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Behrendt T, Quisilima JI, Bielitzki R, Behrens M, Glazachev OS, Brigadski T, Leßmann V, Schega L. Brain-Derived neurotrophic factor and inflammatory biomarkers are unaffected by acute and chronic intermittent hypoxic-hyperoxic exposure in geriatric patients: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Med 2024; 56:2304650. [PMID: 38253008 PMCID: PMC10810628 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2304650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal and human studies have shown that exposure to hypoxia can increase brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein transcription and reduce systematic inflammatory cytokine response. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the acute and chronic effects of intermittent hypoxic-hyperoxic exposure (IHHE) prior to aerobic exercise on BDNF, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) blood levels in geriatric patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-five geriatric patients (83.1 ± 5.0 yrs, 71.1 ± 10.0 kg, 1.8 ± 0.9 m) participated in a placebo-controlled, single-blinded trial and were randomly assigned to either an intervention (IG) or control group (CG) performing an aerobic cycling training (17 sessions, 20 min·session-1, 3 sessions·week-1). Prior to aerobic cycling exercise, the IG was additionally exposed to IHHE for 30 min, whereas the CG received continuous normoxic air. Blood samples were taken immediately before (pre-exercise) and 10 min (post-exercise) after the first session as well as 48 h (post-training) after the last session to determine serum (BDNFS) and plasma BDNF (BDNFP), IL-6, and CRP levels. Intervention effects were analyzed using a 2 x 2 analysis of covariance with repeated measures. Results were interpreted based on effect sizes with a medium effect considered as meaningful (ηp2 ≥ 0.06, d ≥ 0.5). RESULTS CRP was moderately higher (d = 0.51) in the CG compared to the IG at baseline. IHHE had no acute effect on BDNFS (ηp2 = 0.01), BDNFP (ηp2 < 0.01), BDNF serum/plasma-ratio (ηp2 < 0.01), IL-6 (ηp2 < 0.01), or CRP (ηp2 = 0.04). After the 6-week intervention, an interaction was found for BDNF serum/plasma-ratio (ηp2 = 0.06) but not for BDNFS (ηp2 = 0.04), BDNFP (ηp2 < 0.01), IL-6 (ηp2 < 0.01), or CRP (ηp2 < 0.01). BDNF serum/plasma-ratio increased from pre-exercise to post-training (d = 0.67) in the CG compared to the IG (d = 0.51). A main effect of time was found for BDNFP (ηp2 = 0.09) but not for BDNFS (ηp2 = 0.02). Within-group post-hoc analyses revealed a training-related reduction in BDNFP in the IG and CG by 46.1% (d = 0.73) and 24.7% (d = 0.57), respectively. CONCLUSION The addition of 30 min IHHE prior to 20 min aerobic cycling seems not to be effective to increase BDNFS and BDNFP or to reduce IL-6 and CRP levels in geriatric patients after a 6-week intervention.The study was retrospectively registered at drks.de (DRKS-ID: DRKS00025130).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Behrendt
- Department of Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jessica Ibanez Quisilima
- Department of Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Robert Bielitzki
- Department of Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Behrens
- University of Applied Sciences for Sport and Management Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Oleg S. Glazachev
- Department of Human Physiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tanja Brigadski
- Department of Informatics and Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Volkmar Leßmann
- Institute of Physiology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Schega
- Department of Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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Mardyła M, Maciejczyk M, Pałka T, Więcek M, Kusmierczyk J, Szymura J, Szygula Z. Intermittent hypoxia training does not change erythrocyte aggregation indicators in young, healthy men. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1386650. [PMID: 38983719 PMCID: PMC11231187 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1386650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The increasing popularity of hypoxic training as a training method to improve physical performance indicates the need to study the effects of this type of intervention on blood morphological and rheological indices, since the adaptive changes that follow such training mainly affect blood indices. In this study, the effects of a 4 weeks of intermittent hypoxic training on blood morphological and rheological indicators in physically active men were assessed. Methods Forty-eight young, physically active men, participated in the study. Participants were randomly divided into three groups: two training groups and a control group without intervention (CTRL). Each group consisted of 16 participants. Training groups performed interval training (three times per week, 4 weeks, 12 workouts) under different conditions: in hypoxia (IHT; fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) = 14.4%) or in normoxia (NT; FiO2 = 20.9%). The control group performed only two workouts 4 weeks apart. Blood was taken during the first and last training session at rest, and 3 minutes after training. Results After the last training session, there was a significant increase in mean corpuscular volume and a decrease in mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration measured at rest only in the IHT group. There was also a significant decrease in resting aggregation amplitude for the IHT and CTRL groups. There was no difference in change of post-exercise plasma volume between first and last training session. Conclusion The applied intermittent interval training in conditions of normoxia and hypoxia had no significant impact on resting aggregation parameters. This suggest that training under hypoxic conditions does not cause adverse rheological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Mardyła
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Maciejczyk
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Pałka
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Więcek
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
| | - Justyna Kusmierczyk
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Szymura
- Department of Clinical Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Szygula
- Department of Nutrition and Sport Medicine, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
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Su R, Han C, Chen G, Li H, Liu W, Wang C, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Zhang D, Ma H. Low- and moderate-intensity aerobic exercise improves the physiological acclimatization of lowlanders on the Tibetan plateau. Eur J Sport Sci 2024; 24:834-845. [PMID: 38874991 PMCID: PMC11235882 DOI: 10.1002/ejsc.12110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates whether exercise as a strategy for improving physical fitness at sea level also offers comparable benefits in the unique context of high altitudes (HA), considering the physiological challenges of hypoxic conditions. Overall, 121 lowlanders who had lived on the Tibetan Plateau for >2 years and were still living at HA during the measurements were randomly classified into four groups. Each individual of the low-intensity (LI), moderate-intensity (MI), and high-intensity (HI) groups performed 20 sessions of aerobic exercise at HA (3680 m) over 4 weeks, while the control group (CG) did not undergo any intervention. Physiological responses before and after the intervention were observed. The LI and MI groups experienced significant improvement in cardiopulmonary fitness (0.27 and 0.35 L/min increases in peak oxygen uptake [V ˙ $\dot{\mathrm{V}}$ O2peak], both p < 0.05) after exercise intervention, while the hematocrit (HCT) remained unchanged (p > 0.05). However, HI exercise was less efficient for cardiopulmonary fitness of lowlanders (0.02 L/min decrease inV ˙ $\dot{\mathrm{V}}$ O2peak, p > 0.05), whereas both the HCT (1.74 %, p < 0.001) and glomerular filtration rate (18.41 mL/min, p < 0.001) increased with HI intervention. Therefore, LI and MI aerobic exercise, rather than HI, can help lowlanders in Tibet become more acclimated to the HA by increasing cardiopulmonary function and counteracting erythrocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Su
- Tibet Autonomous Region Key Laboratory of High Altitudes Brain Science and Environmental AcclimationTibet UniversityLhasaChina
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental HealthPeking UniversityBeijingChina
- Academy of Plateau Science and SustainabilityPeople's Government of Qinghai Province/Beijing Normal UniversityBeijingQinghaiChina
| | - Chenxiao Han
- Tibet Autonomous Region Key Laboratory of High Altitudes Brain Science and Environmental AcclimationTibet UniversityLhasaChina
| | - Guiquan Chen
- Department of Acupuncture and RehabilitationThe Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouSichuan ProvinceChina
| | - Hao Li
- Tibet Autonomous Region Key Laboratory of High Altitudes Brain Science and Environmental AcclimationTibet UniversityLhasaChina
| | - Wanying Liu
- Tibet Autonomous Region Key Laboratory of High Altitudes Brain Science and Environmental AcclimationTibet UniversityLhasaChina
| | - Chengzhi Wang
- Tibet Autonomous Region Key Laboratory of High Altitudes Brain Science and Environmental AcclimationTibet UniversityLhasaChina
| | - Wenrui Zhang
- Tibet Autonomous Region Key Laboratory of High Altitudes Brain Science and Environmental AcclimationTibet UniversityLhasaChina
| | - Yuming Zhang
- Tibet Autonomous Region Key Laboratory of High Altitudes Brain Science and Environmental AcclimationTibet UniversityLhasaChina
| | - Delong Zhang
- Tibet Autonomous Region Key Laboratory of High Altitudes Brain Science and Environmental AcclimationTibet UniversityLhasaChina
- Key Laboratory of BrainCognition and Education SciencesMinistry of EducationBeijingChina
- School of PsychologyCenter for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive ScienceSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Hailin Ma
- Tibet Autonomous Region Key Laboratory of High Altitudes Brain Science and Environmental AcclimationTibet UniversityLhasaChina
- Academy of Plateau Science and SustainabilityPeople's Government of Qinghai Province/Beijing Normal UniversityBeijingQinghaiChina
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Burtscher J, Raberin A, Brocherie F, Malatesta D, Manferdelli G, Citherlet T, Krumm B, Bourdillon N, Antero J, Rasica L, Burtscher M, Millet GP. Recommendations for Women in Mountain Sports and Hypoxia Training/Conditioning. Sports Med 2024; 54:795-811. [PMID: 38082199 PMCID: PMC11052836 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01970-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The (patho-)physiological responses to hypoxia are highly heterogeneous between individuals. In this review, we focused on the roles of sex differences, which emerge as important factors in the regulation of the body's reaction to hypoxia. Several aspects should be considered for future research on hypoxia-related sex differences, particularly altitude training and clinical applications of hypoxia, as these will affect the selection of the optimal dose regarding safety and efficiency. There are several implications, but there are no practical recommendations if/how women should behave differently from men to optimise the benefits or minimise the risks of these hypoxia-related practices. Here, we evaluate the scarce scientific evidence of distinct (patho)physiological responses and adaptations to high altitude/hypoxia, biomechanical/anatomical differences in uphill/downhill locomotion, which is highly relevant for exercising in mountainous environments, and potentially differential effects of altitude training in women. Based on these factors, we derive sex-specific recommendations for mountain sports and intermittent hypoxia conditioning: (1) Although higher vulnerabilities of women to acute mountain sickness have not been unambiguously shown, sex-dependent physiological reactions to hypoxia may contribute to an increased acute mountain sickness vulnerability in some women. Adequate acclimatisation, slow ascent speed and/or preventive medication (e.g. acetazolamide) are solutions. (2) Targeted training of the respiratory musculature could be a valuable preparation for altitude training in women. (3) Sex hormones influence hypoxia responses and hormonal-cycle and/or menstrual-cycle phases therefore may be factors in acclimatisation to altitude and efficiency of altitude training. As many of the recommendations or observations of the present work remain partly speculative, we join previous calls for further quality research on female athletes in sports to be extended to the field of altitude and hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Burtscher
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Raberin
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Davide Malatesta
