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Kim BS, Kim H, Kim JY. Effects of a choral program combining wind instrument performance and breathing training on respiratory function, stress, and quality of life in adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0276568. [PMID: 38713736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Choral activities are correlated with various health and wellbeing parameters. However, an intervention combining a music program using wind instruments and choral activities has not yet been investigated. Thus, this study aimed to assess the effects of a 12-week intervention combining a wind instrument performance program and a choral program on stress factors, quality of life, and respiratory function in adolescents located in a metropolitan city with exposure to air pollution. METHOD This randomized controlled trial consisted of 50 adolescents, and the subjects were randomly assigned to a combination wind instrument and choral training group, a choral training group, and a control group. Following a 12-week intervention program, respiratory function, stress factors, and quality of life were compared between the three groups. RESULTS Regarding respiratory function, with the exception of maximal inspiratory pressure, all measured variables exhibited an interaction to indicate a variation in the pattern of change(p<0.05). Furthermore, regarding stress factors and quality of life, all measured variables exhibited an interaction to indicate a variation in the pattern of change(p<0.05). As a result of the post-hoc analysis, significant differences were found in all variables in experimental group 1 compared to other groups (p<0.05). CONCLUSION The results showed that the 12-week intervention combining a wind instrument performance program and a choral program had positive effects in improving the respiratory function, stress factors, and quality of life in adolescents. This study findings are expected to support future studies aimed at promoting overall health including respiratory function and psychological factors through various music-based programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Soo Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Daejeon University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ho Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Daejeon University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ji Youn Kim
- Department of Fusion in Performing Art, College of Design Art, Daejeon University, Daejeon, South Korea
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Nazneen, Patra AK, Kolluru SSR, Penchala A, Kumar S, Mishra N, Sree NB, Santra S, Dubey R. Assessment of seasonal variability of PM, BC and UFP levels at a highway toll stations and their associated health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 245:118028. [PMID: 38160974 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.118028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
As a part of their occupation, workers at toll stations are exposed to traffic emissions during the working shift, which sometimes stretches to 12 h. To assess the exposure and subsequent health risk of these workers, a study was performed on a highway toll station in India. PM1, PM2.5, PM10, BC and UFP concentration were determined inside a toll collectors' cabin and outside in a free-flowing traffic section (125 m from the toll cabin). The concentrations varied in the following range: PM1 (40.69-226.13 μg m-3), PM2.5 (49.71-247.36 μg m-3), PM10 (83.15-458.14 μg m-3) and BC (2.1-87.5 μg m-3) and UFP: 101-53705 pt cm-3. The mean concentration inside the cabin was 1.34 (PM1), 1.35 (PM2.5), 1.16 (PM10) and 2.91 (BC) times the concentration outside for the summer season. The corresponding levels in the winter season were 1.14 (PM1), 1.11 (PM2.5), 1.11 (PM10), 2.50 (BC) and 1.82 (UFP). In addition to the exhaust emission, the non-exhaust emissions such as resuspension of crustal particles, fly ash and bioaerosols were identified. Using the Multiple Path Particle Dosimetry model for two groups - adults (18-21 years) and adults (21+ years), it was estimated that the pulmonary deposition of in-cabin workers were 50% (PM2.5) -75% (PM1) higher than the workers outside the cabin. Particle mass deposition was found to be higher for adults (21+ years) than adults (18-21 years) for both the seasons. The study quantitatively assessed the health risk faced by the workers in terms of exposure concentration and deposition in respiratory tract. More such studies at different traffic mix and climate can provide better estimates of health risk of toll workers that can be used to devise appropriate strategies for control of it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazneen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Aditya Kumar Patra
- Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India.
| | - Soma Sekhara Rao Kolluru
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Abhishek Penchala
- Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Sachidanand Kumar
- Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Namrata Mishra
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Naragam Bhanu Sree
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Samrat Santra
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Ravish Dubey
- Yale School of Environment, Yale University, USA
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Zhao CN, Xu Z, Wang P, Liu J, Wang R, Pan HF, Bao F. Associations between air pollutants and acute exacerbation of drug-resistant tuberculosis: evidence from a prospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:121. [PMID: 38262983 PMCID: PMC10807089 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short-term exposure to air pollution may trigger symptoms of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) through stimulating lung tissue, damaging tracheobronchial mucosa, the key anti-mycobacterium T cell immune function, and production and release of inflammatory cytokines. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between acute exacerbations of DR-TB and short-term residential exposure to air pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, CO and O3) based on a large prospective cohort in Anhui Province, China. METHOD Patients were derived from a prospective cohort study of DR-TB in Anhui Province. All DR-TB patients underwent drug-susceptibility testing and prefecture-level reference laboratories confirmed their microbiologies. The case-crossover design was performed to evaluate the association between the risk of acute exacerbations of DR-TB and short-term residential exposure to air pollution. RESULTS Short-term NO2 exposure was significantly related to an elevated risk of first-time outpatient visit due to acute exacerbations of DR-TB(relative risk:1.159, 95% confidence interval:1.011 ~ 1.329). Stratification analyses revealed that the relationship between the risk of acute exacerbations and NO2 exposure was stronger in the elderly (age ≥ 65) DR-TB patients, and in individuals with a history of TB treatment. CONCLUSIONS NO2 Exposure was significantly associated with an elevated risk of acute exacerbation of DR-TB in Anhui Province, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Na Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, 230032, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhiwei Xu
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Peng Wang
- Teaching Center for Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, 230032, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Tuberculosis Control, Tuberculosis Control Institute of Anhui Province, 397 Jixi Road, 230022, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Tuberculosis Control, Tuberculosis Control Institute of Anhui Province, 397 Jixi Road, 230022, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hai-Feng Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, 230032, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Fangjin Bao
- Department of Tuberculosis Control, Tuberculosis Control Institute of Anhui Province, 397 Jixi Road, 230022, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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Lei Y, Wang Z, Xu H, Feng R, Zhang N, Zhang Y, Du W, Zhang Q, Wang Q, Li L, Qu L, Hang Ho SS, Shen Z, Cao J. Characteristics and health risks of parent, alkylated, and oxygenated PAHs and their contributions to reactive oxygen species from PM 2.5 vehicular emissions in the longest tunnel in downtown Xi'an, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113357. [PMID: 35580669 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A vehicular emission study was conducted in the longest inner-city tunnel in Xi'an, northwestern China in four time periods (I: 07:30-10:30, II: 11:00-14:00, III: 16:30-19:30, and IV: 20:00-23:00 LST). A sum of 40 PAHs, including parent (p-PAHs), alkylated (a-PAHs), and oxygenated (o-PAHs) in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were quantified. The relationships between the PAHs and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were also studied. The average total quantified PAHs concentration was 236.3 ± 48.3 ng m-3. The p-PAHs were found to be the most dominated group, accounting for an average of 88.1% of the total quantified PAHs, followed by a-PAHs (6.1%) and o-PAHs (5.8%). On the base of the number of aromatic rings, the groups of ≤5 rings (92.5 ± 1.2%) had higher fractions than the high ones (≥6 rings, 7.5 ± 1.2%) for pPAHs. Diurnal variations of PAHs subgroups exhibited the highest levels in Period III, consistent with the largest traffic counts in evening rush hours. However, less reduction of few PAHs in the night period demonstrates that the emissions of compressed natural gas (CNG) and methanol-fueled vehicles cannot be ignored while their contribution increased. High ROS activity levels were observed in the traffic-dominated samples, implying the potential oxidative damages to humans. Additionally, diurnal variation of the ROS activity was consistent with the total quantified PAHs and toxic equivalency of benzo[a]pyrene. Good correlations (R > 0.6, p < 0.05) were seen between individual groups of PAHs (especially for 3-5 rings p-PAHs, 4 rings a-PAHs, and 2-3 rings o-PAHs) and ROS activity, supporting that the vehicular emitted PAHs possibly initiate oxidative stress. The multiple linear regression analysis further illustrated that chrysene contributed the highest (25.0%) to ROS activity. In addition to highlighting the potential hazards to the PAHs from the vehicular emission, their roles to mitigate the health effects by formations of ROS were firstly reported in northwestern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Lei
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Zexuan Wang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Rong Feng
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Ningning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Henan Research Academy of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Linli Qu
- Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, 89512, United States
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Junji Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China
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Uzun B, Onat B, Ayvaz C, Akın Ö, Alver Şahin Ü. Effect of time-activity patterns and microenvironments on the personal exposure of undergraduate students to black carbon. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:593. [PMID: 35857112 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10223-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the personal exposure to and potential dose of black carbon (BC) of undergraduate students (22-27 years old, nonsmokers) were determined. BC was continuously measured by a portable device (microAeth® AE51) for four consecutive days in Istanbul between April and May 2019. The time-activity diaries filled out by each volunteer were assessed to define the activities and microenvironments (home, school, transportation and entertainment) that contributed to daily BC exposure. The overall mean concentration of BC was 2.0 μg/m3, and the mean concentrations on weekdays and weekends were 3.0 μg/m3 and 1.1 μg/m3, respectively. Transportation made the highest contribution to mean BC exposure (42%) and dose (45.8%) on weekdays, while the contributions of home-based activities to BC exposure (66.1%) and dose (63.2%) were higher on weekends. Students had the most intense exposure to (2.8% and 4.6%) and dose (3.1% and 5.8%) of BC in transportation both on weekdays and on weekends, respectively. Between transportation modes, the mean BC concentration was the highest for minibuses (14.8 μg/m3), while walking made the largest contribution to BC exposure (16.8%) on weekdays. Students spent 12.8% of their weekdays at school, and the contributions of the school environment to BC exposure and dose were 8.5% and 7%, respectively. Exposure to BC increased during cooking and eating activities in microenvironments such as the kitchen, cafe and dining hall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Uzun
- Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcılar, 34320, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Burcu Onat
- Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcılar, 34320, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Coşkun Ayvaz
- Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcılar, 34320, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özcan Akın
- Department of Watershed Management, Faculty of Forestry, Düzce University, 81620, Düzce, Turkey
| | - Ülkü Alver Şahin
- Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcılar, 34320, Istanbul, Turkey
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Suhaimi NF, Jalaludin J, Mohd Juhari MA. The impact of traffic-related air pollution on lung function status and respiratory symptoms among children in Klang Valley, Malaysia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:535-546. [PMID: 32579034 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2020.1784397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Increasing the range of vehicles on traffic roads in the urban area has led to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) and is currently becoming the main concern for health, especially among children. The study aimed to determine associations between TRAP and respiratory health, also to identify the main factors that influenced them. A cross-sectional comparative study was carried out among children in high and low traffic areas. Air quality monitoring was conducted in six primary schools. A set of standardized questionnaires was distributed to obtain respondents' exposure history and respiratory health symptoms, while spirometry test was carried out to determine the lung function status. There were associations between TRAP and abnormality of FEV1% among children. NO2 was the main predictor that influenced both chest tightness and abnormality of FEV1%. Children exposed to a high level of traffic-related air pollution have an increased risk of respiratory symptoms and abnormality of lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Faseeha Suhaimi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Juliana Jalaludin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Afif Mohd Juhari
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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Defining pediatric asthma: phenotypes to endotypes and beyond. Pediatr Res 2021; 90:45-51. [PMID: 33173175 PMCID: PMC8107196 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-01231-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is the most common chronic pediatric lung disease that has traditionally been defined as a syndrome of airway inflammation characterized by clinical symptoms of cough and wheeze. Highlighting the complex and heterogeneous nature of asthma, this review summarizes recent advances in asthma classification that are based on pathobiology, and thereby directly addresses limitations of existent definitions of asthma. By reviewing and contrasting clinical and mechanistic features of adult and childhood asthma, the review summarizes key biomarkers that distinguish childhood asthma subtypes. While atopy and its severity are important features of childhood asthma, there is evidence to support the existence of a childhood asthma endotype distinct from the atopic endotype. Although biomarkers of non-atopic asthma are an area of future research, we summarize a clinical approach that includes existing measures of airway-specific and systemic measures of atopy, co-existing morbidities, and disease severity and control, in the definition of childhood asthma, to empower health care providers to better characterize asthma disease burden in children. Identification of biomarkers of non-atopic asthma and the contribution of genetics and epigenetics to pediatric asthma burden remains a research need, which can potentially allow delivery of precision medicine to pediatric asthma. IMPACT: This review highlights asthma as a complex and heterogeneous disease and discusses recent advances in the understanding of the pathobiology of asthma to demonstrate the need for a more nuanced definitions of asthma. We review current knowledge of asthma phenotypes and endotypes and put forth an approach to endotyping asthma that may be useful for defining asthma for clinical care as well as for future research studies in the realm of personalized medicine for asthma.
