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de Groot N, Fariñas F, Fabà L, Hambrecht E, Cabrera-Gómez CG, Pallares FJ, Ramis G. Fermented rye with Agaricus subrufescens and mannan-rich hydrolysate based feed additive to modulate post-weaning piglet immune response. Porcine Health Manag 2021; 7:60. [PMID: 34886904 PMCID: PMC8656036 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-021-00241-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The process of weaning in piglets is often associated with an increased inflammation response in the intestine and compromised intestinal integrity and morphology, favoring a delay in intestinal maturation and a predisposal to diseases. Research has shown the potential of different nutritional strategies to reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, with the main goal to manipulate health and performance of pigs. Promising examples of nutritional strategies are fungal fermented products and their derivatives which are described to contain several compounds that may play a role in gastrointestinal health and pathogenic bacteria control. Products from Agaricus subrufescens mushroom are reported to contain prophylactic and therapeutic properties including antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties. RESULTS This study analysed the post-weaning immune status in intestinal tissue and blood of piglets, with the objective to evaluate the gastrointestinal health and immune modulation response induced by a blend of mannan-rich hydrolyzed copra meal and fermented rye with A. subrufescens. Intestinal histomorphology demonstrated a villus height reduction in jejunum and increase in ileum on day 15, while increased villous height in jejunum and ileum on day 30. The results showed that in post-weaning piglets, the feed additive stimulates an immunomodulation effect most evident at 15 days post-weaning, with significant lower expression of cytokines Interferon (IFN) γ, Interleukin (IL) 1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and Transforming Growth Factor (TGF) β in jejunum, accompanied with an increase in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) cytokine gene expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p35 (IL-12α), IL-12p40 (IL-12β), Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) α, IFN-α, and TGF-β. In piglets fed the feed additive, the quantity of Immunoglobulin (Ig) A producing cells in jejunum, ileum was reduced on day 15 and 30 post-weaning, and on day 30 and 45 post-weaning in colon tissue. Natural Killer (NK) cells count in blood were increased on day 15 post-weaning in the piglets fed the feed additive. CONCLUSION This study implies the potential of the blend including mannan-rich hydrolyzed copra meal and fermented rye with A. subrufescens on immune modulation in the intestine of post-weaning piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke de Groot
- Trouw Nutrition Innovation, Amersfoort, 3811 MH, The Netherlands.
- Dpto. Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Fernando Fariñas
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Málaga, Spain
| | - Lluís Fabà
- Trouw Nutrition Innovation, Amersfoort, 3811 MH, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Hambrecht
- Trouw Nutrition Innovation, Amersfoort, 3811 MH, The Netherlands
| | | | - Francisco J Pallares
- Dpto. Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Guillermo Ramis
- Dpto. Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Ganoderma lucidum: A potential source to surmount viral infections through β-glucans immunomodulatory and triterpenoids antiviral properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 187:769-779. [PMID: 34197853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) polysaccharides and triterpenoids are the major bioactive compounds and have been used as traditional medicine for ancient times. Massive demands of G. lucidum have fascinated the researchers towards its application as functional food, nutraceutical and modern medicine owing to wide range of application in various diseases include immunomodulators, anticancer, antiviral, antioxidant, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective. G. lucidum polysaccharides exhibit immunomodulatory properties through boosting the action of antigen-presenting cells, mononuclear phagocyte system, along with humoral and cellular immunity. β-Glucans isolated from G. lucidum are anticipated to produce an immune response through pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). β-Glucans after binding with dectin-1 receptor present on different cells include macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells and neutrophils produce signal transduction that lead to trigger the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), T cells and Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) that refer to cytokines production and contributing to immune response. While triterpenoids produce antiviral effects through inhibiting various enzymes like neuraminidase, HIV-protease, DENV2 NS2B-NS3 protease and HSV multiplication. Polysaccharides and triterpenoids adjunct to other drugs exhibit potential action in prevention and treatment of various diseases. Immunomodulators and antiviral properties of this mushroom could be a potential source to overcome this current pandemic outbreak.
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da Silva Campelo M, Neto JFC, Lima ABN, das Chagas Neto FC, da Costa Gonzaga ML, de Aguiar Soares S, Leal LKAM, Ribeiro MENP, Ricardo NMPS. Polysaccharides and extracts from Agaricus brasiliensis Murill - A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:1697-1714. [PMID: 34022313 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Edible mushrooms have been increasingly introduced into the human diet, which has driven research into their functional properties. Thus, Agaricus brasiliensis Murill or Agaricus blazei Murill (ABM) is a species native to the Brazilian biome, whose fruiting body has been used not only for dietary purposes, but also in the development of functional foods or as source of molecules of pharmacological interest. The bioactivity of ABM has been related to the presence of polysaccharides, although the contribution of other metabolites cannot be discharged. This work describes the polysaccharides isolation methodology and preparation of the extracts of ABM and their biological activities. Furthermore, it presents a general outline of its characterizations regarding composition, chemical structure and properties in solution. The ABM and its chemical constituents exhibit several biological activities that support their potential use for prevention or treatment of diseases with inflammatory background, such as cancer, diabetes and atherosclerosis. The mechanism of action of the extracts and polysaccharides from ABM is mainly related to a modulation of immune system response or reduction of inflammatory response. This review shows that the ABM has great potential in the pharmaceutical, biotechnological and food sectors that deserves additional research using standardized products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus da Silva Campelo
- Laboratório de Polímeros e Inovação de Materiais, Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza - CE, CEP: 60455-760, Brasil
| | - João Francisco Câmara Neto
- Laboratório de Polímeros e Inovação de Materiais, Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza - CE, CEP: 60455-760, Brasil
| | - Ana Beatriz Nogueira Lima
- Laboratório de Polímeros e Inovação de Materiais, Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza - CE, CEP: 60455-760, Brasil
| | - Francisco Cirineu das Chagas Neto
- Centro de Estudos Farmacêuticos e Cosméticos, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza - CE, CEP: 60430-160, Brasil
| | - Maria Leônia da Costa Gonzaga
- Laboratório de Polímeros e Inovação de Materiais, Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza - CE, CEP: 60455-760, Brasil
| | - Sandra de Aguiar Soares
- Laboratório de Polímeros e Inovação de Materiais, Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza - CE, CEP: 60455-760, Brasil
| | - Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal
- Centro de Estudos Farmacêuticos e Cosméticos, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza - CE, CEP: 60430-160, Brasil.
| | - Maria Elenir Nobre Pinho Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Polímeros e Inovação de Materiais, Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza - CE, CEP: 60455-760, Brasil.
| | - Nágila Maria Pontes Silva Ricardo
- Laboratório de Polímeros e Inovação de Materiais, Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza - CE, CEP: 60455-760, Brasil.