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio Manferdelli
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tom Citherlet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bastien Krumm
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Bourdillon
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Juliana Antero
- Institut de Recherche Bio-Médicale Et d'Épidémiologie du Sport (EA 7329), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Letizia Rasica
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Urdampilleta Otegui A, Roche Collado E. Intermittent hypoxia in sport nutrition, performance, health status and body composition. NUTR HOSP 2024; 41:224-229. [PMID: 38095103 DOI: 10.20960/nh.04692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Intermittent hypoxia refers to the discontinuous use of low oxygen levels in normobaric environment. These conditions can be reproduced in hypoxic tents or chambers while the individual is training in different physical activity protocols. Intermittent hypoxia can affect several body systems, impacting nutrition, physical performance, health status and body composition. Therefore, it is necessary to assess protocols, regarding time and frequency of exposure, passive exposure or training in hypoxia, and the simulated altitude. At the molecular level, the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α is the primary factor mediating induction of target genes, including vascular endothelial growth factor and erythropoietin. The goal of these molecular changes is to preserve oxygen supply for cardiac and neuronal function. In addition, hypoxia produces a sympathetic adrenal activation that can increase the resting metabolic rate. Altogether, these changes are instrumental in protocols designed to improve physical performance as well as functional parameters for certain pathological disorders. In addition, nutrition must adapt to the increased energy expenditure. In this last context, performing physical activity in intermittent hypoxia improves insulin sensitivity by increasing the presence of the glucose transporter GLUT-4 in muscle membranes. These changes could also be relevant for obesity and type 2 diabetes treatment. Also, the anorectic effect of intermittent hypoxia modulates serotonin and circulating leptin levels, which may contribute to regulate food intake and favor body weight adaptation for optimal sport performance and health. All these actions suggest that intermittent hypoxia can be a very effective tool in sports training as well as in certain clinical protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrique Roche Collado
- Department of Applied Biology-Nutrition. Institute of Bioengineering. Universidad Miguel Hernández
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6
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Feng X, Zhao L, Chen Y, Wang Z, Lu H, Wang C. Optimal type and dose of hypoxic training for improving maximal aerobic capacity in athletes: a systematic review and Bayesian model-based network meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1223037. [PMID: 37745240 PMCID: PMC10513096 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1223037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to compare and rank the effect of hypoxic practices on maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) in athletes and determine the hypoxic dose-response correlation using network meta-analysis. Methods: The Web of Science, PubMed, EMBASE, and EBSCO databases were systematically search for randomized controlled trials on the effect of hypoxc interventions on the VO2max of athletes published from inception until 21 February 2023. Studies that used live-high train-high (LHTH), live-high train-low (LHTL), live-high, train-high/low (HHL), intermittent hypoxic training (IHT), and intermittent hypoxic exposure (IHE) interventions were primarily included. LHTL was further defined according to the type of hypoxic environment (natural and simulated) and the altitude of the training site (low altitude and sea level). A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the standardized mean difference between the effects of various hypoxic interventions on VO2max and dose-response correlation. Furthermore, the hypoxic dosage of the different interventions were coordinated using the "kilometer hour" model. Results: From 2,072 originally identified titles, 59 studies were finally included in this study. After data pooling, LHTL, LHTH, and IHT outperformed normoxic training in improving the VO2max of athletes. According to the P-scores, LHTL combined with low altitude training was the most effective intervention for improving VO2max (natural: 0.92 and simulated: 0.86) and was better than LHTL combined with sea level training (0.56). A reasonable hypoxic dose range for LHTH (470-1,130 kmh) and HL (500-1,415 kmh) was reported with an inverted U-shaped curve relationship. Conclusion: Different types of hypoxic training compared with normoxic training serve as significant approaches for improving aerobic capacity in athletes. Regardless of the type of hypoxic training and the residential condition, LHTL with low altitude training was the most effective intervention. The characteristics of the dose-effect correlation of LHTH and LHTL may be associated with the negative effects of chronic hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmiao Feng
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Zhao
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Zihao Wang
- Capital Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyuan Lu
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuangang Wang
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
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Chen X, Zhang J, Lin Y, Li Y, Wang H, Wang Z, Liu H, Hu Y, Liu L. Mechanism, prevention and treatment of cognitive impairment caused by high altitude exposure. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1191058. [PMID: 37731540 PMCID: PMC10507266 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1191058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypobaric hypoxia (HH) characteristics induce impaired cognitive function, reduced concentration, and memory. In recent years, an increasing number of people have migrated to high-altitude areas for work and study. Headache, sleep disturbance, and cognitive impairment from HH, severely challenges the physical and mental health and affects their quality of life and work efficiency. This review summarizes the manifestations, mechanisms, and preventive and therapeutic methods of HH environment affecting cognitive function and provides theoretical references for exploring and treating high altitude-induced cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiexin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Faculty of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Sichuan Xincheng Biological Co., LTD., Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of General Surgery, The 77th Army Hospital, Leshan, Sichuan, China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhanhao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Huawei Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yonghe Hu
- Faculty of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Medical Research Center, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Scariot PPM, Papoti M, Polisel EEC, Orsi JB, Van Ginkel PR, Prolla TA, Manchado-Gobatto FB, Gobatto CA. Living high - training low model applied to C57BL/6J mice: Effects on physiological parameters related to aerobic fitness and acid-base balance. Life Sci 2023; 317:121443. [PMID: 36709910 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
There is a scarcity of data regarding the acclimation to high altitude (hypoxic environment) accompanied by training at low altitude (normoxic conditions), the so-called "living high-training low" (LHTL) model in rodents. We aimed to investigate the effects of aerobic training on C57BL/6J mice living in normoxic (NOR) or hypoxic (HYP) environments on several parameters, including critical velocity (CV), a parameter regarded as a measure of aerobic capacity, on monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) in muscles and hypothalamus, as well as on hematological parameters and body temperature. In each environment, mice were divided into non-trained (N) and trained (T). Forty rodents were distributed into the following experimental groups (N-NOR; T-NOR; N-HYP and T-HYP). HYP groups were in a normobaric tent where oxygen-depleted air was pumped from a hypoxia generator set an inspired oxygen fraction [FiO2] of 14.5 %. The HYP-groups were kept (18 h per day) in a normobaric tent for consecutive 8-weeks. Training sessions were conducted in normoxic conditions ([FiO2] = 19.5 %), 5 times per week (40 min per session) at intensity equivalent to 80 % of CV. In summary, eight weeks of LHTL did not promote a greater improvement in the CV, protein expression of MCTs in different tissues when compared to the application of training alone. The LHTL model increased red blood cells count, but reduced hemoglobin per erythrocyte was found in mice exposed to LHTL. Although the LHTL did not have a major effect on thermographic records, exercise-induced hyperthermia (in the head) was attenuated in HYP groups when compared to NOR groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Paulo Menezes Scariot
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Papoti
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Juan Bordon Orsi
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Paul R Van Ginkel
- Department of Genetics & Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Tomas A Prolla
- Department of Genetics & Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Claudio Alexandre Gobatto
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, Brazil.
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Fernández-Lázaro D, Mielgo-Ayuso J, Santamaría G, Gutiérrez-Abejón E, Domínguez-Ortega C, García-Lázaro SM, Seco-Calvo J. Adequacy of an Altitude Fitness Program (Living and Training) plus Intermittent Exposure to Hypoxia for Improving Hematological Biomarkers and Sports Performance of Elite Athletes: A Single-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9095. [PMID: 35897470 PMCID: PMC9368232 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Athletes incorporate altitude training programs into their conventional training to improve their performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of an 8-week altitude training program that was supplemented with intermittent hypoxic training (IHE) on the blood biomarkers, sports performance, and safety profiles of elite athletes. In a single-blind randomized clinical trial that followed the CONSORT recommendations, 24 male athletes were randomized to an IHE group (HA, n = 12) or an intermittent normoxia group (NA, n = 12). The IHE consisted of 5-min cycles of hypoxia−normoxia with an FIO2 of between 10−13% for 90 min every day for 8 weeks. Hematological (red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, hematocrit, reticulated hemoglobin, reticulocytes, and erythropoietin), immunological (leukocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes), and renal (urea, creatinine, glomerular filtrate, and total protein) biomarkers were assessed at the baseline (T1), day 28 (T2), and day 56 (T3). Sports performance was evaluated at T1 and T3 by measuring quadriceps strength and using three-time trials over the distances of 60, 400, and 1000 m on an athletics track. Statistically significant increases (p < 0.05) in erythropoietin, reticulocytes, hemoglobin, and reticulocyte hemoglobin were observed in the HA group at T3 with respect to T1 and the NA group. In addition, statistically significant improvements (p < 0.05) were achieved in all performance tests. No variations were observed in the immunological or renal biomarkers. The athletes who were living and training at 1065 m and were supplemented with IHE produced significant improvements in their hematological behavior and sports performance with optimal safety profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Fernández-Lázaro
- Department of Cellular Biology, Genetics, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus of Soria, University of Valladolid, 42003 Soria, Spain; (G.S.); (C.D.-O.)
- Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Gema Santamaría
- Department of Cellular Biology, Genetics, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus of Soria, University of Valladolid, 42003 Soria, Spain; (G.S.); (C.D.-O.)
| | - Eduardo Gutiérrez-Abejón
- Pharmacological Big Data Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain;
- Pharmacy Directorate, Castilla y León Health Council, 47007 Valladolid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (Group CB21/13/00051), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Domínguez-Ortega
- Department of Cellular Biology, Genetics, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus of Soria, University of Valladolid, 42003 Soria, Spain; (G.S.); (C.D.-O.)