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Traffic Density-Related Black Carbon Distribution: Impact of Wind in a Basin Town. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126490. [PMID: 34208506 PMCID: PMC8296370 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon is one of the riskiest particle matter pollutants that is harmful to human health. Although it has been increasingly investigated, factors that depend on black carbon distribution and concentration are still insufficiently researched. Variables, such as traffic density, wind speeds, and ground levels can lead to substantial variations of black carbon concentrations and potential exposure, which is even riskier for people living in less-airy sites. Therefore, this paper “fills the gaps” by studying black carbon distribution variations, concentrations, and oscillations, with special emphasis on traffic density and road segments, at multiple locations, in a small city located in a basin, with frequent temperature inversions and infrequent low wind speeds. As wind speed has a significant impact on black carbon concentration trends, it is critical to present how low wind speeds influence black carbon dispersion in a basin city, and how black carbon is dependent on traffic density. Our results revealed that when the wind reached speeds of 1 ms−1, black carbon concentrations actually increased. In lengthy wind periods, when wind speeds reached 2 or 3 ms−1, black carbon concentrations decreased during rush hour and in the time of severe winter biomass burning. By observing the results, it could be concluded that black carbon persists longer in higher altitudes than near ground level. Black carbon concentration oscillations were also seen as more pronounced on main roads with higher traffic density. The more the traffic decreases and becomes steady, the more black carbon concentrations oscillate.
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Adam MG, Tran PTM, Cheong DKW, Chandra Sekhar S, Tham KW, Balasubramanian R. Assessment of Home-Based and Mobility-Based Exposure to Black Carbon in an Urban Environment: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18095028. [PMID: 34068742 PMCID: PMC8126254 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18095028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The combustion of fossil fuels is a significant source of particulate-bound black carbon (BC) in urban environments. The personal exposure (PE) of urban dwellers to BC and subsequent health impacts remain poorly understood due to a lack of observational data. In this study, we assessed and quantified the levels of PE to BC under two exposure scenarios (home-based and mobility-based exposure) in the city of Trivandrum in India. In the home-based scenario, the PE to BC was assessed in a naturally ventilated building over 24 h each day during the study period while in the mobility-based scenario, the PE to BC was monitored across diverse microenvironments (MEs) during the day using the same study protocol for consistency. Elevated BC concentrations were observed during the transport by motorcycle (26.23 ± 2.33 µg/m3) and car (17.49 ± 2.37 µg/m3). The BC concentrations observed in the MEs decreased in the following order: 16.58 ± 1.38 µg/m3 (temple), 13.78 ± 2.07 µg/m3 (restaurant), 11.44 ± 1.37 µg/m3 (bus stop), and 8.27 ± 1.88 µg/m3 (home); the standard deviations represent the temporal and spatial variations of BC concentrations. Overall, a relatively larger inhaled dose of BC in the range of 148.98–163.87 µg/day was observed for the mobility-based scenario compared to the home-based one (118.10–137.03 µg/day). This work highlights the importance of reducing PE to fossil fuel-related particulate emissions in cities for which BC is a good indicator. The study outcome could be used to formulate effective strategies to improve the urban air quality as well as public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Gerrit Adam
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore; (M.G.A.); (P.T.M.T.)
| | - Phuong Thi Minh Tran
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore; (M.G.A.); (P.T.M.T.)
- Faculty of Environment, The University of Danang—University of Science and Technology, 54 Nguyen Luong Bang Street, Lien Chieu District, Danang City 50608, Vietnam
| | - David Kok Wai Cheong
- Department of Building, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117566, Singapore; (D.K.W.C.); (S.C.S.); (K.W.T.)
| | - Sitaraman Chandra Sekhar
- Department of Building, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117566, Singapore; (D.K.W.C.); (S.C.S.); (K.W.T.)
| | - Kwok Wai Tham
- Department of Building, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117566, Singapore; (D.K.W.C.); (S.C.S.); (K.W.T.)
| | - Rajasekhar Balasubramanian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore; (M.G.A.); (P.T.M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6516-5135; Fax: +65-6779-1635
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Osborne S, Uche O, Mitsakou C, Exley K, Dimitroulopoulou S. Air quality around schools: Part I - A comprehensive literature review across high-income countries. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 196:110817. [PMID: 33524334 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Children are particularly vulnerable to the detrimental health impacts of poor air quality. In the UK, recent initiatives at local council level have focussed on mitigating children's air pollution exposure at school. However, an overview of the available evidence on concentration and exposure in school environments - and a summary of key knowledge gaps - has so far been lacking. To address this, we conducted a review bringing together recent academic and grey literature, relating to air quality in outdoor school environments - including playgrounds, drop-off zones, and the school commute - across high-income countries. We aimed to critically assess, synthesise, and categorise the available literature, to produce recommendations on future research and mitigating actions. Our searches initially identified 883 articles of interest, which were filtered down in screening and appraisal to a final total of 100 for inclusion. Many of the included studies focussed on nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and particulate matter (PM) in both the coarse and fine fractions, around schools across a range of countries. Some studies also observed ozone (O3) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) outside schools. Our review identified evidence that children can encounter pollution peaks on the school journey, at school gates, and in school playgrounds; that nearby traffic is a key determinant of concentrations outside schools; and that factors relating to planning and urban design - such as the type of playground paving, and amount of surrounding green space - can influence school site concentrations. The review also outlines evidence gaps that can be targeted in future research. These include the need for more personal monitoring studies that distinguish between the exposure that takes place indoors and outdoors at school, and a need for a greater number of studies that conduct before-after evaluation of local interventions designed to mitigate children's exposure, such as green barriers and road closures. Finally, our review also proposes some tangible recommendations for policymakers and local leaders. The creation of clean air zones around schools; greening of school grounds; careful selection of new school sites; promotion of active travel to and from school; avoidance of major roads on the school commute; and scheduling of outdoor learning and play away from peak traffic hours, are all advocated by the evidence collated in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Osborne
- Air Quality & Public Health Group, Environmental Hazards and Emergencies Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Oxon, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Onyekachi Uche
- Air Quality & Public Health Group, Environmental Hazards and Emergencies Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Oxon, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Christina Mitsakou
- Air Quality & Public Health Group, Environmental Hazards and Emergencies Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Oxon, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Karen Exley
- Air Quality & Public Health Group, Environmental Hazards and Emergencies Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Oxon, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Sani Dimitroulopoulou
- Air Quality & Public Health Group, Environmental Hazards and Emergencies Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Oxon, OX11 0RQ, UK.
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Particulate Matter 10 (PM 10) Is Associated with Epistaxis in Children and Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094809. [PMID: 33946392 PMCID: PMC8124263 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The impact of atmospheric concentration of particulate matter ≤10 μm in diameter (PM10) continues to attract research attention. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of meteorological factors, including PM10 concentration, on epistaxis presentation in children and adults. We reviewed the data from 1557 days and 2273 cases of epistaxis between January 2015 and December 2019. Eligible patients were stratified by age into the children (age ≤17 years) and adult groups. The main outcome was the incidence and cumulative number of epistaxis presentations in hospital per day and month. Meteorological factors and PM10 concentration data were obtained from the Korea Meteorological Administration. Several meteorological factors were associated with epistaxis presentation in hospital; however, these associations differed between children and adults. Only PM10 concentration was consistently associated with daily epistaxis presentation in hospital among both children and adults. Additionally, PM10 concentration was associated with the daily cumulative number of epistaxis presentations in hospital in children and adults. Furthermore, the monthly mean PM10 concentration was significantly associated with the total number of epistaxis presentations in the corresponding month. PM10 concentration should be regarded as an important environmental factor that may affect epistaxis in both children and adults.
