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Rasica L, Inglis EC, Mazzolari R, Iannetta D, Murias JM. Methodological considerations on near-infrared spectroscopy derived muscle oxidative capacity. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:2069-2079. [PMID: 38400931 PMCID: PMC11199286 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05421-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Different strategies for near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)-derived muscle oxidative capacity assessment have been reported. This study compared and evaluated (I) approaches for averaging trials; (II) NIRS signals and blood volume correction equations; (III) the assessment of vastus lateralis (VL) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles in two fitness levels groups. METHODS Thirty-six participants [18 chronically trained (CT: 14 males, 4 females) and 18 untrained (UT: 10 males, 8 females)] participated in this study. Two trials of twenty transient arterial occlusions were performed for NIRS-derived muscle oxidative capacity assessment. Muscle oxygen consumption ( V ˙ O2m) was estimated from deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb), corrected for blood volume changes following Ryan (HHbR) and Beever (HHbB) equations, and from oxygen saturation (StO2) in VL and TA. RESULTS Superimposing or averaging V ˙ O2m or averaging the rate constants (k) from the two trials resulted in equivalent k values [two one-sided tests (TOST) procedure with 5% equivalence margin-P < 0.001]. Whereas HHbR (2.35 ± 0.61 min-1) and HHbB (2.34 ± 0.58 min-1) derived k were equivalent (P < 0.001), StO2 derived k (2.81 ± 0.92 min-1) was greater (P < 0.001) than both. k values were greater in CT vs UT in both muscles (VL: + 0.68 min-1, P = 0.002; TA: + 0.43 min-1, P = 0.01). CONCLUSION Different approaches for averaging trials lead to similar k. HHb and StO2 signals provided different k, although different blood volume corrections did not impact k. Group differences in k were detected in both muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Rasica
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | | | - Raffaele Mazzolari
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Danilo Iannetta
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Juan M Murias
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.
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Venckunas T, Satas A, Brazaitis M, Eimantas N, Sipaviciene S, Kamandulis S. Near-InfraRed Spectroscopy Provides a Reproducible Estimate of Muscle Aerobic Capacity, but Not Whole-Body Aerobic Power. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2277. [PMID: 38610488 PMCID: PMC11014184 DOI: 10.3390/s24072277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during repeated limb occlusions is a noninvasive tool for assessing muscle oxidative capacity. However, the method's reliability and validity remain under investigation. This study aimed to determine the reliability of the NIRS-derived mitochondrial power of the musculus vastus lateralis and its correlation with whole-body (cycling) aerobic power (V̇O2 peak). Eleven healthy active men (28 ± 10 y) twice (2 days apart) underwent repeated arterial occlusions to induce changes in muscle oxygen delivery after 15 s of electrical muscle stimulation. The muscle oxygen consumption (mV̇O2) recovery time and rate (k) constants were calculated from the NIRS O2Hb signal. We assessed the reliability (coefficient of variation and intraclass coefficient of correlation [ICC]) and equivalency (t-test) between visits. The results showed high reproducibility for the mV̇O2 recovery time constant (ICC = 0.859) and moderate reproducibility for the k value (ICC = 0.674), with no significant differences between visits (p > 0.05). NIRS-derived k did not correlate with the V̇O2 peak relative to body mass (r = 0.441, p = 0.17) or the absolute V̇O2 peak (r = 0.366, p = 0.26). In conclusion, NIRS provides a reproducible estimate of muscle mitochondrial power, which, however, was not correlated with whole-body aerobic capacity in the current study, suggesting that even if somewhat overlapping, not the same set of factors underpin these distinct indices of aerobic capacity at the different (peripheral and whole-body systemic) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Venckunas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Andrius Satas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Nerijus Eimantas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Saule Sipaviciene
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Sigitas Kamandulis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Yoshiko A, Shiozawa K, Niwa S, Takahashi H, Koike T, Watanabe K, Katayama K, Akima H. Association of skeletal muscle oxidative capacity with muscle function, sarcopenia-related exercise performance, and intramuscular adipose tissue in older adults. GeroScience 2024; 46:2715-2727. [PMID: 38153667 PMCID: PMC10828458 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-01043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle function and exercise performance measures, such as muscle endurance capacity, maximal strength, chair stand score, gait speed, and Timed Up and Go score, are evaluated to diagnose sarcopenia and frailty in older individuals. Furthermore, intramuscular adipose tissue (IntraMAT) content increases with age. Skeletal muscle oxidative capacity determines muscle metabolism and maintains muscle performance. This study aimed to investigate the association of skeletal muscle oxidative capacity with muscle function, exercise performance, and IntraMAT content in older individuals. Thirteen older men and women participated in this study. Skeletal muscle oxidative capacity was assessed by the recovery speed of muscle oxygen saturation after exercise using near-infrared spectroscopy from the medial gastrocnemius. We assessed two muscle functions, peak torque and time to task failure, and four sarcopenia-related exercise performances: handgrip strength, gait speed, 30-s chair stand, and Timed Up and Go. The IntraMAT content was measured using axial magnetic resonance imaging. The results showed a relationship between skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and gait speed but not with muscle functions and other exercise performance measures. Skeletal muscle oxidative capacity was not related to IntraMAT content. Skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, which may be indicative of the capacity of muscle energy production in the mitochondria, is related to locomotive functions but not to other functional parameters or skeletal fat infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akito Yoshiko
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Chukyo University, Toyota, Japan.
| | - Kana Shiozawa
- Department of Exercise and Sports Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiori Niwa
- Department of Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takahashi
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Koike
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kohei Watanabe
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Toyota, Japan
| | - Keisho Katayama
- Department of Exercise and Sports Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Akima
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Possamai LT, de Aguiar RA, Borszcz FK, do Nascimento Salvador PC, de Lucas RD, Turnes T. Muscle Oxidative Capacity in Vivo Is Associated With Physiological Parameters in Trained Rowers. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:1020-1027. [PMID: 36048498 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2022.2100862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The muscle oxygen uptake (m V ˙ O 2 ) kinetics following exercise, measured by near-infrared spectroscopy, has been used as a functional evaluation of muscle oxidative metabolism. This study aimed to determine the m V ˙ O 2 off-kinetics and verify the relationship of the recovery rate of m V ˙ O 2 (k) with time-trial performance and different aerobic parameters in trained rowers. Methods: Eleven male rowers (age: 20 ± 3 years; V ˙ O 2 m a x : 4.28 ± 0.35 L·min-1) used a rowing ergometer to perform (I) an incremental test to determine the maximal oxygen uptake (V ˙ O 2 m a x ) and peak power output (Ppeak); (II) several visits to determine maximal lactate steady state (MLSS); and (III) a 2000-m rowing ergometer performance test. Also, one test to determine m V ˙ O 2 off-kinetics of the vastus lateralis muscle using a repeated arterial occlusions protocol. Results: The m V ˙ O 2 generated a good monoexponential fit (R2 = 0.960 ± 0.030; SEE = 0.041 ± 0.018%.s-1). The k of m V ˙ O 2 (2.06 ± 0.58 min-1) was associated with relative V ˙ O 2 m a x (r = 0.79), power output at MLSS (r = 0.76), and Ppeak (r = 0.83); however, it was not related with 2000-m rowing performance (r = -0.38 to 0.52; p > .152). Conclusion: These findings suggest that although not associated with rowing performance, the m V ˙ O 2 off-kinetics determined after a submaximal isometric knee extension may be a practical and less-exhaustive approach than invasive responses and incremental tests to assess the muscle oxidative metabolism during a training program.
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Pelka EZ, Davis BR, Tomko PM, McDaniel J. Analysis of electrical stimulation and voluntary muscle contraction on skeletal muscle oxygen uptake and mitochondrial recovery using near-infrared spectroscopy. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2053-2061. [PMID: 37171642 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05221-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This investigation was to compare differences in skeletal muscle oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]) and mitochondrial recovery between voluntary (VOL) and electrically stimulated (ES) plantarflexion contractions. METHODS Twelve men and women (26 ± 4.0 years; 171.8 ± 5.1 cm; 74.0 ± 13.7 kg) were seated in a chair with their right knee fully extended and right foot secured to a force transducer. ES electrodes and a near-infrared spectroscopy device were placed on the gastrocnemius. Participants performed ES plantarflexion contractions across a range of stimulation intensities at frequencies of 1 and 2 Hz and similar VOL contractions. Cuff occlusion occurred immediately following each series of contractions to measure [Formula: see text]. A standardized mitochondrial function assessment protocol was also performed to calculate K-constants between work-matched ES and VOL contractions. RESULTS For mitochondrial assessments, there were no significant differences between ES and VOL rate constants (2.03 ± 0.98 vs. 1.25 ± 1.35 min-1, p = 0.266). ES resulted in a significantly greater workrate-[Formula: see text] slope at 1 Hz (0.007 ± 0.007 vs. 0.001 ± 0.002% [Formula: see text]/s/N, p = 0.014) and 2 Hz (0.010 ± 0.010 vs. 0.001 ± 0.001% [Formula: see text]/s/N, p = 0.012), as well as a significantly greater workrate-[Formula: see text] Y-intercept at 2 Hz (1.603 ± 1.513 vs. 0.556 ± 0.564% [Formula: see text]/s, p = 0.035) but not 1 Hz (0.579 ± 0.448 vs. 0.442 ± 0.357% mV̇O2/s, p = 0.535) when compared to VOL. CONCLUSION ES results in a significantly greater [Formula: see text] at similar work rates compared to VOL, however, the mitochondrial recovery rate constants were similar. The greater mVO2 with ES may partially contribute to the increased rate of fatigue during ES exercise in individuals with muscle paralysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Z Pelka
- Exercise Science and Exercise Physiology, Kent State University, OH, Kent, USA
| | - B Ryan Davis
- Exercise Science and Exercise Physiology, Kent State University, OH, Kent, USA
| | - Patrick M Tomko
- Exercise Science and Exercise Physiology, Kent State University, OH, Kent, USA
| | - John McDaniel
- Exercise Science and Exercise Physiology, Kent State University, OH, Kent, USA.
