Structure-activity relationship of caffeoylquinic acids on the accelerating activity on ATP production

Microarray meta-analysis reveals comprehensive effects of 3,4,5-tricaffeolyquinic acid in cell differentiation and signaling

Caffeoylquinic acids (CQA) are polyphenolic compounds found in fruits, vegetables, coffee, and spices that have exhibited several beneficial activities, including antioxidant, antibacterial, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, antidiabetic, and cardiovascular effects. A derivative, TCQA (3,4,5-Tri-O-caffeoylquinic acid), has also shown both neurogenic and pigment differentiation potential. A transcriptomic-based meta-analysis was conducted to explore potential biochemical processes and molecular targets of TCQA. This approach involved integrating data from various cell and tissue types, including human amniotic stem cells, human neural stem cells, human dermal papilla cells, and the brain cortex of aging model mice. It offered a comprehensive perspective on the significant gene regulations in response to TCQA treatment. The objective was to uncover the mechanism and novel targets of TCQA, facilitating a further understanding of its functions. New areas of interest found were TCQA's effect on adipogenesis, heart, and muscle tissue development. In addition, significantly enhanced biological activities found through meta-analysis included cell cycle, VEGFA-VEGFR2 pathway, and BMP signaling. Overall, a comprehensive functional and visual analysis using available biological databases uncovered the multi-target potential of this natural compound.

Effects of caffeoylquinic acid analogs derived from aerial parts of Artemisia iwayomogi on adipogenesis

Artemisia iwayomogi (AI) is a perennial herb found in Korea. Its ground parts are dried and used in food and traditional medicine for treating hepatitis, inflammation, cholelithiasis, and jaundice. In this study, the anti-obesity effects of single compounds isolated from AI extracts on adipose tissue were investigated. Results demonstrated that caffeoylquinic acid analogs strongly inhibited adipocyte differentiation from 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and reduced neutral lipids in differentiated adipocytes. Accordingly, lipid accumulation in adipocytes decreased, and lipid droplets became granulated. Caffeoylquinic acid analogs suppressed the expression of adipocyte differentiation marker genes, namely, Cebpa, Lep, and Fabp4, but it induced the expression of Ucp1, Ppargc1a, and Fgf21, which are browning biomarkers. Therefore, caffeoylquinic acid analogs from AI inhibited preadipocyte differentiation and induced adipose tissue browning, suggesting that these compounds could be promising therapeutic agents for obesity.

Risk Assessment of Chlorogenic and Isochlorogenic Acids in Coffee By-Products

Chlorogenic and isochlorogenic acids are naturally occurring antioxidant dietary polyphenolic compounds found in high concentrations in plants, fruits, vegetables, coffee, and coffee by-products. The objective of this review was to assess the potential health risks associated with the oral consumption of coffee by-products containing chlorogenic and isochlorogenic acids, considering both acute and chronic exposure. An electronic literature search was conducted, revealing that 5-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA) and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-DCQA) are the major chlorogenic acids found in coffee by-products. Toxicological, pharmacokinetic, and clinical data from animal and human studies were available for the assessment, which indicated no significant evidence of toxic or adverse effects following acute oral exposure. The current state of knowledge suggests that long-term exposure to chlorogenic and isochlorogenic acids by daily consumption does not appear to pose a risk to human health when observed at doses within the normal range of dietary exposure. As a result, the intake of CQAs from coffee by-products can be considered reasonably safe.

In Vitro Antiprotozoal Activity of Hibiscus sabdariffa Extract against a Ciliate Causing High Mortalities in Turbot Aquaculture

Philasterides dicentrarchi is an histophagous parasite that infects flatfish, namely turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), and cause significant losses in aquaculture units. The available measures for P. dicentrarchi control have limited efficiency, and some cause harm to fish. Hence, sustainable and natural control strategies are urgently needed. This study evaluated the in vitro bioactivity of the ethanol extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces on P. dicentrarchi population growth rate (PGR), oxidative stress biomarkers (glutathione-S-transferases (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total glutathione (TG) and catalase (CAT), neurotoxicity (acetylcholinesterase, AChE), activity and gene expression of proteases as major virulence factors. H. sabdariffa extract inhibited parasite PGR (IC₅₀ = 1.57 mg mL^-1), and caused significant changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (LOEC = 0.22 mg mL^-1), especially GPx, TG, and CAT. The activity of proteases was also severely inhibited (IC₅₀ = 0.76 mg mL^-1), and gene expression of catepsin 90 and leishmanolysin proteases was downregulated. Organic acids and phenolic phytochemicals in hibiscus extract are potentially responsible for the antiprotozoal bioactivity herein determined. Therefore, H. sabdariffa extract can be a promising disease-control alternative against the ciliate proliferation, cellular defense mechanisms and pathogenicity. Still, its applicability in aquaculture settings, and potential effects on farmed fish, should be further elucidated.

Bioassay guided isolation of caffeoylquinic acids from the leaves of Ilex pubescens Hook. et Arn. and investigation of their anti-influenza mechanism

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Ilex pubescens Hook. et Arn. (Maodongqing, MDQ) is a common herbal tea ingredient in Southern China for heat clearance and anti-inflammation. Our preliminary screening showed that 50% ethanol extract of its leaves has anti-influenza virus activity. In this report, we proceed to identify the active components and clarify the related anti-influenza mechanisms.

AIM

We aim to isolate and identify the anti-influenza virus phytochemicals from the extract of the MDQ leaves, and study their anti-influenza virus mechanism.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Plaque reduction assay was used to test the anti-influenza virus activity of fractions and compounds. Neuraminidase inhibitory assay was used to confirm the target protein. Molecular docking and reverse genetics were used to confirm the acting site of caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs) on viral neuraminidase.

RESULTS

Eight CQAs, 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid methyl ester (Me 3,5-DCQA), 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid methyl ester (Me 3,4-DCQA), 3,4,5-tri-O-caffeoylquinic acid methyl ester (Me 3,4,5-TCQA), 3,4,5-tri-O-caffeoylquinic acid (3,4,5-TCQA), 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (4,5-DCQA), 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (3,5-DCQA), 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (3,4-DCQA), and 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl-epi-quinic acid (3,5-epi-DCQA) were identified from the MDQ leaves, in which Me 3,5-DCQA, 3,4,5-TCQA and 3,5-epi-DCQA were isolated for the first time. All these eight compounds were found to inhibit neuraminidase (NA) of influenza A virus. The results of molecular docking and reverse genetics indicated that 3,4,5-TCQA interacted with Tyr100, Gln412 and Arg419 of influenza NA, and a novel NA binding groove was found.

CONCLUSION

Eight CQAs isolated from the leaves of MDQ were found to inhibit influenza A virus. 3,4,5-TCQA was found to interact with Tyr100, Gln412 and Arg419 of influenza NA. This study provided scientific evidence on the use of MDQ for treating influenza virus infection, and laid the foundation for the development of CQA derivatives as potential antiviral agents.