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Vetvicka V, Teplyakova TV, Shintyapina AB, Korolenko TA. Effects of Medicinal Fungi-Derived β-Glucan on Tumor Progression. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:250. [PMID: 33806255 PMCID: PMC8065548 DOI: 10.3390/jof7040250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Glucans have been studied in animal species, from earthworms to humans. They form a heterogenous group of glucose polymers found in fungi, plants, bacteria, and seaweed. β-Glucans have slowly emerged as an important target for the recognition of pathogens. In the current review, we highlight the major roles of mushroom-derived β-glucans on cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaclav Vetvicka
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 630117, USA
| | - Tamara V. Teplyakova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, 630559 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Alexandra B. Shintyapina
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Federal State Budget Scientific Institution, 630117 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Tatiana A. Korolenko
- Laboratory of Experimental Models of Neurodegeneration, Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, 4 Timakov St., 630117 Novosibirsk, Russia;
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Kour H, Kour S, Sharma Y, Singh S, Sharma I, Kour D, Yadav AN. Bioprospecting of Industrially Important Mushrooms. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85603-8_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Hetland G, Tangen JM, Mahmood F, Mirlashari MR, Nissen-Meyer LSH, Nentwich I, Therkelsen SP, Tjønnfjord GE, Johnson E. Antitumor, Anti-Inflammatory and Antiallergic Effects of Agaricus blazei Mushroom Extract and the Related Medicinal Basidiomycetes Mushrooms, Hericium erinaceus and Grifola frondosa: A Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051339. [PMID: 32397163 PMCID: PMC7285126 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the 1980s, medicinal effects have been documented in scientific studies with the related Basidiomycota mushrooms Agaricus blazei Murill (AbM), Hericium erinaceus (HE) and Grifola frondosa (GF) from Brazilian and Eastern traditional medicine. Special focus has been on their antitumor effects, but the mushrooms' anti-inflammatory and antiallergic properties have also been investigated. The antitumor mechanisms were either direct tumor attack, e.g., apoptosis and metastatic suppression, or indirect defense, e.g., inhibited tumor neovascularization and T helper cell (Th) 1 immune response. The anti-inflammatory mechanisms were a reduction in proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress and changed gut microbiota, and the antiallergic mechanism was amelioration of a skewed Th1/Th2 balance. Since a predominant Th2 milieu is also found in cancer, which quite often is caused by a local chronic inflammation, the three conditions-tumor, inflammation and allergy-seem to be linked. Further mechanisms for HE were increased nerve and beneficial gut microbiota growth, and oxidative stress regulation. The medicinal mushrooms AbM, HE and GF appear to be safe, and can, in fact, increase longevity in animal models, possibly due to reduced tumorigenesis and oxidation. This article reviews preclinical and clinical findings with these mushrooms and the mechanisms behind them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Hetland
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway; (M.R.M.); (L.S.H.N.-M.); (I.N.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; (G.E.T.); (E.J.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jon-Magnus Tangen
- National CBRNE Medical Advisory Centre, Oslo University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Faiza Mahmood
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway;
| | - Mohammad Reza Mirlashari
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway; (M.R.M.); (L.S.H.N.-M.); (I.N.)
| | - Lise Sofie Haug Nissen-Meyer
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway; (M.R.M.); (L.S.H.N.-M.); (I.N.)
| | - Ivo Nentwich
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway; (M.R.M.); (L.S.H.N.-M.); (I.N.)
| | | | - Geir Erland Tjønnfjord
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; (G.E.T.); (E.J.)
- Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Egil Johnson
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; (G.E.T.); (E.J.)
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway
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Nakazawa S, Kanno T, Sugisaki K, Kameya H, Matsui M, Ukai M, Sato K, Takui T. Fe-transferrins or their homologues in ex-vivo mushrooms as identified by ESR spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations: A full spin-Hamiltonian approach for the ferric sextet state with intermediate zero-field splitting parameters. Food Chem 2018; 266:24-30. [PMID: 30381181 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.05.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Fe-transferrins/their homologues in ex-vivo mushrooms were identified by ESR spectroscopy at liquid helium temperature, 4 K. The ESR fine-structure signals from Grifola frondosa were analyzed by spectral simulation with a full spin-Hamiltonian approach, determining the spin Hamiltonian parameters of the ferric iron species bound in the biological environment: S = 5/2, g = (2.045, 2.01, 2.235), |D| = 0.28 cm-1, |E/D| = 0.05. The zero-field splitting (ZFS) parameters, D- and E-values, are very close to the reported values, |D| = 0.25 cm-1 and |E/D| = 0.06, for an Fe-transferrin with oxalate anion, and to |D| = 0.25 cm-1 and |E/D| = 0.04 for one with malonate anion in human sera, suggesting that the Fe3+ species are from Fe-transferrins or their homologues. Quantum chemical calculations of the ZFS tensors for Fe-transferrins were carried out. Fe-transferrins/homologues have been identified for all the mushrooms under study, suggesting that such Fe3+ enzymes are widely distributed in mushrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeaki Nakazawa
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
| | - Tomomi Kanno
- Department of Health and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Aichi Shukutoku University, Aichi 480-1197, Japan.
| | - Kenji Sugisaki
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kameya
- Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Miki Matsui
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Ukai
- Hakodate Campus, Hokkaido University of Education, Hakodate 040-8567, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sato
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Takeji Takui
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
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Ayeka PA. Potential of Mushroom Compounds as Immunomodulators in Cancer Immunotherapy: A Review. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2018; 2018:7271509. [PMID: 29849725 PMCID: PMC5937616 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7271509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Since time immemorial, plants and their compounds have been used in the treatment and management of various ailments. Currently, most of conventional drugs used for treatment of diseases are either directly or indirectly obtained from plant sources. The fungal group of plants is of significance, which not only provides food directly to man but also has been source of important drugs. For instance, commonly used antibiotics are derived from fungi. Fungi have also been utilized in the food industry, baking, and alcohol production. Apart from the economic importance of the microfungi, macrofungi have been utilized directly as food, which is usually got from their fruiting bodies, commonly known as mushrooms. Due to their richness in proteins, minerals, and other nutrients, mushrooms have also been associated with boosting the immune system. This makes mushrooms an important food source, especially for vegetarians and immunosuppressed individuals including the HIV/AIDS persons. In complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs), mushrooms are increasingly being accepted for treatment of various diseases. Mushrooms have been shown to have the ability to stimulate the immune system, modulate humoral and cellular immunity, and potentiate antimutagenic and antitumorigenic activity, as well as rejuvenating the immune system weakened by radiotherapy and chemotherapy in cancer treatment. This potential of mushrooms, therefore, qualifies them as candidates for immunomodulation and immunotherapy in cancer and other diseases' treatment. However, a critical review on mushroom's immune modulating potential in cancer has not been sufficiently addressed. This review puts forward insights into the immune activities of mushroom associated with anticancer activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Amwoga Ayeka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya
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Camara M, Fernandez-Ruiz V, Morales P, Sanchez-Mata MC. Fiber Compounds and Human Health. Curr Pharm Des 2017; 23:2835-2849. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612823666170216123219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Montana Camara
- Dpto. Nutrición y Bromatología II. Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM). Pza Ramón y Cajal, s/n. E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia Fernandez-Ruiz
- Dpto. Nutrición y Bromatología II. Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM). Pza Ramón y Cajal, s/n. E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Morales
- Dpto. Nutrición y Bromatología II. Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM). Pza Ramón y Cajal, s/n. E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Cortes Sanchez-Mata