- Hematology Service of Santa Bárbara Hospital, Castile and Leon Health Network (SACyL), 42003 Soria, Spain
| | - Sandra María García-Lázaro
- Department of Surgery, Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus of Soria, University of Valladolid, 42003 Soria, Spain;
| | - Jesús Seco-Calvo
- Physiotherapy Department, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Campus of Vegazana, University of Leon, 24071 Leon, Spain;
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Basque Country University, 48900 Leioa, Spain
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10
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Bao H, He X, Li X, Cao Y, Zhang N. Magnetic resonance imaging study of normal cranial bone marrow conversion at high altitude. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2022; 12:3126-3137. [PMID: 35655838 PMCID: PMC9131338 DOI: 10.21037/qims-21-740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To use conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) to investigate the effects of long-term hypoxia on cranial bone marrow conversion in healthy people at high altitudes. METHODS A total of 1,130 individuals were selected from altitudinal areas of 2,000-3,000, 3,100-4,000, and >4,100 m. Each altitude range was divided into 5 age groups: 0-5, 6-14, 15-29, 30-49, and ≥50 years. Firstly, cranial bone marrow typing of the participants in each altitude range was performed on sagittal T1-weighted images (T1WI) according to the average diploe thickness and signal intensity of the normal skull, and the relationship between bone marrow conversion and age was analyzed. Secondly, the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of the frontal bone, parietal bone, occipital bone, and temporal bone were measured in the DWI post-processing workstation and statistical methods were used to analyze whether different altitudinal gradients and long-term hypoxic environment had any effect on cranial bone marrow conversion. RESULTS There was a positive correlation between bone marrow type and age in the healthy populations at all 3 levels of altitude (P<0.05). The average thickness of the cranial diploe also positively correlated with age (P<0.05); in the age ranges of 30-49 and ≥50 years, the ADC values of the occipital and temporal bone marrow positively correlated with increasing altitude (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The cranial bone marrow of normal people at high altitudes changes from Type I to Type IV with increasing age and under the influence of long-term chronic hypoxia. The bone marrow of the occipital and temporal bones of healthy people aged 30-49 and ≥50 years showed erythromedularization during the process of Type III and IV bone marrow conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaoguang Li
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining, China
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11
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Behrendt T, Bielitzki R, Behrens M, Herold F, Schega L. Effects of Intermittent Hypoxia-Hyperoxia on Performance- and Health-Related Outcomes in Humans: A Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:70. [PMID: 35639211 PMCID: PMC9156652 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00450-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intermittent hypoxia applied at rest or in combination with exercise promotes multiple beneficial adaptations with regard to performance and health in humans. It was hypothesized that replacing normoxia by moderate hyperoxia can increase the adaptive response to the intermittent hypoxic stimulus. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to systematically review the current state of the literature on the effects of chronic intermittent hypoxia-hyperoxia (IHH) on performance- and health-related outcomes in humans. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science™, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases were searched in accordance with PRISMA guidelines (January 2000 to September 2021) using the following inclusion criteria: (1) original research articles involving humans, (2) investigation of the chronic effect of IHH, (3) inclusion of a control group being not exposed to IHH, and (4) articles published in peer-reviewed journals written in English. RESULTS Of 1085 articles initially found, eight studies were included. IHH was solely performed at rest in different populations including geriatric patients (n = 1), older patients with cardiovascular (n = 3) and metabolic disease (n = 2) or cognitive impairment (n = 1), and young athletes with overtraining syndrome (n = 1). The included studies confirmed the beneficial effects of chronic exposure to IHH, showing improvements in exercise tolerance, peak oxygen uptake, and global cognitive functions, as well as lowered blood glucose levels. A trend was discernible that chronic exposure to IHH can trigger a reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The evidence of whether IHH exerts beneficial effects on blood lipid levels and haematological parameters is currently inconclusive. A meta-analysis was not possible because the reviewed studies had a considerable heterogeneity concerning the investigated populations and outcome parameters. CONCLUSION Based on the published literature, it can be suggested that chronic exposure to IHH might be a promising non-pharmacological intervention strategy for improving peak oxygen consumption, exercise tolerance, and cognitive performance as well as reducing blood glucose levels, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure in older patients with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases or cognitive impairment. However, further randomized controlled trials with adequate sample sizes are needed to confirm and extend the evidence. This systematic review was registered on the international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO-ID: CRD42021281248) ( https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/ ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Behrendt
- Department of Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Robert Bielitzki
- Department of Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Behrens
- Department of Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rostock University Medical Center, Doberaner Str. 142, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Fabian Herold
- Research Group Degenerative and Chronic Disease, Movement, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lutz Schega
- Department of Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
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12
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Stone BL, Ashley JD, Skinner RM, Polanco JP, Walters MT, Schilling BK, Kellawan JM. Effects of a Short-Term Heat Acclimation Protocol in Elite Amateur Boxers. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:1966-1971. [PMID: 35510889 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Stone, BL, Ashley, JD, Skinner, RM, Polanco, JP, Walters, MT, Schilling, BK, and Kellawan, JM. Effects of a short-term heat acclimation protocol in elite amateur boxers. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2022-Boxing requires proficient technical and tactical skills coupled with high levels of physiological capacity. Although heat and humidity negatively affect acute exercise performance, short-term exercise training in hot and humid environments can lead to physiological adaptations that enhance exercise performance in both hot and thermoneutral conditions. In highly trained endurance athletes, exercise-induced acclimation can occur in as little as 5 days (known as short-term heat acclimation [STHA]). However, the impact of a 5-day heat acclimation (5-DayHA) in combat athletes, such as elite amateur boxers, is unknown. The aim of the present investigation was to determine whether a 5-DayHA improves aerobic performance in a thermoneutral environment and causes positive physiological adaptations in elite boxers. Seven elite amateur boxers underwent a 5-DayHA protocol, consisting of 60-minute exercise sessions in an environmental chamber at 32 °C and 70% relative humidity. Repeat sprint test (RST) evaluated aerobic performance in a thermoneutral environment 24 hours before and after the 5-DayHA. Presession and postsession hydration status (urine specific gravity) and body mass were assessed. After a 5-DayHA period, boxers significantly improved RST performance (13 ± 7 to 19 ± 7 sprints, d = 0.92, p = 0.03) but not pre-exercise hydration status (1.02 ± 0.01 to 1.01 ± 0.01, d = 0.82, p = 0.07). Therefore, these findings suggest 5-DayHA enhances aerobic performance in elite-level amateur boxers and may provide a viable training option for elite combat athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Stone
- Human Circulation Research Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma.,Sport Sciences, U.S. Olympic Committee, Colorado Springs, Colorado.,Applied Research, Toronto Blue Jays Baseball Club, Dunedin, Florida
| | - John D Ashley
- Human Circulation Research Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Robert M Skinner
- Sport Sciences, U.S. Olympic Committee, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Jose P Polanco
- Sport Sciences, U.S. Olympic Committee, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Mason T Walters
- Sport Sciences, U.S. Olympic Committee, Colorado Springs, Colorado.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado; and
| | - Brian K Schilling
- Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada
| | - J M Kellawan
- Human Circulation Research Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
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13
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Albertus-Cámara I, Ferrer-López V, Martínez-González-Moro I. The Effect of Normobaric Hypoxia in Middle- and/or Long-Distance Runners: Systematic Review. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:689. [PMID: 35625417 PMCID: PMC9138601 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of normobaric hypoxia can bring benefits to sports performance because it improves haematological parameters and/or physical activity tests. Our objective was to conduct a systematic review so as to analyse the methods used in hypoxia and to detect its effects on middle- and/or long-distance runners. METHODS Research was conducted using five electronic databases (PubMed, SportDiscus, Cochrane Library, Scopus and PEDro) until December 2021. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the PEDro scale. RESULTS Having analysed 158 studies, 12 were chosen for the qualitative and quantitative synthesis. A significant improvement on time until exhaustion was detected, and oxygen saturation decreased after the intervention. There were no significant changes in the 3000-metre time trial or in the haematocrit percentage. The changes in percentage of reticulocytes, heart rate, maximal heart rate, lactate concentration and erythropoietin were heterogeneous between the different research studies. CONCLUSION short exposure (less than 3 h to normobaric hypoxia significantly increases the time to exhaustion). However, longer exposure times are necessary to increase haemoglobin. Altitude and exposure time are highly heterogeneous in the included studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ignacio Martínez-González-Moro
- Research Group of Physical Exercise and Human Performance, Mare Nostrum Campus, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (I.A.-C.); (V.F.-L.)
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14
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Bouten J, Debusschere J, Lootens L, Declercq L, Van Eenoo P, Boone J, Bourgois JG. Six weeks of static apnea training does not affect Hbmass and exercise performance. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:673-681. [PMID: 35050796 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00770.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute apnea is known to induce decreases in oxyhemoglobin desaturation (SpO2) and increases in erythropoietin concentration ([EPO]). This study examined the potential of an apnea training program to induce erythropoiesis and increase hematological parameters and exercise performance. METHODS Twenty-two male subjects were randomly divided into an apnea and control group. The apnea group performed a 6-week apnea training program consisting of a daily series of 5 maximal static apneas. Before and after training, subjects visited the lab on three test days to perform 1) a ramp incremental test measuring V̇O2peak, 2) CO-rebreathing for Hb mass determination and a 3-km time trial and 3) an apnea test protocol with continuous finger SpO2 registration. Venous blood samples were drawn before and 180 minutes after the apnea test for analysis of [EPO]. RESULTS Minimal SpO2 reached during the apnea test protocol was 91 ±7% pre and 82 ±7% post apnea training. The apnea test protocol did not elicit an acute increase in [EPO] (p=0.685) before nor after the training program. Consequently, resting [EPO] (p=0.170), Hbmass (p=0.134), V̇O2peak (p=0.796) and 3-km cycling time trial performance (p=0.509) were not affected either. CONCLUSION The apnea test and training protocol, consisting of 5 maximal static apneas, did not induce a sufficiently strong hypoxic stimulus to cause erythropoiesis and therefore did not result in an increase in resting [EPO], Hbmass, V̇O2peak or time trial performance. Longer and/or more intense training sessions inducing a stronger hypoxic stimulus are probably needed to obtain changes in hematological and exercise parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Bouten
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jonas Debusschere
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leen Lootens
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Louise Declercq
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Boone
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Gustaaf Bourgois
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Centre of Sports Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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15
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Paris HL, Sinai EC, Shei RJ, Keller AM, Mickleborough TD. The influence of carbohydrate ingestion on peripheral and central fatigue during exercise in hypoxia: A narrative review. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 21:1423-1435. [PMID: 33106121 PMCID: PMC8140067 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1842512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia impairs aerobic performance by accelerating fatiguing processes. These processes may originate from sites either distal (peripheral) or proximal (central) to the neuromuscular junction, though these are not mutually exclusive. Peripheral mechanisms include decrements in muscle glycogen or fluctuations in intramuscular metabolites, whereas central responses commonly refer to reductions in central motor drive elicited by alterations in blood glucose and neurotransmitter concentrations as well as arterial hypoxemia. Hypoxia may accelerate both peripheral and central pathways of fatigue, with the level of hypoxia strongly dictating the degree and primary locus of impairment. As more people journey to hypoxic settings for work and recreation, developing strategies to improve work capacity in these environments becomes increasingly relevant. Given that sea level performance improves with nutritional interventions such as carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion, a similar strategy may prove effective in delaying fatigue in hypoxia, particularly considering how the metabolic pathways enhanced with CHO supplementation overlap the fatiguing pathways upregulated in hypoxia. Many questions regarding the relationship between CHO, hypoxia, and fatigue remain unanswered, including specifics on when to ingest, what to ingest, and how varying altitudes influence supplementation effectiveness. Therefore, the purpose of this narrative review is to examine the peripheral and central mechanisms contributing to fatigue during aerobic exercise at varying degrees of hypoxia and to assess the role of CHO ingestion in attenuating fatigue onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter L Paris
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, USA
| | - Erin C Sinai
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, USA
| | - Ren-Jay Shei
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Timothy D Mickleborough
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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16
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[Into thin air - Altitude training and hypoxic conditioning: From athlete to patient]. Rev Mal Respir 2021; 38:404-417. [PMID: 33722445 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2021.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypoxic exposure should be considered as a continuum, the effects of which depend on the dose and individual response to hypoxia. Hypoxic conditioning (HC) represents an innovative and promising strategy, ranging from improved human performance to therapeutic applications. STATE OF THE ART With the aim of improving sports performance, the effectiveness of hypoxic exposure, whether natural or simulated, is difficult to demonstrate because of the large variability of the protocols used. In therapeutics, the benefits of HC are described in many pathological conditions such as obesity or cardiovascular pathologies. If the HC benefits from a strong preclinical rationale, its application to humans remains limited. PERSPECTIVES Advances in training and acclimation will require greater personalization and precise periodization of hypoxic exposures. For patients, the harmonization of HC protocols, the identification of biomarkers and the development and subsequent validation of devices allowing a precise control of the hypoxic stimulus are necessary steps for the development of HC. CONCLUSIONS From the athlete to the patient, HC represents an innovative and promising field of research, ranging from the improvement of human performance to the prevention and treatment of certain pathologies.