An In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of Antitumor Activity of Extracts Derived from Three Well-Known Plant Species

One of the objectives of this study consists of the assessment of the antitumor activity of several extracts from three selected plant species: Xanthium spinosum L., Trifolium pratense L., and Coffea arabica L. and also a comparative study of this biological activity, with the aim of establishing a superior herbal extract for antitumor benefits. The phytochemical profile of the extracts was established by HPLC-MS analysis. Further, the selected extracts were screened in vitro for their antitumor activity and antioxidant potential on two cancer cell lines: A549-human lung adenocarcinoma and T47D-KBluc-human breast carcinoma and on normal cells. One extract per plant was selected for in vivo assessment of antitumor activity in an Ehrlich ascites mouse model. The extracts presented high content of antitumor compounds such as caffeoylquinic acids in the case of X. spinosum L. (7.22 µg/mL-xanthatin, 4.611 µg/mL-4-O-caffeoylquinic acid) and green coffee beans (10.008 µg/mL-cafestol, 265.507 µg/mL-4-O-caffeoylquinic acid), as well as isoflavones in the case of T. pratense L. (6806.60 ng/mL-ononin, 102.78 µg/mL-biochanin A). Concerning the in vitro results, the X. spinosum L. extracts presented the strongest anticancerous and antioxidant effects. In vivo, ascites cell viability decreased after T. pratense L. and green coffee bean extracts administration, whereas the oxidative stress reduction potential was important in tumor samples after T. pratense L. Cell viability was also decreased after administration of cyclophosphamide associated with X. spinosum L. and T. pratense L. extracts, respectively. These results suggested that T. pratense L. or X. spinosum L. extracts in combination with chemotherapy can induce lipid peroxidation in tumor cells and decrease the tumor viability especially, T. pratense L. extract.

Changes in phenolics and flavonoids in amaranth and soybean sprouts after UV-C treatment

Sprouts, mainly from cereals, legumes, and some pseudo-cereals, are rich in nutrients and contain biocompounds, making them attractive for consumption. This research study aimed to develop treatments with UV-C light in soybean and amaranth sprouts and evaluate their effect on biocompounds content, compared with chlorine treatments. UV-C treatments were applied at distances of 3 and 5 cm and times of 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 min, whereas chlorine treatments were applied as immersion in solutions at 100 and 200 ppm for 15 min. Phenolics and flavonoid content were higher in UV-C-treated sprouts than in those treated with chlorine solutions. Ten biocompounds were identified in soybean sprouts, with increasing in apigenin C-glucoside-rhamnoside (105%), apigenin 7-O-glucosylglucoside (237%), and apigenin C-glucoside malonylated (70%) due to UV-C application (3 cm, 15 min); for amaranth sprouts, five biocompounds were identified, with higher contents of p-coumaroylquinic acid (17.7%) after UV-C treatment (3 cm, 15 min). The best treatment to achieve the highest bioactive compounds concentration was UV-C at a distance of 3 cm for 15 min, without significant modification on the color parameters, Hue and chroma. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: UV-C can be used to increase the biocompound content in amaranth and soybean sprouts. Nowadays, there is UV-C equipment available for industrial applications. In this way, sprouts may be maintained as fresh through this physical technology, and they will retain or increase the concentration of health-related compounds.

Advances in Production of Hydroxycinnamoyl-Quinic Acids: From Natural Sources to Biotechnology

Hydroxycinnamoyl-quinic acids (HCQAs) are polyphenol esters formed of hydroxycinnamic acids and (-)-quinic acid. They are naturally synthesized by plants and some micro-organisms. The ester of caffeic acid and quinic acid, the chlorogenic acid, is an intermediate of lignin biosynthesis. HCQAs are biologically active dietary compounds exhibiting several important therapeutic properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and other activities. They can also be used in the synthesis of nanoparticles or drugs. However, extraction of these compounds from biomass is a complex process and their synthesis requires costly precursors, limiting the industrial production and availability of a wider variety of HCQAs. The recently emerged production through the bioconversion is still in an early stage of development. In this paper, we discuss existing and potential future strategies for production of HCQAs.

Identification of Anti-HIV Biomarkers of Helichrysum Species by NMR-Based Metabolomic Analysis

Several species of the Helichrysum genus have been used ethnobotanically to treat conditions that we today know have been caused by viral infections. Since HIV is a modern disease with no ethnobotanical history, we commenced with a study on the anti-HIV activity of several Helichrysum species. Drug discovery of small molecules from natural resources that is based on the integration of chemical and biological activity by means of metabolomical analyses, enables faster and a more cost-effective path to identify active compounds without the need for a long process of bioassay-guided fractionation. This study used metabolomics to identify anti-HIV compounds as biomarkers from 57 Helichrysum species in a combined study of the chemical and biological data of two previous studies. In the OPLS-DA and hierarchical cluster analyses, anti-HIV activity data was included as a secondary observation, which assisted in the correlation of the phytochemical composition and biological activity of the samples. Clear grouping revealed similarity in chemical composition and bioactivity of the samples. Based on the biological activity of polar extracts, there was a distinct phytochemical difference between active and non-active groups of extracts. This NMR-based metabolomic investigation showed that the chlorogenic acids, compounds with cinnamoyl functional groups, and quinic acid were the most prominent compounds in the Helichrysum species with anti-HIV activity. This study further revealed that the chlorogenic acid type compounds and quinic acid are biomarkers for anti-HIV activity.

Potential Anti-aging Components From Moringa oleifera Leaves Explored by Affinity Ultrafiltration With Multiple Drug Targets

Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera), widely used in tropical and subtropical regions, has been reported to possess good anti-aging benefits on skincare. However, the potential bioactive components responsible for its anti-aging effects, including anti-collagenase, anti-elastase, and anti-hyaluronidase activities, have not been clarified so far. In this study, M. oleifera leaf extracts were first conducted for anti-elastase and anti-collagenase activities in vitro by spectrophotometric and fluorometric assays, and the results revealed that they possessed good activities against skin aging-related enzymes. Then, multi-target bio-affinity ultrafiltration coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (AUF-HPLC-MS) was applied to quickly screen anti-elastase, anti-collagenase, and anti-hyaluronidase ligands in M. oleifera leaf extracts. Meanwhile, 10, 8, and 14 phytochemicals were screened out as the potential anti-elastase, anti-collagenase, and anti-hyaluronidase ligands, respectively. Further confirmation of these potential bioactive components with anti-aging target enzymes was also implemented by molecule docking analysis. In conclusion, these results suggest that the M. oleifera leaves might be a very promising natural source of anti-aging agent for skincare, which can be further explored in the cosmetics and cosmeceutical industries combating aging and skin wrinkling.