- Dpto. Nutrición y Bromatología II. Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM). Pza Ramón y Cajal, s/n. E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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Hetland G, Eide DM, Tangen JM, Haugen MH, Mirlashari MR, Paulsen JE. The Agaricus blazei-Based Mushroom Extract, Andosan™, Protects against Intestinal Tumorigenesis in the A/J Min/+ Mouse. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167754. [PMID: 28002446 PMCID: PMC5176274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The novel A/J Min/+ mouse, which is a model for human Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP), develops spontaneously multiple adenocarcinomas in the colon as well as in the small intestine. Agaricus blazei Murill (AbM) is an edible Basidiomycetes mushroom that has been used in traditional medicine against cancer and other diseases. The mushroom contains immunomodulating β-glucans and is shown to have antitumor effects in murine cancer models. Andosan™ is a water extract based on AbM (82%), but it also contains the medicinal Basidiomycetes mushrooms Hericeum erinaceus and Grifola frondosa. METHODS AND FINDINGS Tap water with 10% Andosan™ was provided as the only drinking water for 15 or 22 weeks to A/J Min/+ mice and A/J wild-type mice (one single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) difference), which then were exsanguinated and their intestines preserved in formaldehyde and the serum frozen. The intestines were examined blindly by microscopy and also stained for the tumor-associated protease, legumain. Serum cytokines (pro- and anti-inflammatory, Th1-, Th2 -and Th17 type) were measured by Luminex multiplex analysis. Andosan™ treated A/J Min/+ mice had a significantly lower number of adenocarcinomas in the intestines, as well as a 60% significantly reduced intestinal tumor load (number of tumors x size) compared to control. There was also reduced legumain expression in intestines from Andosan™ treated animals. Moreover, Andosan™ had a significant cytotoxic effect correlating with apoptosis on the human cancer colon cell line, Caco-2, in vitro. When examining serum from both A/J Min/+ and wild type mice, there was a significant increase in anti-tumor Th1 type and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the Andosan™ treated mice. CONCLUSIONS The results from this mouse model for colorectal cancer shows significant protection of orally administered Andosan™ against development of intestinal cancer. This is supported by the finding of less legumain in intestines of Andosan™ treated mice and increased systemic Th1 cytokine response. The mechanism is probably both immuno-modulatory and growth inhibition of tumor cells by induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Hetland
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dag M. Eide
- Department of Chemicals and Radiation, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jon M. Tangen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Acute Medicine & National CBRNE Medical and Advisory Centre–Norway, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mads H. Haugen
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital – The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Jan E. Paulsen
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
There is significant interest in the use of mushrooms and/or mushroom extracts as dietary supplements based on theories that they enhance immune function and promote health. To some extent, select mushrooms have been shown to have stimulatory action on immune responsiveness, particularly when studied in vitro. However, despite their widespread use for potential health benefits, there is a surprising paucity of epidemiologic and experimental studies that address the biologic activities of mushrooms after oral administration to animals or humans. There have been a number of studies that have addressed the ability of mushrooms to modulate mononuclear cell activation and the phenotypic expression of cytokines and their cognate receptors. There have also been a number of attempts to determine antitumor activities of mushrooms. Such studies are important because many of the components of mushrooms do potentially have significant biologic activity. All data, however, should be tempered by the Possibility that there are toxic levels of metals, including arsenic, lead, cadmium, and mercury as well as the presence of radioactive contamination with 137Cs. In this review, we will Present the comparative biology with respect to both immunological and antitumor activities of mushroom extracts and also highlight the need for further evidence-based research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea T Borchers
- Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California-Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Kang IS, Kim RI, Kim GS, Kim NR, Shin JY, Kim C. Effects of Agaricus blazei Murill Water Extract on Immune Response in BALB/c Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.3746/jkfn.2015.44.11.1629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Immunomodulatory effects of the Agaricus blazei Murrill-based mushroom extract AndoSan in patients with multiple myeloma undergoing high dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation: a randomized, double blinded clinical study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:718539. [PMID: 25664323 PMCID: PMC4312620 DOI: 10.1155/2015/718539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Forty patients with multiple myeloma scheduled to undergo high dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell support were randomized in a double blinded fashion to receive adjuvant treatment with the mushroom extract AndoSan, containing 82% of Agaricus blazei Murrill (19 patients) or placebo (21 patients). Intake of the study product started on the day of stem cell mobilizing chemotherapy and continued until the end of aplasia after high dose chemotherapy, a period of about seven weeks. Thirty-three patients were evaluable for all study endpoints, while all 40 included patients were evaluable for survival endpoints. In the leukapheresis product harvested after stem cell mobilisation, increased percentages of Treg cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells were found in patients receiving AndoSan. Also, in this group, a significant increase of serum levels of IL-1ra, IL-5, and IL-7 at the end of treatment was found. Whole genome microarray showed increased expression of immunoglobulin genes, Killer Immunoglobulin Receptor (KIR) genes, and HLA genes in the Agaricus group. Furthermore, AndoSan displayed a concentration dependent antiproliferative effect on mouse myeloma cells in vitro. There were no statistically significant differences in treatment response, overall survival, and time to new treatment. The study was registered with Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00970021.
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Kim YS, Kim BH, Kim GS, Jang JS, Kim SY, Choi BD, Kim JO, Ha YL. Anti-carcinogenic actions of glycoprotein conjugated with isoflavones from submerged-liquid culture of Agaricus blazei mycelia through reciprocal expression of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins. J Biomed Res 2014. [DOI: 10.12729/jbr.2014.15.4.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Berven L, Karppinen P, Hetland G, Samuelsen ABC. The polar high molecular weight fraction of the Agaricus blazei Murill extract, AndoSan™, reduces the activity of the tumor-associated protease, legumain, in RAW 264.7 cells. J Med Food 2014; 18:429-38. [PMID: 25136950 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2014.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AndoSan™ is an extract of Agaricus blazei Murill (AbM; 82.4%), Hericium erinaceum (14.7%), and Grifola frondosa (2.9%). The main ingredient of AndoSan, AbM, is rich in different forms of β-glucans. Since these exhibit potent antitumor activity and have immunomodulatory effects, the stimulatory effect of AndoSan on the production of different cytokines, chemokines, and leukocyte growth factors has predominantly been attributed to β-glucans. AndoSan has been claimed to consist of 90% carbohydrate, of which 2.8% is β-glucans, but in this study, we show that the carbohydrate content is only 2% of the dry weight, corresponding to 0.09% β-glucan per mL of AndoSan. Fractionation of AndoSan, followed by carbohydrate analysis and HPLC analysis revealed that most of the glucose was concentrated in the polar high molecular weight fraction of AndoSan (ethanol insoluble water extract [EIWE]-A) and that this extract was able to significantly inhibit the activity of the tumor-associated protease, legumain, in RAW 264.7 cells. Legumain is synthesized as a zymogen and undergoes pH-dependent autoactivation of the proform to reach an enzymatically active form. In this study, we demonstrate that both the polar and nonpolar AndoSan fractions are able to inhibit the autoactivation of prolegumain, and that the polar fractions of AndoSan are the most potent inhibitors of the active form of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Berven
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo , Oslo, Norway
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The Effect of Mushroom Beta-Glucans from Solid Culture of Ganoderma lucidum on Inhibition of the Primary Tumor Metastasis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:252171. [PMID: 24799937 PMCID: PMC3995106 DOI: 10.1155/2014/252171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the effect of mushroom beta-glucans (MBGS) derived from solid culture of Ganoderma lucidum on tumor inhibition by examining size of the primary tumor and rate of metastasis in Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) bearing mice (C57BL/6), given oral administration of MBGS with radiation therapy. A previous result showed that MBGS enhances NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity in mice without LLC bearing in advance. Furthermore, applications of MBGS in conjunction with radiation therapy were effective in controlling tumor growth, and rate of metastasis, life threatening, and can potentially serve as a protective factor for wounds and hair loss that resulted from the overgrowth of primary tumor in LLC bearing mice.