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17
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Ghaleb AM, Ramadan MZ, Badwelan A, Mansour L, Al-Tamimi J, Aljaloud KS. Determining the time needed for workers to acclimatize to hypoxia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2020; 64:1995-2005. [PMID: 32794023 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-020-01989-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the influence of intermittent hypoxia and the days required for a worker to be acclimatized in high-altitude countries. We conducted an experimental study. Ten nonsmoking male students were randomly recruited from King Saud University. Fourteen days of exposure to intermittent normobaric hypoxia (15%) was the independent variable. Heart rate (HR), respiratory frequency (RF), minute ventilation (VE), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), tidal volume (VT), oxygen uptake (VO2),VO2/kg, VO2/HR, VE/VO2, and VE/VCO2 were the dependent variables. Our results showed that 12 days of exposure to intermittent hypoxia were sufficient for workers to acclimatize to hypoxia based on their respiratory responses (i.e., HR, RF, VE). This type of acclimatization session is very important for workers who are suddenly required to work in such an environment, because prolonged exposure to high altitude without acclimatization leads to cell death due to a lack of oxygen, and this, in turn, puts workers' lives at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atef M Ghaleb
- Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohamed Z Ramadan
- Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Badwelan
- Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamjed Mansour
- Department of Zoology , College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jameel Al-Tamimi
- Department of Zoology , College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Saad Aljaloud
- Department of Exercise Physiology, College of Sport Sciences & Physical Activity, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Soo J, Girard O, Ihsan M, Fairchild T. The Use of the SpO 2 to FiO 2 Ratio to Individualize the Hypoxic Dose in Sport Science, Exercise, and Health Settings. Front Physiol 2020; 11:570472. [PMID: 33329021 PMCID: PMC7714921 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.570472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jacky Soo
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences, Exercise and Sport Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Mohammed Ihsan
- Research and Scientific Support, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Human Potential and Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Timothy Fairchild
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- The Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
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19
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Nummela A, Eronen T, Koponen A, Tikkanen H, Peltonen JE. Variability in hemoglobin mass response to altitude training camps. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 31:44-51. [PMID: 32783231 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated whether athletes can be classified as responders or non-responders based on their individual change in total hemoglobin mass (tHb-mass) following altitude training while also identifying the potential factors that may affect responsiveness to altitude exposure. Measurements were completed with 59 elite endurance athletes who participated in national team altitude training camps. Fifteen athletes participated in the altitude training camp at least twice. Total Hb-mass using a CO rebreathing method and other blood markers were measured before and after a total of 82 altitude training camps (1350-2500 m) in 59 athletes. In 46 (56%) altitude training camps, tHb-mass increased. The amount of positive responses increased to 65% when only camps above 2000 m were considered. From the fifteen athletes who participated in altitude training camps at least twice, 27% always had positive tHb-mass responses, 13% only negative responses, and 60% both positive and negative responses. Logistic regression analysis showed that altitude was the most significant factor explaining positive tHb-mass response. Furthermore, male athletes had greater tHb-mass response than female athletes. In endurance athletes, tHb-mass is likely to increase after altitude training given that hypoxic stimulus is appropriate. However, great inter- and intra-individual variability in tHb-mass response does not support classification of an athlete permanently as a responder or non-responder. This variability warrants efforts to control numerous factors affecting an athlete's response to each altitude training camp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Nummela
- KIHU - Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyväskylä, Finland.,University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo Eronen
- University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Koponen
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Clinic for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Foundation for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Tikkanen
- University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha E Peltonen
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Clinic for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Foundation for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
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20
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James C, Girard O. In-Season Repeated-Sprint Training in Hypoxia in International Field Hockey Players. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:66. [PMID: 33345057 PMCID: PMC7739710 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) studies conducted “in-season” are scarce. This study investigated the effect of discontinuous, running-based RSH, on repeated-sprint treadmill performance in hypoxia in a team sport cohort, prior to international competition. Over a 6-week “in-season” period, 11 elite male players (Malaysia national team) completed eight multi-set RSH sessions on a non-motorized treadmill in a normobaric hypoxic chamber (FiO2 = 13.8%). Three testing sessions (Sessions 1, 5, and 8), involved three sets of 5 × 8-s sprints, with 52-s recovery between sprints and 4–5 min between sets. Training sessions (Sessions 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7) consisted of four to five sets of 4–5 × 8-s sprints. During testing sessions, maximum sprinting speed was recorded for each sprint with values averaged for each set. For each set, a peak speed and fatigue index were calculated. Data were compared using two-way repeated measures ANOVA (sessions × sets). Average speed per set increased between testing sessions (p = 0.001, ηp2 = 0.49), with higher values in Session 8 (25.1 ± 0.9 km.h−1, +4 ± 3%, p = 0.005), but not Session 5 (24.8 ± 1.0 km.h−1, +3 ± 3%, p = 0.405), vs. Session 1 (24.2 ± 1.5 km.h−1). Peak sprinting speed in each set also increased across testing sessions (p = 0.008, ηp2 = 0.382), with Session 8 (26.5 ± 1.1 km.h−1) higher than Session 5 (25.8 ± 1.0 km.h−1, +1 ± 4%, p = 0.06) and Session 1 (25.7 ± 1.5 km.h−1, +4 ± 4%, p = 0.034). Fatigue index differed between sessions (p = 0.04, ηp2 = 0.331, Session 1; −6.8 ± 4.8%, Session 5; −3.8 ± 2%, Session 8; −5.3 ± 2.6%). In international field hockey players, a 6-week in-season RSH program improved average and peak, repeated treadmill sprint speeds following eight, but not five sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl James
- Institut Sukan Negara (National Sports Institute), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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21
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Wiśniewska A, Płoszczyca K, Czuba M. Changes in erythropoietin and vascular endothelial growth factor following the use of different altitude training concepts. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:677-684. [PMID: 32438783 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10404-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erythropoietin (EPO) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are important factors regulating erythropoiesis and angiogenesis. Altitude/hypoxic training may induce elevated VEGF-A and EPO levels. However, it appears that the range of adaptive changes depends largely on the training method used. Therefore, we investigated the changes in EPO and VEGF-A levels in athletes using three different altitude/hypoxic training concepts. METHODS Thirty-four male cyclists were randomly divided into four groups: LH-TL group ("live high-train low" protocol), HiHiLo ("live high - base train high - interval train low" procedure), IHT ("intermittent hypoxic training") and control group (CN, normoxic training). The same 4-week training program was used in all groups. Blood samples were taken before and after each training week in order to evaluate serum EPO and VEGF-A levels. RESULTS In the LH-TL and HiHiLo groups, EPO increased (P<0.001) after 1st week and remained elevated until 3rd week of altitude training. In the IHT and CN groups, EPO did not change significantly. VEGF-A was higher (P<0.001) after 2nd and 3rd week of training in the IHT group. In the HiHiLo group, VEGF-A changed (P<0.05) only after 3rd week. No significant changes of VEGF-A were noted in the LH-TL and CN groups. CONCLUSIONS Altitude/hypoxic training is effective in increasing VEGF-A and EPO levels. However, a training method plays a key role in the pattern of adaptations. EPO level increase only when an adequate hypoxic dose is provided, whereas VEGF-A increases when the hypoxic exposure is combined with exercise, particularly at high intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Wiśniewska
- Department of Sports Training, the Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Faculty of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Miłosz Czuba
- Department of Sports Training, the Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Faculty of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland.,Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
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22
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Mujika I, Sharma AP, Stellingwerff T. Contemporary Periodization of Altitude Training for Elite Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2020; 49:1651-1669. [PMID: 31452130 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1960s there has been an escalation in the purposeful utilization of altitude to enhance endurance athletic performance. This has been mirrored by a parallel intensification in research pursuits to elucidate hypoxia-induced adaptive mechanisms and substantiate optimal altitude protocols (e.g., hypoxic dose, duration, timing, and confounding factors such as training load periodization, health status, individual response, and nutritional considerations). The majority of the research and the field-based rationale for altitude has focused on hematological outcomes, where hypoxia causes an increased erythropoietic response resulting in augmented hemoglobin mass. Hypoxia-induced non-hematological adaptations, such as mitochondrial gene expression and enhanced muscle buffering capacity may also impact athletic performance, but research in elite endurance athletes is limited. However, despite significant scientific progress in our understanding of hypobaric hypoxia (natural altitude) and normobaric hypoxia (simulated altitude), elite endurance athletes and coaches still tend to be trailblazers at the coal face of cutting-edge altitude application to optimize individual performance, and they already implement novel altitude training interventions and progressive periodization and monitoring approaches. Published and field-based data strongly suggest that altitude training in elite endurance athletes should follow a long- and short-term periodized approach, integrating exercise training and recovery manipulation, performance peaking, adaptation monitoring, nutritional approaches, and the use of normobaric hypoxia in conjunction with terrestrial altitude. Future research should focus on the long-term effects of accumulated altitude training through repeated exposures, the interactions between altitude and other components of a periodized approach to elite athletic preparation, and the time course of non-hematological hypoxic adaptation and de-adaptation, and the potential differences in exercise-induced altitude adaptations between different modes of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Mujika
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain. .,Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Avish P Sharma
- Griffith Sports Physiology and Performance, School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.,Triathlon Australia, Burleigh Heads, QLD, Australia
| | - Trent Stellingwerff
- Canadian Sport Institute-Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Department of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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23
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Mukai K, Ohmura H, Matsui A, Aida H, Takahashi T, Jones JH. High-intensity training in normobaric hypoxia enhances exercise performance and aerobic capacity in Thoroughbred horses: A randomized crossover study. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14442. [PMID: 32441408 PMCID: PMC7243200 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the effects of high-intensity training in normobaric hypoxia on aerobic capacity and exercise performance in horses and the individual response to normoxic and hypoxic training. Eight untrained horses were studied in a randomized, crossover design after training in hypoxia (HYP; 15.0% inspired O2 ) or normoxia (NOR; 20.9% inspired O2 ) 3 days/week for 4 weeks separated by a 4-month washout period. Before and after each training period, incremental treadmill exercise tests were performed in normoxia. Each training session consisted of 1 min cantering at 7 m/s and 2 min galloping at the speed determined to elicit maximal oxygen consumption ( V ˙ O2 max) in normoxia. Hypoxia increased significantly more than NOR in run time to exhaustion (HYP, +28.4%; NOR, +10.4%, p = .001), V ˙ O2 max (HYP, +12.1%; NOR, +2.6%, p = .042), cardiac output ( Q ˙ ; HYP, +11.3%; NOR, -1.7%, p = .019), and stroke volume (SV) at exhaustion (HYP, +5.4%; NOR, -5.5%, p = .035) after training. No significant correlations were observed between NOR and HYP for individual changes after training in run time (p = .21), V ˙ O2 max (p = .99), Q ˙ (p = .19), and SV (p = .46) at exhaustion. Arterial O2 saturation during exercise in HYP was positively correlated with the changes in run time (r = .85, p = .0073), Q ˙ (r = .72, p = .043) and SV (r = .77, p = .026) of HYP after training, whereas there were no correlations between these parameters in NOR. These results suggest that high-intensity training in normobaric hypoxia improved exercise performance and aerobic capacity of horses to a greater extent than the same training protocol in normoxia, and the severity of hypoxemia during hypoxic exercise might be too stressful for poor responders to hypoxic training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Mukai
- Sports Science DivisionEquine Research InstituteJapan Racing AssociationUtsunomiyaTochigiJapan
- Present address:
Sports Science DivisionEquine Research InstituteJapan Racing AssociationShimotsukeTochigiJapan
| | - Hajime Ohmura
- Sports Science DivisionEquine Research InstituteJapan Racing AssociationUtsunomiyaTochigiJapan
- Present address:
Sports Science DivisionEquine Research InstituteJapan Racing AssociationShimotsukeTochigiJapan
| | - Akira Matsui
- Sports Science DivisionEquine Research InstituteJapan Racing AssociationUtsunomiyaTochigiJapan
- Present address:
Equine Science DivisionHidaka Training and Research CenterJapan Racing AssociationUrakawaHokkaidoJapan
| | - Hiroko Aida
- Sports Science DivisionEquine Research InstituteJapan Racing AssociationUtsunomiyaTochigiJapan
- Present address:
Equestrian AffairsJapan Racing AssociationTokyoJapan
| | - Toshiyuki Takahashi
- Sports Science DivisionEquine Research InstituteJapan Racing AssociationUtsunomiyaTochigiJapan
- Present address:
Sports Science DivisionEquine Research InstituteJapan Racing AssociationShimotsukeTochigiJapan
| | - James H. Jones
- Department of Surgical and Radiological SciencesSchool of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA
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24
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Cherkashin DV, Lyubimov AV. The molecular marker of the preconditioning phenomenon HIF1α is a new pathway for early detection of visceral hypoxic conditions. TERAPEVT ARKH 2020; 92:121-126. [DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2020.04.000473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Improvement and development of technologies for laboratory and instrumental examination of patients in recent years have greatly facilitated the diagnosis of ischemic myocardial damage. However, a decrease in the rating of cardiovascular diseases is not expected in the short term. This is due to an increase in the life expectancy of the population, general aging of the population and improving diagnostic capabilities and the provision of medical care. The time for verification of the diagnosis of ischemic disease, simplified the decision on treatment tactics were significantly reduced by introduction of X-ray contrast visualization examination methods such as angiography, quantitative and qualitative laboratory tests, development of diagnostic criteria based on the results of ultrasound and electrophysiological examination methods. Unfortunately, all these techniques are secondary in nature and are applied, when organ damage is for the most part already irreversible. Full restoration of organs is possible only if the patient is successfully evacuated to the hospital and there are specialists of the appropriate level of experiebce, X-ray surgical equipment with suitable supplies or pharmacological agents, usefull for quickly restoration the patency of the great vessels and normal blood flow. A large number of studies appear on the phenomenon of preconditioning at the present stage of development of fundamental medical science. The purpose of this article is to reveal the possibilities of using molecular markers of the phenomenon of preconditioning in the framework of the early detection of hypoxic conditions, the assessment of their diagnostic use in the clinic and the prevention of hypoxia-associated diseases.