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Pang Y, Huang W, Luo XS, Chen Q, Zhao Z, Tang M, Hong Y, Chen J, Li H. In-vitro human lung cell injuries induced by urban PM 2.5 during a severe air pollution episode: Variations associated with particle components. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 206:111406. [PMID: 33007542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Environmental air pollutants pose significant threats to public health, especially the toxicity and diseases caused by the atmospheric fine particulate matters (PM2.5). Since the health risks vary with both the concentrations and compositions of PM2.5 which are determined by aerosol sources, how are their toxic effects relevant to the pollution level becomes an important issue, such as the haze episodes covering clean and polluted days. With the transition from non-pollution to pollution stage, daily PM2.5 samples were collected from both the urban and industrial areas of Nanjing city, eastern China, covering a typical haze event in autumn-winter. Their unpropitious effects on human lung epithelial cells (A549) were compared by in vitro toxicity assays and chemical component analysis. Both air levels and cytotoxic effects of PM2.5 varied with the transition of haze event. Although the concentration of PM2.5 in air is of course the highest in pollution stage driven by local stable meteorological condition, unit mass of them posed higher toxicity (lower cell viability and higher IL-6) but induced lower cell oxidative (evidences of ROS and NQO1 mRNA expression) and inflammatory cytokine TNF-α responses than those particles during non-pollution stage. These patterns were explained by the metals and water-soluble components decreased with the haze development. Non-soluble particulate carbonaceous aerosol compositions might play a significant role in inducing cytotoxicity. Moreover, the regional pattern of episode pollution weakened the spatial variation within a city scale. Since the haze development intensified both the quantity and toxicity of PM2.5 in air, the health risks of overall aerosol exposure were synthetically amplified during haze weather, so the increased air particles with higher toxic components from fuel combustion sources should be key targets of pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Pang
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Weijie Huang
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiao-San Luo
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Qi Chen
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Mingwei Tang
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Youwei Hong
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
| | - Jinsheng Chen
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
| | - Hongbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
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13
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Adetona O, Ozoh OB, Oluseyi T, Uzoegwu Q, Odei J, Lucas M. An exploratory evaluation of the potential pulmonary, neurological and other health effects of chronic exposure to emissions from municipal solid waste fires at a large dumpsite in Olusosun, Lagos, Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:30885-30892. [PMID: 32537691 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09701-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Open municipal solid waste (MSW) combustion is a major emission source of particulate air pollution, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and more exotic hazardous organic pollutants including polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants. However, the adverse impact of MSW combustion emission on health among the general population is unknown. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the associations between potential exposure to MSW combustion-related air pollution and symptoms of adverse health effects among residents of a community adjacent to a large open landfill in Lagos, Nigeria. Using ordinal logistic regression and controlling for age, sex, and smoking, it was observed that residence for ≥ 11 years had increased odds (p < 0.05) of daily occurrence of tingling/numbness/whiteness of fingers (2.614), headaches (2.725), memory problems (2.869), tremor/cramps (2.748), and confusion (3.033) among other symptoms. These results indicate adverse health impacts of chronic exposure to MSW combustion emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olorunfemi Adetona
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health,, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health,, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Obianuju B Ozoh
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine,, University of Lagos, Lagos,, Nigeria.
| | | | - Queen Uzoegwu
- Department of Chemistry,, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - James Odei
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health,, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health,, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Maria Lucas
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health,, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health,, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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14
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Niu X, Chuang HC, Wang X, Ho SSH, Li L, Qu L, Chow JC, Watson JG, Sun J, Lee S, Cao J, Ho KF. Cytotoxicity of PM 2.5 vehicular emissions in the Shing Mun Tunnel, Hong Kong. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114386. [PMID: 32203846 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Associations between human exposures to vehicular emissions (VE) and cardiopulmonary diseases have been found, with a dearth of information on particle cytotoxicity. This study exposes human lung alveolar epithelial (A549) cells to PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm) samples collected in a tunnel and investigates the oxidative and inflammatory responses. The cytotoxicity factor (CF) is used to normalize the VE cytotoxicity. The emission factors (EFs) were 27.2 ± 12.0 mg vehicle-1 km-1 for PM2.5 and 4.93 ± 1.67 μg vehicle-1 km-1 for measured polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Higher EFs were found for high (4-6 rings) than low (2-3 rings) molecular-weight particulate PAHs. PM2.5 VE caused oxidative stress and inflammation of human lung cells. Organic carbon (OC), element carbon (EC), and several PAHs were significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with bioreactivity. Higher CFs were found when diesel vehicle counts were highest during the morning rush hour, implying that diesel-fueled VE were major contributors to cytotoxic effects. This study provides a broader understanding of the toxicity in an engine-exhaust dominated environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Niu
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, 89512, United States
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, 89512, United States; Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linli Qu
- Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Hong Kong, China
| | - Judith C Chow
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, 89512, United States
| | - John G Watson
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, 89512, United States
| | - Jian Sun
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Shuncheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Junji Cao
- State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Kin Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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15
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Molfino A, Amabile MI, Muscaritoli M, Germano A, Alfano R, Ramaccini C, Spagnoli A, Cavaliere L, Marseglia G, Nardone A, Muto G, Carbone U, Triassi M, Fiorito S. Association Between Metabolic and Hormonal Derangements and Professional Exposure to Urban Pollution in a High Intensity Traffic Area. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:509. [PMID: 32849295 PMCID: PMC7431614 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Studies suggest a relation between exposure to air particulate matter (PM)2.5 pollution and greater cardiovascular morbidity, as well as increased risk for obesity and diabetes. We aimed to identify association(s) between nutritional and metabolic status and exposure to environmental pollution in a cohort of policemen exposed to high levels of air pollution. Methods: We considered adult municipal policemen, working in an urban area at high-traffic density with documented high levels of air PM2.5 (exposed group) compared to non-exposed policemen. Clinical characteristics, including the presence/absence of metabolic syndrome, were recorded, and serum biomarkers, including adiponectin, leptin, and ghrelin, were assessed. Results: One hundred ninety-nine participants were enrolled, 100 in the exposed group and 99 in the non-exposed group. Metabolic syndrome was documented in 32% of exposed group and in 52.5% of non-exposed group (P = 0.008). In the exposed group, we found a positive correlation between body mass index and serum leptin as well as in the non-exposed group (P < 0.0001). Within the exposed group, subjects with metabolic syndrome showed lower serum adiponectin (P < 0.0001) and higher leptin (P = 0.002) levels with respect to those without metabolic syndrome, whereas in the non-exposed group, subjects with metabolic syndrome showed only higher leptin levels when compared to those without metabolic syndrome (P = 0.01). Among the participants with metabolic syndrome, we found lower adiponectin levels in those of the exposed group with respect to the non-exposed ones (P = 0.007). When comparing the exposed and non-exposed groups, after stratifying participants for Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance >2.5, we found lower adiponectin levels in those of the exposed group with respect to the non-exposed ones (P = 0.038). Conclusions: Exposure to air PM pollution was associated with lower levels of adiponectin in adult males with metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Molfino
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Alessio Molfino
| | - Maria Ida Amabile
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Muscaritoli
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Rossella Alfano
- Department of Public Health, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Cesarina Ramaccini
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Spagnoli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonio Nardone
- Department of Public Health, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Muto
- Department of Public Health, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Umberto Carbone
- Department of Public Health, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Triassi
- Department of Public Health, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvana Fiorito
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, CNR, Rome, Italy
- Silvana Fiorito
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16
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Jeong CH, Salehi S, Wu J, North ML, Kim JS, Chow CW, Evans GJ. Indoor measurements of air pollutants in residential houses in urban and suburban areas: Indoor versus ambient concentrations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 693:133446. [PMID: 31374501 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Indoor exposure to air pollutants was assessed through 99 visits to 51 homes located in downtown high-rise buildings and detached houses in suburban and rural areas. The ambient concentrations of ultrafine particles (UFP), black carbon (BC), particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5), and trace elements were concurrently measured at a central monitoring site in downtown Toronto. Median hourly indoor concentrations for all measurements were 4700 particles/cm3 for UFP, 270 ng/m3 for BC, and 4 μg/m3 for PM2.5, which were lower than ambient outdoor levels by a factor of 2-3. Much higher variability was observed for indoor UFP and BC across the homes compared to ambient levels, mostly due to the influence of indoor cooking emissions. Traffic emissions appeared to have a strong influence on the indoor background (i.e., outdoor-originated) concentrations of BC, UFP, and some trace elements. Specifically, 85% and 34% of the indoor concentrations of BC and UFP were predominantly from outdoor sources, respectively. Moreover, a positive correlation was observed between indoor concentrations of BC and UFP and total road length within a 300 m buffer zone. There was no significant decrease in indoor air pollution with increasing floor level among high-rise residences. In addition to the influence of outdoor sources on indoor air quality, indoor sources contributed to elevated concentrations of K, Ca, Cr, and Cu. A factor analysis was performed on trace elements, UFP, and BC in homes to further resolve possible sources. Local traffic emissions, soil dust, biomass burning, and regional coal combustion were identified as outdoor-originated sources, while cooking emissions was a dominant indoor source. This study highlights how outdoor sources can contribute to chronic exposure in indoor environments and how indoor activities can be associated with acute exposure to temporally varying indoor-originated air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol-Heon Jeong
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Sepehr Salehi
- Division of Respirology and Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joyce Wu
- Division of Respirology and Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle L North
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jong Sung Kim
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Chung-Wai Chow
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Respirology and Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Greg J Evans
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Characteristics of PM 2.5 and Black Carbon Exposure Among Subway Workers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16162901. [PMID: 31412662 PMCID: PMC6720913 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16162901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the characteristics of exposure to both PM2.5 and black carbon (BC) among subway workers. A total of 61 subway workers, including 26, 23, and 12 subway station managers, maintenance engineers, and train drivers, respectively, were investigated in 2018. Real-time measurements of airborne PM2.5 and BC were simultaneously conducted around the breathing zones of workers. Maintenance engineers had the highest average levels of exposure to both PM2.5 and BC (PM2.5, 76 µg/m3; BC, 9.3 µg/m3), followed by train drivers (63.2 µg/m3, 5.9 µg/m3) and subway station managers (39.7 µg/m3, 2.2 µg/m3). In terms of the relationship between mass concentrations of PM2.5 and BC, train drivers demonstrated the strongest correlation (R = 0.72), indicating that the proportion of BC contained in PM2.5 is relatively steady. The average proportion of BC in PM2.5 among maintenance engineers (13.0%) was higher than that among train drivers (9.4%) and subway station managers (6.4%). Univariate and mixed effect multiple analyses demonstrated the type of task and worksite to be significant factors affecting exposure levels in maintenance engineers and subway station managers. The use of diesel engine motorcars in tunnel maintenance was found to be a key contributor to PM2.5 and BC exposure levels among subway workers.