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Hakime-Silva RA, Vellosa JCR, Khalil NM, Khalil OAK, Brunetti IL, Oliveira OMMF. Chemical, enzymatic and cellular antioxidant activity studies of Agaricus blazei Murrill. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2013; 85:1073-81. [PMID: 23969852 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652013005000044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mushrooms possess nutritional and medicinal properties that have long been used for human health preservation and that have been considered by researchers as possible sources of free radical scavengers. In this work, the antioxidant properties of water extracts from Agaricus blazei Murill, produced by maceration and decoction, are demonstrated in vitro. Resistance to oxidation is demonstrated through three mechanisms: i) inhibition of enzymatic oxidative process, with 100% inhibition of HRP (horseradish peroxidase) and MPO (myeloperoxidase); ii) inhibition of cellular oxidative stress, with 80% inhibition of the oxidative burst of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs); and iii) direct action over reactive species, with 62% and 87% suppression of HOCl and superoxide anion radical (O2• -), respectively. From the data, it was concluded that the aqueous extract of A. blazei has significant antioxidant activity, indicating its possible application for nutraceutical and medicinal purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A Hakime-Silva
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Departamento de Bioquímica e Tecnologia Química, Instituto de Química, 14800-900 Araraquara, SP, Brasil
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Vannucci L, Krizan J, Sima P, Stakheev D, Caja F, Rajsiglova L, Horak V, Saieh M. Immunostimulatory properties and antitumor activities of glucans (Review). Int J Oncol 2013; 43:357-64. [PMID: 23739801 PMCID: PMC3775562 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
New foods and natural biological modulators have recently become of scientific interest in the investigation of the value of traditional medical therapeutics. Glucans have an important part in this renewed interest. These fungal wall components are claimed to be useful for various medical purposes and they are obtained from medicinal mushrooms commonly used in traditional Oriental medicine. The immunotherapeutic properties of fungi extracts have been reported, including the enhancement of anticancer immunity responses. These properties are principally related to the stimulation of cells of the innate immune system. The discovery of specific receptors for glucans on dendritic cells (dectin-1), as well as interactions with other receptors, mainly expressed by innate immune cells (e.g., Toll-like receptors, complement receptor-3), have raised new attention toward these products as suitable therapeutic agents. We briefly review the characteristics of the glucans from mycelial walls as modulators of the immunity and their possible use as antitumor treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Vannucci
- Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Department of Immunology and Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, v.v.i., 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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Fiołka MJ, Lewtak K, Rzymowska J, Grzywnowicz K, Hułas-Stasiak M, Sofińska-Chmiel W, Skrzypiec K. Antifungal and anticancer effects of a polysaccharide-protein complex from the gut bacterium Raoultella ornithinolytica isolated from the earthworm Dendrobaena veneta. Pathog Dis 2013; 69:46-61. [PMID: 23794449 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The polysaccharide-protein complex (PPC) isolated from metabolites of gut bacteria Raoultella ornithinolytica from Dendrobaena veneta earthworms exhibits activity against Candida albicans, in breast ductal carcinoma (line T47D) and in the endometrioid ovarian cancer line (TOV-112D) in vitro. The action against C. albicans was analyzed using light, SEM, TEM, and AFM microscopes. The changes observed indicated two directions of the action of the complex, that is, disturbance of metabolic activity and cell wall damage. The PPC is an adhesion-promoting complex inducing death of C. albicans cells by necrosis. Owing to its significant effect on C. albicans, the complex is a promising source of antifungal compounds. The PPC showed a minimal cytotoxic effect against human skin fibroblasts; however, the cytotoxicity against the T47D line was determined at 20% and 15% against the TOV-112D line. The action of the PPC against the T47D line exerted a cytopathic effect, whereas in the TOV-112D line, it caused a reduction in the cell number. The PPC induced death of tumor cells by apoptosis and necrosis. In view of the negligible cytotoxicity on fibroblasts, the PPC will be subjected to chemical modifications to increase its antitumor activity for prospective medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta J Fiołka
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
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Mizuno M, Nishitani Y. Immunomodulating compounds in Basidiomycetes. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2013; 52:202-7. [PMID: 23704809 PMCID: PMC3652302 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.13-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mushrooms are distinguished as important food containing immunomodulating and anticancer agents. These compounds belong mostly to polysaccharides especially β-d-glucans. Among them, β-1,3-glucan with side chain β-1,6-glucose residues have more important roles in immunomodulating and antitumor activities. In this review, we have introduced polysaccharide mainly from Lentinula edodes and Agaricus blazei Murill with immunomodulating and antitumor activities. In addition, the mechanism of activation of immune response and signal cascade are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Mizuno
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yosuke Nishitani
- Team of Health Bioscience, Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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Lin JG, Fan MJ, Tang NY, Yang JS, Hsia TC, Lin JJ, Lai KC, Wu RSC, Ma CY, Wood WG, Chung JG. An extract of Agaricus blazei Murill administered orally promotes immune responses in murine leukemia BALB/c mice in vivo. Integr Cancer Ther 2012; 11:29-36. [PMID: 22637937 DOI: 10.1177/1534735411400314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The edible mushroom (fungus) Agaricus blazei Murill (ABM) is a health food in many countries. Importantly, it has been shown to have antitumor and immune effects. There is no available information on ABM-affected immune responses in leukemia mice in vivo. Experimental Design. In this study, the authors investigated the immunopotentiating activities of boiled water-soluble extracts from desiccated ABM in WEHI-3 leukemia mice. The major characteristic of WEHI-3 leukemia mice are enlarged spleens and livers after intraperitoneal injection with murine leukemia WEHI-3 cells. Isolated T cells from spleens of ABM-treated mice resulted in increased T-cell proliferation compared with the untreated control with concanavalin A stimulation. RESULTS ABM decreased the spleen and liver weights when compared with WEHI-3 leukemia mice and this effect was a dose-dependent response. ABM promoted natural killer cell activity and phagocytosis by macrophage/monocytes in leukemia mice in a dose-dependent manner. ABM also enhanced cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and interferon-γ levels but reduced the level of IL-4 in WEHI-3 leukemia mice. Moreover, ABM increased the levels of CD3 and CD19 but decreased the levels of Mac-3 and CD11b in leukemia mice. CONCLUSIONS The ABM extract is likely to stimulate immunocytes and regulate immune response in leukemia mice in vivo.
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Huang TT, Ojcius DM, Young JD, Wu YH, Ko YF, Wong TY, Wu CY, Lu CC, Lai HC. The anti-tumorigenic mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill enhances IL-1β production and activates the NLRP3 inflammasome in human macrophages. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41383. [PMID: 22844468 PMCID: PMC3402498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Agaricus blazei Murill (AbM) has been reported to possess immune activity against tumors and infections through stimulation of mononuclear phagocytes. Recently, AbM extract was shown to induce the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), in human monocytes. IL-1β is a key pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by activated macrophages and monocytes and its secretion is strictly controlled by the inflammasome. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of AbM water extracts on the regulation of IL-1β production and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in human THP-1 macrophages. The NLRP3 inflammasome consists of an NLRP3 receptor, an adaptor protein called ASC, and the inflammatory protease, caspase-1. Typically, stimulation of immune cells with microbial products results in production of pro-IL-1β, but a second stress-related signal activates the inflammasome and caspase-1, leading to processing and secretion of IL-1β. Our results show that AbM enhances transcription of IL-1β and triggers NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated IL-1β secretion in human THP-1 macrophages. AbM-mediated IL-1β secretion was markedly reduced in macrophages deficient in NLRP3 and ASC, demonstrating that the NLRP3 inflammasome is essential for AbM-induced IL-1β secretion. In addition, caspase-1 was activated and involved in proteolytic cleavage and secretion of IL-1β in AbM-treated macrophages. AbM-mediated IL-1β secretion also decreased in cells treated with cathepsin B inhibitor, suggesting that AbM can induce the release of cathepsin B. Furthermore, our data show that AbM-induced inflammasome activation requires the release of ATP, binding of extracellular ATP to the purinergic receptor P2X7, the generation of reactive oxygen species, and efflux of potassium. Taken together, these findings reveal that AbM activates the NLRP3 inflammasome via multiple mechanisms, resulting in the secretion of IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Teng Huang
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - David M. Ojcius
