8-OHdG returned to normal within 180 days after the acute arsenic poisoning event. In patients chronically poisoned by the consumption of well water with elevated levels of arsenate [As(V)], elevated 8-OHdG concentrations in urine were also observed. A significant correlation between the 8-OHdG levels and arsenic levels in the urine was observed in 82 patients with chronic poisoning. Thus, evidence of oxidative DNA damage occurred in acute arsenic poisoning by arsenite [As(III)] and in chronic arsenic poisoning by As(V). In chronic poisoning patients provided low-arsenic drinking water, evidence of DNA damage subsided between 9 months and 1 year after the high levels of arsenic intake were reduced. The initial level of arsenic exposure appeared to dictate the length of this recovery period. These data indicate that some aspects of chronic and acute arsenic poisoning may be reversible with the cessation of exposure. This knowledge may contribute to our understanding of the risk elevation from arsenic carcinogenesis and perhaps be used in a prospective fashion to assess individual risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yamauchi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan.
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Abstract
Arsenic is a known toxin and carcinogen that is present in industrial settings and in the environment. The mechanisms of disease initiation and progression are not fully understood. In the last a few years, there has been increasing evidence of the correlation between the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA damage, tumor promotion, and arsenic exposure. This article summarizes the current literature on the arsenic mediated generation of ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in various biological systems. This article also discusses the role of ROS and RNS in arsenic-induced DNA damage and activation of oxidative sensitive gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglian Shi
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Shi H, Hudson LG, Liu KJ. Oxidative stress and apoptosis in metal ion-induced carcinogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 37:582-93. [PMID: 15288116 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2003] [Accepted: 03/19/2004] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence suggests that exposure to certain metals causes carcinogenesis. The mechanisms of metal-induced carcinogenesis have been pursued in chemical, biochemical, cellular, and animal models. Significant evidence has accumulated that oxidative stress may be a common pathway in cellular responses to exposure to different metals. For example, in the last few years evidence in support of a correlation between the generation of reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, tumor promotion, and arsenic exposure has strengthened. This article summarizes the current literature on metal-mediated oxidative stress, apoptosis, and their relation to metal-mediated carcinogenesis, concentrating on arsenic and chromium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglian Shi
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Yamanaka K, Kato K, Mizoi M, An Y, Takabayashi F, Nakano M, Hoshino M, Okada S. The role of active arsenic species produced by metabolic reduction of dimethylarsinic acid in genotoxicity and tumorigenesis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 198:385-93. [PMID: 15276418 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2003.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2003] [Accepted: 10/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent research of arsenic carcinogenesis, many researchers have directed their attention to methylated metabolites of inorganic arsenics. Because of its high cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, trivalent dimethylated arsenic, which can be produced by the metabolic reduction of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), has attracted considerable attention from the standpoint of arsenic carcinogenesis. In the present paper, we examined trivalent dimethylated arsenic and its further metabolites for their chemical properties and biological behavior such as genotoxicity and tumorigenicity. Our in vitro and in vivo experiments suggested that the formation of cis-thymine glycol in DNA was induced via the production of dimethylated arsenic peroxide by the reaction of trivalent dimethylated arsenic with molecular oxygen, but not via the production of common reactive oxygen species (ROS; superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, etc.). Thus, dimethylated arsenic peroxide may be the main species responsible for the tumor promotion in skin tumorigenesis induced by exposure to DMA. Free radical species, such as dimethylarsenic radical [(CH(3))(2)As.] and dimethylarsenic peroxy radical [(CH(3))(2)AsOO.], that are produced by the reaction of molecular oxygen and dimethylarsine [(CH(3))(2)AsH], which is probably a further reductive metabolite of trivalent dimethylated arsenic, may be main agents for initiation in mouse lung tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenzo Yamanaka
- Department of Biochemical Toxicology, Nihon University College of Pharmacy, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan.