The Correlation Mechanism between Dominant Bacteria and Primary Metabolites during Fermentation of Red Sour Soup

Chinese red sour soup is a traditional fermented product famous in the southwestern part of China owing to its distinguished sour and spicy flavor. In the present study, the effect of inoculation of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on the microbial communities and metabolite contents of the Chinese red sour soup was investigated. Traditional red sour soup was made with tomato and red chilli pepper and a live count (108 CFU/mL) of five bacterial strains (including Clostridium intestinalis: Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus: Lactiplantibacillus plantarum: Lacticaseibacillus casei: Lactobacillus paracei) was added and fermented for 30 days in an incubator at 37 °C. Three replicates were randomly taken at 0 d, 5 d, 10 d, 15 d, 20 d, 25 d and 30 d of fermentation, with a total of 21 sour soup samples. Metabolomic analysis and 16S-rDNA amplicon sequencing of soup samples were performed to determine microbial diversity and metabolite contents. Results revealed that fermentation resulted in the depletion of native bacterial strains as LAB dominated over other microbes, resulting in differences in the relative abundance of bacteria, and types or contents of metabolites. A decrease (p < 0.01) in Shannon and Simpson indices was observed at different fermentation times. The metabolomic analyses revealed a significant increase in the relative content of 10 metabolites (particularly lactic acid, thymine, and ascorbic acid) in fermented samples as compared to the control. The correlation network revealed a positive association of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus with differentially enriched metabolites including lactic acid, ascorbic acid, and chlorogenic acid, which can desirably contribute to the flavor and quality of the red sour soup.

Rhaponticum uniflorum and Serratula centauroides Extracts Attenuate Emotional Injury in Acute and Chronic Emotional Stress

In modern life, the use of plant stress-protectors has taken on particular significance due to the wide distribution of neurosis-like and neurotic diseases caused by neuroendocrine-immune system imbalance. Special attention has been paid to the plants containing ecdysteroids, i.e., hormone-like bioactive substances with high adaptogenic activity. The article deals with the study of bioactivity of two plant extracts as Rhaponticum uniflorum (L.) DC. and Serratula centauroides L. with a high content of ecdysteroids and phenolic compounds. The models of acute and chronic emotional stress in white rats were used to estimate the stress-protective activity of R. uniflorum and S. centauroides extracts. Both extracts showed the stress-protective effect via inhibiting the development of signs induced by single and long-term effects of stress factors. In acute stress, the development of Selye's triad signs was less pronounced against the background of the plant remedies introduction. In chronic stress, the extracts prevented the development of anxiety-depressive syndrome. Besides, R. uniflorum and S. centauroides extracts banned the development of stress-induced injuries in the brain cortex and had a neuroprotective effect on ischemia against chronic stress. The stress-protective effects of both plant extracts were based on a decrease of hyperactivation of the central stress-promoting systems (sympathoadrenal, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) due to their GABA-mimetic effects. Peripheral mechanisms were connected with the inhibition of free radical oxidation processes and with an increase in the endogenous antioxidant system activity. Thus, R. uniflorum and S. centauroides extracts have a high potential to increase non-specific body resistance against acute and chronic emotional stress effects.

Antioxidant and Mitochondria-Targeted Activity of Caffeoylquinic-Acid-Rich Fractions of Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.) and Silver Wormwood (Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.)

Caffeoylquinic acids are some of the chemophenetically significant specialized metabolites found in plants of the family Asteraceae Dumort., possessing a broad spectrum of biological activities. As they might be potential mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, effective preparation methods—including extraction, isolation, and purification of caffeoylquinic acids from plant sources—are in great demand. The aim of this study was to fractionate the caffeoylquinic acids from cultivated wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.) and silver wormwood (Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.) herb acetone extracts and evaluate their phytochemical profiles, antioxidant activity (radical scavenging and reducing activities), effects on kidney mitochondrial functions, and cytochrome-c-reducing properties. The main findings of our study are as follows: (1) Aqueous fractions purified from wormwood and silver wormwood herb acetone extracts are rich in monocaffeoylquinic acids (chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid), while methanolic fractions purified from wormwood and silver wormwood herb acetone extracts are rich in dicaffeoylquinic acids (4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid). Aqueous fractions purified from wormwood and silver wormwood herb acetone extracts were solely composed of monocaffeoylquinic acids. Methanolic fractions purified from wormwood and silver wormwood herb acetone extracts contained only dicaffeoylquinic acids. (2) Fractions purified from silver wormwood herb acetone extracts stood out as having the greatest content of caffeoylquinic acids. (3) The greatest radical scavenging activity was determined in the dicaffeoylquinic-acid-rich fraction purified from silver wormwood herb acetone extract; the greatest reducing activity was determined in the dicaffeoylquinic-acid-rich fraction purified from wormwood herb acetone extract. (4) The effect of both fractions on mitochondrial functions was dose-dependent; lower concentrations of caffeoylquinic-acid-rich fractions had no effect on mitochondrial functions, whereas higher concentrations of caffeoylquinic-acid-rich fractions reduced the state 3 respiration rate (with the complex-I-dependent substrate glutamate/malate). (5) Both monocaffeoylquinic- and dicaffeoylquinic-acid-rich fractions possessed cytochrome-c-reducing properties; the greatest cytochrome c reduction properties were determined in the dicaffeoylquinic-acid-rich fraction purified from wormwood herb acetone extract. In summary, these findings show that caffeoylquinic acids might be beneficial as promising antioxidant and cytochrome-c-reducing agents for the modulation of mitochondria and treatment of various mitochondrial-pathway-associated pathologies.

Phenols, Flavors, and the Mediterranean Diet

Phenols or phenolics are a class of compounds that have one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a 6-carbon aromatic ring, they occur as plant secondary metabolites, having in common the antioxidant activity. Their average daily intake varies widely around the world. Many researchers consider coffee, tea, wine, cocoa products, fruits and vegetables as the main sources of polyphenols in different diets. However, spices and culinary herbs have been referred to as the foods richest in polyphenols. Despite spices and culinary herbs are used in small amounts as seasonings, their contribution to the dietary supply of phytonutrients should not be disregarded. A diet rich in a variety of polyphenols (and other phytonutrients) has potential health benefits, namely in the prevention of chronic diseases and cancer. In addition, flavor and color are the most important factors for the selection of food by consumers. A multitude of endogenous food compounds, including phenolics, are involved in food flavor. The presence of phenolic compounds in the food matrix has been mainly associated with the perception of bitter taste and tactile sensation of astringency. However, these compounds can also impact the color and aroma notes of fruits and vegetables. Thus, understanding the sensory impact of these substances and relationships with consumers' approaches towards phenolic-rich fruits and vegetables may help find strategies to increase the consumption of such foods. A well-known example of a tasty, healthy and sustainable dietary model is the Mediterranean Diet. In this study, we summarize the dietary intake of some polyphenols from different dietary patterns around the world and the contribution of natural phenolic compounds to the flavor of food and beverages, in particularly those associated to the Mediterranean Diet.