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Health Sciences Research Institute and School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - John D. Young
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Mingchi University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Hui Wu
- Cancer Research Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yun-Fei Ko
- Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Mingchi University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tsui-Yin Wong
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Yeu Wu
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Chen Lu
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsin-Chih Lai
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Al-Dbass AM, Al- Daihan SK, Bhat RS. Agaricus blazei Murill as an efficient hepatoprotective and antioxidant agent against CCl4-induced liver injury in rats. Saudi J Biol Sci 2012; 19:303-9. [PMID: 23961190 PMCID: PMC3730730 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Agaricus blazei Murill is one of the very popular edible medicinal mushrooms. The present study investigated the protective effect of this biologically active mushroom on the tissue peroxidative damage and abnormal antioxidant levels in carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in male albino rats. Male albino rats of Sprague-Dawley strain weighting (120-150 g) were categorized into five groups. The first group served as the normal control, the second and the third groups were treated with Agaricus blazei Mushroom extract and carbon tetrachloride dose, respectively. Fourth group (protective group) was first treated with Agaricus blazei Mushroom extract followed by carbon tetrachloride treatment and fifth (therapeutic group) with carbon tetrachloride first followed by Agaricus blazei Mushroom treatment. The wet fruiting bodies of mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill, crushed and suspended in distilled water was administered orally to the treated groups of male albino rats. The activities of various enzymes (aspartate and alanine transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase), levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants (glutathione, vitamin C, vitamin E) and level of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) were determined in the serum of all the experimental animals. Decrease in all the enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidant, along with an increase in the lipid peroxidative index (malondialdehyde) was found in all the carbon tetrachloride treated rats as compared with normal controls. Also increase level of non-enzymatic antioxidant along with the decrease level in malondialdehyde was found in all experimental animals which were treated with Agaricus blazei Mushroom extract as compared with normal controls. The findings indicate that the extract of Agaricus blazei Murill can protect the liver against carbon tetrachloride induced oxidative damage in rats and is an efficient hepatoprotective and antioxidant agent against carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine transaminase
- AST, aspartate transaminase
- AbM, Agaricus blazei Murill
- Agaricus blazei Murill
- Antioxidant
- CCl4, carbon tetrachloride
- Carbon tetrachloride
- GR, glutathione reductase
- GSH, glutathione
- Hepatoprotective
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- Liver
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- vit. C, vitamin C
- vit. E, vitamin E
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer M. Al-Dbass
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University. P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
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A polysaccharide from Agaricus blazei attenuates tumor cell adhesion via inhibiting E-selectin expression. Carbohydr Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Wisitrassameewong K, Karunarathna SC, Thongklang N, Zhao R, Callac P, Moukha S, Férandon C, Chukeatirote E, Hyde KD. Agaricus subrufescens: A review. Saudi J Biol Sci 2012; 19:131-46. [PMID: 23961172 PMCID: PMC3730566 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicinal mushrooms have currently become a hot issue due to their various therapeutic properties. Of these, Agaricus subrufescens, also known as the "almond mushroom", has long been valued by many societies (i.e., Brazil, China, France, and USA). Since its discovery in 1893, this mushroom has been cultivated throughout the world, especially in Brazil where several strains of A. subrufescens have been developed and used as health food and alternative medicine. This article presents up-to-date information on this mushroom including its taxonomy and health promoting benefits. Medicinal properties of A. subrufescens are emphasized in several studies which are reviewed here. In addition, safety issues concerning the use of this fungus will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komsit Wisitrassameewong
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Mushroom Research Foundation, Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand
| | - Samantha C. Karunarathna
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Mushroom Research Foundation, Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand
| | | | - Ruilin Zhao
- Faculty of Biology Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Bailongsi, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China
| | - Philippe Callac
- INRA, UR1264, Mycologie et Sécurité des Aliments, BP81, 33883 Villenave d Ornon, France
| | - Serge Moukha
- INRA, UR1264, Mycologie et Sécurité des Aliments, BP81, 33883 Villenave d Ornon, France
- Department of Toxicology, UFR des Sciences, Pharmaceutiques-Université Bordeaux Segalen, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Cyril Férandon
- Department of Toxicology, UFR des Sciences, Pharmaceutiques-Université Bordeaux Segalen, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | | | - Kevin D. Hyde
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Mushroom Research Foundation, Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand
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Lima CUJO, Souza VC, Morita MC, Chiarello MD, de Oliveira Karnikowski MG. Agaricus blazei Murrill and Inflammatory Mediators in Elderly Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Scand J Immunol 2012; 75:336-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Dong S, Furutani Y, Suto Y, Furutani M, Zhu Y, Yoneyama M, Kato T, Itabe H, Nishikawa T, Tomimatsu H, Tanaka T, Kasanuki H, Masaki T, Kiyama R, Matsuoka R. Estrogen-like activity and dual roles in cell signaling of an Agaricus blazei Murrill mycelia-dikaryon extract. Microbiol Res 2011; 167:231-7. [PMID: 22015258 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Agaricus blazei (A. blazei) Murrill mycelia-dikaryon has attracted the attention of scientists and clinicians worldwide owing to its potential for the treatment of cancer. However, little is known about its effect on other pathologies. This study sought to extend the potential medical usefulness of A. blazei for preventing vascular damage and to unravel its mechanism of action. The A. blazei extract showed estrogen-like activity in both gene expression profiling and a luciferase assay. Indeed, the extract inhibited oxidized low-density lipoprotein-stimulated activation of Erk1/2, Akt and p38 in HUVECs and macrophage-derived TIB-67 cells. Moreover, the extract enhanced transcription of the glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3), α-synuclein (SNCA) and endothelial nitrogen-oxide synthase (eNOS) genes. Furthermore, atherosclerotic lesions in rabbits were reduced by intake of A. blazei powder. Therefore, A. blazei may be useful for preventing atherosclerosis via dual roles in cell signaling, suppression of macrophage development and the recovery of endothelial cells from vascular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijun Dong
- International Research and Educational Institute for Integrated Medical Sciences (IREIIMS), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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The Mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill Elicits Medicinal Effects on Tumor, Infection, Allergy, and Inflammation through Its Modulation of Innate Immunity and Amelioration of Th1/Th2 Imbalance and Inflammation. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2011; 2011:157015. [PMID: 21912538 PMCID: PMC3168293 DOI: 10.1155/2011/157015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The medicinal mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill from the Brazilian rain forest has been used in traditional medicine and as health food for the prevention of a range of diseases, including infection, allergy, and cancer. Other scientists and we have examined whether there is scientific evidence behind such postulations. Agaricus blazei M is rich in the immunomodulating polysaccharides, β-glucans, and has been shown to have antitumor, anti-infection, and antiallergic/-asthmatic properties in mouse models, in addition to anti-inflammatory effects in inflammatory bowel disease patients. These effects are mediated through the mushroom's stimulation of innate immune cells, such as monocytes, NK cells, and dendritic cells, and the amelioration of a skewed Th1/Th2 balance and inflammation.
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Førland DT, Johnson E, Saetre L, Lyberg T, Lygren I, Hetland G. Effect of an extract based on the medicinal mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill on expression of cytokines and calprotectin in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Scand J Immunol 2011; 73:66-75. [PMID: 21129005 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2010.02477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An immunomodulatory extract (AndoSan™) based on the medicinal mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill (AbM) has shown to reduce blood cytokine levels in healthy volunteers after 12 days' ingestion, pointing to an anti-inflammatory effect. The aim was to study whether AndoSan™ had similar effects on cytokines in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). Calprotectin, a marker for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), was also measured. Patients with CD (n = 11) and with UC (n = 10) consumed 60 ml/day of AndoSan™. Patient blood plasma was harvested before and after 6 h LPS (1 ng/ml) stimulation ex vivo. Plasma and faecal calprotectin levels were analysed using ELISA and 17 cytokines [IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-12 (Th1), IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 (Th2), IL-7, IL-17, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8, MIP-1β, MCP-1, G-CSF, GM-CSF and IL-10] by multiplex assay. After 12 days' ingestion of AndoSan™, baseline plasma cytokine levels in UC was reduced for MCP-1 (40%) and in LPS-stimulated blood for MIP-1β (78%), IL-6 (44%), IL-1β (41%), IL-8 (30%), G-CSF (29%), MCP-1 (18%) and GM-CSF (17%). There were corresponding reductions in CD: IL-2 (100%), IL-17 (55%) and IL-8 (29%) and for IL-1β (35%), MIP-1β (30%), MCP-1 (22%), IL-8 (18%), IL-17 (17%) and G-CSF (14%), respectively. Baseline concentrations for the 17 cytokines in the UC and CD patient groups were largely similar. Faecal calprotectin was reduced in the UC group. Ingestion of an AbM-based medicinal mushroom by patients with IBD resulted in interesting anti-inflammatory effects as demonstrated by declined levels of pathogenic cytokines in blood and calprotectin in faeces.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Førland