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44
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Tseng CH. The potential biological mechanisms of arsenic-induced diabetes mellitus. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 197:67-83. [PMID: 15163543 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2004.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2003] [Accepted: 02/13/2004] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although epidemiologic studies carried out in Taiwan, Bangladesh, and Sweden have demonstrated a diabetogenic effect of arsenic, the mechanisms remain unclear and require further investigation. This paper reviewed the potential biological mechanisms of arsenic-induced diabetes mellitus based on the current knowledge of the biochemical properties of arsenic. Arsenate can substitute phosphate in the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and other phosphate intermediates involved in glucose metabolism, which could theoretically slow down the normal metabolism of glucose, interrupt the production of energy, and interfere with the ATP-dependent insulin secretion. However, the concentration of arsenate required for such reaction is high and not physiologically relevant, and these effects may only happen in acute intoxication and may not be effective in subjects chronically exposed to low-dose arsenic. On the other hand, arsenite has high affinity for sulfhydryl groups and thus can form covalent bonds with the disulfide bridges in the molecules of insulin, insulin receptors, glucose transporters (GLUTs), and enzymes involved in glucose metabolism (e.g., pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase). As a result, the normal functions of these molecules can be hampered. However, a direct effect on these molecules caused by arsenite at physiologically relevant concentrations seems unlikely. Recent evidence has shown that treatment of arsenite at lower and physiologically relevant concentrations can stimulate glucose transport, in contrary to an inhibitory effect exerted by phenylarsine oxide (PAO) or by higher doses of arsenite. Induction of oxidative stress and interferences in signal transduction or gene expression by arsenic or by its methylated metabolites are the most possible causes to arsenic-induced diabetes mellitus through mechanisms of induction of insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction. Recent studies have shown that, in subjects with chronic arsenic exposure, oxidative stress is increased and the expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) is upregulated. Both of these two cytokines have been well known for their effect on the induction of insulin resistance. Arsenite at physiologically relevant concentration also shows inhibitory effect on the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), a nuclear hormone receptor important for activating insulin action. Oxidative stress has been suggested as a major pathogenic link to both insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction through mechanisms involving activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), which is also activated by low levels of arsenic. Although without supportive data, superoxide production induced by arsenic exposure can theoretically impair insulin secretion by interaction with uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), and oxidative stress can also cause amyloid formation in the pancreas, which could progressively destroy the insulin-secreting beta cells. Individual susceptibility with respect to genetics, nutritional status, health status, detoxification capability, interactions with other trace elements, and the existence of other well-recognized risk factors of diabetes mellitus can influence the toxicity of arsenic on organs involved in glucose metabolism and determine the progression of insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion to a status of persistent hyperglycemia or diabetes mellitus. In conclusions, insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction can be induced by chronic arsenic exposure. These defects may be responsible for arsenic-induced diabetes mellitus, but investigations are required to test this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Hsiao Tseng
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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45
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Tchounwou PB, Patlolla AK, Centeno JA. Carcinogenic and systemic health effects associated with arsenic exposure--a critical review. Toxicol Pathol 2004; 31:575-88. [PMID: 14585726 DOI: 10.1080/01926230390242007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic and arsenic containing compounds are human carcinogens. Exposure to arsenic occurs occupationally in several industries, including mining, pesticide, pharmaceutical, glass and microelectronics, as well as environmentally from both industrial and natural sources. Inhalation is the principal route of arsenic exposure in occupational settings, while ingestion of contaminated drinking water is the predominant source of significant environmental exposure globally. Drinking water contamination by arsenic remains a major public health problem. Acute and chronic arsenic exposure via drinking water has been reported in many countries of the world, where a large proportion of drinking water is contaminated with high concentrations of arsenic. General health effects that are associated with arsenic exposure include cardiovascular and peripheral vascular disease, developmental anomalies, neurologic and neurobehavioural disorders, diabetes, hearing loss, portal fibrosis, hematologic disorders (anemia, leukopenia and eosinophilia) and multiple cancers: significantly higher standardized mortality rates and cumulative mortality rates for cancers of the skin, lung, liver, urinary bladder, kidney, and colon in many areas of arsenic pollution. Although several epidemiological studies have documented the sources of exposure and the global impact of arsenic contamination, the mechanisms by which arsenic induces health effects, including cancer, are not well characterized. Further research is needed to provide a better understanding of the pathobiology of arsenic-induced diseases and to better define the toxicologic pathology of arsenic in various organ systems. In this review, we provide and discuss the underlying pathology and nature of arsenic-induced lesions. Such information is critical for understanding the magnitude of health effects associated with arsenic exposure throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Tchounwou
- Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratory, NIH-Center for Environmental Health, School of Science and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, USA.