Transcriptome-Wide Identification and Quantification of Caffeoylquinic Acid Biosynthesis Pathway and Prediction of Its Putative BAHDs Gene Complex in A. spathulifolius

The phenylpropanoid pathway is a major secondary metabolite pathway that helps plants overcome biotic and abiotic stress and produces various byproducts that promote human health. Its byproduct caffeoylquinic acid is a soluble phenolic compound present in many angiosperms. Hydroxycinnamate-CoA shikimate/quinate transferase is a significant enzyme that plays a role in accumulating CQA biosynthesis. This study analyzed transcriptome-wide identification of the phenylpropanoid to caffeoylquinic acid biosynthesis candidate genes in A. spathulifolius flowers and leaves. Transcriptomic analyses of the flowers and leaves showed a differential expression of the PPP and CQA biosynthesis regulated unigenes. An analysis of PPP-captive unigenes revealed a major duplication in the following genes: PAL, 120 unigenes in leaves and 76 in flowers; C3′H, 169 unigenes in leaves and 140 in flowers; 4CL, 41 unigenes in leaves and 27 in flowers; and C4H, 12 unigenes in leaves and 4 in flowers. The phylogenetic analysis revealed 82 BAHDs superfamily members in leaves and 72 in flowers, among which five unigenes encode for HQT and three for HCT. The three HQT are common to both leaves and flowers, whereas the two HQT were specialized for leaves. The pattern of HQT synthesis was upregulated in flowers, whereas HCT was expressed strongly in the leaves of A. spathulifolius. Overall, 4CL, C4H, and HQT are expressed strongly in flowers and CAA and HCT show more expression in leaves. As a result, the quantification of HQT and HCT indicates that CQA biosynthesis is more abundant in the flowers and synthesis of caffeic acid in the leaves of A. spathulifolius.

Chemical Structure and Biological Activities of Secondary Metabolites from Salicornia europaea L

Salicornia europaea L. is a halophyte that grows in salt marshes and muddy seashores, which is widely used both as traditional medicine and as an edible vegetable. This salt-tolerant plant is a source of diverse secondary metabolites with several therapeutic properties, including antioxidant, antidiabetic, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesity effects. Therefore, this review summarizes the chemical structure and biological activities of secondary metabolites isolated from Salicornia europaea L.

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) Top Extract Ameliorates Cognitive Decline in Senescence Model SAMP8 Mice: Modulation of Neural Development and Energy Metabolism

Age-related biological alterations in brain function increase the risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia, a global problem exacerbated by aging populations in developed nations. Limited pharmacological therapies have resulted in attention turning to the promising role of medicinal plants and dietary supplements in the treatment and prevention of dementia. Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) top, largely considered as a by-product because of its low sugar content, in fact contains the most abundant amounts of antioxidant polyphenols relative to the rest of the plant. Given the numerous epidemiological studies on the effects of polyphenols on cognitive function, in this study, we analyzed polyphenolic constituents of sugarcane top and examined the effect of sugarcane top ethanolic extract (STEE) on a range of central nervous system functions in vitro and in vivo. Orally administrated STEE rescued spatial learning and memory deficit in the senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice, a non-transgenic strain that spontaneously develops a multisystemic aging phenotype including pathological features of Alzheimer's disease. This could be correlated with an increased number of hippocampal newborn neurons and restoration of cortical monoamine levels in STEE-fed SAMP8 mice. Global genomic analysis by microarray in cerebral cortices showed multiple potential mechanisms for the cognitive improvement. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed biological processes such as neurogenesis, neuron differentiation, and neuron development were significantly enriched in STEE-fed mice brain compared to non-treated SAMP8 mice. Furthermore, STEE treatment significantly regulated genes involved in neurotrophin signaling, glucose metabolism, and neural development in mice brain. Our in vitro results suggest that STEE treatment enhances the metabolic activity of neuronal cells promoting glucose metabolism with significant upregulation of genes, namely PGK1, PGAM1, PKM, and PC. STEE also stimulated proliferation of human neural stem cells (hNSCs), regulated bHLH factor expression and induced neuronal differentiation and astrocytic process lengthening. Altogether, our findings suggest the potential of STEE as a dietary intervention, with promising implications as a novel nutraceutical for cognitive health.

Current Advances in Naturally Occurring Caffeoylquinic Acids: Structure, Bioactivity, and Synthesis

Caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs) are a broad class of secondary metabolites that have been found in edible and medicinal plants from various families. It has been 100 years since the discovery of chlorogenic acid in 1920. In recent years, a number of naturally derived CQAs have been isolated and structurally elucidated. Accumulated evidence demonstrate that CQAs have a wide range of biological activities, such as antioxidation, antibacterial, antiparasitic, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, and antidiabetic effects. Up to date, some meaningful progresses on the biosynthesis and total synthesis of CQAs have also been made. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively summarize the structure, biological activity, biosynthesis, and chemical synthesis of CQAs. This review provides extensive coverage of naturally occurring CQAs discovered from 1990 until 2020. Modern isolation techniques, chemical data (including structure, biosynthesis, and total synthesis), and bioactivity are summarized. This would be helpful for further research of CQAs as potential pharmaceutical agents.

Phytochemical characterization of different yarrow species (Achillea sp.) and investigations into their antimicrobial activity

Various Achillea species are rich in bioactive compounds and are important medicinal plants in phytotherapy. In the present study, Achillea millefolium L., Achillea moschata Wulfen, and Achillea atrata L. were compared with respect to their phenolic profile and antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria strains (Staphylococcus, Propionibacterium). Particular focus was given to A. atrata, which has hardly been studied so far. Based on the metabolite profile, A. atrata exhibited more similarities to A. moschata than to A. millefolium. The former two only differed in the occurrence of four compounds. The flavonols syringetin-3-O-glucoside and mearnsetin-hexoside, not reported for an Achillea species before, have been detected in A. atrata and A. moschata. All Achillea species reduced growth of the tested bacteria. A. atrata demonstrated highest activity against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis, both being involved in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. Furthermore, A. atrata has a pronounced anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus potential. Bioassay-guided fractionation revealed that only the most polar fraction of A. moschata displayed antimicrobial activity, which was attributed to phenolics such as apigenin, centaureidin, and nevadensin, being present in high amounts in A. atrata. Thus, this alpine species shows promising antimicrobial activity and might be a potential source for developing novel dermal/topical drugs.

Sevanol and Its Analogues: Chemical Synthesis, Biological Effects and Molecular Docking

Among acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), ASIC1a and ASIC3 subunits are the most widespread and prevalent in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. They participate in synaptic plasticity, learning and memory, as well as the perception of inflammatory and neurological pain, making these channels attractive pharmacological targets. Sevanol, a natural lignan isolated from Thymus armeniacus, inhibits the activity of ASIC1a and ASIC3 isoforms, and has a significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect. In this work, we described the efficient chemical synthesis scheme of sevanol and its analogues, which allows us to analyze the structure–activity relationships of the different parts of this molecule. We found that the inhibitory activity of sevanol and its analogues on ASIC1a and ASIC3 channels depends on the number and availability of the carboxyl groups of the molecule. At the structural level, we predicted the presence of a sevanol binding site based on the presence of molecular docking in the central vestibule of the ASIC1a channel. We predicted that this site could also be occupied in part by the FRRF-amide peptide, and the competition assay of sevanol with this peptide confirmed this prediction. The intravenous (i.v.), intranasal (i.n.) and, especially, oral (p.o.) administration of synthetic sevanol in animal models produced significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Both non-invasive methods of sevanol administration (i.n. and p.o.) showed greater efficacy than the invasive (i.v.) method, thus opening new horizons for medicinal uses of sevanol.