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Gorgey AS, Goldsmith JA, Khalil RE, Liu XH, Pan J, Cardozo C, Adler RA. Predictors of muscle hypertrophy responsiveness to electrically evoked resistance training after spinal cord injury. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:479-493. [PMID: 36305973 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to identify potential predictors of muscle hypertrophy responsiveness following neuromuscular electrical stimulation resistance training (NMES-RT) in persons with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). Data for twenty individuals with motor complete SCI who completed twice weekly NMES-RT lasting 12-16 weeks as part of their participation in one of two separate clinical trials were pooled and retrospectively analyzed. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to measure muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) of the whole thigh and knee extensor muscle before and after NMES-RT. Muscle biopsies and fasting biomarkers were also measured. Following the completion of the respective NMES-RT trials, participants were classified into either high-responders (n = 8; muscle CSA > 20%) or low-responders (n = 12; muscle CSA < 20%) based on whole thigh muscle CSA hypertrophy. Whole thigh muscle and knee extensors CSAs were significantly greater (P < 0.0001) in high-responders (29 ± 7% and 47 ± 15%, respectively) compared to low-responders (12 ± 3% and 19 ± 6%, respectively). There were no differences in total caloric intake or macronutrient intake between groups. Extensor spasticity was lower in the high-responders compared to the low-responders as was the dosage of baclofen. Prior to the intervention, the high-responders had greater body mass compared to the low-responders with SCI (87.8 ± 13.7 vs. 70.4 ± 15.8 kg; P = 0.012), body mass index (BMI: 27.6 ± 2.7 vs. 22.9 ± 6.0 kg/m2; P = 0.04), as well as greater percentage in whole body and regional fat mass (P < 0.05). Furthermore, high-responders had a 69% greater increase (P = 0.086) in total Akt protein expression than low-responders. High-responders also exhibited reduced circulating IGF-1 with a concomitant increase in IGFBP-3. Exploratory analyses revealed upregulation of mRNAs for muscle hypertrophy markers [IRS-1, Akt, mTOR] and downregulation of protein degradation markers [myostatin, MurF-1, and PDK4] in the high-responders compared to low-responders. The findings indicate that body composition, spasticity, baclofen usage, and multiple signaling pathways (anabolic and catabolic) are involved in the differential muscle hypertrophy response to NMES-RT in persons with chronic SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf S Gorgey
- Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Service, Central Virginia VA Health Care System, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA.
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Jacob A Goldsmith
- Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Service, Central Virginia VA Health Care System, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Refka E Khalil
- Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Service, Central Virginia VA Health Care System, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Xin-Hua Liu
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury and Medical and Surgical Service, James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jiangping Pan
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury and Medical and Surgical Service, James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher Cardozo
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury and Medical and Surgical Service, James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert A Adler
- Endocrinology Service, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
- Endocrine Division, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
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Green ES, Williams ER, Feito Y, Jenkins NT. Physiological and Anthropometric Differences Among Endurance, Strength, and High-Intensity Functional Training Participants: A Cross-Sectional Study. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:131-142. [PMID: 35302436 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2021.1947468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: We compared aerobic capacity (V˙O2max), mitochondrial capacity (mV˙O2), anaerobic power, strength, and muscle endurance in healthy, active men from strength (STR), endurance (END) and high-intensity functional training (HIFT) backgrounds. Methods: Twenty-four men (n = 8/group) completed a cycle ergometer test to determine V˙O2max, followed by a 3-min all-out test to determine peak (PP) and end power (EP), and to estimate anaerobic [work done above EP (WEP)] and aerobic work capacity. Strength was determined by knee extensor maximal voluntary contraction at various flexion angles. The endurance index (EI) of the vastus lateralis (VL) was assessed by measuring muscle contraction acceleration during electrical twitch mechanomyography. mV˙O2max of the VL was assessed using near-infrared spectroscopy to estimate muscle oxygen consumption during transient femoral artery occlusions. Results: V˙O2max was significantly different among groups (p < .05). PP was significantly higher in HIFT and STR versus END (p < .05). EP was significantly higher in HIFT and END compared to STR (p < .05). WEP was significantly higher in STR compared to END (p < .05), whereas total work done was significantly higher in HIFT and END compared to STR (p < .05). mV˙O2max and EI were comparable between HIFT and END but significantly lower in STR versus END (p < .05). Torque production was significantly lower in END compared to STR and HIFT at all flexion angles (p < .05), with no difference between STR and HIFT. Conclusion: HIFT participants can exert similar power outputs and absolute strength compared to strength focused participants but exhibit fatigue resistance and mitochondrial capacity comparable to those who train for endurance.
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Millet GP, Chamari K. Look to the stars-Is there anything that public health and rehabilitation can learn from elite sports? Front Sports Act Living 2023; 4:1072154. [PMID: 36755563 PMCID: PMC9900137 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.1072154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire P. Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland,Correspondence: Grégoire P. Millet
| | - Karim Chamari
- Aspetar, Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
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Gasser B, Frei A, Niederseer D, Catuogno S, Frey WO, Flück M. Variability in the Aerobic Fitness-Related Dependence on Respiratory Processes During Muscle Work Is Associated With the ACE-I/D Genotype. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:814974. [PMID: 35663500 PMCID: PMC9161700 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.814974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The efficiency of aerobic energy provision to working skeletal muscle is affected by aerobic fitness and a prominent insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE-I/D) gene for the major modulator of tissue perfusion. We assessed whether variability in the fitness state is dependent on the contribution of multiple aspects of oxygen transport to the development of muscle power, and the respective control coefficients, are associated with the ACE-I/D genotype. Methods Twenty-five women and 19 men completed a ramp test of cycling exercise to exhaustion during which serial steps of oxygen transport [oxygen uptake (L O2 min−1) (VO2), minute ventilation in (L min−1) (VE), cardiac output in equivalents of L min−1 (Q), arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2), muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2), and total hemoglobin concentration (g dL−1) (THb) in Musculus vastus lateralis and Musculus gastrocnemius, respiration exchange ratio (RER)], blood lactate and glucose concentration, were continuously monitored. The contribution/reliance of power output (PO) on the parameters of oxygen transport was estimated based on the slopes in Pearson's moment correlations (|r| > 0.65, p < 0.05) vs. power values over the work phase of the ramp test, and for respective fractional changes per time (defining control coefficients) over the rest, work, and recovery phase of the ramp test. Associations of variability in slopes and control coefficients with the genotype and aerobic fitness were evaluated with ANOVA. Results All parameters characterizing aspects of the pathway of oxygen, except THb, presented strong linear relationships [(|r| > 0.70) to PO]. Metabolic efficiency was 30% higher in the aerobically fit subjects [peak oxygen uptake (mL O2 min−1) (VO2peak) ≥ 50 ml min−1 kg−1], and energy expenditure at rest was associated with the fitness state × ACE-I/D genotype, being highest in the fit non-carriers of the ACE D-allele. For VO2, VE, and RER the power-related slopes of linear relationships during work demonstrated an association with aerobic fitness, being 30–40% steeper in the aerobically fit than unfit subjects. For VE the power-related slope also demonstrated an association with the ACE-I/D genotype. For increasing deficit in muscle oxygen saturation (DSmO2) in Musculus vastus lateralis (DSmO2 Vas), the power-related slope was associated with the interaction between aerobic fitness × ACE-I/D genotype. Conclusion Local and systemic aspects of aerobic energy provision stand under influence of the fitness state and ACE-I/D genotype. This especially concerns the association with the index of the muscle's mitochondrial respiration (SmO2) which compares to the genetic influences of endurance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Gasser
- Departement für Bewegung und Sport, Universität Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Benedikt Gasser
| | - Annika Frei
- Laboratory for Muscle Plasticity, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Niederseer
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Catuogno
- Swiss Olympic Medical Center, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Walter O. Frey
- Swiss Olympic Medical Center, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Flück
- Laboratory for Muscle Plasticity, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Macolin, Switzerland
- Martin Flück
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Lai RE, Holman ME, Chen Q, Rivers J, Lesnefsky EJ, Gorgey AS. Assessment of mitochondrial respiratory capacity using minimally invasive and noninvasive techniques in persons with spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265141. [PMID: 35275956 PMCID: PMC8916668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Muscle biopsies are the gold standard to assess mitochondrial respiration; however, biopsies are not always a feasible approach in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) may alternatively be predictive of mitochondrial respiration. The purpose of the study was to evaluate whether mitochondrial respiration of PBMCs and NIRS are predictive of respiration of permeabilized muscle fibers after SCI. Methods Twenty-two individuals with chronic complete and incomplete motor SCI between 18–65 years old were recruited to participate in the current trial. Using high-resolution respirometry, mitochondrial respiratory capacity was measured for PBMCs and muscle fibers of the vastus lateralis oxidizing complex I, II, and IV substrates. NIRS was used to assess mitochondrial capacity of the vastus lateralis with serial cuff occlusions and electrical stimulation. Results Positive relationships were observed between PBMC and permeabilized muscle fibers for mitochondrial complex IV (r = 0.86, P < 0.0001). Bland-Altman displayed agreement for complex IV (MD = 0.18, LOA = -0.86 to 1.21), between PBMCs and permeabilized muscles fibers. No significant relationships were observed between NIRS mitochondrial capacity and respiration in permeabilized muscle fibers. Conclusions This is the first study to explore and support the agreement of less invasive clinical techniques for assessing mitochondrial respiratory capacity in individuals with SCI. The findings will assist in the application of PBMCs as a viable alternative for assessing mitochondrial health in persons with SCI in future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond E. Lai
- Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Matthew E. Holman
- Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Physical Therapy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Qun Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Division of Internal Medicine, Pauley Heart Center, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Jeannie Rivers
- Surgical Service, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Edward J. Lesnefsky
- Division of Cardiology, Division of Internal Medicine, Pauley Heart Center, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
- Medical Service, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Ashraf S. Gorgey
- Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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de Aguiar RA, Turnes T, Borszcz FK, Raimundo JAG, Caputo F. NIRS-derived muscle V̇O 2 kinetics after moderate running exercise in healthy males: reliability and associations with parameters of aerobic fitness. Exp Physiol 2022; 107:476-488. [PMID: 35244956 DOI: 10.1113/ep090105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? In vivo muscle oxidative capacity has been evaluated through the mV̇O2 kinetics following single joint exercise using NIRS system. Here, we demonstrated its utility following running exercise. What is the main finding and its importance? We demonstrated that time constant of mV̇O2 kinetics in gastrocnemius following moderate running exercise presents good to excellent reliability. In addition, it was well correlated with parameters of aerobic fitness, such as maximal speed of the incremental test, ventilatory threshold and pulmonary V̇O2 on-kinetics. Therefore, NIRS-derived muscle oxidative capacity together with other physiological measurements may allow a concomitant local and systemic analysis of the components of the oxidative system. ABSTRACT NIRS-derived muscle oxygen uptake (mV̇O2 ) kinetics following single-joint exercise has been used to assess muscle oxidative capacity. However, little evidence is available on the use of this technique following whole-body exercises. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the reliability of the NIRS-derived mV̇O2 kinetics following running exercise and to investigate the relationship between the time constant of mV̇O2 off-kinetics (τmV̇O2 ) with parameters of aerobic fitness. After an incremental test to determine V̇O2 max, first (VT1 ) and second (VT2 ) ventilatory thresholds, and maximal speed (Smax), thirteen males (age = 21 ± 4 years; V̇O2 max = 55.9 ± 3.4 mlꞏkg-1ꞏmin-1) performed three sets (two in the first day and one on a subsequent day) of two repetitions of 6-min running exercise at 90%VT1 . The pulmonary V̇O2 on-kinetics (pV̇O2 ) and mV̇O2 off-kinetics in gastrocnemius were assessed. τmV̇O2 presented no systematic change and satisfactory reliability (SEM and ICC of 4.21 s and 0.49 for between transitions; and 2.65 s and 0.74 averaging τmV̇O2 within each time-set), with no difference (p > 0.3) between the within- (SEM = 2.92 s) and between-day variability (SEM = 2.78 s and 2.19 s between first vs. third set, and second vs. third set, respectively). τmV̇O2 (28.5 ± 4.17 s) correlated significantly (p < 0.05) with Smax (r = -0.66), VT1 (r = -0.64) and time constant of the pV̇O2 on-kinetics (r = 0.69). These findings indicate that NIRS-derived mV̇O2 kinetics in the gastrocnemius following moderate running exercise is a useful and reliable method to assess muscle oxidative capacity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A de Aguiar
- Human Performance Research Group, College of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Tiago Turnes
- Human Performance Research Group, College of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil.,Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Fernando K Borszcz
- Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - João A G Raimundo
- Human Performance Research Group, College of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Fabrizio Caputo
- Human Performance Research Group, College of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
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12
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Gasser B, Franchi MV, Ruoss S, Frei A, Popp WL, Niederseer D, Catuogno S, Frey WO, Flück M. Accelerated Muscle Deoxygenation in Aerobically Fit Subjects During Exhaustive Exercise Is Associated With the ACE Insertion Allele. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:814975. [PMID: 35295536 PMCID: PMC8918772 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.814975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in the gene for the major regulator of vascular tone, angiotensin-converting enzyme-insertion/deletion (ACE-I/D) affects muscle capillarization and mitochondrial biogenesis with endurance training. We tested whether changes of leg muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) during exhaustive exercise and recovery would depend on the aerobic fitness status and the ACE I/D polymorphism. Methods In total, 34 healthy subjects (age: 31.8 ± 10.2 years, 17 male, 17 female) performed an incremental exercise test to exhaustion. SmO2 in musculus vastus lateralis (VAS) and musculus gastrocnemius (GAS) was recorded with near-IR spectroscopy. Effects of the aerobic fitness status (based on a VO2peak cutoff value of 50 ml O2 min−1 kg−1) and the ACE-I/D genotype (detected by PCR) on kinetic parameters of muscle deoxygenation and reoxygenation were assessed with univariate ANOVA. Results Deoxygenation with exercise was comparable in VAS and GAS (p = 0.321). In both leg muscles, deoxygenation and reoxygenation were 1.5-fold higher in the fit than the unfit volunteers. Differences in muscle deoxygenation, but not VO2peak, were associated with gender-independent (p > 0.58) interaction effects between aerobic fitness × ACE-I/D genotype; being reflected in a 2-fold accelerated deoxygenation of VAS for aerobically fit than unfit ACE-II genotypes and a 2-fold higher deoxygenation of GAS for fit ACE-II genotypes than fit D-allele carriers. Discussion Aerobically fit subjects demonstrated increased rates of leg muscle deoxygenation and reoxygenation. Together with the higher muscle deoxygenation in aerobically fit ACE-II genotypes, this suggests that an ACE-I/D genotype-based personalization of training protocols might serve to best improve aerobic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Gasser
- Departement für Bewegung und Sport – Universität Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Benedikt Gasser
| | - Martino V. Franchi
- Departement für Bewegung und Sport – Universität Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Severin Ruoss
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annika Frei
- Departement für Bewegung und Sport – Universität Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Werner L. Popp
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Niederseer
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Catuogno
- Swiss Olympic Medical Center, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Walter O. Frey
- Swiss Olympic Medical Center, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Flück
- Laboratory for Muscle Plasticity, University of Zurich, Balgrist Campus, Zurich, Switzerland
- Martin Flück
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13
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Lagerwaard B, Janssen JJE, Cuijpers I, Keijer J, de Boer VCJ, Nieuwenhuizen AG. Muscle mitochondrial capacity in high- and low-fitness females using near-infrared spectroscopy. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14838. [PMID: 33991439 PMCID: PMC8123566 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The recovery of muscle oxygen consumption (m V ˙ O2 ) after exercise measured using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) provides a measure of skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity. Nevertheless, due to sex differences in factors that can influence scattering and thus penetration depth of the NIRS signal in the tissue, e.g., subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness and intramuscular myoglobin and hemoglobin, it is unknown whether results in males can be extrapolated to a female population. Therefore, the aim of this study was to measure skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity in females at different levels of aerobic fitness to test whether NIRS can measure relevant differences in mitochondrial capacity. Mitochondrial capacity was analyzed in the gastrocnemius muscle and the wrist flexors of 32 young female adults, equally divided in relatively high ( V ˙ O2 peak ≥ 47 ml/kg/min) and relatively low aerobic fitness group ( V ˙ O2 peak ≤ 37 ml/kg/min). m V ˙ O2 recovery was significantly faster in the high- compared to the low-fitness group in the gastrocnemius, but not in the wrist flexors (p = 0.009 and p = 0.0528, respectively). Furthermore, V ˙ O2 peak was significantly correlated to m V ˙ O2 recovery in both gastrocnemius (R2 = 0.27, p = 0.0051) and wrist flexors (R2 = 0.13, p = 0.0393). In conclusion, NIRS measurements can be used to assess differences in mitochondrial capacity within a female population and is correlated to V ˙ O2 peak. This further supports NIRS assessment of muscle mitochondrial capacity providing additional evidence for NIRS as a promising approach to monitor mitochondrial capacity, also in an exclusively female population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Lagerwaard
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,TI Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joëlle J E Janssen
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Iris Cuijpers
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent C J de Boer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arie G Nieuwenhuizen
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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14
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Hanna R, Gosalia J, Demalis A, Hobson Z, McCully KK, Irving BA, Mookerjee S, Vairo GL, Proctor DN. Bilateral NIRS measurements of muscle mitochondrial capacity: Feasibility and repeatability. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14826. [PMID: 33945230 PMCID: PMC8095363 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Non‐invasive determination of mitochondrial capacity via near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) typically involves voluntary exercise of a single muscle group followed by as many as 26 brief ischemic cuff occlusions to determine a single recovery rate constant (k). Purpose To determine the within‐ and between‐visit repeatability of a shortened bilateral NIRS protocol, and to establish the feasibility of hamstring k measurements. Methods Sixteen young (eight women, eight men; 22 ± 3 years) active adults underwent a bilateral electrical stimulation protocol in which multiple (n = 4) measurements of k for the vastus lateralis (VL) and medial hamstring (MH) muscles were determined on two visits. Repeatability (CV% and intraclass correlations, ICC) and equivalency across visits were assessed for both muscles. Results Mean k values in the VL were consistent with published values and within‐visit ICCs were moderately high for both muscles in both sexes. In men, average k values on visit 2 were within 1% (VL muscle) and 5% (MH muscle) of the values on visit 1 (all p > 0.78). In women, average k values were 10%–15% lower on visit 2 (p = 0.01 and p = 0.15 for MH and VL) with the largest between‐visit differences in a subset of participants with the most days between visits. Conclusions This bilateral NIRS protocol is time efficient and provides valid estimates of k in both sexes and muscle groups with acceptable within‐visit repeatability. Lower than expected between‐visit repeatability in some participants reinforces the need for further investigation of this newly developed protocol to identify and control for experimental and behavioral sources of variation.
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15
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Guerraty M, Bhargava A, Senarathna J, Mendelson AA, Pathak AP. Advances in translational imaging of the microcirculation. Microcirculation 2021; 28:e12683. [PMID: 33524206 PMCID: PMC8647298 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The past few decades have seen an explosion in the development and use of methods for imaging the human microcirculation during health and disease. The confluence of innovative imaging technologies, affordable computing power, and economies of scale have ushered in a new era of "translational" imaging that permit us to peer into blood vessels of various organs in the human body. These imaging techniques include near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), positron emission tomography (PET), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that are sensitive to microvascular-derived signals, as well as computed tomography (CT), optical imaging, and ultrasound (US) imaging that are capable of directly acquiring images at, or close to microvascular spatial resolution. Collectively, these imaging modalities enable us to characterize the morphological and functional changes in a tissue's microcirculation that are known to accompany the initiation and progression of numerous pathologies. Although there have been significant advances for imaging the microcirculation in preclinical models, this review focuses on developments in the assessment of the microcirculation in patients with optical imaging, NIRS, PET, US, MRI, and CT, to name a few. The goal of this review is to serve as a springboard for exploring the burgeoning role of translational imaging technologies for interrogating the structural and functional status of the microcirculation in humans, and highlight the breadth of current clinical applications. Making the human microcirculation "visible" in vivo to clinicians and researchers alike will facilitate bench-to-bedside discoveries and enhance the diagnosis and management of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Guerraty
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of
Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,
USA
| | - Akanksha Bhargava
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological
Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Janaka Senarathna
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological
Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Asher A. Mendelson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Critical Care, Rady
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Arvind P. Pathak
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological
Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins
University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Johns Hopkins
University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns
Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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16
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Beever AT, Tripp TR, Zhang J, MacInnis MJ. NIRS-derived skeletal muscle oxidative capacity is correlated with aerobic fitness and independent of sex. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:558-568. [PMID: 32702279 PMCID: PMC7517427 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00017.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) provides a simple and reliable measure of skeletal muscle oxidative capacity; however, its relationship to aerobic fitness and sex are unclear. We hypothesized that NIRS-derived oxidative capacity in the vastus lateralis (VL) and medial gastrocnemius (MG) would be correlated with indices of aerobic fitness and independent of sex. Twenty-six participants (13 males, 13 females) performed ramp- and step-incremental tests to volitional exhaustion on separate days to establish maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max), peak power output (PPO), lactate threshold (LT), gas exchange threshold (GET), respiratory compensation point (RCP), and maximal fat oxidation (MFO). Data were normalized to lean body mass to account for sex-based differences in body composition. Exercise tests were preceded by duplicate measurements of NIRS-derived oxidative capacity on the VL and MG muscles (i.e., repeated arterial occlusions following a brief set of muscle contractions). Skeletal muscle oxidative capacity for the VL (means ± SD: 21.9 ± 4.6 s) and MG (22.5 ± 6.1 s) were similar but unrelated (r2 = 0.03, P = 0.39). Skeletal muscle oxidative capacity for the VL, but not the MG (P > 0.05 for all variables), was significantly correlated with V̇o2max (r2 = 0.24; P = 0.01), PPO (r2 = 0.23; P = 0.01), LT (r2 = 0.23; P = 0.01), GET (r2 = 0.23; P = 0.01), and RCP (r2 = 0.27; P = 0.006). MFO was not correlated with VL or MG skeletal muscle oxidative capacity (P > 0.05). Females (54.9 ± 4.5 mL·kg LBM-1·min-1) and males (56.0 ± 6.2 mL·kg LBM-1·min-1), matched for V̇o2max (P = 0.62), had similar NIRS-derived oxidative capacities for VL (20.7 ± 4.4 vs. 23.2 ± 4.6 s; P = 0.18) and MG (24.4 ± 6.8 vs. 20.5 ± 4.8 s; P = 0.10). Overall, NIRS-derived skeletal muscle oxidative capacity in VL is indicative of aerobic fitness and independent of sex in humans.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) can be used to measure skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. Here, we demonstrated that NIRS-derived skeletal muscle oxidative capacity of the vastus lateralis was independent of sex, reliable across and within days, and correlated with maximal and submaximal indices of aerobic fitness, including maximal oxygen uptake, lactate threshold, and respiratory compensation point. These findings highlight the utility of NIRS for investigating skeletal muscle oxidative capacity in females and males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin T Beever
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Thomas R Tripp
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jenny Zhang
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Martin J MacInnis
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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17
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Association between muscle aerobic capacity and whole-body peak oxygen uptake. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2029-2036. [PMID: 32596752 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04402-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Decline in skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity (MOC) is associated with reduced aerobic capacity and increased risk of cardiovascular and metabolic disease. Measuring skeletal muscle MOC may be an alternative method to assess aerobic capacity, especially for individuals unable to perform a whole-body maximum oxygen uptake protocol. In this study, linear regression analysis in two leg muscles was performed to determine whether MOC values could be used to predict whole-body peak oxygen uptake. METHODS MOC was measured with near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in the medial gastrocnemius (MG) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles of 26 participants (age, 27.1 ± 5.8 years old). Whole-body peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) was determined by indirect calorimetry during a continuous ramp protocol on a cycle ergometer. RESULTS VO2 peak values were significantly correlated with the muscle recovery rate constant (k) of the MG (kMG, r = 0.59; p < 0.01) and VL (kVL, r = 0.63; p < 0.01) muscles. Summing recovery rate constants of both muscles together (kMG + kVL) improved the strength of the correlation with VO2 peak (r = 0.78; p < 0.0001) and could explain a majority of the variance (R2 = 0.61) between the two measurements. CONCLUSION Data suggest that NIRS can provide reliable MOC measurements on two leg muscles that correlate well with whole-body peak oxygen uptake.