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46
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Kato K, Yamanaka K, Hasegawa A, Okada S. Active arsenic species produced by GSH-dependent reduction of dimethylarsinic acid cause micronuclei formation in peripheral reticulocytes of mice. Mutat Res 2003; 539:55-63. [PMID: 12948814 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(03)00129-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dimethylarsine and trivalent dimethylated arsenic, metabolites of inorganic arsenics, have received considerable attention in current research because of their biological activities. We attempted to determine the appearance of micronucleated reticulocytes (MNRETs) in mouse peripheral blood following intraperitoneal administration of dimethylarsinous iodide (DMI) and trimethylarsine (TMA), model compounds of trivalent dimethylated arsenic and dimethylarsine, respectively. A significant increase in the number of MNRETs was observed with TMA, but not with DMI. Furthermore, MNRETs only appeared with 10.6 mg/kg of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) following its co-injection with reduced glutathione (GSH). These results suggest that micronucleus formation may need further metabolic reduction of trivalent dimethylated arsenic, i.e. the production of dimethylarsine, by an excess amount of GSH. Meanwhile, the increase in MNRETs by administration of arsenite at 7.6 mg/kg, an equivalent dose to DMA as As, was remarkably diminished by co-administration with GSH. These results indicate that GSH plays an important role in the genotoxic process of arsenics, particularly by dimethylated arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kato
- Nihon University College of Pharmacy, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan.
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47
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Andrewes P, Kitchin KT, Wallace K. Dimethylarsine and trimethylarsine are potent genotoxins in vitro. Chem Res Toxicol 2003; 16:994-1003. [PMID: 12924927 DOI: 10.1021/tx034063h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of arsenic carcinogenesis is unclear. A complicating factor receiving increasing attention is that arsenic is biomethylated to form various metabolites. Eleven different arsenicals were studied for in vitro genotoxicity to supercoiled DNA (pBR 322 and phiX174). Five arsenicals showed various degrees of positivity-monomethylarsonous acid, dimethylarsinous acid, monomethylarsine, dimethylarsine, and trimethylarsine. Supercoiled DNA, blotted on nitrocellulose filter paper, was exposed to gaseous arsines by suspending the filter paper above aqueous reaction mixtures of sodium borohydride and an appropriate arsenical. All three methylated arsines damaged DNA; inorganic arsine did not. Arsines were generated in situ in reaction mixtures containing DNA by reaction of sodium borohydride with arsenite, monomethylarsonous acid, dimethylarsinous acid, and trimethylarsine oxide, at pH 8.0. Both dimethylarsine and trimethylarsine (generated from 200 micro M dimethylarsinous acid and trimethylarsine oxide, respectively) damaged DNA in less than 30 min. Under certain conditions, the two most potent genotoxic arsines, trimethylarsine and dimethylarsine, are about 100 times more potent than dimethylarsinous acid (the most potent genotoxic arsenical previously known). There was no evidence to suggest that anything other than the arsines caused the DNA damage. Possible models for the biological production of arsines were examined. The coenzymes, NADH and NADPH, are biological hydride donors. When NADH or NADPH (5 mM) were incubated with dimethylarsinous acid (0-2 mM) for 2 h, DNA damage was increased by at least 10-fold. A possible explanation for this result is that these compounds react with dimethylarsinous acid to generate dimethylarsine. DNA was incubated with a dithiol compound, dithioerythritol (5 mM), and trimethylarsine oxide (0.5 mM) for 2 h, and the reduction of trimethylarsine oxide to trimethylarsine resulted in DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Andrewes