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25
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Kasperska A, Zembron-Lacny A. The effect of intermittent hypoxic exposure on erythropoietic response and hematological variables in elite athletes. Physiol Res 2020; 69:283-290. [PMID: 32199016 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the changes in the erythropoietin level and hematological variables in wrestlers after intermittent hypoxic exposure (IHE). Twelve wrestlers were assigned into two groups: hypoxia (sports training combined with IHE, n=6) and control (sports training, n=6). An IHE was performed for 10 days, with one day off after 6 days, once a day for about an hour. The concentrations of hydrogen peroxide ( H(2)O(2) ), nitric oxide (NO), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and erythropoietin (EPO), as well as total creatine kinase activity (CK) were measured. Also, the hematological markers (Hb - hemoglobin, Ht - hematocrit, RBC - red blood cell, WBC - white blood cell, Ret - reticulocytes) were analyzed. The 6-day IHE caused an increase in the levels of H(2)O(2), NO and VEGF. Similarly, the EPO level and WBC count reached the highest value after 6 days of IHE. The total Ret number increase constantly during 10 days of IHE. The hypoxia group showed a higher CK activity compared to the control. In conclusion, 10-day IHE in combination with wrestling training elevates levels of H(2)O(2), NO and VEGF, and improves the oxygen transport capacity by the release of EPO and Ret in circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kasperska
- Poznan University of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Culture in Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland.
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26
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Okazaki K, Stray-Gundersen J, Chapman RF, Levine BD. Iron insufficiency diminishes the erythropoietic response to moderate altitude exposure. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:1569-1578. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00115.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of iron stores and supplementation on erythropoietic responses to moderate altitude in endurance athletes were examined. In a retrospective study, red cell compartment volume (RCV) responses to 4 wk at 2,500 m were assessed in athletes with low ( n = 9, ≤20 and ≤30 ng/mL for women and men, respectively) and normal ( n = 10) serum ferritin levels ([Ferritin]) without iron supplementation. In a subsequent prospective study, the same responses were assessed in athletes ( n = 26) with a protocol designed to provide sufficient iron before and during identical altitude exposure. The responses to a 4-wk training camp at sea level were assessed in another group of athletes ( n = 13) as controls. RCV and maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max) were determined at sea level before and after intervention. In the retrospective study, athletes with low [Ferritin] did not increase RCV (27.0 ± 2.9 to 27.5 ± 3.8 mL/kg, mean ± SD, P = 0.65) or V̇o2max (60.2 ± 7.2 to 62.2 ± 7.5 mL·kg−1·min−1, P = 0.23) after 4 wk at altitude, whereas athletes with normal [Ferritin] increased both (RCV: 27.3 ± 3.1 to 29.8 ± 2.4 mL/kg, P = 0.002; V̇o2max: 62.0 ± 3.1 to 66.2 ± 3.7 mL·kg−1·min−1, P = 0.003). In the prospective study, iron supplementation normalized low [Ferritin] observed in athletes exposed to altitude ( n = 14) and sea level ( n = 6) before the altitude/sea-level camp and maintained [Ferritin] within normal range in all athletes during the camp. RCV and V̇o2max increased in the altitude group but remained unchanged in the sea-level group. Finally, the increase in RCV correlated with the increase in V̇o2max [( r = 0.368, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.059–0.612, P = 0.022]. Thus, iron deficiency in athletes restrains erythropoiesis to altitude exposure and may preclude improvement in sea-level athletic performance. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Hypoxic exposure increases iron requirements and utilization for erythropoiesis in athletes. This study clearly demonstrates that iron deficiency in athletes inhibits accelerated erythropoiesis to a sojourn to moderate high altitude and may preclude a potential improvement in sea-level athletic performance with altitude training. Iron replacement therapy before and during altitude exposure is important to maximize performance gains after altitude training in endurance athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunobu Okazaki
- Research Center for Urban Health and Sports, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | | | | | - Benjamin D. Levine
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, Dallas, Texas
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
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27
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Sutehall S, Muniz-Pardos B, Lima G, Wang G, Malinsky FR, Bosch A, Zelenkova I, Tanisawa K, Pigozzi F, Borrione P, Pitsiladis Y. Altitude Training and Recombinant Human Erythropoietin: Considerations for Doping Detection. Curr Sports Med Rep 2019; 18:97-104. [PMID: 30969231 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The benefit of training at altitude to enhance exercise performance remains equivocal although the most widely accepted approach is one where the athletes live and perform lower-intensity running at approximately 2300 m with high-intensity training at approximately 1250 m. The idea is that this method maintains maximal augmentations in total hemoglobin mass while reducing the performance impairment of high-intensity sessions performed at moderate altitude and thus preventing any detraining that can occur when athletes live and train at moderate altitude. This training regimen, however, is not universally accepted and some argue that the performance enhancement is due to placebo and training camp effects. Altitude training may affect an athlete's hematological parameters in ways similar to those observed following blood doping. Current methods of detection appear insufficient to differentiate between altitude training and blood doping making the interpretation of an athlete's biological passport difficult. Further research is required to determine the optimal method for altitude training and to enhance current detection methods to be able to differentiate better blood doping and altitude exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Sutehall
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA
| | - Borja Muniz-Pardos
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, SPAIN
| | - Giscard Lima
- Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UNITED KINGDOM.,Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, ITALY
| | - Guan Wang
- Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | - Andrew Bosch
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA
| | | | - Kumpei Tanisawa
- Department of Physical Activity Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, JAPAN
| | - Fabio Pigozzi
- Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, ITALY
| | - Paolo Borrione
- Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, ITALY
| | - Yannis Pitsiladis
- Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UNITED KINGDOM
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28
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Improved Performance in National-Level Runners With Increased Training Load at 1600 and 1800 m. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:286-295. [PMID: 30080440 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effect of altitude training at 1600 and 1800 m on sea-level (SL) performance in national-level runners. METHODS After 3 wk of SL training, 24 runners completed a 3-wk sojourn at 1600 m (ALT1600, n = 8), 1800 m (ALT1800, n = 9), or SL (CON, n = 7), followed by up to 11 wk of SL racing. Race performance was measured at SL during the lead-in period and repeatedly postintervention. Training volume (in kilometers) and load (session rating of perceived exertion) were calculated for all sessions. Hemoglobin mass was measured via CO rebreathing. Between-groups differences were evaluated using effect sizes (Hedges g). RESULTS Performance improved in both ALT1600 (mean [SD] 1.5% [0.9%]) and ALT1800 (1.6% [1.3%]) compared with CON (0.4% [1.7%]); g = 0.83 (90% confidence limits -0.10, 1.66) and 0.81 (-0.09, 1.62), respectively. Season-best performances occurred 5 to 71 d postaltitude in ALT1600/1800. There were large increases in training load from lead-in to intervention in ALT1600 (48% [32%]) and ALT1800 (60% [31%]) compared with CON (18% [20%]); g = 1.24 (0.24, 2.08) and 1.69 (0.65, 2.55), respectively. Hemoglobin mass increased in ALT1600 and ALT1800 (∼4%) but not CON. CONCLUSIONS Larger improvements in performance after altitude training may be due to the greater overall load of training in hypoxia compared with normoxia, combined with a hypoxia-mediated increase in hemoglobin mass. A wide time frame for peak performances suggests that the optimal window to race postaltitude is individual, and factors other than altitude exposure per se may be important.
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29
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Hamlin MJ, Lizamore CA, Hopkins WG. The Effect of Natural or Simulated Altitude Training on High-Intensity Intermittent Running Performance in Team-Sport Athletes: A Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2018; 48:431-446. [PMID: 29129021 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0809-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While adaptation to hypoxia at natural or simulated altitude has long been used with endurance athletes, it has only recently gained popularity for team-sport athletes. OBJECTIVE To analyse the effect of hypoxic interventions on high-intensity intermittent running performance in team-sport athletes. METHODS A systematic literature search of five journal databases was performed. Percent change in performance (distance covered) in the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1 and level 2 were used without differentiation) in hypoxic (natural or simulated altitude) and control (sea level or normoxic placebo) groups was meta-analyzed with a mixed model. The modifying effects of study characteristics (type and dose of hypoxic exposure, training duration, post-altitude duration) were estimated with fixed effects, random effects allowed for repeated measurement within studies and residual real differences between studies, and the standard-error weighting factors were derived or imputed via standard deviations of change scores. Effects and their uncertainty were assessed with magnitude-based inference, with a smallest important improvement of 4% estimated via between-athlete standard deviations of performance at baseline. RESULTS Ten studies qualified for inclusion, but two were excluded owing to small sample size and risk of publication bias. Hypoxic interventions occurred over a period of 7-28 days, and the range of total hypoxic exposure (in effective altitude-hours) was 4.5-33 km h in the intermittent-hypoxia studies and 180-710 km h in the live-high studies. There were 11 control and 15 experimental study-estimates in the final meta-analysis. Training effects were moderate and very likely beneficial in the control groups at 1 week (20 ± 14%, percent estimate, ± 90% confidence limits) and 4-week post-intervention (25 ± 23%). The intermittent and live-high hypoxic groups experienced additional likely beneficial gains at 1 week (13 ± 16%; 13 ± 15%) and 4-week post-intervention (19 ± 20%; 18 ± 19%). The difference in performance between intermittent and live-high interventions was unclear, as were the dose of hypoxia and inclusion of training in hypoxia. CONCLUSIONS Hypoxic intervention appears to be a worthwhile training strategy for improvement in high-intensity running performance in team-sport athletes, with enhanced performance over control groups persisting for at least 4 weeks post-intervention. Pending further research on the type of hypoxia, dose of hypoxia and training in hypoxia, coaches have considerable scope for customising hypoxic training methods to best suit their team's training schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hamlin
- Department of Tourism, Sport and Society, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Christchurch, 7647, New Zealand.