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18
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Yoda Y, Takagi H, Wakamatsu J, Ito T, Nakatsubo R, Horie Y, Hiraki T, Shima M. Stronger association between particulate air pollution and pulmonary function among healthy students in fall than in spring. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 675:483-489. [PMID: 31030154 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported the short-term effects of particulate air pollution on health. However, most of those studies were relatively short in duration, with only a few, in healthy adolescents. We investigated the short-term effects of particulate air pollution on pulmonary function in healthy adolescents over a long period. A panel study was repeatedly conducted twice a year for about one month each, in spring and fall from 2014 to 2016, in an isolated island in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. Daily measurements of peak expiratory flow (PEF) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) were performed in a total of 48 healthy college students aged 15-19 years. The ambient concentrations of particulate matter with diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) and between 2.5 and 10 μm (PM10-2.5), and black carbon (BC) were continuously measured. A mixed-effects model was used to investigate the relationships between air pollutants and pulmonary function. In the overall analyses of the six study periods, decreases in the PEF and FEV1 were significantly associated with increases in the PM2.5 and BC concentrations. The greatest decrease was found in FEV1 (-1.97% [95% confidence interval (CI): -2.90, -1.04]), which was associated with an interquartile range (IQR) increase in the 0-72-h average concentrations of PM2.5 (14.1 μg/m3). Neither PEF nor FEV1 were associated with PM10-2.5 concentrations. In the analyses by season, both the PEF and FEV1 values decreased significantly in relation to increases in the PM2.5, PM10-2.5 and BC concentrations in the fall. However, in spring, both PEF and FEV1 showed weak associations with each of the pollutants. In conclusion, relatively low increases in the ambient particulate matter levels were associated with reduced pulmonary function among healthy adolescents. This association was stronger in fall than in spring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Yoda
- Department of Public Health, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Takagi
- National Institute of Technology, Yuge College, Kamijima, Japan.
| | - Junko Wakamatsu
- National Institute of Technology, Yuge College, Kamijima, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Ito
- National Institute of Technology, Yuge College, Kamijima, Japan.
| | - Ryohei Nakatsubo
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Horie
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Takatoshi Hiraki
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Shima
- Department of Public Health, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan.
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Tomić-Spirić V, Kovačević G, Marinković J, Janković J, Ćirković A, Milošević Đerić A, Relić N, Janković S. Evaluation of the Impact of Black Carbon on the Worsening of Allergic Respiratory Diseases in the Region of Western Serbia: A Time-Stratified Case-Crossover Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55060261. [PMID: 31181862 PMCID: PMC6631303 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55060261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Many epidemiological studies have shown a positive association between black carbon (BC) and the exacerbation of allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma. However, none of the studies in Serbia examined this relationship yet. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between BC and emergency department (ED) visits for allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma in the Užice region of Serbia. Materials and Methods: A time-stratified case-crossover design was applied to 523 ED visits for allergic rhinitis and asthma exacerbation that occurred in the Užice region of Serbia between 2012–2014. Data regarding ED visits were routinely collected in the Health Center of Užice. The daily average concentrations of BC were measured by automatic ambient air quality monitoring stations. Odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using conditional logistic regression adjusted for the potential confounding influence of weather variables (temperature, humidity, and air pressure). Results: Statistically significant associations were observed between ED visits for allergic rhinitis and 2-day lagged exposure to BC (OR = 3.20; CI = 1.00–10.18; p = 0.049) and allergic asthma and 3-day lagged exposure to BC (OR = 3.23; CI = 1.05–9.95; p = 0.041). Conclusion: Exposure to BC in the Užice region increases the risk of ED visits for allergic rhinitis and asthma, particularly during the heating season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Tomić-Spirić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
- Clinic for Allergology and Immunology, Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | | | - Jelena Marinković
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Janko Janković
- Institute of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Anđa Ćirković
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | | | - Nenad Relić
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Priština, 38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia.
| | - Slavenka Janković
- Institute of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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20
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Martens AL, Reedijk M, Smid T, Huss A, Timmermans D, Strak M, Swart W, Lenters V, Kromhout H, Verheij R, Slottje P, Vermeulen RCH. Modeled and perceived RF-EMF, noise and air pollution and symptoms in a population cohort. Is perception key in predicting symptoms? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 639:75-83. [PMID: 29778684 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychosocial research has shown that perceived exposure can influence symptom reporting, regardless of actual exposure. The impact of this phenomenon on the interpretation of results from epidemiological research on environmental determinants of symptoms is unclear. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to compare associations between modeled exposures, the perceived level of these exposures and reported symptoms (non-specific symptoms, sleep disturbances, and respiratory symptoms) for three different environmental exposures (radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF), noise, and air pollution). These environmental exposures vary in the degree to which they can be sensorially observed. METHODS Participant characteristics, perceived exposures, and self-reported health were assessed with a baseline (n = 14,829, 2011/2012) and follow-up (n = 7905, 2015) questionnaire in the Dutch population-based Occupational and Environmental Health Cohort (AMIGO). Environmental exposures were estimated at the home address using spatial models. Cross-sectional and longitudinal regression models were used to examine the associations between modeled and perceived exposures, and reported symptoms. RESULTS The extent to which exposure sources could be observed by participants likely influenced correlations between modeled and perceived exposure as correlations were moderate for air pollution (rSp = 0.34) and noise (rSp = 0.40), but less so for RF-EMF (rSp = 0.11). Perceived exposures were consistently associated with increased symptom scores (respiratory, sleep, non-specific). Modeled exposures, except RF-EMF, were associated with increased symptom scores, but these associations disappeared or strongly diminished when accounted for perceived exposure in the analyses. DISCUSSION Perceived exposure has an important role in symptom reporting. When environmental determinants of symptoms are studied without acknowledging the potential role of both modeled and perceived exposures, there is a risk of bias in health risk assessment. However, the etiological role of exposure perceptions in relation to symptom reporting requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid L Martens
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3508TD Utrecht, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorstraat 7, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marije Reedijk
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3508TD Utrecht, The Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Universiteitsweg 100, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Tjabe Smid
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorstraat 7, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Anke Huss
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3508TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Danielle Timmermans
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorstraat 7, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Maciej Strak
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3508TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Wim Swart
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Virissa Lenters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3508TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3508TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Robert Verheij
- NIVEL, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, Otterstraat 118-124, 3513CR Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Pauline Slottje
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorstraat 7, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Roel C H Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3508TD Utrecht, The Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Universiteitsweg 100, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; Imperial College, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom.
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Huang K, Li W, Chen Y, Zhu J. Effect of PM2.5 on invasion and proliferation of HeLa cells and the expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-1 and IL-6. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:7068-7073. [PMID: 30546440 PMCID: PMC6256744 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Effects of different levels of PM2.5 on invasion and proliferation of HeLa cells and the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-1 and IL-6 under 10 µg/ml PM2.5 were investigated. Different groups of HeLa cells were treated with PM2.5 at 0, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 200 µg/ml for 36 h, respectively. Cell proliferation was detected by MTT assay. Transwell assay was performed to detect the invasion of HeLa cells. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), RT-qPCR and western blotting were used to detect the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-1 and IL-6 in PM2.5-stimulated HeLa cells. It was observed that proliferation of cells treated with PM2.5 at a concentration of 10 µg/ml was basically the same as that of untreated cells, while high concentration of PM2.5 inhibited the proliferation of HeLa cells in a dose-dependent manner in the range from 25 to 200 µg/ml (P<0.05). Transwell invasion assay showed that the number of migrating HeLa cells stimulated by 10 µg/ml PM2.5 was significantly greater than that of NC group cells (P<0.05). Western blotting showed that IL-1 and IL-6 protein expression levels in HeLa cells after stimulation with 10 µg/ml PM2.5 were significantly higher than that in NC group (P<0.05). RT-qPCR results also showed that IL-1 mRNA and IL-6 mRNA expression levels in HeLa cells stimulated by 10 µg/ml PM2.5 were significantly higher than those in the NC group (P<0.05). Additionally, ELISA results showed that IL-1 and IL-6 levels in HeLa cells stimulated by 10 µg/ml PM2.5 were significantly higher than those in NC group (P<0.05). We conclude that high concentrations of PM2.5 can inhibit the proliferation of HeLa cells to a certain extent. Stimulation with 10 µg/ml PM2.5 increases the invasion ability of HeLa cells and promotes the expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-1 and IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqing Huang
- Department of Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
| | - Wenxiang Li
- Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi 530011, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Chen
- Department of Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
| | - Jinyan Zhu
- Department of Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
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The association of ambient PM 2.5 with school absence and symptoms in schoolchildren: a panel study. Pediatr Res 2018; 84:28-33. [PMID: 29795198 PMCID: PMC6581566 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-018-0004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children are a susceptible population to exposure of ambient fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5), and the associated symptoms are sensitive prevalent indicators of morbidity. However, few studies to date investigate the association between PM2.5 exposure and school absence and symptoms. METHODS In a panel study including 20,291 observations in 615 schoolchildren 8-13 years of age, we asked the participants to record their school absence and symptoms on every school day from 17 November to 31 December 2014 in Jinan, China. We used the generalized linear mixed effects models to examine the adverse effects of ambient PM2.5 on school absence and symptoms, adjusting for covariates including meteorological and individual factors. RESULTS The 3-day moving average of PM2.5 was significantly associated with school absence (1.37; 95% CI: 1.07-1.74) and increases in symptoms of the throat (1.03; 95% CI: 1.00-1.05), nose (1.03; 95% CI: 1.01-1.06), and skin (1.09; 95% CI: 1.06-1.12). High PM2.5 exposure also increased the risks of individual symptoms, especially for cough (1.02; 95% CI: 1.00-1.04), sneezing (1.03; 95% CI: 1.00-1.07), and stuffy nose (1.09; 95% CI: 1.02-1.17). CONCLUSION High PM2.5 exposure is a risk factor for the health of schoolchildren. Allocation of medical resources for children should take into account the ambient PM2.5 concentrations and be proportioned accordingly.