Protective effect of the medicinal herb infusion "horchata" against oxidative damage in cigarette smokers: An ex vivo study

Cigarette smoking has been associated with an increase in oxidative stress (OS) and is considered a predisposing factor to chronic noncommunicable diseases, whilst dietary antioxidants has been proposed as an alternative to cope with this oxidative stress. In this study, 20 smokers and 20 non-smokers were studied with the aim of determining their antioxidant status, as well as the ability of an infusion of 23 medicinal plants, to counteract the damage caused by OS. The plasma, red blood cells (RBCs) and polymorphonuclear cells (PBMCs) of both groups were incubated or not with the horchata infusion extract and then the OS markers, genotoxicity, nanostructure of RBCs membrane and genes related to oxidative responses and cellular functionality were evaluated. Up to 33 different compounds, mainly quercetin glycosides, were identified in the extract. A significant deterioration in the antioxidant status in smokers compared to non-smokers was found. The horchata infusion extract improved the nanostructure of RBCs and DNA damage, as well as the activity of the endogenous antioxidant enzymes and markers of oxidative damage to lipid, and proteins in plasma, RBCs and PBMCs in both groups, whilst no significant changes were found in the expression of different genes related to OS response.

Blueberry Counteracts BV-2 Microglia Morphological and Functional Switch after LPS Challenge

Microglia, the innate immune cells of the CNS, respond to brain injury by activating and modifying their morphology. Our study arises from the great interest that has been focused on blueberry (BB) for the antioxidant and pharmacological properties displayed by its components. We analyzed the influence of hydroalcoholic BB extract in resting or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglia BV-2 cells. BB exerted a protective effect against LPS-induced cytotoxicity, as indicated by cell viability. BB was also able to influence the actin cytoskeleton organization, to recover the control phenotype after LPS insult, and also to reduce LPS-driven migration. We evaluated the activity of Rho and Rac1 GTPases, which regulate both actin cytoskeletal organization and migratory capacity. LPS caused an increase in Rac1 activity, which was counteracted by BB extract. Furthermore, we demonstrated that, in the presence of BB, mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α decreased, as did the immunofluorescence signal of iNOS, whereas that of Arg-1 was increased. Taken together, our results show that, during the inflammatory response, BB extract shifts the M1 polarization towards the M2 phenotype through an actin cytoskeletal rearrangement. Based on that, we might consider BB as a nutraceutical with anti-inflammatory activities.

Protective Effects of Ligularia fischeri and Aronia melanocarpa Extracts on Alcoholic Liver Disease (In Vitro and In Vivo Study)

Hepatic protective effects of Ligularia fischeri (LF) and Aronia melanocarpa (AM) against alcohol were investigated in vitro and in vivo test. LF, AM, and those composed mixing material (LF+AM) were treated in HepG2 cell. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activities were significantly increased in each singleness extract and mixed composite. The protective effect on alcoholic liver damage was investigated by animal models. Serum alcohol level and acetaldehyde level were significantly decreased by LF+AM treatment in acute experimental model. In the chronic mouse model study, we had found that the increased plasma liver damage index (alkaline phosphatase) by alcohol treatment was declined by oral administration of LF+AM extraction composite. As well as, it was identified that the protection effect was induced by increasing catalase activity and suppressing COX-2, TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-6 mRNA expressions. CYP2E1 mRNA expression was also increased. These results suggest that oral ingestion of LF and AM mixed composite is able to protect liver against alcohol-induced injury by increasing alcohol metabolism activity and antioxidant system along with decreasing inflammatory responses.

3,4,5-Tricaffeoylquinic acid induces adult neurogenesis and improves deficit of learning and memory in aging model senescence-accelerated prone 8 mice

Caffeoylquinic acid (CQA) is a natural polyphenol with evidence of antioxidant and neuroprotective effects and prevention of deficits in spatial learning and memory. We studied the cognitive-enhancing effect of 3,4,5-tricaffeoylquinic acid (TCQA) and explored its cellular and molecular mechanism in the senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) model of aging and Alzheimer's disease as well as in human neural stem cells (hNSCs). Mice were fed with 5 mg/kg of TCQA for 30 days and were tested in the Morris water maze (MWM). Brain tissues were collected for immunohistochemical detection of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to detect activated stem cells and newborn neurons. TCQA-treated SAMP8 exhibited significantly improved cognitive performance in MWM compared to water-treated SAMP8. TCQA-treated SAMP8 mice also had significantly higher numbers of BrdU+/glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP+) and BrdU+/Neuronal nuclei (NeuN+) cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) neurogenic niche compared with untreated SAMP8. In hNSCs, TCQA induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1, actin cytoskeleton organization, chromatin remodeling, neuronal differentiation, and bone morphogenetic protein signaling. The neurogenesis promoting effect of TCQA in the DG of SAMP8 mice might explain the cognition-enhancing influence of TCQA observed in our study, and our hNSCs in aggregate suggest a therapeutic potential for TCQA in aging-associated diseases.

Caffeoylquinic Acids with Potential Biological Activity from Plant In vitro Cultures as Alternative Sources of Valuable Natural Products

BACKGROUND

For a long time, the researchers have been looking for new efficient methods to enhance production and obtain valuable plant secondary metabolites, which would contribute to the protection of the natural environment through the preservation of various plant species, often rare and endangered. These possibilities offer plant in vitro cultures which can be performed under strictly-controlled conditions, regardless of the season or climate and environmental factors. Biotechnological methods are promising strategies for obtaining the valuable plant secondary metabolites with various classes of chemical compounds including caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs) and their derivatives. CQAs have been found in many plant species which are components in the daily diet and exhibit a wide spectrum of biological activities, including antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antihypertensive, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, hepato- and neuroprotective, anti-hyperglycemic, anticancer, antiviral and antimicrobial activities. They have also been found to offer protection against Alzheimer's disease, and play a role in weight reduction and lipid metabolism control, as well as modulating the activity of glucose-6-phosphatase involved in glucose metabolism.