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18
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Zhang C, Hodges B, McCully KK. Reliability and reproducibility of a four arterial occlusions protocol for assessing muscle oxidative metabolism at rest and after exercise using near-infrared spectroscopy. Physiol Meas 2020; 41:065002. [PMID: 32392553 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ab921c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the reliability and reproducibility of using a four arterial occlusions protocol and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to measure resting and post-exercise muscle oxidative metabolism (mVO2). APPROACH mVO2 was measured on the forearm muscles on two different days (day1 and day2) within one week in 11 healthy young adults (24.2 ± 2.7 years; 5 males). mVO2 was measured using NIRS during four repeated arterial occlusions at rest, and 5 min after exercise consisting of 90 s of rapid concentric contractions (5 minEPOC). MAIN RESULTS Resting mVO2 with four measurements was 17.88 ± 3.04% min-1 on day 1 and 19.42 ± 3.03% min-1 on day 2 (p = 0.171) with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 10.1%. When using only the first measurement, the CV increased to 18.5% (p = 0.039). 5minEPOC was 212.4 ± 142.5% and 177.1 ± 125.8% higher than resting and was not different between days one and two (53.83 ± 21.17% min-1 and 52.22 ± 22.10% min-1, respectively, p= 0.199). The CV and intraclass correlation (ICC) for 5minEPOC between days one and two were, 6.5% and 0.98, respectively. Using only the first value for 5minEPOC resulted in slightly higher CV but similar ICC (7.6% and 0.98, respectively; both p > 0.05). SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggest that within a single testing session, one arterial occlusion can provide reproducible measurements for both resting and post-exercise mVO2 similar to that of a four arterial occlusions protocol. While a four arterial occlusion protocol provides similar reliability for post-exercise mVO2 with one arterial occlusion, it reduces the day-to-day variance for resting mVO2 and therefore should be employed for longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Zhang
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
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19
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Zuccarelli L, do Nascimento Salvador PC, Del Torto A, Fiorentino R, Grassi B. Skeletal muscle V̇o2 kinetics by the NIRS repeated occlusions method during the recovery from cycle ergometer exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:534-544. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00580.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been utilized as a noninvasive method to evaluate skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in humans, by calculating muscle V̇o2 (V̇o2 m) recovery (off-) kinetics following short light-intensity plantar flexion exercise. The aim of the present study was to determine V̇o2 m off- kinetics following standard cycle ergometer exercise of different intensities. Fifteen young physically active healthy men performed an incremental exercise (INCR) up to exhaustion and two repetitions of constant work-rate (CWR) exercises at 80% of gas exchange threshold (GET; MODERATE) and at 40% of the difference between GET and peak pulmonary V̇o2 (V̇o2 p; HEAVY). V̇o2 p and vastus lateralis muscle fractional O2 extraction by NIRS (Δ[deoxy(Hb+Mb)]) were recorded continuously. Transient arterial occlusions were carried out at rest and during the recovery for V̇o2 m calculation. All subjects tolerated the repeated occlusions protocol without problems. The quality of the monoexponential fitting for V̇o2 m off-kinetics analysis was excellent (0.93≤ r2≤0.99). According to interclass correlation coefficient, the test-retest reliability was moderate to good. V̇o2 m values at the onset of recovery were ~27, ~38, and ~35 times higher (in MODERATE, HEAVY, and INCR, respectively) than at rest. The time constants (τ) of V̇o2 m off-kinetics were lower ( P < 0.001) following MODERATE (29.1 ± 6.8 s) vs. HEAVY (40.8 ± 10.9) or INCR (42.9 ± 10.9), suggesting an exercise intensity dependency of V̇o2 m off-kinetics. Only following MODERATE the V̇o2 m off-kinetics were faster than the V̇o2 p off-kinetics. V̇o2 m off-kinetics, determined noninvasively by the NIRS repeated occlusions technique, can be utilized as a functional evaluation tool of skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism also following conventional cycle ergometer exercise. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study in which muscle V̇o2 recovery kinetics, determined noninvasively by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) by utilizing the repeated occlusions method, was applied following standard cycle ergometer exercise of different intensities. The results demonstrate that muscle V̇o2 recovery kinetics, determined noninvasively by the NIRS repeated occlusions technique, can be utilized as a functional evaluation tool of skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism also following conventional cycle ergometer exercise, overcoming significant limitations associated with the traditionally proposed protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bruno Grassi
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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20
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Sumner MD, Beard S, Pryor EK, Das I, McCully KK. Near Infrared Spectroscopy Measurements of Mitochondrial Capacity Using Partial Recovery Curves. Front Physiol 2020; 11:111. [PMID: 32116804 PMCID: PMC7033681 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been used to measure muscle mitochondrial capacity (mVO2max) as the recovery rate constant of muscle metabolism after exercise. The current method requires as many as 50 short ischemic occlusions to generate two recovery rate constants. Purpose To determine the validity and repeatability of using a 6-occlusion protocol versus one with 22 occlusions to measure muscle mitochondrial capacity. The order effect of performing multiple Mito6 test was also evaluated. Method In two independent data sets (bicep n = 7, forearm A n = 23), recovery curves were analyzed independently using both the 6 and 22 occlusion methods. A third data set (forearm B n = 16) was generated on the forearm muscles of healthy subjects using four 6-occlusion tests performed in succession. Recovery rate constants were generated using a MATLAB routine. Results When calculated from the same data set, the recovery rate constants were not significantly different between the 22 occlusion and 6 occlusion methods for the bicep (1.43 ± 0.33 min–1, 1.43 ± 0.35 min–1, p = 0.81) and the forearm A (1.97 ± 0.40 min–1, 1.97 ± 0.43 min–1, p = 0.90). Equivalence testing showed that the mean difference was not different than zero and the 90% confidence intervals were within 5% of the average rate constant. This was true for the Mito6 and the Mito5∗ approaches. Bland–Altman analysis showed a slope of 0.21 min–1 and an r of 0.045 for the bicep dataset and a slope of −0.01 min–1 and an r of 0.045 for the forearm A dataset. When performing the four 6-occlusion tests; recovery rate constants showed no order effects (1.50 ± 0.51 min–1, 1.42 ± 0.54 min–1, 1.26 ± 0.41 min–1, 1.29 ± 0.47 min–1, P > 0.05). Conclusion The Mito6 analysis is a valid and repeatable approach to measure mitochondrial capacity. The Mito6 protocol used fewer ischemic occlusion periods and multiple tests could be performed in succession in less time, increasing the practicality of the NIRS mitochondrial capacity test. There were no order effects for the rate constants of four repeated 6-occlusion tests of mitochondrial capacity, supporting the use of multiple tests to improve accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell D Sumner
- Non-Invasive Exercise Muscle Physiology Lab, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Samuel Beard
- Non-Invasive Exercise Muscle Physiology Lab, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Elizabeth K Pryor
- Non-Invasive Exercise Muscle Physiology Lab, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Indrajit Das
- Non-Invasive Exercise Muscle Physiology Lab, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kevin K McCully
- Non-Invasive Exercise Muscle Physiology Lab, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Batterson PM, Norton MR, Hetz SE, Rohilla S, Lindsay KG, Subudhi AW, Jacobs RA. Improving biologic predictors of cycling endurance performance with near-infrared spectroscopy derived measures of skeletal muscle respiration: E pluribus unum. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14342. [PMID: 31960629 PMCID: PMC6971325 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aim was to compare the predictive validity of the often referenced traditional model of human endurance performance (i.e. oxygen consumption, VO2 , or power at maximal effort, fatigue threshold values, and indices of exercise efficiency) versus measures of skeletal muscle oxidative potential in relation to endurance cycling performance. We hypothesized that skeletal muscle oxidative potential would more completely explain endurance performance than the traditional model, which has never been collectively verified with cycling. Accordingly, we obtained nine measures of VO2 or power at maximal efforts, 20 measures reflective of various fatigue threshold values, 14 indices of cycling efficiency, and near-infrared spectroscopy-derived measures reflecting in vivo skeletal muscle oxidative potential. Forward regression modeling identified variable combinations that best explained 25-km time trial time-to-completion (TTC) across a group of trained male participants (n = 24). The time constant for skeletal muscle oxygen consumption recovery, a validated measure of maximal skeletal muscle respiration, explained 92.7% of TTC variance by itself (Adj R2 = .927, F = 294.2, SEE = 71.2, p < .001). Alternatively, the best complete traditional model of performance, including VO2max (L·min-1 ), %VO2max determined by the ventilatory equivalents method, and cycling economy at 50 W, only explained 76.2% of TTC variance (Adj R2 = .762, F = 25.6, SEE = 128.7, p < .001). These results confirm our hypothesis by demonstrating that maximal rates of skeletal muscle respiration more completely explain cycling endurance performance than even the best combination of traditional variables long postulated to predict human endurance performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M. Batterson
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Colorado Colorado SpringsColorado SpringsCOUSA
| | - Michael R. Norton
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Colorado Colorado SpringsColorado SpringsCOUSA
| | - Sarah E. Hetz
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Colorado Colorado SpringsColorado SpringsCOUSA
| | - Sachi Rohilla
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Colorado Colorado SpringsColorado SpringsCOUSA
| | - Keston G. Lindsay
- Department of Human Physiology and NutritionUniversity of Colorado Colorado SpringsColorado SpringsCOUSA
- Department of Health SciencesUniversity of Colorado Colorado SpringsColorado SpringsCOUSA
| | - Andrew W. Subudhi
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Colorado Colorado SpringsColorado SpringsCOUSA
- Department of Human Physiology and NutritionUniversity of Colorado Colorado SpringsColorado SpringsCOUSA
| | - Robert A. Jacobs
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Colorado Colorado SpringsColorado SpringsCOUSA
- Department of Human Physiology and NutritionUniversity of Colorado Colorado SpringsColorado SpringsCOUSA
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In vivo assessment of mitochondrial capacity using NIRS in locomotor muscles of young and elderly males with similar physical activity levels. GeroScience 2019; 42:299-310. [PMID: 31858399 PMCID: PMC7031190 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00145-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial capacity is pivotal to skeletal muscle function and is suggested to decline with age. However, there is large heterogeneity in current data, possibly due to effect modifiers such as physical activity, sex and muscle group. Yet, few studies have compared multiple muscle groups in different age groups with comparable physical activity levels. Here, we newly used near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to characterise mitochondrial capacity in three different locomotor muscles in young (19-25 year) and older (65-71 year), healthy males with similar physical activity levels. Mitochondrial capacity and reperfusion after arterial occlusion was measured in the vastus lateralis (VL), the gastrocnemius (GA) and the tibialis anterior (TA). Physical activity was verified using accelerometry and was not different between the age groups (404.3 ± 214.9 vs 494.9 ± 187.0 activity kcal per day, p = 0.16). Mitochondrial capacity was significantly lower in older males in the GA and VL, but not in the TA (p = 0.048, p = 0.036 and p = 0.64, respectively). Reperfusion rate was not significantly different for the GA (p = 0.55), but was significantly faster in the TA and VL in the young group compared to the older group (p = 0.0094 and p = 0.039, respectively). In conclusion, we identified distinct modes of mitochondrial ageing in different locomotor muscles in a young and older population with similar physical activity patterns. Furthermore, we show that NIRS is suitable for relatively easy application in ageing research and can reveal novel insights into mitochondrial functioning with age.