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RISK EFFECTS OF NEAR-ROADWAY POLLUTANTS AND ASTHMA STATUS ON BRONCHITIC SYMPTOMS IN CHILDREN. Environ Epidemiol 2018; 2. [PMID: 30519674 PMCID: PMC6277033 DOI: 10.1097/ee9.0000000000000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background: Bronchitic symptoms in children pose a significant clinical and public health burden. Exposures to criteria air pollutants affect bronchitic symptoms, especially in children with asthma. Less is known about near-roadway exposures. Methods: Bronchitic symptoms (bronchitis, chronic cough, or phlegm) in the past 12 months were assessed annually with 8 to 9 years of follow-up on 6757 children from the southern California Children’s Health Study. Residential exposure to freeway and non-freeway near-roadway air pollution was estimated using a line-source dispersion model. Mixed-effects logistic regression models were used to relate near-roadway air pollutant exposures to bronchitic symptoms among children with and without asthma. Results: Among children with asthma, a 2 SD increase in non-freeway exposures (odds ratio [OR]: 1.44; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.17, 1.78) and freeway exposures (OR: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.60) were significantly associated with increased risk of bronchitic symptoms. Among children without asthma, only non-freeway exposures had a significant association (OR: 1.14; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.29). Associations were strongest among children living in communities with lower regional particulate matter. Conclusions: Near-roadway air pollution was associated with bronchitic symptoms, especially among children with asthma and those living in communities with lower regional particulate matter. Better characterization of traffic pollutants from non-freeway roads is needed since many children live in close proximity to this source.
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Mentz G, Robins TG, Batterman S, Naidoo RN. Acute respiratory symptoms associated with short term fluctuations in ambient pollutants among schoolchildren in Durban, South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 233:529-539. [PMID: 29102883 PMCID: PMC5764788 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ambient air pollution has been associated with adverse respiratory outcomes, especially among children with asthma. This study reports on associations between daily ambient air pollutant concentrations and the respiratory symptoms of schoolchildren living in Durban, South Africa. This city is Africa's busiest port and a key hub for imported crude oil and exported refined petroleum and petrochemical products, and it experiences a mixture of air pollutants that reflects emissions from industry, traffic and biomass burning. Children in four communities in the highly industrialized southern portion of the city were compared to children of similar socio-economic profiles living in the north of the city. One school was selected in each community. A total of 423 children were recruited. Symptom logs were completed every 1.5-2 h over 3-week period in each of four seasons. Ambient concentrations of NO2, NO, SO2, CO, O3, PM2.5 and PM10 were measured throughout the study. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and assess lag effects (1-5 days) using single pollutant (single lags or distributed lags) models. Concentrations of SO2 and NOx were markedly higher in the south, while PM10 did not vary. Significant increase in the odds ratios of cough were identified for the various lags analyzed. The OR of symptoms was further increased among those living in the south compared to the north. In conclusion, in this analysis of over 70,000 observations, we provide further evidence that exposure to PM10, SO2, NO2 and NO is associated with significantly increased occurrence of respiratory symptoms among children. This was evident for cough, shortness of breath, and chest tightness, across the four pollutants and for different lags of exposure. This is the first study describing these changes in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Mentz
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1420 Washington Heights, Room M6007 SPH II 2029, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA.
| | - Thomas G Robins
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1420 Washington Heights, Room M6007 SPH II 2029, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA.
| | - Stuart Batterman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1420 Washington Heights, Room M6007 SPH II 2029, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA.
| | - Rajen N Naidoo
- Discipline of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Room 321, George Campbell Building, Durban, 4041, South Africa.
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25
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Jung CR, Young LH, Hsu HT, Lin MY, Chen YC, Hwang BF, Tsai PJ. PM 2.5 components and outpatient visits for asthma: A time-stratified case-crossover study in a suburban area. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:1085-1092. [PMID: 28922715 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of fine particles (PM2.5) on asthma have been widely confirmed by epidemiological research studies. However, a limited number of studies have investigated the relationship between exposure to different PM2.5 components and asthma. We characterized the PM2.5 components in a suburban site of central Taiwan and conducted a time-stratified case-crossover study to elaborate the effects of daily concentration of each PM2.5 component on asthma outpatient visits. We retrieved asthma outpatient claims for individuals less than 20 years old with a residential address in the Shalu district, Taiwan, from the National Health Insurance Research Database during 2000-2010. Multiple linear regression models were used to back extrapolate the historic concentration of individual components of PM2.5 from 2000 through to 2010, including black carbon (BC) and eight ions, namely, sulfate, nitrate (NO3-), ammonium, chloride, potassium (K+), magnesium, calcium, sodium. The odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of individual PM2.5 components on asthma was estimated by conditional logistic regression. A total of 887 asthma outpatient visits with individuals who have an average age of 7.96±3.88 years were selected. After adjusting for confounders, we found an interquartile range (IQR) increase in BC level, an IQR increase in NO3- level, and an IQR increase in K+ level that were all associated with the increased risk of asthma outpatient visits from the current day (OR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.05-1.34; OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.01-1.21; and OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.04-1.30, respectively). The effects of these components on asthma were stronger in the cold season than in the warm season. However, we did not find any lagging effects. The results suggest that exposure to NO3-, BC, and K+ derived from industry-related combustion or motor vehicles emission sources may increase the risk of asthma outpatient visits, particularly during the cold season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chau-Ren Jung
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hao Young
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Tsung Hsu
- Department of Health Risk Management, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yeng Lin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Chen
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Fang Hwang
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taiwan.
| | - Perng-Jy Tsai
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan.
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26
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Feng L, Yang X, Asweto CO, Wu J, Zhang Y, Hu H, Shi Y, Duan J, Sun Z. Low-dose combined exposure of nanoparticles and heavy metal compared with PM 2.5 in human myocardial AC16 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:27767-27777. [PMID: 28983768 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0228-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The co-exposure toxicity mechanism of ultrafine particles and pollutants on human cardiovascular system are still unclear. In this study, the combined effects of silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) and/or carbon black nanoparticles (CBNPs) with Pb(AC)2 compared with particulate matter (PM)2.5 were investigated in human myocardial cells (AC16). Our study detected three different combinations of SiNPs and Pb(AC)2, CBNPs and Pb(AC)2, and SiNPs and CBNPs compared with PM2.5 at low-dose exposure. Using PM2.5 as positive control, our results suggested that the combination of SiNPs and Pb(AC)2/CBNPs could increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lactate dehydrogenase leakage (LDH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) and decrease the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH); induce inflammation by the upregulation of protein CRP and TNF-α, and apoptosis by the upregulation of protein caspase-3, caspase-9, and Bax while the downregulation of protein Bcl-2; and trigger G2/M phase arrest by the upregulation of protein Chk2 and downregulation of protein Cdc2 and cyclin B1. In addition, the combination of CBNPs and Pb(AC)2 induced a significant increase in MDA and reduced the activities of ROS, LDH, SOD, and GSH, with G1/S phase arrest via upregulation of Chk1 and downregulation of CDK6 and cyclin D1. Our data suggested that the additive interaction and synergistic interaction are the major interaction in co-exposure system, and PM2.5 could trigger more severe oxidative stress, G2/M arrest, and apoptosis than either co-exposure or single exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Feng
- Department of Toxicity and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicity, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaozhe Yang
- Department of Toxicity and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicity, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Collins Otieno Asweto
- Department of Toxicity and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicity, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Toxicity and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicity, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yannan Zhang
- Department of Toxicity and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicity, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Hejing Hu
- Department of Toxicity and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicity, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Shi
- Department of Toxicity and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicity, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Junchao Duan
- Department of Toxicity and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicity, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Department of Toxicity and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicity, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
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North MA, Rodriguez-Estival J, Smits JEG. Biomarker Sensitivity to Vehicle Exhaust in Experimentally Exposed European Starlings. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:13427-13435. [PMID: 28981271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The effects of vehicle-related emissions on health has been a long-standing question in human health sciences; however, the toxicology of chronic exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of these complex mixtures has not been characterized in wild birds. Adult European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) were exposed to vehicle emissions, with combined benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) concentrations totaling 13.3 μg/m3 over 20 days of exposure for 5 h per day. Exposed birds had significantly lower cell-mediated immunity (measured using phytohaemagglutinin skin test, p < 0.0001), thyroxine (T4, p = 0.042), and glutathione (GSH, p = 0.034) concentrations than control birds. There was no difference in body condition, antibody response to vaccination, triiodothyronine (T3), hepatic biotransformation (7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity), or oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and ratios of reduced to oxidized GSH) or organ masses between exposed and control birds. This study supports findings of previous studies examining wild birds exposed to these air contaminants and raises concern that environmentally relevant concentrations of common urban volatile pollutants may have measurable effects on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A North
- Department of Ecosystem & Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary , 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada , T2N 4Z6
| | - Jaime Rodriguez-Estival
- Department of Ecosystem & Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary , 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada , T2N 4Z6
| | - Judit E G Smits
- Department of Ecosystem & Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary , 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada , T2N 4Z6
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Yoda Y, Takagi H, Wakamatsu J, Ito T, Nakatsubo R, Horie Y, Hiraki T, Shima M. Acute effects of air pollutants on pulmonary function among students: a panel study in an isolated island. Environ Health Prev Med 2017; 22:33. [PMID: 29165154 PMCID: PMC5664589 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-017-0646-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many epidemiological studies on the health effects of air pollutants have been carried out in regions with major sources such as factories and automobiles. However, the health effects of air pollutants in regions without major sources remain unclear. This study investigated the acute effects of ambient air pollution on pulmonary function among healthy students in an isolated island without major artificial sources of air pollutants. Methods A panel study was conducted of 43 healthy subjects who attended a school in an isolated island in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. We measured the forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and peak expiratory flow (PEF) every morning for about 1 month in May 2014. Ambient concentrations of particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5), particulate matter between 2.5 and 10 μm in diameter (PM10-2.5), black carbon (BC), ozone (O3), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were measured. The associations between the concentrations of air pollutants and pulmonary function were analyzed using mixed-effects models. Results A decrease in FEV1 was significantly associated with BC concentrations (−27.28 mL [95%confidence interval (CI):−54.10,−0.46] for an interquartile range (IQR) increase of 0.23 μg/m3). The decrease in PEF was significantly associated with indoor O3 concentrations (−8.03 L/min [95% CI:−13.02,−3.03] for an IQR increase of 11 ppb). Among subjects with a history of allergy, an increase in PM2.5 concentrations was significantly associated with low FEV1. In subjects with a history of asthma, an inverse association between the indoor O3 concentration and pulmonary function was observed. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that increases in BC and O3 concentrations have acute effects on the pulmonary function among students in an isolated island without major artificial sources of air pollutants. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12199-017-0646-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Yoda
- Department of Public Health, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takagi
- National Institute of Technology, Yuge College, Kamijima, Ehime, Japan
| | - Junko Wakamatsu
- National Institute of Technology, Yuge College, Kamijima, Ehime, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ito
- National Institute of Technology, Yuge College, Kamijima, Ehime, Japan
| | - Ryouhei Nakatsubo
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Horie
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Hiraki
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shima
- Department of Public Health, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan.