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Kuchide M, Tokuda H, Takayasu J, Enjo F, Ishikawa T, Ichiishi E, Naito Y, Yoshida N, Yoshikawa T, Nishino H. Cancer chemopreventive effects of oral feeding alpha-tocopherol on ultraviolet light B induced photocarcinogenesis of hairless mouse. Cancer Lett 2003; 196:169-77. [PMID: 12860275 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(03)00278-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet light is the most common cause of skin cancers in humans and several effects of ultraviolet light B (UVB: 290-320 nm) are thought to contribute to skin photocarcinogenesis. The generation of free radicals and related oxidants produced by UVB exposure, result in photocarcinogenesis by directly damaging DNA. On the other side, activating of transcription factor, activator protein 1 (AP-1) induced by UVB exposure causes tumor promotion. alpha-tocopherol has two principal physiological activities and one is an antioxidant activity through which alpha-tocopherol protects unsaturated fatty acids, protein and DNA from oxidation. The other activity is to stabilize the structure of the biomembrane. In addition to these two activities, it has been recently established that alpha-tocopherol plays important roles in cell signal transduction. In course of these studies, we examined such effects of alpha-tocopherol on UVB induced skin photocarcinogenesis in hairless mice. These results indicate that oral feeding of alpha-tocopherol including diet exhibited a marked inhibitory effects on both tumor incidence and multiplicity in UVB induced mouse skin photocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Kuchide
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kwaramachi Hirokouji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan.
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Abstract
Many modes of action for arsenic carcinogenesis have been proposed, but few theories have a substantial mass of supporting data. Three stronger theories of arsenic carcinogenesis are production of chromosomal abnormalities, promotion of carcinogenesis and oxidative stress. This article presents the oxidative stress theory along with some supporting experimental data. In the area of which arsenic species is causually active, recent data have suggested that trivalent methylated arsenic metabolites, particularly monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III)) and dimethylarsinous acid (DMA(III)), have a great deal of biological activity. Some evidence now indicates that these trivalent, methylated, and relatively less ionizable arsenic metabolites may be unusually capable of interacting with cellular targets such as proteins and even DNA. Thus for inorganic arsenic, oxidative methylation followed by reduction to trivalency may be a activation, rather than a detoxification pathway. This would be particularly true for arsenate. In forming toxic and carcinogenic arsenic species, reduction from the pentavalent state to the trivalent state may be as or more important than methylation of arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk T Kitchin
- MD-68, Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 86 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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50
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Wang TS, Chung CH, Wang ASS, Bau DT, Samikkannu T, Jan KY, Cheng YM, Lee TC. Endonuclease III, formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase, and proteinase K additively enhance arsenic-induced DNA strand breaks in human cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2002; 15:1254-8. [PMID: 12387622 DOI: 10.1021/tx025535f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report here that sequential digestion with endonuclease III, formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase, and proteinase K in Tris buffer markedly increased the sensitivity for detecting DNA damage in arsenic-treated cells. These three enzymes increased DNA strand breaks in an additive manner. By using this sequential-enzyme-digestion comet assay, we demonstrated that trivalent inorganic arsenic induced more DNA damage than monomethylarsonous acid, monomethylarsonic acid, and dimethylarsinic acid in human blood cell lines. However, trivalent inorganic arsenic was far less potent than monomethylarsonous acid in inhibiting pyruvate dehydrogenase activity. Therefore, different mechanisms are involved in inhibiting pyruvate dehydrogenase activity and inducing DNA damage. Our results also indicate while trivalent inorganic arsenic induced more endonuclease III-digestible adducts, monomethylarsonous acid and monomethylarsonic acid induced more proteinase K-digestible adducts. These results suggest there is a difference in the mechanism for inducing DNA damage between inorganic and organic methylated arsenic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsu-Shing Wang
- Department of Life Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC
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