METHODS

This work presents the review of the recent advances in use in vitro cultures of various plant species for the alternative system to the production of CQAs and their derivatives. Production of the secondary metabolites in in vitro culture is usually performed with cell suspension or organ cultures, such as shoots and adventitious or transformed roots. To achieve high production of valuable secondary metabolites in in vitro cultures, the optimization of the culture condition is necessary with respect to both biomass accumulation and metabolite content. The optimization of the culture conditions can be achieved by choosing the type of medium, growth regulators or growth conditions, selection of high-productivity lines or culture period, supplementation of the culture medium with precursors or elicitor treatments. Cultivation for large-scale in bioreactors and genetic engineering: Agrobacterium rhizogenes transformation and expression improvement of transcriptional factor or genes involved in the secondary metabolite production pathway are also efficient strategies for enhancement of the valuable secondary metabolites.

RESULTS

Many studies have been reported to obtain highly productive plant in vitro cultures with respect to CQAs. Among these valuable secondary metabolites, the most abundant compound accumulated in in vitro cultures was 5-CQA (chlorogenic acid). Highly productive cultures with respect to this phenolic acid were Leonurus sibiricus AtPAP1 transgenic roots, Lonicera macranthoides and Eucomia ulmoides cell suspension cultures which accumulated above 20 mg g-1 DW 5-CQA. It is known that di- and triCQAs are less common in plants than monoCQAs, but it was also possible to obtain them by biotechnological methods.

CONCLUSION

The results indicate that the various in vitro cultures of different plant species can be a profitable approach for the production of CQAs. In particular, an efficient production of these valuable compounds is possible by Lonicera macranthoides and Eucomia ulmoides cell suspension cultures, Leonurus sibiricus transformed roots and AtPAP1 transgenic roots, Echinacea angustifolia adventitious shoots, Rhaponticum carthamoides transformed plants, Lavandula viridis shoots, Sausera involucrata cell suspension and Cichorium intybus transformed roots.

Quantitative Analysis of the Biologically Active Compounds Present in Leaves of Mexican Sweet Potato Accessions: Phenols, Flavonoids, Anthocyanins, 3,4,5-Tri-Caffeoylquinic Acid and 4-Feruloyl-5-Caffeoylquinic Acid

Sweet potato is one of the oldest crops cultivated in Mexico, and Mesoamerica is considered as a region with the greatest diversity of this species. Therefore, the present study focused on the evaluation of biologically active compounds, such as caffeoylquinic acid derivatives and flavonoid compounds, in sweet potato leaves of 200 accessions of the main producing regions of Mexico. The analysis of total phenol content (TPC) showed a great variability of concentrations among the examined accessions (54.41 to 284.64 mgTPC/g DW). Likewise, total flavonoid content (TFC) was determined and ranged from 10.01 to 40.17 mgTFC /g DW. Finally, total anthocyanin content (TAC) was evaluated and concentrations obtained varied from 0.05 to 0.98 mgTAC/g DW. Additionally, HPLC analysis of all 200 accessions demonstrated the presence of caffeic acid (CA), 5-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA), three isomers of di-caffeoylquinic acid (di-CCA) and 4-feruloyl-5-caffeoylquinic acid (4F-5CQA) in all test samples. Only 21 accessions tested showed the quantitative amount of 3,4,5-tri-caffeoylquinic acid (3,4,5-tri-CQA) with concentrations ranging from 44.73 to 193.22 mg/100 g DW and high content of 4F-5CQA (139.46 to 419.99 mg/100 g DW). The gathered data indicate that leaves of Mexican sweet potatoes are a promising source of phenolic compounds with remarkable nutraceutical potential.

Antidepressant-Like Effect of Ferulic Acid via Promotion of Energy Metabolism Activity

SCOPE

Ferulic acid (FA), a natural phenolic phytochemical abundantly present in whole grains, herbs, and dried fruits, exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects. In the present study, the antidepressant-like effects of FA in male ICR mice using tail suspension test (TST) are investigated and its molecular mechanisms are explored.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Oral administration of FA at a dose of 5 mg kg-1 for 7 days significantly reduces immobility of mice compared to vehicle-administered control group. Microarray and real-time PCR analyses reveal that FA upregulates the expression of several genes associated with cell survival and proliferation, energy metabolism, and dopamine synthesis in mice limbic system of brain. Interestingly, it is found that FA, unlike antidepressant drug bupropion, strongly promotes energy metabolism. Additionally, FA increases catecholamine (dopamine and noradrenaline), brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and ATP levels, and decreases glycogen levels in the limbic system of the mice brain.

CONCLUSION

The research provides the first evidence that FA enhances energy production, which can be the underlying mechanism of the antidepressant-like effects of FA observed in this study.

Polyphenol mixture of a native Korean variety of Artemisia argyi H. (Seomae mugwort) and its anti‑inflammatory effects

In the present study, a polyphenolic mixture was isolated from Seomae mugwort (SM; a native Korean variety of Artemisia argyi H.) via extraction with aqueous 70% methanol followed by the elution of ethyl acetate over a silica gel column. Each polyphenolic compound was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, and compared with the literature. In addition to the 14 characterized components, one hydroxy-cinnamate, six flavonoids, and one lignan were reported for the first time, to the best our knowledge, in Artemisia argyi H. The anti-inflammatory properties of SM polyphenols were studied in lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The SM polyphenols attenuated the activation of macrophages via the inhibition of nitric oxide production, nuclear factor-κB activation, the mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-1β, and the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase. Our results suggested that SM polyphenols may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of inflammatory-related diseases.

Caffeoylquinic Acids: Separation Method, Antiradical Properties and Cytotoxicity

Twelve chlorogenic acid derivatives and two flavones were isolated from Moquiniastrum floribundum (Asteraceae, other name: Gochnatia floribunda). Compounds were evaluated in relation to their cytotoxicity and antiradical properties. Cytotoxicity was not observed for compounds, however, chlorogenic acid derivatives showed antiradical activity and were more active than the Trolox standard. Quinic acid esterified with caffeoyl group at C-4 position showed higher antiradical activity compared to acylation at C-3 or C-5 positions. Additional caffeoyl groups esterified in quinic acid increase the antiradical activity observed for 4-caffeoylquinic acid. Excepted to 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid methyl ester, methyl ester derivatives show higher capacity of trapping radicals than their respective acids. Consequently, the presence of caffeoyl group at C-4 position of quinic acid is suggested as fundamental to obtain the highest antiradical activity.

Protective effect of 3,5‑dicaffeoyl‑epi‑quinic acid against UVB‑induced photoaging in human HaCaT keratinocytes

Derivatives of caffeoylquinic acid (CQA) have been studied and reported as potent bioactive molecules possessing various health benefits including antioxidant and anti‑inflammatory activities. In the present study, the protective effect of 3,5‑dicaffeoyl‑epi‑quinic acid (DCEQA) isolated from Atriplex gmelinii on UVB‑induced damages was investigated in human HaCaT keratinocytes. The effect of DCEQA against UVB‑induced oxidative stress‑mediated damages was determined measuring its ability to alleviate UVB‑induced elevation of oxidative stress, proinflammatory response and antioxidant enzyme suppression through nuclear factor‑like 2 (Nrf2). Treatment with DCEQA hindered the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species. Increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines TNF‑α, COX‑2, IL‑6 and IL‑1β following UVB exposure were suppressed by the introduction of DCEQA. Additionally, DCEQA upregulated the mRNA and protein expression of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase‑1 and heme oxygenase‑1 which were inhibited under UVB irradiation. Antioxidant enzyme regulation transcription factor Nrf2 was also upregulated in the presence of DCEQA. These results suggest that DCEQA prevents photoaging via protection of keratinocytes from UVB irradiation by ameliorating the oxidative stress and pro‑inflammatory response.