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Prieto-Parra L, Yohannessen K, Brea C, Vidal D, Ubilla CA, Ruiz-Rudolph P. Air pollution, PM 2.5 composition, source factors, and respiratory symptoms in asthmatic and nonasthmatic children in Santiago, Chile. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 101:190-200. [PMID: 28202226 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the association of respiratory symptoms and medication use and exposure to various air pollutants, PM2.5 components, and source factors in a panel of asthmatic and nonasthmatic children in Santiago, Chile. To this end, 174 children (90 asthmatics and 84 nonasthmatics) were followed throughout the winter months of 2010 and 2011. During the study period, children filled out daily diaries to record respiratory symptoms and medication use. Air pollution data were obtained from government central site measurements and a PM2.5 characterization campaign. PM2.5 source factors were obtained using positive matrix factorization (PMF). Associations of symptoms and exposure to pollutants and source-factor daily scores were modeled separately for asthmatic and nonasthmatic children using mixed logistic regression models with random intercepts, controlling for weather, day of the week, year, and viral outbreaks. Overall, high concentrations of air pollutants and PM2.5 components were observed. Six source factors were identified by PMF (motor vehicles, marine aerosol, copper smelter, secondary sulfates, wood burning, and soil dust). Overall, single pollutant models showed significant and strong associations between 7-day exposures for several criteria pollutants (PM2.5, NO2, O3), PM2.5 components (OC, K, S, Se, V), and source factors (secondary sulfate) and coughing, wheezing and three other respiratory symptoms in both in asthmatic and nonasthmatic children. No associations were found for use of rescue inhalers in asthmatics. Two-pollutant models showed that several associations remained significant after including PM2.5, and other criteria pollutants, in the models, particularly components and source factors associated with industrial sources. In conclusion, exposure to air pollutants, especially PM2.5, NO2, and O3, were found to exacerbate respiratory symptoms in both asthmatic and nonasthmatic children. Some of the results suggest that PM2.5 components associated with a secondary sulfate source may have a greater impact on some symptoms than PM2.5. In general, the results of this study show important associations at concentrations close or below current air quality standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Prieto-Parra
- Programa de Magister en Salud Pública, Instituto de Salud Poblacional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karla Yohannessen
- Departamento de Pediatría y Cirugía Infantil Norte, Hospital de Niños Roberto del Río, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Programa de Salud Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Poblacional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia Brea
- Departamento de Pediatría y Cirugía Infantil Norte, Hospital de Niños Roberto del Río, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniella Vidal
- Departamento de Pediatría y Cirugía Infantil Norte, Hospital de Niños Roberto del Río, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos A Ubilla
- Departamento de Pediatría y Cirugía Infantil Norte, Hospital de Niños Roberto del Río, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Ruiz-Rudolph
- Programa de Salud Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Poblacional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Mbelambela EP, Hirota R, Eitoku M, Muchanga SMJ, Kiyosawa H, Yasumitsu-Lovell K, Lawanga OL, Suganuma N. Occupation exposed to road-traffic emissions and respiratory health among Congolese transit workers, particularly bus conductors, in Kinshasa: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health Prev Med 2017; 22:11. [PMID: 29165103 PMCID: PMC5664439 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-017-0608-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Road-traffic emissions (RTE) induce adverse health effects, notably respiratory symptoms and respiratory diseases, as a result of pollutants deposited into the respiratory tract. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between occupation groups of Congolese transit workers exposed to RTE, particularly bus conductors and respiratory health, in Kinshasa. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from 2015 April 20th to May 14th, whose participants were bus conductors (n = 110), bus drivers (n = 107), taxi-motorcyclists (n = 102) and high school teachers (control group; n = 106). Subjects had completed the American Thoracic Society respiratory symptom questionnaire. Lung function test was performed by spirometry. Air pollutants levels of PM2.5, NO2 and SO2 were measured between 7:30 and 8:30 and 16:30–17:30 using a portable gas monitor. Multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate the association between occupation exposed to RTE and impaired pulmonary function, after adjustment by plausible confounders. Results The prevalence of mixed syndrome was 21.9% for bus conductors, 10.9% for bus drivers, 15.4% for taxi-motorcyclists and 7.1% for high school teachers with (p < 0.05). The risk of developing a mixed syndrome was seven times higher among bus conductors [OR = 7.64; 95% CI: 1.83–31.67; p < 0.05] than other groups. Additionally, the prevalence of respiratory syndromes increased with the duration of exposure. Conclusions Occupation exposed to RTE is associated with impaired pulmonary function and the prevalence of respiratory symptoms among transit workers, especially bus conductors. Furthermore, this association increases with the duration of exposure suggesting the necessity to regulate these categories of occupations and to apply preventives measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etongola Papy Mbelambela
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Oko-cho Kohasu, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan.
| | - Ryoji Hirota
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Oko-cho Kohasu, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Eitoku
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Oko-cho Kohasu, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Sifa Marie Joelle Muchanga
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Oko-cho Kohasu, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Hidenori Kiyosawa
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Oko-cho Kohasu, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Kahoko Yasumitsu-Lovell
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Oko-cho Kohasu, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan.,Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ontshick Leader Lawanga
- Department of Mathematic, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Narufumi Suganuma
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Oko-cho Kohasu, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
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Chu H, Shang J, Jin M, Chen Y, Pan Y, Li Y, Tao X, Cheng Z, Meng Q, Li Q, Jia G, Zhu T, Hao W, Wei X. Comparison of lung damage in mice exposed to black carbon particles and 1,4-naphthoquinone coated black carbon particles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 580:572-581. [PMID: 28034545 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) is a key component of atmospheric particles and has a significant effect on human health. BC can provide reactive sites and surfaces thus absorb quinones which were primarily generated from fossil fuel combustion and/or atmospheric photochemical conversions of PAHs. Oxidation could change the characteristics of BC and increase its toxicity. The comparison of lung damage in mice exposed to BC and 1,4-NQ-coated BC (1,4NQ-BC) particles is investigated in this study. Mice which were intratracheally instilled with particles have a higher expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-33 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Also, the IL-6, IL-33 mRNA expression in the lung tissue of mice instilled with 1,4NQ-BC were higher than that of mice instilled with BC. The pathology results showed that the lung tissue of mice instilled with 1,4NQ-BC particles have much more inflammatory cells infiltration than that of mice treated with BC. It is believed that the MAPK and PI3K-AKT pathway might be involved in the 1,4NQ-BC particles caused lung damage. Results indicated that 1,4NQ-BC particles in the atmosphere may cause more damage to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqian Chu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Jing Shang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Ming Jin
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Yueyue Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Yao Pan
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Xi Tao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Zhiyuan Cheng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Qinghe Meng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China; POTEN Environment Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100082, PR China
| | - Guang Jia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Weidong Hao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China.
| | - Xuetao Wei
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, PR China.
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32
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Chu H, Shang J, Jin M, Li Q, Chen Y, Huang H, Li Y, Pan Y, Tao X, Cheng Z, Meng Q, Jia G, Zhu T, Wei X, Hao W. Comparison of lung damage in mice exposed to black carbon particles and ozone-oxidized black carbon particles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 573:303-312. [PMID: 27570198 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) is a key component of atmospheric particles and has a significant effect on human health. Oxidation could change the characteristics of BC and increase its toxicity. The comparison of lung damage in mice exposed to BC and ozone-oxidized BC (oBC) particles is investigated in this study. Mice which were intratracheally instilled with particles have a higher expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-33 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Also, the IL-6, IL-33 mRNA expression in the lung tissue of mice instilled with oBC was higher than that of mice instilled with BC. The expression of CD3 in the lung tissue of mice intratracheally instilled with oBC was higher than the mice distilled with BC. The pathology results showed that the lung tissue of mice instilled with oBC particles have much more inflammatory cells infiltration than that of mice treated with BC. It is believed that the PI3K-AKT pathway might be involved in the oBC particles caused lung damage. Results indicated that oBC particles in the atmosphere may cause more damage to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqian Chu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Jing Shang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Ming Jin
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China; POTEN Environment Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100082, PR China
| | - Yueyue Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Hongpeng Huang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Yao Pan
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Xi Tao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Zhiyuan Cheng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Qinghe Meng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Guang Jia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Xuetao Wei
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, PR China.
| | - Weidong Hao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, PR China.