| | - Catherine A Lizamore
- Department of Tourism, Sport and Society, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Christchurch, 7647, New Zealand
| | - Will G Hopkins
- Institute of Sport, Exercise, and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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30
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Girard O, Brocherie F, Millet GP. Effects of Altitude/Hypoxia on Single- and Multiple-Sprint Performance: A Comprehensive Review. Sports Med 2018; 47:1931-1949. [PMID: 28451905 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0733-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Many sport competitions, typically involving the completion of single- (e.g. track-and-field or track cycling events) and multiple-sprint exercises (e.g. team and racquet sports, cycling races), are staged at terrestrial altitudes ranging from 1000 to 2500 m. Our aim was to comprehensively review the current knowledge on the responses to either acute or chronic altitude exposure relevant to single and multiple sprints. Performance of a single sprint is generally not negatively affected by acute exposure to simulated altitude (i.e. normobaric hypoxia) because an enhanced anaerobic energy release compensates for the reduced aerobic adenosine triphosphate production. Conversely, the reduction in air density in terrestrial altitude (i.e. hypobaric hypoxia) leads to an improved sprinting performance when aerodynamic drag is a limiting factor. With the repetition of maximal efforts, however, repeated-sprint ability is more altered (i.e. with earlier and larger performance decrements) at high altitudes (>3000-3600 m or inspired fraction of oxygen <14.4-13.3%) compared with either normoxia or low-to-moderate altitudes (<3000 m or inspired fraction of oxygen >14.4%). Traditionally, altitude training camps involve chronic exposure to low-to-moderate terrestrial altitudes (<3000 m or inspired fraction of oxygen >14.4%) for inducing haematological adaptations. However, beneficial effects on sprint performance after such altitude interventions are still debated. Recently, innovative 'live low-train high' methods, in isolation or in combination with hypoxic residence, have emerged with the belief that up-regulated non-haematological peripheral adaptations may further improve performance of multiple sprints compared with similar normoxic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Doha, Qatar.
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Research Department, French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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31
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Przyklenk A, Aussieker T, Gutmann B, Schiffer T, Brinkmann C, Strüder HK, Bloch W, Mierau A, Gehlert S. Effects of Endurance Exercise Bouts in Hypoxia, Hyperoxia, and Normoxia on mTOR-Related Protein Signaling in Human Skeletal Muscle. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 34:2276-2284. [PMID: 30024485 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Przyklenk, A, Aussieker, T, Gutmann, B, Schiffer, T, Brinkmann, C, Strüder, HK, Bloch, W, Mierau, A, and Gehlert, S. Effects of endurance exercise bouts in hypoxia, hyperoxia, and normoxia on mTOR-related protein signaling in human skeletal muscle. J Strength Cond Res 34(8): 2276-2284, 2020-This study investigated the effects of short-term hypoxia (HY), hyperoxia (PER), and normoxia on anabolic signaling proteins in response to an acute bout of moderate endurance exercise (EEX) before and after an endurance exercise training intervention. Eleven healthy male subjects conducted one-legged cycling endurance exercise (3 × 30 min·wk for 4 weeks). One leg was trained under hypoxic (12% O2) or hyperoxic conditions (in a randomized cross-over design), and the other leg was trained in normoxia (20.9% O2) at the same relative workload. Musculus vastus lateralis biopsies were taken at baseline (T0) as well as immediately after the first (T1) and last (T2) training session to analyze anabolic signaling proteins and the myofiber cross-sectional area (FCSA). No significant differences were detected for FCSA between T0 and T2 under all oxygen conditions (p > 0.05). No significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed for BNIP3, phosphorylated RSK1, ERK1/2, FoxO3a, mTOR, and S6K1 between all conditions and time points. Phosphorylated Akt/PKB decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at T1 in PER and at T2 in HY and PER. Phosphorylated rpS6 decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at T1 only in PER, whereas nonsignificant increases were shown in HY at T2 (p = 0.10). Despite no significant regulations, considerable reductions in eEF2 phosphorylation were detected in HY at T1 and T2 (p = 0.11 and p = 0.12, respectively). Short-term hypoxia in combination with moderate EEX induces favorable acute anabolic signaling responses in human skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Przyklenk
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thorben Aussieker
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Boris Gutmann
- Institute of Movement and Neuroscience, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schiffer
- Outpatient Clinic for Sports Traumatology and Public Health Consultation, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Brinkmann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heiko K Strüder
- Institute of Movement and Neuroscience, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Mierau
- Institute of Movement and Neuroscience, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Exercise and Sport Science, LUNEX International University of Health, Exercise and Sports, Differdange, Luxembourg; and
| | - Sebastian Gehlert
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Sport Science, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
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32
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Viscor G, Torrella JR, Corral L, Ricart A, Javierre C, Pages T, Ventura JL. Physiological and Biological Responses to Short-Term Intermittent Hypobaric Hypoxia Exposure: From Sports and Mountain Medicine to New Biomedical Applications. Front Physiol 2018; 9:814. [PMID: 30038574 PMCID: PMC6046402 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the altitude acclimatization responses elicited by short-term intermittent exposure to hypoxia have been subject to renewed attention. The main goal of short-term intermittent hypobaric hypoxia exposure programs was originally to improve the aerobic capacity of athletes or to accelerate the altitude acclimatization response in alpinists, since such programs induce an increase in erythrocyte mass. Several model programs of intermittent exposure to hypoxia have presented efficiency with respect to this goal, without any of the inconveniences or negative consequences associated with permanent stays at moderate or high altitudes. Artificial intermittent exposure to normobaric hypoxia systems have seen a rapid rise in popularity among recreational and professional athletes, not only due to their unbeatable cost/efficiency ratio, but also because they help prevent common inconveniences associated with high-altitude stays such as social isolation, nutritional limitations, and other minor health and comfort-related annoyances. Today, intermittent exposure to hypobaric hypoxia is known to elicit other physiological response types in several organs and body systems. These responses range from alterations in the ventilatory pattern to modulation of the mitochondrial function. The central role played by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) in activating a signaling molecular cascade after hypoxia exposure is well known. Among these targets, several growth factors that upregulate the capillary bed by inducing angiogenesis and promoting oxidative metabolism merit special attention. Applying intermittent hypobaric hypoxia to promote the action of some molecules, such as angiogenic factors, could improve repair and recovery in many tissue types. This article uses a comprehensive approach to examine data obtained in recent years. We consider evidence collected from different tissues, including myocardial capillarization, skeletal muscle fiber types and fiber size changes induced by intermittent hypoxia exposure, and discuss the evidence that points to beneficial interventions in applied fields such as sport science. Short-term intermittent hypoxia may not only be useful for healthy people, but could also be considered a promising tool to be applied, with due caution, to some pathophysiological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginés Viscor
- Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan R. Torrella
- Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luisa Corral
- Exercise Physiology Unit, Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Ricart
- Exercise Physiology Unit, Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Casimiro Javierre
- Exercise Physiology Unit, Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Pages
- Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep L. Ventura
- Exercise Physiology Unit, Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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Brocherie F, Girard O, Faiss R, Millet GP. Effects of Repeated-Sprint Training in Hypoxia on Sea-Level Performance: A Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2018; 47:1651-1660. [PMID: 28194720 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0685-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) is a recent intervention regarding which numerous studies have reported effects on sea-level physical performance outcomes that are debated. No previous study has performed a meta-analysis of the effects of RSH. OBJECTIVE We systematically reviewed the literature and meta-analyzed the effects of RSH versus repeated-sprint training in normoxia (RSN) on key components of sea-level physical performance, i.e., best and mean (all sprint) performance during repeated-sprint exercise and aerobic capacity (i.e., maximal oxygen uptake [[Formula: see text]]). METHODS The PubMed/MEDLINE, SportDiscus®, ProQuest, and Web of Science online databases were searched for original articles-published up to July 2016-assessing changes in physical performance following RSH and RSN. The meta-analysis was conducted to determine the standardized mean difference (SMD) between the effects of RSH and RSN on sea-level performance outcomes. RESULTS After systematic review, nine controlled studies were selected, including a total of 202 individuals (mean age 22.6 ± 6.1 years; 180 males). After data pooling, mean performance during repeated sprints (SMD = 0.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.02 to 0.93; P = 0.05) was further enhanced with RSH when compared with RSN. Although non-significant, additional benefits were also observed for best repeated-sprint performance (SMD = 0.31, 95% CI -0.03 to 0.89; P = 0.30) and [Formula: see text] (SMD = 0.18, 95% CI -0.25 to 0.61; P = 0.41). CONCLUSION Based on current scientific literature, RSH induces greater improvement for mean repeated-sprint performance during sea-level repeated sprinting than RSN. The additional benefit observed for best repeated-sprint performance and [Formula: see text] for RSH versus RSN was not significantly different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Brocherie
- ISSUL, Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Lausanne, Building Geopolis, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Research Department, French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France.
| | - Olivier Girard
- ISSUL, Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Lausanne, Building Geopolis, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Doha, Qatar
| | - Raphaël Faiss
- ISSUL, Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Lausanne, Building Geopolis, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- ISSUL, Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Lausanne, Building Geopolis, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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An Integrated, Multifactorial Approach to Periodization for Optimal Performance in Individual and Team Sports. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:538-561. [PMID: 29848161 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sports periodization has traditionally focused on the exercise aspect of athletic preparation, while neglecting the integration of other elements that can impact an athlete's readiness for peak competition performances. Integrated periodization allows the coordinated inclusion of multiple training components best suited for a given training phase into an athlete's program. The aim of this article is to review the available evidence underpinning integrated periodization, focusing on exercise training, recovery, nutrition, psychological skills, and skill acquisition as key factors by which athletic preparation can be periodized. The periodization of heat and altitude adaptation, body composition, and physical therapy is also considered. Despite recent criticism, various methods of exercise training periodization can contribute to performance enhancement in a variety of elite individual and team sports, such as soccer. In the latter, both physical and strategic periodization are useful tools for managing the heavy travel schedule, fatigue, and injuries that occur throughout a competitive season. Recovery interventions should be periodized (ie, withheld or emphasized) to influence acute and chronic training adaptation and performance. Nutrient intake and timing in relation to exercise and as part of the periodization of an athlete's training and competition calendar can also promote physiological adaptations and performance capacity. Psychological skills are a central component of athletic performance, and their periodization should cater to each athlete's individual needs and the needs of the team. Skill acquisition can also be integrated into an athlete's periodized training program to make a significant contribution to competition performance.