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
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Bouike G, Nishitani Y, Shiomi H, Yoshida M, Azuma T, Hashimoto T, Kanazawa K, Mizuno M. Oral Treatment with Extract of Agaricus blazei Murill Enhanced Th1 Response through Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Suppressed OVA-Sensitized Allergy in Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2010; 2011:532180. [PMID: 20953432 PMCID: PMC2952310 DOI: 10.1155/2011/532180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the mechanism of the antiallergic activity of Agaricus blazei Murill extract (ABME), the present paper used an in vivo allergy model and an in vitro intestinal gut model. During OVA sensitization, the serum IgE levels decreased significantly in ABME group. Interleukin (IL)-4 and -5 produced from OVA-restimulated splenocytes was significantly decreased, and anti-CD3ε/CD28 antibody treatment also reduced IL-10, -4, and -5 production and increased IFN-γ production in ABME group. These results suggest that oral administration of ABME improves Th1/Th2 balance. Moreover, a coculture system constructed of Caco-2 cells and splenocytes from OT-II mice or RAW 264.7 cells indicated that the significant increases in IFN-γ production by ABME treatment. Therefore, it was concluded that the antiallergic activity of ABME was due to the activation of macrophages by epithelial cells and the promotion of the differentiation of naïve T cells into Th1 cells in the immune.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Bouike
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yosuke Nishitani
- Health Bioscience Team, Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Shiomi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate school of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Masaru Yoshida
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate school of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Takeshi Azuma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate school of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Takashi Hashimoto
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kanazawa
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Masashi Mizuno
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
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Padilha MM, Avila AAL, Sousa PJC, Cardoso LGV, Perazzo FF, Carvalho JCT. Anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous and alkaline extracts from mushrooms (Agaricus blazei Murill). J Med Food 2009; 12:359-64. [PMID: 19459738 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2008.0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of aqueous and alkaline extracts from Agaricus blazei Murill, an edible mushroom used as folk medicine in Brazil, Japan, and China to treat several illnesses, were investigated on the basis of the inflammatory process induced by different agents. Oral administration of A. blazei extracts marginally inhibited the edema induced by nystatin. In contrast, when complete Freund's adjuvant was used as the inflammatory stimulus, both extracts were able to inhibit this process significantly (P < .05, analysis of variance followed by Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison post hoc test), although it inhibited the granulomatous tissue induction moderately. These extracts were able to decrease the ulcer wounds induced by stress. Also, administration of extracts inhibited neutrophil migration to the exudates present in the peritoneal cavity after carrageenin injection. Therefore, it is possible that A. blazei extracts can be useful in inflammatory diseases because of activation of the immune system and its cells induced by the presence of polysaccharides such as beta-glucans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina M Padilha
- Laboratório de Fitofármacos, Universidade de Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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Han SSR, Cho CK, Lee YW, Yoo HS. Antimetastatic and Immunomodulating Effect of Water Extracts From Various Mushrooms. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2009; 2:218-27. [DOI: 10.1016/s2005-2901(09)60058-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Chen JN, Wang YT, Wu JSB. A glycoprotein extracted from golden oyster mushroom Pleurotus citrinopileatus exhibiting growth inhibitory effect against U937 leukemia cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:6706-6711. [PMID: 19606865 DOI: 10.1021/jf901284s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Mushrooms have become popular sources of natural antitumor, antiviral, antibacterial, antioxidative, and immunomodulatory agents. Golden oyster mushroom, Pleurotus citrinopileatus , is a common mushroom in oriental countries for human consumption. We isolated a functional protein (PCP-3A) from the fresh fruiting body of this mushroom. The isolation procedure included ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B ion exchange chromatography, and Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration. Electrophoresis demonstrated that PCP-3A is a glycoprotein composed of 10 subunits, each approximately 45.0 kDa in size. In vitro cell study showed that PCP-3A at a concentration about 12.5 microg/mL inhibits the proliferation of human tumor cell line U937, in a time- dependent manner (24, 48, and 72 h). It failed to agglutinate rabbit and human erythrocytes, excluding its possibility from being a lectin. Flow cytometry revealed that it is capable of inhibiting the growth of U937 cells by way of S phase arrest and apoptotic induction. We suggest that PCP-3A is worth further investigating for antitumor use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Nan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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Ziliotto L, Pinheiro F, Barbisan LF, Rodrigues MAM. Screening for in vitro and in vivo antitumor activities of the mushroom Agaricus blazei. Nutr Cancer 2009; 61:245-50. [PMID: 19235041 DOI: 10.1080/01635580802395717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the in vitro antitumor activity of the mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill on human cancer cell lines as well as its potential anticancer activity in a model of rat colon carcinogenesis. The in vitro anticancer analysis was performed using 9 human cancer cell lines incubated with organic and aqueous extracts of A. blazei. Antitumor activity was observed with the dichloromethane/methanol and hexanic extracts of A. blazei at 250 mu g/ml for all cancer cell lines tested. No antiproliferative/cytotoxic activities were detected for the aqueous, methanol, ethyl acetate, or n-butanolic extracts. In the in vivo analysis, crude A. blazei was given orally after carcinogen treatment in a rat medium-term study (20 weeks) of colon carcinogenesis using aberrant crypt foci (ACF) as biomarker. Male Wistar rats were given dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and then were fed A. blazei at 5% in the diet until Week 20. ACF were scored for number and crypt multiplicity. A. blazei intake did not suppress ACF development or crypt multiplicity induced by DMH. No differences in tumor incidence in the colon were observed among the DMH-treated groups. Our results indicate that employing A. blazei in the diet does not have a suppressive effect on colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane Ziliotto
- Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP/São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ellertsen LK, Hetland G. An extract of the medicinal mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill can protect against allergy. Clin Mol Allergy 2009; 7:6. [PMID: 19416507 PMCID: PMC2688003 DOI: 10.1186/1476-7961-7-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Agaricus blazei Murill (AbM) is an edible Brazilian mushroom that has been used in traditional medicine for a range of diseases. It has been shown to have anti-infection and anti-tumor properties in the mouse, which are due to induction of Th1 responses. On the other hand, IgE-mediated allergy is induced by a Th2 response. Objective Since according to the Th1/Th2 paradigm an increased Th1 response may promote a reduced Th2 response, the aim was to examine whether AbM had anti-allergy effects. Methods A mouse model for allergy was employed, in which the mice were immunized s.c. with the model allergen ovalbumin (OVA). Additionally, the animals were given a mushroom extract, AndoSan™, mainly (82%) containing AbM, but also Hericium erinaceum (15%) and Grifola frondosa (3%), or PBS p.o. either a day before or 19 days after the immunization. The mice were sacrificed on day 26, and anti-OVA IgE (Th2 response) and IgG2a (Th1 response) antibodies were examined in serum and Th1, Th2 and Treg cytokines in spleen cells cultures. Results It was found that the AndoSan™ extract both when given either before or after OVA immunization reduced the levels of anti-OVA IgE, but not IgG2a, in the mice. There was a tendency to reduced Th2 relative to Th1 cytokine levels in the AndoSan™ groups. Conclusion This particular AbM extract may both prevent allergy development and be used as a therapeutical substance against established allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda K Ellertsen
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Ulleval, Oslo, Norway.