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In vivo assessment of muscle mitochondrial function in healthy, young males in relation to parameters of aerobic fitness. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1799-1808. [PMID: 31177324 PMCID: PMC6647177 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04169-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The recovery of muscle oxygen consumption (m\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙O2) after exercise provides a measure of skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity, as more and better-functioning mitochondria will be able to restore m\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙O2 faster to the pre-exercise state. The aim was to measure muscle mitochondrial capacity using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) within a healthy, normally active population and relate this to parameters of aerobic fitness, investigating the applicability and relevance of using NIRS to assess muscle mitochondrial capacity non-invasively. Methods Mitochondrial capacity was analysed in the gastrocnemius and flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) muscles of eight relatively high-aerobic fitness (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak ≥ 57 mL/kg/min) and eight relatively low-aerobic fitness male subjects (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak ≤ 47 mL/kg/min). Recovery of whole body \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙O2, i.e. excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) was analysed after a cycling protocol. Results Mitochondrial capacity, as analysed using NIRS, was significantly higher in high-fitness individuals compared to low-fitness individuals in the gastrocnemius, but not in the FDS (p = 0.0036 and p = 0.20, respectively). Mitochondrial capacity in the gastrocnemius was significantly correlated with \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak (R2 = 0.57, p = 0.0019). Whole body \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙O2 recovery was significantly faster in the high-fitness individuals (p = 0.0048), and correlated significantly with mitochondrial capacity in the gastrocnemius (R2 = 0.34, p = 0.028). Conclusion NIRS measurements can be used to assess differences in mitochondrial muscle oxygen consumption within a relatively normal, healthy population. Furthermore, mitochondrial capacity correlated with parameters of aerobic fitness (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak and EPOC), emphasising the physiological relevance of the NIRS measurements.
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Dalamitros AA, Mavridis G, Semaltianou E, Loupos D, Manou V. Psychophysiological and performance-related responses of a potentiation activity in swimmers of different competitive levels. Physiol Behav 2019; 204:106-111. [PMID: 30794850 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Athletes' competitive level has an effect on several psychophysiological parameters during the execution of sports-related tasks. This study analyzed the acute effect of a potentiation activity (PAP), composed by 5 loaded box jumps, on specific psychological, physiological and performance-related parameters in 22 trained (COM) and untrained (UNT) adult male swimmers. A control condition was also evaluated. Measurements included the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory, rate of perceived exertion, lower limbs muscle oxygenation, exercise heart rate, vertical jumping ability, 3 different split times and total time-trial performance during an all-out 50-m swim test executed using the breaststroke technique. In addition, total swim strokes and the optimal individual response after the potentiation activity were measured. No significant differences among the two testing conditions were found for all psychological, physiological and performance-related parameters (p > .05) with the exception of total performance time in the UNT group after the PAP condition (41.5 ± 5.3 vs. 41.9 ± 5.5 s; p = .023; ES = 0.6). As expected, the COM group showed enhanced swimming performance during all split times and total time, compared to the UNT group. These results suggest that (i) independently of the training level, psychological responses during sports-related tasks are probably not evident under non-competitive situations and, (ii) competitive level athletes may need more challenging activation stimulus, compared to their less competitive counterparts, to induce the desirable adaptations on the subsequent main activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios A Dalamitros
- Faculty of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Georgios Mavridis
- Faculty of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Semaltianou
- Faculty of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Loupos
- Faculty of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Manou
- Faculty of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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25
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the introduction (in 2006) of commercially available portable wireless muscle oximeters, the use of muscle near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology is gaining in popularity as an application to observe changes in muscle metabolism and muscle oxygenation during and after exercise or training interventions in both laboratory and applied sports settings. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this systematic review were to highlight the application of muscle oximetry in evaluating oxidative skeletal muscle performance to sport activities and emphasize how this technology has been applied to exercise and training. METHODS Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed in a systematic fashion to search, assess and synthesize existing literature on this topic. The Scopus and MEDLINE/PubMed electronic databases were searched to 1 March 2017. Potential inclusions were screened against eligibility criteria relating to recreationally trained to elite athletes, with or without training programs, who must have assessed physiological variables monitored by commercial oximeters or NIRS instrumentation. RESULTS Of the 14,609 identified records, only 57 studies met the eligibility criteria. This systematic review highlighted a number of key findings in 16 sporting activities. Overall, NIRS information can be used as a marker of skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and for analyzing muscle performance factors. CONCLUSIONS Although NIRS instrumentation is promising in evaluating oxidative skeletal muscle performance when used in sport settings, there is still the need for further instrumental development and randomized/longitudinal trials to support the detailed advantages of muscle oximetry utilization in sports science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Perrey
- EuroMov, University of Montpellier, 34090, Montpellier, France.
| | - Marco Ferrari
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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26
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Murrow JR, Brizendine JT, Djire B, Young HJ, Rathbun S, Nilsson KR, McCully KK. Near infrared spectroscopy-guided exercise training for claudication in peripheral arterial disease. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2018; 26:471-480. [DOI: 10.1177/2047487318795192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rationale Supervised treadmill exercise for claudication in peripheral arterial disease is effective but poorly tolerated because of ischemic leg pain. Near infrared spectroscopy allows non-invasive detection of muscle ischemia during exercise, allowing for characterization of tissue perfusion and oxygen utilization during training. Objective We evaluated walking time, muscle blood flow, and muscle mitochondrial capacity in patients with peripheral artery disease after a traditional pain-based walking program and after a muscle oxygen-guided walking program. Method and results Patients with peripheral artery disease trained thrice weekly in 40-minute-long sessions for 12 weeks, randomized to oxygen-guided training ( n = 8, age 72 ± 9.7 years, 25% female) versus traditional pain-based training ( n = 10, age 71.6 ± 8.8 years, 20% female). Oxygen-guided training intensity was determined by maintaining a 15% reduction in skeletal muscle oxygenation by near infrared spectroscopy rather than relying on symptoms of pain to determine exercise effort. Pain free and maximal walking times were measured with a 12-minute Gardner treadmill test. Gastrocnemius mitochondrial capacity and blood flow were measured using near infrared spectroscopy. Baseline pain-free walking time was similar on a Gardner treadmill test (2.5 ± 0.9 vs. 3.6 ± 1.0 min, p = 0.5). After training, oxygen-guided cohorts improved similar to pain-guided cohorts (pain-free walking time 6.7 ± 0.9 vs. 6.9 ± 1.1 min, p < 0.01 for change from baseline and p = 0.97 between cohorts). Mitochondrial capacity improved in both groups but more so in the pain-guided cohort than in the oxygen-guided cohort (38.8 ± 8.3 vs. 14.0 ± 9.3, p = 0.018). Resting muscle blood flow did not improve significantly in either group with training. Conclusions Oxygen-guided exercise training improves claudication comparable to pain-based training regimens. Adaptations in mitochondrial function rather than increases in limb perfusion may account for functional improvement. Increases in mitochondrial oxidative capacity may be proportional to the degree of tissue hypoxia during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kent R Nilsson
- Augusta University – University of Georgia Medical Partnership, USA
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27
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Balsalobre-Fernández C, Romero-Moraleda B, Cupeiro R, Peinado AB, Butragueño J, Benito PJ. The effects of beetroot juice supplementation on exercise economy, rating of perceived exertion and running mechanics in elite distance runners: A double-blinded, randomized study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200517. [PMID: 29995952 PMCID: PMC6040767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Nitrate-rich beetroot juice supplementation has been extensively used to increase exercise economy in different populations. However, its use in elite distance runners, and its potential effects on biomechanical aspects of running have not been properly investigated. This study aims to analyze the potential effects of 15 days of beetroot juice supplementation on physiological, psychological and biomechanical variables in elite runners. Methods Twelve elite middle and long-distance runners (age = 26.3 ± 5.1yrs, VO2Max = 71.8±5.2 ml*kg-1*min-1) completed an incremental running test to exhaustion on a treadmill before and after a 15-days supplementation period, in which half of the group (EG) consumed a daily nitrate-rich beetroot juice and the other group (PG) consumed a placebo drink. Time to exhaustion (TEx), running economy, vastus lateralis oxygen saturation (SmO2), leg stiffness and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured at 15, 17.1 and 20 km/h during the incremental test. Results Likely to very likely improvements in EG were observed for the RPE (Standardized mean difference (SMD) = -2.17, 90%CI = -3.23, -1.1), SmO2 (SMD = 0.72, 90%CI = 0.03, 1.41) and TEx (SMD = 1.18, 90%CI = -0.14, 2.5) in comparison with PG. No other physiological or biomechanical variable showed substantial improvements after the supplementation period. Conclusions Fifteen days of nitrate-rich beetroot juice supplementation produced substantial improvements in the time to exhaustion in elite runners; however, it didn’t produce meaningful improvements in running economy, VO2Max or mechanical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Balsalobre-Fernández
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, School of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences-INEF, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Blanca Romero-Moraleda
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, School of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences-INEF, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Health, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Cupeiro
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, School of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences-INEF, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Peinado
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, School of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences-INEF, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Butragueño
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, School of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences-INEF, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro J. Benito
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, School of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences-INEF, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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28