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Płoszczyca K, Langfort J, Czuba M. The Effects of Altitude Training on Erythropoietic Response and Hematological Variables in Adult Athletes: A Narrative Review. Front Physiol 2018; 9:375. [PMID: 29695978 PMCID: PMC5904371 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: One of the goals of altitude training is to increase blood oxygen-carrying capacity in order to improve sea-level endurance performance in athletes. The elevated erythropoietin (EPO) production in hypoxia is a key factor in the achievement of enhanced hematological variables. The level of the EPO increase and acceleration of erythropoiesis depend on the duration of exposure and degree of hypoxia. Furthermore, many other factors may affect the hematological response to altitude training. Aim: The purpose of this narrative review was to: (1) analyze the kinetics of EPO and hematological variables during and after altitude training; (2) summarize the current state of knowledge about the possible causes of individual or cohort differences in EPO and hematological response to altitude training; (3) formulate practical guidelines for athletes to improve the efficiency of altitude training. Methods: A narrative review was performed following an electronic search of the databases PubMed/MEDLINE and SPORTDiscus via EBSCO for all English-language articles published between 1997 and 2017. Results: Complete unification of results from studies on EPO kinetics was difficult due to different time and frequency of blood sampling by different researchers during and after altitude training, but the data presented in the reviewed literature allowed us to detect certain trends. The results of the reviewed studies were divergent and indicated either increase or no change of hematological variables following altitude training. Factors that may affect the hematological response to altitude training include hypoxic dose, training content, training background of athletes, and/or individual variability of EPO production. Conclusions: Despite the potential benefits arising from altitude training, its effectiveness in improving hematological variables is still debatable. Further research and better understanding of factors influencing the response to altitude, as well as factors affecting the suitable measurement and interpretation of study results, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Płoszczyca
- Department of Sports Training, Academy of Physical Education of Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Józef Langfort
- Department of Sports Training, Academy of Physical Education of Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Miłosz Czuba
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Sport, Warsaw, Poland
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Leal AGF, Vancini RL, Gentil P, Benedito-Silva AA, da Silva AC, Campos MH, Andrade MS, de Lira CAB. Knowledge about sport and exercise science. HEALTH EDUCATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1108/he-06-2017-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper was to assess the knowledge on sport and exercise science held by a sample of Brazilian physiotherapists, nutritionists and physical educators.
Design/methodology/approach
A cross-sectional research design was used. The answers given by 1,147 professionals (300 physiotherapists, 705 physical educators and 142 nutritionists) who participated in a qualifying process for a specialization course on exercise physiology were analyzed. Questions were analyzed on maximal oxygen uptake (four questions), physical fitness assessment (three questions), physical training (two questions), bioenergetics (one question) and exercise in extreme environments (one question).
Findings
The results revealed misconceptions held by Brazilian health professionals on a number of concepts related to sport and exercise science, such as maximal oxygen uptake.
Practical implications
These results reinforce the need for continuing education programs to maximize the quality of the service provided by sport and exercise science professionals in Brazil. Improvements in the undergraduate courses curriculum are also recommended.
Originality/value
This is the first study to assess misconceptions about sport and exercise science among Brazilian health professionals.
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Bejder J, Nordsborg NB. Specificity of “Live High-Train Low” Altitude Training on Exercise Performance. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2018; 46:129-136. [DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Robach P, Hansen J, Pichon A, Meinild Lundby AK, Dandanell S, Slettaløkken Falch G, Hammarström D, Pesta DH, Siebenmann C, Keiser S, Kérivel P, Whist JE, Rønnestad BR, Lundby C. Hypobaric live high-train low does not improve aerobic performance more than live low-train low in cross-country skiers. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 28:1636-1652. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Robach
- Ecole Nationale des Sports de Montagne; site de l'Ecole Nationale de Ski et d'Alpinisme; Chamonix France
- HP2, Université Grenoble Alpes; Grenoble France
| | - J. Hansen
- Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences; Lillehammer Norway
| | - A. Pichon
- Laboratory Mobility, Aging & Exercise (MOVE) - EA 6314; Faculty of Sport Sciences; University of Poitiers; Poitiers France
| | - A.-K. Meinild Lundby
- The Centre for Physical Activity Research; University Hospital of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - S. Dandanell
- Center for Healthy Aging; Department of Biomedical Sciences; XLab; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
- Department for Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy; Metropolitan University College; Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - D. Hammarström
- Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences; Lillehammer Norway
| | - D. H. Pesta
- Department of Sport Science; Faculty for Sports Science and Psychology; University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
- Department of Visceral, Transplant, and Thoracic Surgery; D. Swarovski Research Laboratory; Medical University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
| | - C. Siebenmann
- The Centre for Physical Activity Research; University Hospital of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - S. Keiser
- Institute of Physiology; University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - P. Kérivel
- Ecole Nationale des Sports de Montagne; site de l'Ecole Nationale de Ski et d'Alpinisme; Chamonix France
| | - J. E. Whist
- Innlandet Hospital Trust; Lillehammer Norway
| | - B. R. Rønnestad
- Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences; Lillehammer Norway
| | - C. Lundby
- The Centre for Physical Activity Research; University Hospital of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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Brugniaux JV, Coombs GB, Barak OF, Dujic Z, Sekhon MS, Ainslie PN. Highs and lows of hyperoxia: physiological, performance, and clinical aspects. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R1-R27. [PMID: 29488785 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00165.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Molecular oxygen (O2) is a vital element in human survival and plays a major role in a diverse range of biological and physiological processes. Although normobaric hyperoxia can increase arterial oxygen content ([Formula: see text]), it also causes vasoconstriction and hence reduces O2 delivery in various vascular beds, including the heart, skeletal muscle, and brain. Thus, a seemingly paradoxical situation exists in which the administration of oxygen may place tissues at increased risk of hypoxic stress. Nevertheless, with various degrees of effectiveness, and not without consequences, supplemental oxygen is used clinically in an attempt to correct tissue hypoxia (e.g., brain ischemia, traumatic brain injury, carbon monoxide poisoning, etc.) and chronic hypoxemia (e.g., severe COPD, etc.) and to help with wound healing, necrosis, or reperfusion injuries (e.g., compromised grafts). Hyperoxia has also been used liberally by athletes in a belief that it offers performance-enhancing benefits; such benefits also extend to hypoxemic patients both at rest and during rehabilitation. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the effects of hyperoxia in humans from the "bench to bedside." The first section will focus on the basic physiological principles of partial pressure of arterial O2, [Formula: see text], and barometric pressure and how these changes lead to variation in regional O2 delivery. This review provides an overview of the evidence for and against the use of hyperoxia as an aid to enhance physical performance. The final section addresses pathophysiological concepts, clinical studies, and implications for therapy. The potential of O2 toxicity and future research directions are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geoff B Coombs
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, University of British Columbia , Kelowna, British Columbia , Canada
| | - Otto F Barak
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia.,Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Zeljko Dujic
- Department of Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Split , Split , Croatia
| | - Mypinder S Sekhon
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, University of British Columbia , Kelowna, British Columbia , Canada.,Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, University of British Columbia , Kelowna, British Columbia , Canada
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Sanchez AMJ, Borrani F. Effects of intermittent hypoxic training performed at high hypoxia level on exercise performance in highly trained runners. J Sports Sci 2018; 36:2045-2052. [PMID: 29394148 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1434747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This study exanimated the effects of intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) conducted at a high level of hypoxia with recovery at ambient air on aerobic/anaerobic capacities at sea level and hematological variations. According to a double-blind randomized design, fifteen highly endurance-trained runners completed a 6-weeks regimented training with 3 sessions per week consisting of intermittent runs (6x work-rest ratio of 5':5') on a treadmill at 80-85% of maximal aerobic speed ([Formula: see text]). Nine athletes (hypoxic group, HG) performed the exercise bouts at FI02 = 10.6-11.4% while six athletes (normoxic group, NG) exercised at ambient air. Running time to exhaustion at a velocity corresponding to 95% [Formula: see text] significantly increased for HG while no effect was found for NG. Regarding [Formula: see text], no significant effects were found in either training group. In addition, the decline of jumping performances over a 45s-continuous maximal vertical jump test (i.e. anaerobic capacity index) tended to be lower in HG compared to NG. The levels of the studied hematological variables, including erythropoietin and hematocrit, did not significantly change for either HG or NG. These results highlight that our IHT protocol may induce additional effects on aerobic performance without compromising the anaerobic capacity index in highly-trained athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M J Sanchez
- a Laboratoire Européen Performance Santé Altitude, EA4604 , University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Department of Sports Sciences , Font-Romeu , France
| | - Fabio Borrani
- b Institute of Sport Sciences of University of Lausanne (ISSUL), Faculty of Biology and Medicine , University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
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41
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Sotiridis A, Debevec T, Mekjavić IB. Letter to the Editor: Combined effects of hypoxia and heat: importance of hypoxic dose. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 314:R228-R229. [PMID: 29388459 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00347.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Sotiridis
- Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, "Jozef Stefan" Institute , Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Tadej Debevec
- Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, "Jozef Stefan" Institute , Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Igor B Mekjavić
- Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, "Jozef Stefan" Institute , Ljubljana , Slovenia.,Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia, Canada
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42
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Lobigs LM, Sharpe K, Garvican-Lewis LA, Gore CJ, Peeling P, Dawson B, Schumacher YO. The athlete's hematological response to hypoxia: A meta-analysis on the influence of altitude exposure on key biomarkers of erythropoiesis. Am J Hematol 2018; 93:74-83. [PMID: 29027252 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Altitude training is associated with changes in blood markers, which can confound results of the Athlete?s Biological Passport (ABP). This meta-analysis aims to describe the fluctuations during- and post-altitude in key ABP variables; hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]), square-root transformed reticulocyte percentage (sqrt(retic%)) and the OFF-score. Individual de-identified raw data were provided from 17 studies. Separate linear mixed effects analyses were performed for delta values from baseline for [Hb], sqrt(retic%) and OFF-score, by altitude phase (during and post). Mixed models were fitted with the hierarchical structure: study and subject within study as random effects. Delta values as response variables and altitude dose (in kilometer hours; km.hr = altitude (m) / 1000 x hours), sex, age, protocol and baseline values as fixed effects. Allowances were made for potential autocorrelation. Within two days at natural altitude [Hb] rapidly increased. Subsequent delta [Hb] values increased with altitude dose, reaching a plateau of 0.94 g/dL [95%CI (0.69, 1.20)] at ~1000 km.hr. Delta sqrt(retic%) and OFF-score were the first to identify an erythrocyte response, with respective increases and decreases observed within 100 to 200 km.hr. Post-altitude, [Hb] remained elevated for two weeks. Delta sqrt(retic%) declined below baseline, the magnitude of change was dependent on altitude dose. Baseline values were a significant covariate (p<0.05). The response to altitude is complex resulting in a wide range of individual responses, influenced primarily by altitude dose and baseline values. Improved knowledge of the plausible hematological variations during- and post-altitude provides fundamental information for both the ABP expert and sports physician.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa M. Lobigs
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Science); University of Western Australia; Perth WA 6009 Australia
- Aspetar Sports Medicine Hospital, PO Box 29222; Doha Qatar
| | - Ken Sharpe
- Statistical Consulting Centre, School of Mathematics and Statistics; University of Melbourne; Vic 3010 Australia
| | - Laura A. Garvican-Lewis
- Australian Institute of Sport; Canberra 2617 Australia
- Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University; Melbourne Australia
| | | | - Peter Peeling
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Science); University of Western Australia; Perth WA 6009 Australia
- Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont; WA 6010 Australia
| | - Brian Dawson
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Science); University of Western Australia; Perth WA 6009 Australia
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43