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Wu S, Ni Y, Li H, Pan L, Yang D, Baccarelli AA, Deng F, Chen Y, Shima M, Guo X. Short-term exposure to high ambient air pollution increases airway inflammation and respiratory symptoms in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 94:76-82. [PMID: 27209003 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have investigated the short-term respiratory effects of ambient air pollution in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients in the context of high pollution levels in Asian cities. METHODS A panel of 23 stable COPD patients was repeatedly measured for biomarkers of airway inflammation including exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and exhaled hydrogen sulfide (FeH2S) (215 measurements) and recorded for daily respiratory symptoms (794person-days) in two study periods in Beijing, China in January-September 2014. Daily ambient air pollution data were obtained from nearby central air-monitoring stations. Mixed-effects models were used to estimate the associations between exposures and health measurements with adjustment for potential confounders including temperature and relative humidity. RESULTS Increasing levels of air pollutants were associated with significant increases in both FeNO and FeH2S. Interquartile range (IQR) increases in PM2.5 (76.5μg/m(3), 5-day), PM10 (75.0μg/m(3), 5-day) and SO2 (45.7μg/m(3), 6-day) were associated with maximum increases in FeNO of 13.6% (95% CI: 4.8%, 23.2%), 9.2% (95% CI: 2.1%, 16.8%) and 34.2% (95% CI: 17.3%, 53.4%), respectively; and the same IQR increases in PM2.5 (6-day), PM10 (6-day) and SO2 (7-day) were associated with maximum increases in FeH2S of 11.4% (95% CI: 4.6%, 18.6%), 7.8% (95% CI: 2.3%, 13.7%) and 18.1% (95% CI: 5.5%, 32.2%), respectively. Increasing levels of air pollutants were also associated with increased odds ratios of sore throat, cough, sputum, wheeze and dyspnea. CONCLUSIONS FeH2S may serve as a novel biomarker to detect adverse respiratory effects of air pollution. Our results provide potential important public health implications that ambient air pollution may pose risk to respiratory health in the context of high pollution levels in densely-populated cities in the developing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Ni
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Pan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Di Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Furong Deng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yahong Chen
- Respiratory Department, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Masayuki Shima
- Department of Public Health, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Xinbiao Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Kamal A, Cincinelli A, Martellini T, Malik RN. Linking mobile source-PAHs and biological effects in traffic police officers and drivers in Rawalpindi (Pakistan). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 127:135-143. [PMID: 26827277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of traffic related polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on blood parameters of subjects, including traffic police officers (TP), drivers (DR) and control subjects (CN) with presumably different levels of exposure. We quantified the urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHPyr), α-naphthol and β-naphthol (α- and β-naph) as biomarkers of exposure to PAHs in relation with biomarkers of effect (Hb, MCV, PCV, PLT, RBCs), biomarkers of inflammation/infection (CRP, WBCs), oxidative stress (SOD) and oxidative DNA damage i.e. 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). Results showed that mean 1-OHPyr, α-naph and β-naph concentrations were significantly higher in TPs (0.98, 1.55, and 1.9µmolmol-Cr(-1), respectively, p<0.05) than CNs (0.7, 0.6; 0.67µmolmol-Cr(-1), respectively, P<0.05). Furthermore, WBC and CRP were found in higher concentrations in TPs than CNs (7.04×10(3)µL(-1) and 0.95mgL(-1) vs. 5.1×10(3)µL(-1) and 0.54mgL(-1), respectively). The urinary 8-OHdG level, a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage, was higher in TPs than both CN and DR subjects (48ngmg-Cr(-1), 24ngmg-Cr(-1) and 33ngmg-Cr(-1), respectively). Self-reported health assessment indicates that, on the basis of daily time spent in the middle of heavy traffic, TPs and DRs more frequently suffered from adverse head and respiratory symptoms. The PCA analysis evidenced the impact of traffic pollution on exposure biomarkers and DNA damage. The study suggests that traffic pollution may be associated with important health risk, in particular on the respiratory system, not only for workers exposed to traffic exhausts but also for general public. Finally, vehicular air pollution in the city of Rawalpindi should be a high-priority concern for the Pakistan Government that needs to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Kamal
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Alessandra Cincinelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy; CNR, Istituto per la Dinamica dei Processi Ambientali, Via Dorsoduro 2137, 30123 Venezia, Italy
| | - Tania Martellini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
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Akopian AN, Fanick ER, Brooks EG. TRP channels and traffic-related environmental pollution-induced pulmonary disease. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 38:331-8. [PMID: 26837756 PMCID: PMC4896490 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0554-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Environmental pollutant exposures are major risk factors for adverse health outcomes, with increased morbidity and mortality in humans. Diesel exhaust (DE) is one of the major harmful components of traffic-related air pollution. Exposure to DE affects several physiological systems, including the airways, and pulmonary diseases are increased in highly populated urban areas. Hence, there are urgent needs to (1) create newer and lesser polluting fuels, (2) improve exhaust aftertreatments and reduce emissions, and (3) understand mechanisms of actions for toxic effects of both conventional and cleaner diesel fuels on the lungs. These steps could aid the development of diagnostics and interventions to prevent the negative impact of traffic-related air pollution on the pulmonary system. Exhaust from conventional, and to a lesser extent, clean fuels, contains particulate matter (PM) and more than 400 additional chemical constituents. The major toxic constituents are nitrogen oxides (NOx) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PM and PAHs could potentially act via transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. In this review, we will first discuss the associations between DE from conventional as well as clean fuel technologies and acute and chronic airway inflammation. We will then review possible activation and/or potentiation of TRP vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) and ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channels by PM and PAHs. Finally, we will discuss and summarize recent findings on the mechanisms whereby TRPs could control the link between DE and airway inflammation, which is a primary determinant leading to pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armen N Akopian
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - E Robert Fanick
- Office of Automotive Engineering, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78228, USA
| | - Edward G Brooks
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
- Center for Airway Inflammation Research, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, STRF Microbiology MC 8259, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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Lu CF, Yuan XY, Li LZ, Zhou W, Zhao J, Wang YM, Peng SQ. Combined exposure to nano-silica and lead induced potentiation of oxidative stress and DNA damage in human lung epithelial cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 122:537-544. [PMID: 26432026 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence has confirmed that exposure to ambient particulate matters (PM) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. Ambient PM is a complex mixture of particles and air pollutants. Harmful effects of PM are specifically associated with ultrafine particles (UFPs) that can adsorb high concentrations of toxic air pollutants and are easily inhaled into the lungs. However, combined effects of UFPs and air pollutants on human health remain unclear. In the present study, we elucidated the combined toxicity of silica nanoparticles (nano-SiO2), a typical UFP, and lead acetate (Pb), a typical air pollutant. Lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells were exposed to nano-SiO2 and Pb alone or their combination, and their combined toxicity was investigated by focusing on cellular oxidative stress and DNA damage. Factorial analyses were performed to determine the potential interactions between nano-SiO2 and Pb. Our results showed that exposure of A549 cells to a modest cytotoxic concentration of Pb alone induced oxidative stress, as evidenced by elevated reactive oxygen species generation and lipid peroxidation, and reduced glutathione content and superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities. In addition, exposure of A549 cells to Pb alone induced DNA damage, as evaluated by alkaline comet assay. Exposure of A549 cells to non-cytotoxic concentration of nano-SiO2 did not induce cellular oxidative stress and DNA damage. However, exposure to the combination of nano-SiO2 and Pb potentiated oxidative stress and DNA damage in A549 cells. Factorial analyses indicated that the potentiation of combined toxicity of nano-SiO2 and Pb was induced by additive or synergistic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Feng Lu
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yan Yuan
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Li-Zhong Li
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Yi-Mei Wang
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, PR China.
| | - Shuang-Qing Peng
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, PR China.
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Effects of High-Intensity Swimming on Lung Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in a Murine Model of DEP-Induced Injury. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137273. [PMID: 26332044 PMCID: PMC4557939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have reported that exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) induces lung inflammation and increases oxidative stress, and both effects are susceptible to changes via regular aerobic exercise in rehabilitation programs. However, the effects of exercise on lungs exposed to DEP after the cessation of exercise are not clear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of high-intensity swimming on lung inflammation and oxidative stress in mice exposed to DEP concomitantly and after exercise cessation. Male Swiss mice were divided into 4 groups: Control (n = 12), Swimming (30 min/day) (n = 8), DEP (3 mg/mL—10 μL/mouse) (n = 9) and DEP+Swimming (n = 8). The high-intensity swimming was characterized by an increase in blood lactate levels greater than 1 mmoL/L between 10th and 30th minutes of exercise. Twenty-four hours after the final exposure to DEP, the anesthetized mice were euthanized, and we counted the number of total and differential inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF), measured the lung homogenate levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, INF-ϫ, IL-10, and IL-1ra using ELISA, and measured the levels of glutathione, non-protein thiols (GSH-t and NPSH) and the antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the lung. Swimming sessions decreased the number of total cells (p<0.001), neutrophils and lymphocytes (p<0.001; p<0.05) in the BALF, as well as lung levels of IL-1β (p = 0.002), TNF-α (p = 0.003), IL-6 (p = 0.0001) and IFN-ϫ (p = 0.0001). However, the levels of IL-10 (p = 0.01) and IL-1ra (p = 0.0002) increased in the swimming groups compared with the control groups, as did the CAT lung levels (p = 0.0001). Simultaneously, swimming resulted in an increase in the GSH-t and NPSH lung levels in the DEP group (p = 0.0001 and p<0.002). We concluded that in this experimental model, the high-intensity swimming sessions decreased the lung inflammation and oxidative stress status during DEP-induced lung inflammation in mice.