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Jeffries O, Waldron M, Pattison JR, Patterson SD. Enhanced Local Skeletal Muscle Oxidative Capacity and Microvascular Blood Flow Following 7-Day Ischemic Preconditioning in Healthy Humans. Front Physiol 2018; 9:463. [PMID: 29867526 PMCID: PMC5954802 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC), which involves intermittent periods of ischemia followed by reperfusion, is an effective clinical intervention that reduces the risk of myocardial injury and confers ischemic tolerance to skeletal muscle. Repeated bouts of IPC have been shown to stimulate long-term changes vascular function, however, it is unclear what metabolic adaptations may occur locally in the muscle. Therefore, we investigated 7 days of bilateral lower limb IPC (4 × 5 min) above limb occlusion pressure (220 mmHg; n = 10), or sham (20 mmHg; n = 10), on local muscle oxidative capacity and microvascular blood flow. Oxidative capacity was measured using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during repeated short duration arterial occlusions (300 mmHg). Microvascular blood flow was assessed during the recovery from submaximal isometric plantar flexion exercises at 40 and 60% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). Following the intervention period, beyond the late phase of protection (72 h), muscle oxidative recovery kinetics were speeded by 13% (rate constant pre 2.89 ± 0.47 min-1 vs. post 3.32 ± 0.69 min-1; P < 0.05) and resting muscle oxygen consumption (m O2) was reduced by 16.4% (pre 0.39 ± 0.16%.s-1 vs. post 0.33 ± 0.14%.s-1; P < 0.05). During exercise, changes in deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb) from rest to steady state were reduced at 40 and 60% MVC (16 and 12%, respectively, P < 0.05) despite similar measures of total hemoglobin (tHb). At the cessation of exercise, the time constant for recovery in oxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb) was accelerated at 40 and 60% MVC (by 33 and 43%, respectively) suggesting enhanced reoxygenation in the muscle. No changes were reported for systemic measures of resting heart rate or blood pressure. In conclusion, repeated bouts of IPC over 7 consecutive days increased skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and microvascular muscle blood flow. These findings are consistent with enhanced mitochondrial and vascular function following repeated IPC and may be of clinical or sporting interest to enhance or offset reductions in muscle oxidative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Jeffries
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, London, United Kingdom.,School of Biomedical Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Waldron
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, London, United Kingdom.,School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - John R Pattison
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen D Patterson
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, London, United Kingdom
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29
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Baláš J, Kodejška J, Krupková D, Hannsmann J, Fryer S. Reliability of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Measuring Intermittent Handgrip Contractions in Sport Climbers. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:494-501. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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30
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Chung S, Rosenberry R, Ryan TE, Munson M, Dombrowsky T, Park S, Nasirian A, Haykowsky MJ, Nelson MD. Near-infrared spectroscopy detects age-related differences in skeletal muscle oxidative function: promising implications for geroscience. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13588. [PMID: 29411535 PMCID: PMC5801551 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Age is the greatest risk factor for chronic disease and is associated with a marked decline in functional capacity and quality of life. A key factor contributing to loss of function in older adults is the decline in skeletal muscle function. While the exact mechanism(s) remains incompletely understood, age-related mitochondrial dysfunction is thought to play a major role. To explore this question further, we studied 15 independently living seniors (age: 72 ± 5 years; m/f: 4/11; BMI: 27.6 ± 5.9) and 17 young volunteers (age: 25 ± 4 years; m/f: 8/9; BMI: 24.0 ± 3.3). Skeletal muscle oxidative function was measured in forearm muscle from the recovery kinetics of muscle oxygen consumption using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Muscle oxygen consumption was calculated as the slope of change in hemoglobin saturation during a series of rapid, supra-systolic arterial cuff occlusions following a brief bout of exercise. Aging was associated with a significant prolongation of the time constant of oxidative recovery following exercise (51.8 ± 5.4 sec vs. 37.1 ± 2.1 sec, P = 0.04, old vs. young, respectively). This finding suggests an overall reduction in mitochondrial function with age in nonlocomotor skeletal muscle. That these data were obtained using NIRS holds great promise in gerontology for quantitative assessment of skeletal muscle oxidative function at the bed side or clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susie Chung
- Applied Physiology and Advanced Imaging LaboratoryDepartment of KinesiologyUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTexas
| | - Ryan Rosenberry
- Applied Physiology and Advanced Imaging LaboratoryDepartment of KinesiologyUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTexas
| | - Terence E. Ryan
- Department of PhysiologyEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth Carolina
| | - Madison Munson
- Applied Physiology and Advanced Imaging LaboratoryDepartment of KinesiologyUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTexas
| | | | - Suwon Park
- College of NursingUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTexas
| | - Aida Nasirian
- Applied Physiology and Advanced Imaging LaboratoryDepartment of KinesiologyUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTexas
| | | | - Michael D. Nelson
- Applied Physiology and Advanced Imaging LaboratoryDepartment of KinesiologyUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTexas
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Jones S, D'Silva A, Bhuva A, Lloyd G, Manisty C, Moon JC, Sharma S, Hughes AD. Improved Exercise-Related Skeletal Muscle Oxygen Consumption Following Uptake of Endurance Training Measured Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Front Physiol 2017; 8:1018. [PMID: 29311956 PMCID: PMC5733097 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle metabolic function is known to respond positively to exercise interventions. Developing non-invasive techniques that quantify metabolic adaptations and identifying interventions that impart successful response are ongoing challenges for research. Healthy non-athletic adults (18–35 years old) were enrolled in a study investigating physiological adaptations to a minimum of 16 weeks endurance training prior to undertaking their first marathon. Before beginning training, participants underwent measurements of skeletal muscle oxygen consumption using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) at rest (resting muscleV˙O2) and immediately following a maximal exercise test (post-exercise muscleV˙O2). Exercise-related increase in muscleV˙O2 (ΔmV˙O2) was derived from these measurements and cardio-pulmonary peakV˙O2 measured by analysis of expired gases. All measurements were repeated within 3 weeks of participants completing following the marathon and marathon completion time recorded. MuscleV˙O2 was positively correlated with cardio-pulmonary peakV˙O2 (r = 0.63, p < 0.001). MuscleV˙O2 increased at follow-up (48% increase; p = 0.004) despite no change in cardio-pulmonary peakV˙O2 (0% change; p = 0.97). Faster marathon completion time correlated with higher cardio-pulmonary peakV˙O2 (rpartial = −0.58, p = 0.002) but not muscleV˙O2 (rpartial = 0.16, p = 0.44) after adjustment for age and sex [and adipose tissue thickness (ATT) for muscleV˙O2 measurements]. Skeletal muscle metabolic adaptions occur following training and completion of a first-time marathon; these can be identified non-invasively using NIRS. Although the cardio-pulmonary system is limiting for running performance, skeletal muscle changes can be detected despite minimal improvement in cardio-pulmonary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siana Jones
- Population Science and Experimental Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D'Silva
- Cardiology Clinical and Academic Group, St. Georges University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anish Bhuva
- Population Science and Experimental Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guy Lloyd
- Population Science and Experimental Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Manisty
- Population Science and Experimental Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - James C Moon
- Population Science and Experimental Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjay Sharma
- Cardiology Clinical and Academic Group, St. Georges University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alun D Hughes
- Population Science and Experimental Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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de Oliveira GV, Morgado M, Conte-Junior CA, Alvares TS. Acute effect of dietary nitrate on forearm muscle oxygenation, blood volume and strength in older adults: A randomized clinical trial. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188893. [PMID: 29190751 PMCID: PMC5708833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Both recovery time of post-exercise muscle oxygenation and muscle strength decline with aging. Although beetroot consumption has been shown to improve muscle oxygenation and exercise performance in adults, these effects in the elderly has not been addressed. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a beetroot-based gel (BG) on muscle O2 saturation, blood volume (tHb) and handgrip strength in the elderly in response to handgrip exercise. In a randomized crossover double-blind design, twelve older subjects consumed BG (100 g of beetroot-based gel containing ~ 12 mmol nitrate) or PLA (100 g of nitrate-depleted gel nitrate-depleted). The subjects performed a rhythmic handgrip exercise which consisted of a one 1-min set at 30% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of each subject, followed by a 1 min recovery. The muscle oxygenation parameters and tHb were continuously monitored by using near-infrared spectroscopy. MVC was evaluated at baseline, immediately after exercise, and 30 min afterwards. The muscle O2 resaturation rate during exercise recovery was greater in the BG when compared to PLA condition (1.43 ± 0.77 vs 1.02 ± 0.48%.s-1; P < 0.05). Significant increase was observed in tHb during exercise recovery (10.25 ± 5.47 vs 6.72 ± 4.55 μM; P < 0.05) and significant reduction of handgrip strength decline was observed 30 min after exercise in BG (- 0.24 ± 0.18 vs—0.39 ± 0.20 N; P < 0.05). In summary, a single dose of a beetroot-based gel speeds up muscle O2 resaturation, increases blood volume and improves recovery of handgrip strength after handgrip exercise in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Vieira de Oliveira
- Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Nutrition Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marina Morgado
- Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Nutrition Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Silveira Alvares
- Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Nutrition Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Basic Nutrition and Dietetics, Nutrition Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Soares RN, Reimer RA, Doyle-Baker PK, Murias JM. Metabolic inflexibility in individuals with obesity assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2017; 14:502-509. [PMID: 28825331 DOI: 10.1177/1479164117725478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To non-invasively evaluate differences in oxidative metabolism in individuals with obesity compared to normal weight using the near-infrared spectroscopy and vascular occlusion technique during hyperglycaemia. METHODS In all, 16 normal-weight individuals (body mass index: 21.3 ± 1.7 kg/m2) and 13 individuals with obesity (body mass index: 34.4 ± 2.0 kg/m2) had five vascular occlusion tests (pre, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after glucose ingestion). Oxygen utilization was estimated from the area under the curve of the deoxyhemoglobin [HHb] signal during occlusion. Muscle reperfusion was derived from the area above the curve after cuff release. RESULTS The deoxyhemoglobin area under the curve during occlusion of the normal-weight individuals increased from 15,732 ± 2344 (% . s) at pre to 18,930 ± 3226 (% . s) ( p < 0.05) at 90 min after glucose ingestion. The deoxyhemoglobin area under the curve during occlusion decreased significantly from 14,695 ± 3341 (% . s) at pre to 11,273 ± 1825 (% . s) ( p < 0.05) and 11,360 ± 1750 (% . s) ( p < 0.05) at 30 and 60 min, respectively, after glucose ingestion. The area above the curve of deoxyhemoglobin during reperfusion decreased significantly from 6450 ± 765 (% . s) at pre to 4830 ± 963 (% . s) ( p < 0.05) at 60 min and to 4210 ± 595 (% . s) ( p < 0.01) at 90 min in normal-weight individuals after glucose ingestion, with no changes observed in individuals with obesity. CONCLUSION This study confirmed in vivo and non-invasively the metabolic inflexibility of skeletal muscle in individuals with obesity during hyperglycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raylene A Reimer
- 1 Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- 2 Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Patricia K Doyle-Baker
- 1 Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- 3 Faculty of Environmental Design, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Juan M Murias
- 1 Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Soares RN, McLay KM, George MA, Murias JM. Differences in oxidative metabolism modulation induced by ischemia/reperfusion between trained and untrained individuals assessed by NIRS. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/19/e13384. [PMID: 29038351 PMCID: PMC5641926 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endurance training is associated with skeletal muscle adaptations that regulate the oxidative metabolism during ischemia/reperfusion. The aim of this study was to noninvasively assess in vivo differences in the oxidative metabolism activity during ischemia/reperfusion between trained and untrained individuals, using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) combined with a vascular occlusion test (VOT) technique (NIRS-VOT). Sixteen untrained (26.3 ± 5.1 year) and seventeen trained (29.4 ± 4.9 year) healthy young adult men were submitted to a VOT (2 min baseline, 5 min occlusion, and 8 min reperfusion). Oxygen utilization was estimated from the area under the curve of the NIRS-derived deoxyhemoglobin [HHb] signal during occlusion (AUCocc). Muscle reperfusion was derived from the area above the curve (AACrep) of the [HHb] signal after cuff release. The AUCocc of the untrained participants (21010 ± 9553 % · s) was significantly larger than the AUCocc of their trained counterparts (12320 ± 3283 % · s); P = 0.001). The AACrep of the untrained participants (5928 ± 3769 % · s) was significantly larger than the AACrep of the trained participants (3745 ± 1900 % · s; P = 0.042). There was a significant correlation between AUCocc and AACrep (r = 0.840; P = 0.001). NIRS assessment of oxidative metabolism showed that trained individuals are more efficient in shifting between oxidative and anaerobic metabolism in response to ischemia and reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogério N Soares