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Millet GP, Chapman RF, Girard O, Brocherie F. Is live high -train low altitude training relevant for elite athletes? Flawed analysis from inaccurate data. Br J Sports Med 2017; 53:923-925. [PMID: 29247024 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-098083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, ISSUL, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robert F Chapman
- Department of Kinesiology, HH Morris Human Performance Laboratory, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Olivier Girard
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Doha, Qatar
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance, French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
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Wonnabussapawich P, Hamlin MJ, Lizamore CA, Manimmanakorn N, Leelayuwat N, Tunkamnerdthai O, Thuwakum W, Manimmanakorn A. Living and Training at 825 m for 8 Weeks Supplemented With Intermittent Hypoxic Training at 3,000 m Improves Blood Parameters and Running Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:3287-3294. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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45
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Garvican-Lewis LA, Vuong VL, Govus AD, Schumacher YO, Hughes D, Lovell G, Eichner D, Gore CJ. Influence of combined iron supplementation and simulated hypoxia on the haematological module of the athlete biological passport. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:731-741. [PMID: 28929623 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The integrity of the athlete biological passport (ABP) is underpinned by understanding normal fluctuations of its biomarkers to environmental or medical conditions, for example, altitude training or iron deficiency. The combined impact of altitude and iron supplementation on the ABP was evaluated in endurance-trained athletes (n = 34) undertaking 3 weeks of simulated live-high: train-low (14 h.d-1 , 3000 m). Athletes received either oral, intravenous (IV) or placebo iron supplementation, commencing 2 weeks prior and continuing throughout hypoxic exposure. Venous blood was sampled twice prior, weekly during, and up to 6 weeks after altitude. Individual ABP thresholds for haemoglobin concentration ([Hb]), reticulocyte percentage (%retic), and OFF score were calculated using the adaptive model and assessed at 99% and 99.9% specificity. Eleven athletes returned values outside of the calculated reference ranges at 99%, with 8 at 99.9%. The percentage of athletes exceeding the thresholds in each group was similar, but IV returned the most individual occurrences. A similar frequency of abnormalities occurred across the 3 biomarkers, with abnormal [Hb] and OFF score values arising mainly during-, and %retic values mainly post- altitude. Removing samples collected during altitude from the model resulted in 10 athletes returning abnormal values at 99% specificity, 2 of whom had not triggered the model previously. In summary, the abnormalities observed in response to iron supplementation and hypoxia were not systematic and mostly in line with expected physiological adaptations. They do not represent a uniform weakness in the ABP. Nevertheless, altitude training and iron supplementation should be carefully considered by experts evaluating abnormal ABP profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Garvican-Lewis
- Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia.,Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Andrew D Govus
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | | | - David Hughes
- Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - Greg Lovell
- Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - Daniel Eichner
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Hauser A, Troesch S, Steiner T, Brocherie F, Girard O, Saugy JJ, Schmitt L, Millet GP, Wehrlin JP. Do male athletes with already high initial haemoglobin mass benefit from 'live high-train low' altitude training? Exp Physiol 2017; 103:68-76. [PMID: 29024137 DOI: 10.1113/ep086590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? It has been assumed that athletes embarking on an 'live high-train low' (LHTL) camp with already high initial haemoglobin mass (Hbmass ) have a limited ability to increase their Hbmass further post-intervention. Therefore, the relationship between initial Hbmass and post-intervention increase was tested with duplicate Hbmass measures and comparable hypoxic doses in male athletes. What is the main finding and its importance? There were trivial to moderate inverse relationships between initial Hbmass and percentage Hbmass increase in endurance and team-sport athletes after the LHTL camp, indicating that even athletes with higher initial Hbmass can reasonably expect Hbmass gains post-LHTL. It has been proposed that athletes with high initial values of haemoglobin mass (Hbmass ) will have a smaller Hbmass increase in response to 'live high-train low' (LHTL) altitude training. To verify this assumption, the relationship between initial absolute and relative Hbmass values and their respective Hbmass increase following LHTL in male endurance and team-sport athletes was investigated. Overall, 58 male athletes (35 well-trained endurance athletes and 23 elite male field hockey players) undertook an LHTL training camp with similar hypoxic doses (200-230 h). The Hbmass was measured in duplicate pre- and post-LHTL by the carbon monoxide rebreathing method. Although there was no relationship (r = 0.02, P = 0.91) between initial absolute Hbmass (in grams) and the percentage increase in absolute Hbmass , a moderate relationship (r = -0.31, P = 0.02) between initial relative Hbmass (in grams per kilogram) and the percentage increase in relative Hbmass was detected. Mean absolute and relative Hbmass increased to a similar extent (P ≥ 0.81) in endurance (from 916 ± 88 to 951 ± 96 g, +3.8%, P < 0.001 and from 13.1 ± 1.2 to 13.6 ± 1.1 g kg-1 , +4.1%, P < 0.001, respectively) and team-sport athletes (from 920 ± 120 to 957 ± 127 g, +4.0%, P < 0.001 and from 11.9 ± 0.9 to 12.3 ± 0.9 g kg-1 , +4.0%, P < 0.001, respectively) after LHTL. The direct comparison study using individual data of male endurance and team-sport athletes and strict methodological control (duplicate Hbmass measures and matched hypoxic dose) indicated that even athletes with higher initial Hbmass can reasonably expect Hbmass gain post-LHTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hauser
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Section for Elite Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland.,Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Severin Troesch
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Section for Elite Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Steiner
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Section for Elite Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Girard
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.,Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jonas J Saugy
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Schmitt
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.,National School of Mountain Sports/National Ski-Nordic Centre, Prémanon, France
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jon P Wehrlin
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Section for Elite Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland
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Hauser A, Troesch S, Saugy JJ, Schmitt L, Cejuela-Anta R, Faiss R, Steiner T, Robinson N, Millet GP, Wehrlin JP. Individual hemoglobin mass response to normobaric and hypobaric "live high-train low": A one-year crossover study. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:387-393. [PMID: 28522767 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00932.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to compare individual hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) changes following a live high-train low (LHTL) altitude training camp under either normobaric hypoxia (NH) or hypobaric hypoxia (HH) conditions in endurance athletes. In a crossover design with a one-year washout, 15 male triathletes randomly performed two 18-day LHTL training camps in either HH or NH. All athletes slept at 2,250 meters and trained at altitudes <1,200 meters. Hbmass was measured in duplicate with the optimized carbon monoxide rebreathing method before (pre) and immediately after (post) each 18-day training camp. Hbmass increased similarly in HH (916-957 g, 4.5 ± 2.2%, P < 0.001) and in NH (918-953 g, 3.8 ± 2.6%, P < 0.001). Hbmass changes did not differ between HH and NH (P = 0.42). There was substantial interindividual variability among subjects to both interventions (i.e., individual responsiveness or the individual variation in the response to an intervention free of technical noise): 0.9% in HH and 1.7% in NH. However, a correlation between intraindividual ΔHbmass changes (%) in HH and in NH (r = 0.52, P = 0.048) was observed. HH and NH evoked similar mean Hbmass increases following LHTL. Among the mean Hbmass changes, there was a notable variation in individual Hbmass response that tended to be reproducible.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to compare individual hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) response to normobaric and hypobaric live high-train low using a same-subject crossover design. The main findings indicate that hypobaric and normobaric hypoxia evoked a similar mean increase in Hbmass following 18 days of live high-train low. Notable variability and reproducibility in individual Hbmass responses between athletes was observed, indicating the importance of evaluating individual Hbmass response to altitude training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hauser
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Section for Elite Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland; .,Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Department of Physiology, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Severin Troesch
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Section for Elite Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Jonas J Saugy
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Department of Physiology, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Schmitt
- National School of Mountain Sports/National Ski-Nordic Centre, Prémanon, France
| | - Roberto Cejuela-Anta
- Departmental Section of Physical Education and Sports, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain; and
| | - Raphael Faiss
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Department of Physiology, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Steiner
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Section for Elite Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Neil Robinson
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva & Lausanne, Center Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois & University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Department of Physiology, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jon P Wehrlin
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Section for Elite Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland
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Endurance, aerobic high-intensity, and repeated sprint cycling performance is unaffected by normobaric “Live High-Train Low”: a double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:979-988. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3586-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
CONTEXT Athletes at different skill levels perform strenuous physical activity at high altitude for a variety of reasons. Multiple team and endurance events are held at high altitude and may place athletes at increased risk for developing acute high altitude illness (AHAI). Training at high altitude has been a routine part of preparation for some of the high level athletes for a long time. There is a general belief that altitude training improves athletic performance for competitive and recreational athletes. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A review of relevant publications between 1980 and 2015 was completed using PubMed and Google Scholar. STUDY DESIGN Clinical review. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. RESULTS AHAI is a relatively uncommon and potentially serious condition among travelers to altitudes above 2500 m. The broad term AHAI includes several syndromes such as acute mountain sickness (AMS), high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), and high altitude cerebral edema (HACE). Athletes may be at higher risk for developing AHAI due to faster ascent and more vigorous exertion compared with nonathletes. Evidence regarding the effects of altitude training on athletic performance is weak. The natural live high, train low altitude training strategy may provide the best protocol for enhancing endurance performance in elite and subelite athletes. High altitude sports are generally safe for recreational athletes, but they should be aware of their individual risks. CONCLUSION Individualized and appropriate acclimatization is an essential component of injury and illness prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Khodaee
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
- Morteza Khodaee, MD, MPH, Department of Family Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, AFW Clinic, 3055 Roslyn Street, Denver, CO 80238 ()
| | - Heather L. Grothe
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | - Jonathan H. Seyfert
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | - Karin VanBaak
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
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Park HY, Sunoo S, Nam SS. The Effect of 4 Weeks Fixed and Mixed Intermittent Hypoxic Training (IHT) on Respiratory Metabolic and Acid-base Response of Capillary Blood During Submaximal Bicycle Exercise in Male Elite Taekwondo Players. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2016; 20:35-43. [PMID: 28150471 PMCID: PMC5545197 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2016.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of our study was to determine the effectiveness of 4 weeks fixed and mixed intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) and its difference from exercise training at sea-level on exercise load, respiratory metabolic and acid-base response of capillary blood during 80% maximal heart rate (HRmax) bicycle exercise in male elite Taekwondo players. [Methods] Male elite Taekwondo players (n = 25 out of 33) were randomly assigned to training at sea-level (n = 8, control group), training at 16.5%O2 (2000 m) simulated hypoxic condition (n = 9, fixed IHT group), and training at 14.5%O2 (3000 m) up to 2 weeks and 16.5%O2 (2000 m) simulated hypoxic condition (n = 8, mixed IHT group) for 3 weeks. We compared their average exercise load, respiratory metabolic, and acid-base response of the capillary blood during 80% HRmax submaximal bicycle exercise before and after 4 weeks training. [Results] Fixed and mixed IHT groups showed positive improvement in respiratory metabolic and acid-base response of the capillary blood during 80% HRmax submaximal bicycle exercise after 4 weeks training. However, all dependent variables showed no significant difference between fixed IHT and mix IHT. [Conclusion] Results suggested that mixed and fixed IHT is effective in improving respiratory metabolic and acid-base response of capillary blood in male elite Taekwondo players. Thus, IHT could be a novel and effective method for improving exercise performance through respiratory metabolic and acid-base response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun-Young Park
- Performance Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Sports Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sub Sunoo
- Department of Sports Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Seok Nam
- Department of Sports Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
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