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Johnson E, Førland DT, Saetre L, Bernardshaw SV, Lyberg T, Hetland G. Effect of an extract based on the medicinal mushroom Agaricus blazei murill on release of cytokines, chemokines and leukocyte growth factors in human blood ex vivo and in vivo. Scand J Immunol 2009; 69:242-50. [PMID: 19281536 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An immunostimulatory extract based on the medicinal mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill (AbM) has been shown to stimulate mononuclear phagocytes in vitro to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, and to protect against lethal peritonitis in mice. The present aim was to study the effect of AbM on release of several cytokines in human whole blood both after stimulation ex vivo and in vivo after oral intake over several days in healthy volunteers. The 17 signal substances examined were; T helper 1 (Th1) cytokines [interleukin (IL)-2, interferon (IFN)-gamma and IL-12], T helper 2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13), pleiotropic (IL-7, IL-17), pro-inflammatory [IL-1beta, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha (mainly produced by Th1 cells)]--and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines, chemokines [IL-8, macrophage inhibitory protein (MIP)-1beta and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1] and leukocyte growth factors [granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor]. After stimulation of whole blood ex vivo with 0.5-5.0% of a mushroom extract, AndoSan mainly containing AbM, there was a dose-dependent increase in all the cytokines studied, ranging from two to 399-fold (TNF-alpha). However, in vivo in the eight volunteers who completed the daily intake (60 ml) of this AbM extract for 12 days, a significant reduction was observed in levels of IL-1beta (97%), TNF-alpha (84%), IL-17 (50%) and IL-2 (46%). Although not significant, there was a trend towards reduced levels for IL-8, IFN-gamma and G-CSF, whilst those of the remaining nine cytokines tested, were unaltered. The discrepant results on cytokine release ex vivo and in vivo may partly be explained by the antioxidant activity of AbM in vivo and limited absorption of its large, complex and bioactive beta-glucans across the intestinal mucosa to the reticuloendothelial system and blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Johnson
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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37
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Ribeiro-Santos G, Barbisan LF, Lopes FC, Spinardi-Barbisan ALT, da Eira AF, Kaneno R. Lack of chemopreventive activity of Agaricus blazei mushroom on the development of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci in rats. Nutr Cancer 2008; 60:768-75. [PMID: 19005976 DOI: 10.1080/01635580802196115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemopreventive and immunomodulatory potential of methanolic (MET) and dichloromethanic (DCl) extracts of Agaricus blazei mushroom were investigated in the postinitiation stage of colon carcinogenesis in male Wistar rats. Animals were initiated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and treated i.g. with DCl or MET extracts. After 9 wk, animals were sacrificed for evaluation of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) development, crypt cellular proliferation, preneoplastic liver lesions (GST-P), proliferative response of spleen cells to mitogen, and natural killer activity. Administration of DCl extracts did not suppress DMH-induced colonic ACF nor did it affect the crypt multiplicity, but the highest dose of MET significantly reduced the development of preneoplastic lesions in the colon and liver. Lymphoproliferative response was slightly decreased in the initiated control group, which was restored by treatment with MET. No toxicity from DCl and MET extracts was observed (groups MET and DCl).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Ribeiro-Santos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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38
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Yu CH, Kan SF, Shu CH, Lu TJ, Sun-Hwang L, Wang PS. Inhibitory mechanisms of Agaricus blazei Murill on the growth of prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo. J Nutr Biochem 2008; 20:753-64. [PMID: 18926679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Revised: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Agaricus blazei Murill (A. blazei) has been conventionally used as a health food for the prevention of cancer. However, little is known about the direct effects and action mechanisms of A. blazei on human prostate cancer. In the present study, the effects of A. blazei on the growth of human prostate cancer were examined in vitro and in vivo. A. blazei, especially the broth fraction, inhibited cell proliferation in both androgen-dependent and androgen-independent prostate cancer cell lines. The broth of A. blazei induced lactate dehydrogenase leakage in three cancer cell lines, whereas the activities of caspase 3 and the DNA fragmentation were enhanced the most in androgen-independent PC3 cells. The protein expressions of apoptosis-related molecules were elevated by the broth of A. blazei in PC3 cells. Oral supplementation with the broth of A. blazei (with the higher ratio of beta-glucan) significantly suppressed tumor growth without inducing adverse effects in severe combined immunodeficient mice with PC3 tumor xenograft. Tumor xenografts from A. blazei-fed mice showed decreased proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive cells and reduced tumor microvessel density. Based on these results, we found that the broth of A. blazei may directly inhibit the growth of prostate cancer cell via an apoptotic pathway and suppress prostate tumor growth via antiproliferative and antiangiogenic mechanisms. We therefore suggest that A. blazei might have potential therapeutic use in the prevention and treatment of human prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Han Yu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Shih-Pai, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, Republic of China
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39
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Hetland G, Johnson E, Lyberg T, Bernardshaw S, Tryggestad AMA, Grinde B. Effects of the Medicinal MushroomAgaricus blazeiMurill on Immunity, Infection and Cancer. Scand J Immunol 2008; 68:363-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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40
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In vivo growth-inhibition of Sarcoma 180 by an α-(1 → 4)-glucan–β-(1 → 6)-glucan-protein complex polysaccharide obtained from Agaricus blazei Murill. J Nat Med 2008; 63:32-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-008-0286-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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41
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Lima LFO, Habu S, Gern JC, Nascimento BM, Parada JL, Noseda MD, Gonçalves AG, Nisha VR, Pandey A, Soccol VT, Soccol CR. Production and characterization of the exopolysaccharides produced by Agaricus brasiliensis in submerged fermentation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008; 151:283-94. [PMID: 18516506 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8187-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the work was to study the production of the exopolysaccharides by Agaricus brasiliensis and the isolation of exopolysaccharides (EPSs) with biological effects. A brasiliensis LPB03 was cultured in submerged fermentation in a medium containing glucose, yeast extract, hydrolyzed soybean protein, and salts (pH 6.1) at 29 degrees C and 120 rpm for 144 h. The maximum biomass and EPS yield was 7.80 +/- 0.01 and 1,430.70 +/- 26.75 mg/L, respectively. To isolate the produced EPSs, two methods were compared: (1) with alcohol precipitation and (2) treatment with tricloroacetic acid (TCA), followed by alcohol precipitation. The use of TCA facilitated the purification of the EPS, reducing the amount of the contaminant soy proteins. For monosaccharide identification, the EPSs were hydrolyzed, derivatized to alditol acetates, and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry, which showed the presence (in molar percentage) of mannose (58.7), galactose (21.4), and glucose (13.1) as major sugars, with lower amounts of rhamnose (3.9) and xylose (2.8). Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the morphological structure of the EPS. The experiments in vivo including EPS in the mice diet during 8 weeks indicated the hipocholesteremic and hypoglycemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F O Lima
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Division, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Cho SM, Jang KY, Park HJ, Park JS. Analysis of the Chemical Constituents of Agaricus brasiliensis. MYCOBIOLOGY 2008; 36:50-54. [PMID: 23997608 PMCID: PMC3755252 DOI: 10.4489/myco.2008.36.1.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the chemical composition of A. blasiliensis and the chemical structural properties of an immuno-stimulating polysaccharide. The amino acids, free sugars, and organic acids by HPLC and fatty acids by GC were analyzed. The immuno-stimulating substance from A. blasiliensis was extracted with hot water and purified by ethanol precipitation. It underwent ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and gel filtration on Toyopearl HW 65F. Through GP-HPLC, the substance was found to be homogeneous. Its chemical structure was determined by (13)C-NMR. Fatty acids, organic acids, and sugar alcohol composition consisted exclusively of linoleic acid, fumaric acid and mannitol, respectively. The amino acids were mainly glutamic acid, glycine, and arginine. By (13)C-NMR analysis, the immuno-stimulating substance was identified as β-(1→3) (1→6)-glucan, composed of a backbone with (1→3)-linked D-glucopyranosyl residues branching a (1→6)-linked D-glucopyranosyl residue. The β-glucan from A. blasiliensis showed pronounced immuno-stimulating activity on the antibody-production ability of B-lymphocytes by the hemolytic suspension assay. In these results, A. blasiliensis was estimated to have potent pharmacological properties and potential nutritional values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Muk Cho
- National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, R.D.A. Suwon 441-707, Korea
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Firenzuoli F, Gori L, Lombardo G. The Medicinal Mushroom Agaricus blazei Murrill: Review of Literature and Pharmaco-Toxicological Problems. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2008; 5:3-15. [PMID: 18317543 PMCID: PMC2249742 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nem007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 01/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Agaricus blazei Murrill (ABM) popularly known as 'Cogumelo do Sol' in Brazil, or 'Himematsutake' in Japan, is a mushroom native to Brazil, and widely cultivated in Japan for its medicinal uses, so it is now considered as one of the most important edible and culinary-medicinal biotechnological species. It was traditionally used to treat many common diseases like atherosclerosis, hepatitis, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, dermatitis and cancer. In vitro and in vivo ABM has shown immunomodulatory and antimutagenic properties, although the biological pathways and chemical substances involved in its pharmacological activities are still not clear. The polysaccharides phytocomplex is thought to be responsible for its immunostimulant and antitumor properties, probably through an opsonizing biochemical pathway. Clinical studies are positive confirmations, but we are still at the beginning, and there are perplexing concerns especially relative to the content of agaritine. Argantine is a well-known carcinogenic and toxic substance in animals, that must be completely and fully evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Firenzuoli
- Center of Natural Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine, S. Giuseppe Hospital, Az USL 11, Empoli, Italy
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44
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Inhibitory effect of Agaricu blazei Murill components on abnormal collagen fiber formation in human hepatocarcinoma cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2008; 72:621-3. [PMID: 18256462 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hot-water extracts of the mycelial culture and fruiting bodies of Agaricus blazei Murill were fractionated by ethanol precipitation, using various ethanol concentrations. The mycelial fraction (A-4) inhibited abnormal collagen fiber formation, and fractions A-1 to A-3 showed a small inhibitory effect. The strongest inhibition was obtained by fraction A-4, and no significant inhibition was observed with fractions A-5 and A-6. With the fruiting bodies, fractions B-1 to B-6 showed no inhibitory effects on collagen fiber formation in HCC. The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) demonstrates that Agaricus blazei mycelial fraction A-4 did not inhibit the type I, II or III procollagen gene expression.