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kaitlin M McLay
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mitchell A George
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Juan M Murias
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Willingham TB, McCully KK. In Vivo Assessment of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Clinical Populations Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Front Physiol 2017; 8:689. [PMID: 28959210 PMCID: PMC5603672 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to sustain submaximal exercise is largely dependent on the oxidative capacity of mitochondria within skeletal muscle, and impairments in oxidative metabolism have been implicated in many neurologic and cardiovascular pathologies. Here we review studies which have demonstrated the utility of Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) as a method of evaluating of skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction in clinical human populations. NIRS has been previously used to noninvasively measure tissue oxygen saturation, but recent studies have demonstrated the utility of NIRS as a method of evaluating skeletal muscle oxidative capacity using post-exercise recovery kinetics of oxygen metabolism. In comparison to historical methods of measuring muscle metabolic dysfunction in vivo, NIRS provides a more versatile and economical method of evaluating mitochondrial oxidative capacity in humans. These advantages generate great potential for the clinical applicability of NIRS as a means of evaluating muscle dysfunction in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin K McCully
- Department of Kinesiology, University of GeorgiaAthens, GA, United States
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Adami A, Rossiter HB. Principles, insights, and potential pitfalls of the noninvasive determination of muscle oxidative capacity by near-infrared spectroscopy. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 124:245-248. [PMID: 28684592 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00445.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Adami
- Rehabilitation Clinical Trials Center, Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Physiology and Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center , Torrance, California
| | - Harry B Rossiter
- Rehabilitation Clinical Trials Center, Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Physiology and Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center , Torrance, California
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The Effect of Cadence on Shank Muscle Oxygen Consumption and Deoxygenation in Relation to Joint Specific Power and Cycling Kinematics. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169573. [PMID: 28060894 PMCID: PMC5217861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of cadence on joint specific power and cycling kinematics in the ankle joint in addition to muscle oxygenation and muscle VO2 in the gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior. Thirteen cyclists cycled at a cadence of 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 and 110 rpm at a constant external work rate of 160.1 ± 21.3 W. Increasing cadence led to a decrease in ankle power in the dorsal flexion phase and to an increase in ankle joint angular velocity above 80 rpm. In addition, increasing cadence increased deoxygenation and desaturation for both the gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles. Muscle VO2 increased following increased cadence but only in the tibialis anterior and only at cadences above 80 rpm, thus coinciding with the increase in ankle joint angular velocity. There was no effect of cadence in the gastrocnemius. This study demonstrates that high cadences lead to increased mVO2 in the TA muscles that cannot be explained by power in the dorsal flexion phase.
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Harp MA, McCully KK, Moldavskiy M, Backus D. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity in people with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 2016; 2:2055217316678020. [PMID: 28607744 PMCID: PMC5408569 DOI: 10.1177/2055217316678020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background People with multiple sclerosis (MS) have functional disability and may have reduced muscle mitochondrial capacity. Objective The objective of this paper is to measure muscle mitochondrial capacity of leg muscles using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and compare to functional status. Materials and methods People with MS (n = 16) and a control (CON) group (n = 9) were evaluated for 25-ft walk time. Mitochondrial capacity of both gastrocnemius muscles were measured with NIRS as the rate of recovery of oxygen consumption in after exercise. Results Mitochondrial capacity was lower in the MS group compared to the CON group (rate constants: 1.13 ± 0.29 vs. 1.68 ± 0.37 min−1, p < 0.05). There was a tendency for people with MS who used assistive devices to have lower mitochondrial capacity in the weaker leg (p = 0.07). Conclusion NIRS measurements of mitochondrial capacity suggest a 40% deficit in people with MS compared to CONs and this may contribute to walking disability.
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Skovereng K, Ettema G, van Beekvelt MCP. Oxygenation, local muscle oxygen consumption and joint specific power in cycling: the effect of cadence at a constant external work rate. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:1207-17. [PMID: 27126859 PMCID: PMC4875052 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3379-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The present study investigates the effect of cadence on joint specific power and oxygenation and local muscle oxygen consumption in the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis in addition to the relationship between joint specific power and local muscle oxygen consumption (mVO2). Methods Seventeen recreationally active cyclists performed 6 stages of constant load cycling using cadences of 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 and 110 rpm. Joint specific power was calculated using inverse dynamics and mVO2 and oxygenation were measured using near-infrared spectroscopy. Results Increasing cadence led to increased knee joint power and decreased hip joint power while the ankle joint was unaffected. Increasing cadence also led to an increased deoxygenation in both the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis. Vastus lateralis mVO2 increased when cadence was increased. No effect of cadence was found for vastus medialis mVO2. Conclusion This study demonstrates a different effect of cadence on the mVO2 of the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis. The combined mVO2 of the vastus lateralis and medialis showed a linear increase with increasing knee joint specific power, demonstrating that the muscles combined related to power generated over the joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Skovereng
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre for Elite Sports Research, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway.
| | - Gertjan Ettema
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre for Elite Sports Research, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Mireille C P van Beekvelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre for Elite Sports Research, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
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Campbell MD, Marcinek DJ. Evaluation of in vivo mitochondrial bioenergetics in skeletal muscle using NMR and optical methods. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1862:716-724. [PMID: 26708941 PMCID: PMC4788529 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is now clear that mitochondria are involved as either a cause or consequence of many chronic diseases. This central role of the mitochondria is due to their position in the cell as important integrators of cellular energetics and signaling. Mitochondrial function affects many aspects of the cellular environment such as redox homeostasis and calcium signaling, which then also exert control over mitochondrial function. This complex dynamic between mitochondrial function and the cellular environment highlights the value of examining mitochondria in vivo in the intact physiological environment. This review discusses NMR and optical approaches used to measure mitochondria ATP and oxygen fluxes that provide in vivo measures of mitochondrial capacity and quality in animal and human models. Combining these in vivo measurements with more traditional ex vivo analyses can lead to new insights into the importance of the cellular environment in controlling mitochondrial function under pathological conditions. Interpretation and underlying assumptions for each technique are discussed with the goal of providing an overview of some of the most common approaches used to measure in vivo mitochondrial function encountered in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Campbell
- University of Washington, Seattle, 850 Republican St., Brotman D142, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - David J Marcinek
- University of Washington, Seattle, 850 Republican St., Brotman D142, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Hopker JG, O'Grady C, Pageaux B. Prolonged constant load cycling exercise is associated with reduced gross efficiency and increased muscle oxygen uptake. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:408-417. [PMID: 26993076 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of prolonged constant load cycling exercise on cycling efficiency and local muscle oxygen uptake responses. Fourteen well-trained cyclists each completed a 2-h steady-state cycling bout at 60% of their maximal minute power output to assess changes in gross cycling efficiency (GE) and muscle oxygen uptake (mVO2 ) at time points 5, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. Near-infrared spatially resolved spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to continually monitor tissue oxygenation of the Vastus Lateralis muscle, with arterial occlusions (OCC) applied to assess mVO2 . The half-recovery time of oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2 ) was also assessed pre and post the 2-h cycling exercise by measuring the hyperemic response following a 5-min OCC. GE significantly declined during the 2-h cycling bout (18.4 ± 1.6 to 17.4 ± 1.4%; P < 0.01). Conversely, mVO2 increased, being significantly higher after 90 and 120 min than at min 5 (+0.04 mlO2 /min/100 g; P = 0.03). The half-recovery time for HbO2 was increased comparing pre and post the 2-h cycling exercise (+7.1 ± 19s), albeit not significantly (d: 0.48; P = 0.27). This study demonstrates that GE decreases during prolonged constant load cycling exercise and provides evidence of an increased mVO2 , suggestive of progressive mitochondrial or contractile inefficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Hopker
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Kent, UK
| | - C O'Grady
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Kent, UK
| | - B Pageaux
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Kent, UK.,CAPS UMR1093, INSERM, Univ. Bourgogne-Franche Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
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Erickson ML, Seigler N, McKie KT, McCully KK, Harris RA. Skeletal muscle oxidative capacity in patients with cystic fibrosis. Exp Physiol 2016; 100:545-52. [PMID: 25758606 DOI: 10.1113/ep085037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Do patients with cystic fibrosis have reduced skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, measured with near-infrared spectroscopy, compared with demographically matched control subjects? What is the main finding and is its importance? Patients with cystic fibrosis have impairments in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. This reduced skeletal muscle oxidative capacity not only appears to be accelerated by age, but it may also contribute to exercise intolerance in patients with cystic fibrosis. Exercise intolerance predicts mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF); however, the mechanisms have yet to be elucidated fully. Using near-infrared spectroscopy, in this study we compared skeletal muscle oxidative capacity in patients with CF versus healthy control subjects. Thirteen patients and 16 demographically matched control subjects participated in this study. Near-infrared spectroscopy was used to measure the recovery rate of oxygen consumption ( mus V̇O2max) of the vastus lateralis muscle after 15 s of electrical stimulation (4 Hz) and subsequent repeated transient arterial occlusions. The mus V̇O2max was reduced in patients with CF (1.82 ± 0.4 min(-1) ) compared with control subjects (2.13 ± 0.5 min(-1) , P = 0.04). A significant inverse relationship between age and mus V̇O2max was observed in patients with CF (r = -0.676, P = 0.011) but not in control subjects (r = -0.291, P = 0.274). Patients with CF exhibit a reduction in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity compared with control subjects. It appears that the reduced skeletal muscle oxidative capacity is accelerated by age and could probably contribute to exercise intolerance in patients with CF.