Chemical constituents from Gnaphalium affine and their xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity

Gnaphalium affine D. Don, a medicinal and edible plant, has been used to treat gout in traditional Chinese medicine and popularly consumed in China for a long time. A detailed phytochemical investigation on the aerial part of G. affine led to the isolation of two new esters of caffeoylquinic acid named (-) ethyl 1, 4-di-O-caffeoylquinate (1) and (-) methyl 1, 4-di-O-caffeoylquinate (2), together with 35 known compounds (3-37). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data and first-order multiplet analysis. All the isolated compounds were tested for their xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity with an in vitro enzyme inhibitory screening assay. Among the tested compounds, 1 (IC₅₀ 11.94 μmol·L^-1) and 2 (IC₅₀ 15.04 μmol·L^-1) showed a good inhibitory activity. The current results supported the medical use of the plant.

LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS profiling and antioxidant activity of phenolics from L. Sativum seedcake

Lepidium sativum is widely used as a culinary and medicinal herb and is claimed to cure many diseases. In this study, an attempt was made to investigate the biochemical composition and functional properties of L. sativum ethanolic extract. The extract contained a total phenolic content of 11.03 ± 0.75 (mg GAE/g dw plant material) and a flavonoid content of 4.79 ± 0.24 (mg QE/100 g dw plant material). Further, the extract was characterized by LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS profiling and the results showed that the ethanolic fraction contains many important phenolics such as Kaempferol, Coumaroylquinic acid, p-Coumaroyl glycolic acid, Caffeic acid. The identified compounds are known for their biological properties and therefore, the functional properties of the extract as a whole were also studied. The extract showed significant antioxidant activity (IC50 values) 162.4 ± 2.3, 35.29 ± 1.02, 187.12 ± 3.4 and 119.32 ± 1.5 μg/ml in terms of DPPH, ABTS, Superoxide scavenging activity and metal chelating property respectively. Further, the extract showed IC50 values, 73.72 ± 1.23 and 121.78 ± 1.03 μg/ml in HRBC membrane stabilization ability and protein denaturation inhibition capacity respectively, which in turn is a measure of its anti-inflammatory activity. The results of the study are promising and serve basis for further investigation into the plant and possible consideration for use in nutraceuticals and functional foods.

Novel caffeoylquinic acid derivatives from Lonicera japonica Thunb. flower buds exert pronounced anti-HBV activities

Lonicera japonica Thunb., possesses antiviral and hepatoprotective activities, and is widely used as a health food and in cosmetics. However, its major constituents, caffeoylquinic acid derivatives, and their anti-HBV activity were lacking systematic research. In this study, four novel caffeoylquinic acids, five simple caffeic acids and fourteen known caffeoylquinic acids are isolated and identified from L. japonica. Most caffeoylquinic acids inhibited HBsAg and HBeAg secretion, and HBV DNA replication. In particular, 100 μg ml⁻¹ monocaffeoylquinic acid 9 inhibits HBsAg and HBeAg secretion, and HBV DNA replication by 83.82, 70.76 and 39.36% compared to the control. Unfortunately, 50 μg ml⁻¹ tricaffeoylquinic acid 23 promotes HBsAg and HBeAg secretion, and HBV DNA replication by 172.39, 9.92 and 55.40%. Finally, structure–activity relationships reveal that caffeoylquinic acids containing a caffeoyl group have better inhibitory activities. The results indicate that caffeoylquinic acids from L. japonica could serve as anti-HBV agents for functional food or medicinal use.

Lonicera japonica Thunb., possesses antiviral and hepatoprotective activities, and is widely used as a health food and in cosmetics.

Structural constraints and importance of caffeic acid moiety for anti-hyperglycemic effects of caffeoylquinic acids from chicory

SCOPE

Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) is a perennial herb often consumed as a vegetable, whereas the ground and roasted roots are blended as a coffee substitute. Caffeoylquinic or chlorogenic acids (CQA), the abundant intermediates of lignin biosynthesis in chicory, have been reported to improve glucose metabolism in humans, but the functional group in their structure responsible for this effect has not been yet characterized.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Here, we showed that three di-O-caffeoylquinic acids suppressed hepatic glucose production in H4IIE rat hepatoma cells by reducing expression of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), two key enzymes that regulate hepatic gluconeogenesis. Direct comparisons between CQAs and their metabolites (3-caffeoylquinic, caffeic, and quinic acids) revealed the caffeic acid moiety alone was responsible for the observed effects. Further analysis suggested the activation of PI3K and MAPK pathways as a method of controlling gene expression was shared between caffeoylquinic and caffeic acids. These compounds promoted increased mitochondrial respiration and cellular metabolism, in part by inducing oxidative phosphorylation and proton leak.

CONCLUSION

We concluded that the caffeic acid moiety was important for suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis and hyperglycemia, ultimately strengthening the link between dietary interventions based on caffeic acid-containing plant foods and healthy glucose metabolism.

Artemisia Iwayomogi Extract Attenuates High-Fat Diet-Induced Hypertriglyceridemia in Mice: Potential Involvement of the Adiponectin-AMPK Pathway and Very Low Density Lipoprotein Assembly in the Liver

This study aimed to examine the protective effect of Artemisia iwayomogi extract (AI) against hypertriglyceridemia induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) in mice and to uncover the underlying molecular mechanisms. C57BL/6N mice were fed chow, HFD, HFD + 0.1% AI, HFD + 0.25% AI, or HFD + 0.5% AI for 10 weeks. The addition of 0.25% and 0.5% AI resulted in dose-dependent improvements in the major parameters of hypertriglyceridemia, including plasma triglyceride, free fatty acids, apolipoprotein B, and lipoprotein lipase, with parallel reductions in body weight gain, hepatic lipid accumulation, and insulin resistance. These beneficial effects were accompanied by the activation of adiponectin-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) mediated signaling cascades in the liver, which downregulated molecules involved in lipogenesis and concurrently upregulated molecules related to fatty acid oxidation. The downregulation of molecules involved in very low density lipoprotein assembly, which was associated with improved hepatic insulin signaling, also appeared to contribute to the AI-induced attenuation of hypertriglyceridemia.