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Bernardshaw S, Hetland G, Grinde B, Johnson E. An extract of the mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill protects against lethal septicemia in a mouse model of fecal peritonitis. Shock 2008; 25:420-5. [PMID: 16670646 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000209526.58614.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial septicemia is frequently occurring during gastroenterological surgery. Because of increasing problems in hospitals with bacteria developing multiresistance against antibiotics, prophylactic treatment using immunomodulators is interesting. We have examined the putatively anti-infective immunomodulatory action of the edible mushroom, Agaricus blazei Murill (AbM), in an experimental peritonitis model in BALB/c mice. The mice were orally given an extract of AbM or phosphate-buffered saline 1 day before the induction of peritonitis with various concentrations of feces from the mice. The state of septicemia, as measured by the number of colony-forming units of bacteria in blood, and the survival rate of the animals were compared between the groups. Mice that were orally treated with AbM extract before bacterial challenge showed significantly lower levels of septicemia and improved survival rates. Our findings suggest that the AbM extract, when given prophylactically, may improve health. Further studies are needed on humans when considering whether AbM could be used as an alternative treatment modality for patients at risk of contracting serious bacterial peritonitis.
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46
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Chen C, Zhang Y, Li Y, Chu H, Xi Y. In vivoandin vitroanti-tumour response of selenium-protein polysaccharide extracted from rich seleniumAgaricus blazei. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/09540100701616548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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47
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Yuminamochi E, Koike T, Takeda K, Horiuchi I, Okumura K. Interleukin-12- and interferon-gamma-mediated natural killer cell activation by Agaricus blazei Murill. Immunology 2007; 121:197-206. [PMID: 17346284 PMCID: PMC2265935 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02558.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dried fruiting bodies of Agaricus blazei Murill (A. blazei) and its extracts have generally used as complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs). Here, we report that the oral administration of A. blazei augmented cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells in wild-type (WT) C57BL/6, C3H/HeJ, and BALB/c mice. Augmented cytotoxicity was demonstrated by purified NK cells from treated wild-type (WT) and RAG-2-deficient mice, but not from interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) deficient mice. NK cell activation and IFN-gamma production was also observed in vitro when dendritic cell (DC)-rich splenocytes of WT mice were coincubation with an extract of A. blazei. Both parameters were largely inhibited by neutralizing anti-interleukin-12 (IL-12) monoclonal antibody (mAb) and completely inhibited when anti-IL-12 mAb and anti-IL-18 mAb were used in combination. An aqueous extract of the hemicellulase-digested compound of A. blazei particle; (ABPC) induced IFN-gamma production more effectively, and this was completely inhibited by anti-IL-12 mAb alone. NK cell cytotoxicty was augmented with the same extracts, again in an IL-12 and IFN-gamma-dependent manner. These results clearly demonstrated that A. blazei and ABPC augmented NK cell activation through IL-12-mediated IFN-gamma production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Yuminamochi
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of MedicineTokyo, Japan
- Japan Applied Microbiology Research Institute LtdYamanashi, Japan
| | - Taisuke Koike
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of MedicineTokyo, Japan
- Japan Applied Microbiology Research Institute LtdYamanashi, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Takeda
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of MedicineTokyo, Japan
| | - Isao Horiuchi
- Japan Applied Microbiology Research Institute LtdYamanashi, Japan
| | - Ko Okumura
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of MedicineTokyo, Japan
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Oliveira OMMF, Vellosa JCR, Fernandes AS, Buffa-Filho W, Hakime-Silva RA, Furlan M, Brunetti IL. Antioxidant activity of Agaricus blazei. Fitoterapia 2007; 78:263-4. [PMID: 17349751 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2007.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ethanolic extract of Agaricus blazei and ethyl acetate and hydroalcoholic fractions were evaluated for their antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M M F Oliveira
- Unesp, Sao Paulo State University, Biochemistry and Technology Chemistry Department, Instituto de Química, Araraquara-SP, Brazil.
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49
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Murakawa K, Fukunaga K, Tanouchi M, Hosokawa M, Hossain Z, Takahashi K. Therapy of Myeloma In Vivo Using Marine Phospholipid in Combination with Agaricus blazei Murill as an Immune Respond Activator. J Oleo Sci 2007; 56:179-88. [PMID: 17898480 DOI: 10.5650/jos.56.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mushroom (Agaricus blazei Murill) extract has been reported to possess antitumor effects through immune activation. Here, we investigated the beneficial effects of combining A. blazei extract with marine phospholipids in comparison to A. blazei extract alone on myeloma sp2 tumor suppression when orally administrated. The experimental groups designed for sp2 tumor bearing BALB/c nu/nu mice were drinks of: (1)control; (2)1.0 mg/mL squid phospholipid liposome alone; (3)0.5 mg/mL A. blazei Murill water extract alone; (4)1.0 mg/mL squid phospholipid liposome with 0.5 mg/mL A. blazei Murill water extract in the form of those simple mixture; and (5)1.0 mg/mL squid phospholipid liposome with 0.5 mg/mL A. blazei Murill water extract partially encapsulated. Orally administrated volumes amounted to approximately 5 mL per day per mouse for all groups. A. blazei Murill water extract alone and squid phospholipid alone served groups show moderate tumor suppression with total administrations of approximately 105 mg/mouse for squid phospholipid through out the experimental term. When both A. blazei Murill water extract and squid phospholipid were administrated simultaneously in a simple mixture form, promotional effect on cancer tumor suppression was observed. And when A. blazei Murill water extract was partially encapsulated in the squid phospholipid liposomes with total administrations being 105 mg/mouse for squid phospholipid, effect on cancer tumor suppression was more pronounced. Though there was no statistically significant difference in tumor sizes between the simple mixture form administrated group i.e. group (4) and the partially encapsulated form administrated group i.e. group (5), the tumor vanished mouse was seen in the partially encapsulated form administrated group. Thus it was concluded that combinational administration of the A. blazei Murill water extract and the marine phospholipid may be useful in myeloma sp2 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Murakawa
- Division of Marine Biosciences, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
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Bernardshaw S, Hetland G, Ellertsen LK, Tryggestad AMA, Johnson E. An Extract of the Medicinal Mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill Differentially Stimulates Production of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines in Human Monocytes and Human Vein Endothelial Cells in vitro. Inflammation 2006; 29:147-53. [PMID: 17091395 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-006-9010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An extract of the edible mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill (AbM) has known antitumor and anti-infection properties, probably mainly by stimulating mononuclear phagocytes of the native immune system. The aim of this work was to study the effect of AbM on the production by human monocytes and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (EC) of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, TNFalpha), the anti-inflammatory/T regulatory cytokine IL-10 and the pro-Th1 cytokine IL-12. AbM, in concentrations from 1-15%, induced a considerable and dose-dependent increase in production of IL-8, IL-6, TNFalpha and IL-1beta in monocyte cultures. The biosynthesis reached a plateau at a concentration of 10% of AbM, and was most pronounced for the three former cytokines. AbM did also dose-dependently stimulate EC production of IL-8,I L-6 and TNFalpha, but at lower levels compared with the monocytes. AbM did neither induce synthesis of cytokines IL-10 nor IL-12 in monocytes or EC. Our results demonstrate the differential effect of AbM stimulation on the magnitude of pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by monocytes and EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soosaipillai Bernardshaw
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Ulleval University Hospital, Kirkeveien 166, 0407 Oslo, Norway
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