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Jones S, Chiesa ST, Chaturvedi N, Hughes AD. Recent developments in near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for the assessment of local skeletal muscle microvascular function and capacity to utilise oxygen. Artery Res 2016; 16:25-33. [PMID: 27942271 PMCID: PMC5134760 DOI: 10.1016/j.artres.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose of review Continuous wave near infrared spectroscopy (CW NIRS) provides non-invasive technology to measure relative changes in oxy- and deoxy-haemoglobin in a dynamic environment. This allows determination of local skeletal muscle O2 saturation, muscle oxygen consumption (V˙O2) and blood flow. This article provides a brief overview of the use of CW NIRS to measure exercise-limiting factors in skeletal muscle. Recent findings NIRS parameters that measure O2 delivery and capacity to utilise O2 in the muscle have been developed based on response to physiological interventions and exercise. NIRS has good reproducibility and agreement with gold standard techniques and can be used in clinical populations where muscle oxidative capacity or oxygen delivery (or both) are impaired. CW NIRS has limitations including: the unknown contribution of myoglobin to the overall signals, the impact of adipose tissue thickness, skin perfusion during exercise, and variations in skin pigmentation. These, in the main, can be circumvented through appropriate study design or measurement of absolute tissue saturation. Summary CW NIRS can assess skeletal muscle O2 delivery and utilisation without the use of expensive or invasive procedures and is useable in large population-based samples, including older adults. An overview of CW NIRS to measure O2 utilisation and delivery is presented. CW NIRS is cheap, non-invasive, portable and useable in population-based samples. It is useful for understanding underlying mechanisms of deterioration in capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siana Jones
- Corresponding author. UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, 10th Floor, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 7HB, UK. Fax: +44 207 594 1706.UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science10th Floor, 1-19 Torrington PlaceLondonWC1E 7HEUK
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Skovereng K, Ettema G, van Beekvelt M. Local muscle oxygen consumption related to external and joint specific power. Hum Mov Sci 2015; 45:161-71. [PMID: 26650852 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of external work rate on joint specific power and the relationship between knee extension power and vastus lateralis muscle oxygen consumption (mVO2). We measured kinematics and pedal forces and used inverse dynamics to calculate joint power for the hip, knee and ankle joints during an incremental cycling protocol performed by 21 recreational cyclists. Vastus lateralis mVO2 was estimated using near-infrared spectroscopy with an arterial occlusion. The main finding was a non-linear relationship between vastus lateralis mVO2 and external work rate that was characterised by an increase followed by a tendency for a levelling off (R(2)=0.99 and 0.94 for the quadratic and linear models respectively, p<0.05). When comparing 100W and 225W, there was a ∼43W increase in knee extension but still a ∼9% decrease in relative contribution of knee extension to external work rate resulting from a ∼47W increase in hip extension. When vastus lateralis mVO2 was related to knee extension power, the relationship was still non-linear (R(2)=0.99 and 0.97 for the quadratic and linear models respectively, p<0.05). These results demonstrate a non-linear response in mVO2 relative to a change in external work rate. Relating vastus lateralis mVO2 to knee extension power showed a better fit to a linear equation compared to external work rate, but it is not a straight line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Skovereng
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Gertjan Ettema
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mireille van Beekvelt
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Muscle oxygen changes following Sprint Interval Cycling training in elite field hockey players. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120338. [PMID: 25807517 PMCID: PMC4373931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of Sprint Interval Cycling (SIT) on muscle oxygenation kinetics and performance during the 30-15 intermittent fitness test (IFT). Twenty-five women hockey players of Olympic standard were randomly selected into an experimental group (EXP) and a control group (CON). The EXP group performed six additional SIT sessions over six weeks in addition to their normal training program. To explore the potential training-induced change, EXP subjects additionally completed 5 x 30s maximal intensity cycle testing before and after training. During these tests near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measured parameters; oxyhaemoglobin + oxymyoglobin (HbO2+ MbO2), tissue deoxyhaemoglobin + deoxymyoglobin (HHb+HMb), total tissue haemoglobin (tHb) and tissue oxygenation (TSI %) were taken. In the EXP group (5.34 ± 0.14 to 5.50 ± 0.14 m.s(-1)) but not the CON group (pre = 5.37 ± 0.27 to 5.39 ± 0.30 m.s(-1)) significant changes were seen in the 30-15 IFT performance. EXP group also displayed significant post-training increases during the sprint cycling: ΔTSI (-7.59 ± 0.91 to -12.16 ± 2.70%); ΔHHb+HMb (35.68 ± 6.67 to 69.44 ± 26.48 μM.cm); and ΔHbO2+ MbO2 (-74.29 ± 13.82 to -109.36 ± 22.61 μM.cm). No significant differences were seen in ΔtHb (-45.81 ± 15.23 to -42.93 ± 16.24). NIRS is able to detect positive peripheral muscle oxygenation changes when used during a SIT protocol which has been shown to be an effective training modality within elite athletes.
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Kemp GJ, Ahmad RE, Nicolay K, Prompers JJ. Quantification of skeletal muscle mitochondrial function by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques: a quantitative review. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213:107-44. [PMID: 24773619 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) can give information about cellular metabolism in vivo which is difficult to obtain in other ways. In skeletal muscle, non-invasive (31) P MRS measurements of the post-exercise recovery kinetics of pH, [PCr], [Pi] and [ADP] contain valuable information about muscle mitochondrial function and cellular pH homeostasis in vivo, but quantitative interpretation depends on understanding the underlying physiology. Here, by giving examples of the analysis of (31) P MRS recovery data, by some simple computational simulation, and by extensively comparing data from published studies using both (31) P MRS and invasive direct measurements of muscle O2 consumption in a common analytical framework, we consider what can be learnt quantitatively about mitochondrial metabolism in skeletal muscle using MRS-based methodology. We explore some technical and conceptual limitations of current methods, and point out some aspects of the physiology which are still incompletely understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. J. Kemp
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, and Magnetic Resonance and Image Analysis Research Centre; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
| | - R. E. Ahmad
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, and Magnetic Resonance and Image Analysis Research Centre; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
| | - K. Nicolay
- Biomedical NMR; Department of Biomedical Engineering; Eindhoven University of Technology; Eindhoven the Netherlands
| | - J. J. Prompers
- Biomedical NMR; Department of Biomedical Engineering; Eindhoven University of Technology; Eindhoven the Netherlands
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Reynolds MA, McCully K, Burdett B, Manella C, Hawkins L, Backus D. Pilot study: evaluation of the effect of functional electrical stimulation cycling on muscle metabolism in nonambulatory people with multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2014; 96:627-32. [PMID: 25450130 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the changes in muscle oxygen consumption (mV˙O2) using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) after 4 weeks of training with functional electrical stimulation (FES) cycling in nonambulatory people with multiple sclerosis (MS). DESIGN Four-week before-after trial to assess changes in mV˙O2 after an FES cycling intervention. SETTING Rehabilitation hospital. PARTICIPANTS People (N=8; 7 men, 1 women) from a volunteer/referred sample with moderate to severe MS (Expanded Disability Status Scale score>6.0). INTERVENTION Participants cycled 30 minutes per session, 3d/wk for 4 weeks or a total of 12 sessions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES mV˙O2 of the right vastus lateralis muscle was measured with NIRS before and within 1 week after the intervention. Six bouts of 15-second electrical stimulation increasing from 2 to 7Hz were used to activate the muscle. mV˙O2 was assessed by analyzing the slope of the NIRS oxygen signal during a 10-second arterial occlusion after each electrical stimulation bout. RESULTS Significant FES training by electrical stimulation frequency level interaction was observed (P=.031), with an average increase in mV˙O2 of 47% across frequencies with a main effect of training (P=.047). CONCLUSIONS FES cycling for 4 weeks improved mV˙O2, suggesting that FES cycling is a potential therapy for improving muscle health in people with MS who are nonambulatory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin McCully
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
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Ryan TE, Southern WM, Brizendine JT, McCully KK. Activity-induced changes in skeletal muscle metabolism measured with optical spectroscopy. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 45:2346-52. [PMID: 23669881 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31829a726a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies have used near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to measure skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity. This study tested the hypothesis that NIRS-measured mitochondrial capacity would improve with endurance exercise training and decline with detraining. METHODS Nine young participants performed 4 wk of progressively increasing endurance exercise training of the wrist flexor muscles followed by approximately 5 wk of inactivity. The rate of recovery of muscle oxygen consumption (mV(˙)O₂) was measured with NIRS every 3-7 d, indicating mitochondrial oxidative capacity. RESULTS A linear increase in mitochondrial capacity (NIRS rate constant) was found with a group average of 64% ± 37% improvement after 4 wk of exercise training (P < 0.05). Mitochondrial capacity declined exponentially upon cessation of exercise training, with a mean half-time of approximately 7.7 d. CONCLUSIONS Both the magnitude and the time course of mitochondrial adaptations to exercise training and detraining measured with NIRS was consistent with previous studies using both in vitro and in vivo techniques. These findings show that NIRS-based measurements can detect meaningful changes in mitochondrial capacity.
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Ryan TE, Brophy P, Lin CT, Hickner RC, Neufer PD. Assessment of in vivo skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory capacity in humans by near-infrared spectroscopy: a comparison with in situ measurements. J Physiol 2014; 592:3231-41. [PMID: 24951618 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.274456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to compare in vivo measurements of skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory capacity made using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) with the current gold standard, namely in situ measurements of high-resolution respirometry performed in permeabilized muscle fibres prepared from muscle biopsies. Mitochondrial respiratory capacity was determined in 21 healthy adults in vivo using NIRS to measure the recovery kinetics of muscle oxygen consumption following a ∼15 s isometric contraction of the vastus lateralis muscle. Maximal ADP-stimulated (State 3) respiration was measured in permeabilized muscle fibres using high-resolution respirometry with sequential titrations of saturating concentrations of metabolic substrates. Overall, the in vivo and in situ measurements were strongly correlated (Pearson's r = 0.61-0.74, all P < 0.01). Bland-Altman plots also showed good agreement with no indication of bias. The results indicate that in vivo NIRS corresponds well with the current gold standard, in situ high-resolution respirometry, for assessing mitochondrial respiratory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence E Ryan
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Patricia Brophy
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Chien-Te Lin
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Robert C Hickner
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA Center for Health Disparities, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - P Darrell Neufer
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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Southern WM, Ryan TE, Reynolds MA, McCully K. Reproducibility of near-infrared spectroscopy measurements of oxidative function and postexercise recovery kinetics in the medial gastrocnemius muscle. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 39:521-9. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the reproducibility of resting blood flow, resting oxygen consumption, and mitochondrial capacity in skeletal muscle using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). We also determined the influence of 2 exercise modalities (ergometer and rubber exercise bands) on the NIRS measurements. Fifteen young, healthy participants (5 female, 10 male) were tested on 2 nonconsecutive occasions within an 8-day period. The NIRS device was placed on the medial gastrocnemius. Venous and arterial occlusions were performed to obtain blood flow and oxygen consumption. A series of repeated arterial occlusions was used to measure the recovery kinetics of muscle oxygen consumption after ∼7–10 s of voluntary plantar flexion exercise. Resting blood flow had mean coefficients of variation (CV) of 42% and 38% for bands and ergometer, respectively, and resting metabolism had mean CVs of 17% and 12% for bands and ergometer, respectively. The recovery time constant of oxygen consumption (day 1 bands and ergometer: 23.2 ± 3.7 s, 27.6 ± 6.5 s, respectively; day 2 bands and ergometer: 25.5 ± 5.4 s, 25.0 ± 4.9 s, respectively) had mean CVs of 10% and 11% for bands and ergometer, respectively. We conclude that measurements of oxygen consumption and mitochondrial capacity using NIRS can be obtained with good reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M. Southern
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, 330 River Rd., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Terence E. Ryan
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, 330 River Rd., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Mary A. Reynolds
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, 330 River Rd., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kevin McCully
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, 330 River Rd., Athens, GA 30602, USA
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