Use of [C4mim]Cl for efficient extraction of caffeoylquinic acids from sweet potato leaves

Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas, is a widely cultivated vegetable worldwide. The leaves contain polyphenolic natural products called caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs), which possess biological activities including inhibition of aggregation of amyloid peptides. The present study describes an efficient extraction and isolation procedure for CQAs from sweet potato leaves using a cellulose-dissolving ionic liquid. The results showed that, compared to methanol, use of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C4mim]Cl) allowed the extraction of a 6.5-fold greater amount of CQAs. This protocol will enable the efficient extraction of other organic compounds and biopolymers from natural materials.

Inhibitory Effect of Chemical Constituents Isolated from Artemisia iwayomogi on Polyol Pathway and Simultaneous Quantification of Major Bioactive Compounds

Blocking the polyol pathway plays an important role preventing diabetic complications. Therefore, aldose reductase (AR) and advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) formation has significant effect on diabetic complications. Artemisia iwayomogi has long been used as treatment of various diseases in Korea. However, no literatures have reported on AR and AGEs formation inhibitory activities of A. iwayomogi. For these reasons, we aimed to assess that A. iwayomogi had potential as anti-diabetic complications agents. We led to isolation of two coumarins (1 and 2), nine flavonoids (3–11), five caffeoylquinic acids (12–16), three diterpene glycosides (17–19), and one phenolic compound (20) from A. iwayomogi. Among them, hispidulin (4), 6-methoxytricin (6), arteanoflavone (7), quercetin-3-gentiobioside (10), 1,3-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (13), and suavioside A (18) were first reported on the isolation from A. iwayomogi. Not only two coumarins (1 and 2), nine flavonoids (3–11), and five caffeoylquinic acids (12–16) but also extracts showed significant inhibitor on AR and AGEs formation activities. We analyzed contents of major bioactive compounds in Korea's various regions of A. iwayomogi. Overall, we selected Yangyang, Gangwon-do, from June, which contained the highest amounts of bioactive compounds, as suitable areas for cultivating A. iwayomogi as preventive or therapeutic agent in the treatment of diabetic complications.

The in vivo hepato-recovery effects of the polyphenol-rich fermented food Xeniji™ on ethanol-induced liver damage

Xeniji that rich in caffeoylquinic acid and sakuranetin promoted recovery of the ethanol induced liver damage.

Chlorogenic acid ameliorates endotoxin-induced liver injury by promoting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation

Acute or chronic hepatic injury is a common pathology worldwide. Mitochondrial dysfunction and the depletion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) play important roles in liver injury. Chlorogenic acids (CGA) are some of the most abundant phenolic acids in human diet. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that CGA may protect against chronic lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury by modulating mitochondrial energy generation. CGA decreased the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase. The contents of ATP and adenosine monophosphate (AMP), as well as the ratio of AMP/ATP, were increased after CGA supplementation. The activities of enzymes that are involved in glycolysis were reduced, while those of enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation were increased. Moreover, phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and mRNA levels of AMPK-α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), nuclear respiratory factor 1, and mitochondrial DNA transcription factor A were increased after CGA supplementation. Collectively, these findings suggest that the hepatoprotective effect of CGA might be associated with enhanced ATP production, the stimulation of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and the inhibition of glycolysis.

Inhibitory effect of medicinal plant-derived carboxylic acids on the human transporters hOAT1, hOAT3, hOATP1B1, and hOATP2B1

A significant number of organic carboxylic acids have been shown to influence the absorption and distribution of drugs mediated by organic anion transporters (OATs). In this study, uptake experiments were performed to assess the inhibitory effects of cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, oleanolic acid, deoxycholic acid, and cynarin on hOAT1, hOAT3, hOATP1B1, and hOATP2B1. After a drug-drug interaction (DDI) investigation, cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, deoxycholic acid, and cynarin were found and validated to inhibit hOAT1 in a competitive manner, and deoxycholic acid was found to be an inhibitor of all four transporters. The apparent 50% inhibitory concentrations of cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, deoxycholic acid, and cynarin were estimated to be 133.87, 3.69, 90.03 and 6.03 μmol·L(-1) for hOAT1, respectively. The apparent 50% inhibitory concentrations of deoxycholic acid were estimated to be 9.57 μmol·L(-1) for hOAT3, 70.54 μmol·L(-1) for hOATP1B1, and 168.27 μmol·L(-1) for hOATP2B1. Because cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, and cynarin are ingredients of food or food additives, the present study suggests there are new food-drug interactions to be disclosed. In addition, deoxycholic acid may be used as a probe for studying the correlation of OATs and OATPs.

The chemistry and biological activities of natural products from Northern African plant families: from Aloaceae to Cupressaceae

Traditional medicinal practices play a key role in health care systems in countries with developing economies.

Content of antioxidative caffeoylquinic acid derivatives in field-grown Ligularia fischeri (Ledeb.) Turcz and responses to sunlight

Ligularia fischeri (Ledeb.) Turcz, a commercial leafy vegetable, contains caffeoylquinic acid derivatives (CQAs) as major phenolic constituents. The HPLC chromatograms of leaf extracts collected from different areas in Korea showed a significant variation in CQA amount, and two tri-O-caffeoylquinic acids (triCQAs) were purified and structurally identified by NMR and MS from this plant. Radical scavenging activities among CQAs were found to be increased in proportion to the number of caffeoyl groups. Since this plant prefers damp and shady growth conditions, the effects of sunlight were investigated by growing plantlets in sunlight and shade for four weeks. Greater leaf thickness and higher phenolic contents were found for leaves grown in sunlight than in shade. Four major CQAs-5-mono-O-caffeoylquinic acid (5-monoCQA), and 3,4-, 3,5-, and 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (diCQA)-were induced by solar irradiation, whereas the content of these compounds decreased steadily in shade leaves. The leaves of L. fischeri clearly showed adaptation responses to sunlight, and these characteristics can be exploited for cultivation of this plant for potential use as a nutraceutical and functional food.

Isolation of mono-caffeoylquinic acids from tobacco waste using continuous resin-based pre-separation and preparative HPLC

Three isomers of mono-caffeoylquinic acid, specifically, 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid and 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, were successfully isolated from a crude extract of tobacco (Nicotiana tobaccum L.) wastes using continuous resin-based pre-separation and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The extract of tobacco wastes was continuously pre-separated by resin-based columns packed with D101 and XAD-4, yielding total mono-caffeoylquinic acids with a purity of 67.71% and a recovery rate of 90.06%. Variables affecting resolution and productivity of three mono-caffeoylquinic acid isomers in preparative HPLC (i.e. mobile-phase composition, pH, flow rate and loading amount) were studied. The optimum chromatographic conditions were determined to be a mobile phase consisting of 15% (v/v) methanol and aqueous acetic acid with a pH of 4.5, a flow rate of 4.0 mL/min, a loading amount of 4 mL and a detection wavelength of 360 nm. From 300 mg of loading sample, 56.3 mg of 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 92.8 mg of 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid and 73.1 mg of 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid were obtained in a single run, each with a purity of over 98% by HPLC. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by ESI-MS, (1) H-NMR and (13) C-NMR spectral data.