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Makra L, Puskás J, Matyasovszky I, Csépe Z, Lelovics E, Bálint B, Tusnády G. Weather elements, chemical air pollutants and airborne pollen influencing asthma emergency room visits in Szeged, Hungary: performance of two objective weather classifications. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2015; 59:1269-89. [PMID: 25504051 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-014-0938-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Weather classification approaches may be useful tools in modelling the occurrence of respiratory diseases. The aim of the study is to compare the performance of an objectively defined weather classification and the Spatial Synoptic Classification (SSC) in classifying emergency department (ED) visits for acute asthma depending from weather, air pollutants, and airborne pollen variables for Szeged, Hungary, for the 9-year period 1999-2007. The research is performed for three different pollen-related periods of the year and the annual data set. According to age and gender, nine patient categories, eight meteorological variables, seven chemical air pollutants, and two pollen categories were used. In general, partly dry and cold air and partly warm and humid air aggravate substantially the symptoms of asthmatics. Our major findings are consistent with this establishment. Namely, for the objectively defined weather types favourable conditions for asthma ER visits occur when an anticyclonic ridge weather situation happens with near extreme temperature and humidity parameters. Accordingly, the SSC weather types facilitate aggravating asthmatic conditions if warm or cool weather occur with high humidity in both cases. Favourable conditions for asthma attacks are confirmed in the extreme seasons when atmospheric stability contributes to enrichment of air pollutants. The total efficiency of the two classification approaches is similar in spite of the fact that the methodology for derivation of the individual types within the two classification approaches is completely different.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Makra
- Department of Climatology and Landscape Ecology, University of Szeged, 6701, Szeged, P.O.B. 653, Hungary,
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Biomarker as a research tool in linking exposure to air particles and respiratory health. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:962853. [PMID: 25984536 PMCID: PMC4422993 DOI: 10.1155/2015/962853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Some of the environmental toxicants from air pollution include particulate matter (PM10), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and ultrafine particles (UFP). Both short- and long-term exposure could result in various degrees of respiratory health outcomes among exposed persons, which rely on the individuals' health status. Methods. In this paper, we highlight a review of the studies that have used biomarkers to understand the association between air particles exposure and the development of respiratory problems resulting from the damage in the respiratory system. Data from previous epidemiological studies relevant to the application of biomarkers in respiratory system damage reported from exposure to air particles are also summarized. Results. Based on these analyses, the findings agree with the hypothesis that biomarkers are relevant in linking harmful air particles concentrations to increased respiratory health effects. Biomarkers are used in epidemiological studies to provide an understanding of the mechanisms that follow airborne particles exposure in the airway. However, application of biomarkers in epidemiological studies of health effects caused by air particles in both environmental and occupational health is inchoate. Conclusion. Biomarkers unravel the complexity of the connection between exposure to air particles and respiratory health.
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Nirel R, Schiff M, Paltiel O. Respiratory hospitalizations of children and residential exposure to traffic air pollution in Jerusalem. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2015; 218:34-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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De Prins S, Dons E, Van Poppel M, Int Panis L, Van de Mieroop E, Nelen V, Cox B, Nawrot TS, Teughels C, Schoeters G, Koppen G. Airway oxidative stress and inflammation markers in exhaled breath from children are linked with exposure to black carbon. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 73:440-6. [PMID: 25244707 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study aimed at assessing the associations between black carbon (BC) exposure and markers for airway inflammation and oxidative stress in primary school children in a Western European urban area. METHODS In 130 children aged 6-12 years old, the fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), exhaled breath condensate (EBC) pH, 8-isoprostane and interleukin (IL)-1β were measured in two seasons. BC concentrations on the sampling day (2-h average, 8:00-10:00 AM) and on the day before (24-h average) were assessed using measurements at a central monitoring site. Land use regression (LUR) models were applied to estimate weekly average BC exposure integrated for the time spent at home and at school, and seasonal average BC exposure at the home address. Associations between exposure and biomarkers were tested using linear mixed effect regression models. Next to single exposure models, models combining different BC exposure metrics were used. RESULTS In single exposure models, an interquartile range (IQR) increase in 2-h BC (3.10 μg/m(3)) was linked with a 5.9% (95% CI: 0.1 to 12.0%) increase in 8-isoprostane. FeNO increased by 16.7% (95% CI: 2.2 to 33.2%) per IQR increase in 24-h average BC (4.50 μg/m(3)) and by 12.1% (95% CI: 2.5 to 22.8%) per IQR increase in weekly BC (1.73 μg/m(3)). IL-1β was associated with weekly and seasonal (IQR=1.70 μg/m(3)) BC with respective changes of 38.4% (95% CI: 9.0 to 75.4%) and 61.8% (95% CI: 3.5 to 153.9%) per IQR increase in BC. An IQR increase in weekly BC was linked with a lowering in EBC pH of 0.05 (95% CI: -0.10 to -0.01). All associations were observed independent of sex, age, allergy status, parental education level and meteorological conditions on the sampling day. Most of the associations remained when different BC exposure metrics were combined in multiple exposure models, after additional correction for sampling period or after exclusion of children with airway allergies. In additional analyses, FeNO was linked with 24-h PM10 levels, but the effect size was smaller than for BC. 8-Isoprostane was not linked with either 2-h or 24-h concentrations of PM2.5 or PM10. CONCLUSION BC exposure on the morning of sampling was associated with airway oxidative stress while 24-h and weekly exposures were linked with airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie De Prins
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit, VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium; Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Evi Dons
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit, VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | - Martine Van Poppel
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit, VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | - Luc Int Panis
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit, VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium; Transportation Research Institute (IMOB), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 5 Bus 6, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Els Van de Mieroop
- Environment and Health Unit, Provincial Institute of Hygiene, Kronenburgstraat 45, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Vera Nelen
- Environment and Health Unit, Provincial Institute of Hygiene, Kronenburgstraat 45, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Bianca Cox
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Tim S Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Caroline Teughels
- Environment & Health, Flemish Government, Department of Environment, Nature and Energy, Koning Albert II-laan 20 Bus 8, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Greet Schoeters
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit, VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium; Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Gudrun Koppen
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit, VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium.
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Rosa MJ, Yan B, Chillrud SN, Acosta LM, Divjan A, Jacobson JS, Miller RL, Goldstein IF, Perzanowski MS. Domestic airborne black carbon levels and 8-isoprostane in exhaled breath condensate among children in New York City. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 135:105-10. [PMID: 25262082 PMCID: PMC4346209 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to airborne black carbon (BC) has been associated with asthma development, respiratory symptoms and decrements in lung function. However, the mechanism through which BC may lead to respiratory symptoms has not been completely elucidated. Oxidative stress has been suggested as a potential mechanism through which BC might lead to adverse health outcomes. Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) allows for the non-invasive collection of airway lining fluid containing biomarkers of oxidative stress like 8-isoprostane, a stable by-product of lipid peroxidation. Therefore, we sought to characterize the association between domestic airborne BC concentrations and 8-isoprostane in EBC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven- and eight-year-old children participated in an asthma case-control study in New York City. During home visits, air samples and EBC were collected. Seven day averages of domestic levels of particulate matter <2.5μm (PM2.5), BC and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) were measured. Urea and 8-isoprostane were measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) in EBC. RESULTS In univariate models, PM2.5 and BC, but not ETS, were significantly associated with increases in 8-isoprostane in the EBC (β=0.006 and β=0.106 respectively, p<0.05 for both). These associations remained statistically significant for both PM2.5 and BC after adjustment for covariates. In a co-pollutant model including PM2.5, BC and ETS, only BC remained a statistically significant predictor of 8-isoprostane (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest the BC fraction of PM might contain exposure relevant to increased oxidative stress in the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jose Rosa
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th Street, 11th floor, New York, NY 10032, United States.
| | - Beizhan Yan
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Comer Building, Rm 203, Palisades, NY 10964, United States.
| | - Steven N Chillrud
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Comer Building, Rm 203, Palisades, NY 10964, United States.
| | - Luis M Acosta
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th Street, 11th floor, New York, NY 10032, United States.
| | - Adnan Divjan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th Street, 11th floor, New York, NY 10032, United States.
| | - Judith S Jacobson
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th Street, R732, New York, NY 10032, United States.
| | - Rachel L Miller
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th Street, 11th floor, New York, NY 10032, United States; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia, University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 W 168th Street, PHE-101, New York, NY 10032, United States.
| | - Inge F Goldstein
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th Street, R732, New York, NY 10032, United States.
| | - Matthew S Perzanowski
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th Street, 11th floor, New York, NY 10032, United States.
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Dosis-Wirkungsbeziehungen von Exposition und Lungenfunktion bei Kalibergarbeitern — vergleichende Auswertung einer Längsschnittstudie im linearen und gemischten Modell. ZENTRALBLATT FÜR ARBEITSMEDIZIN, ARBEITSSCHUTZ UND ERGONOMIE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03346170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lippmann M. Toxicological and epidemiological studies of cardiovascular effects of ambient air fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its chemical components: coherence and public health implications. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 44:299-347. [PMID: 24494826 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.861796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent investigations on PM2.5 constituents' effects in community residents have substantially enhanced our knowledge on the impacts of specific components, especially the HEI-sponsored National Particle Toxicity Component (NPACT) studies at NYU and UW-LRRI that addressed the impact of long-term PM2.5 exposure on cardiovascular disease (CVD) effects. NYU's mouse inhalation studies at five sites showed substantial variations in aortic plaque progression by geographic region that was coherent with the regional variation in annual IHD mortality in the ACS-II cohort, with both the human and mouse responses being primarily attributable to the coal combustion source category. The UW regressions of associations of CVD events and mortality in the WHI cohort, and of CIMT and CAC progression in the MESA cohort, indicated that [Formula: see text] had stronger associations with CVD-related human responses than OC, EC, or Si. The LRRI's mice had CVD-related biomarker responses to [Formula: see text]. NYU also identified components most closely associated with daily hospital admissions (OC, EC, Cu from traffic and Ni and V from residual oil). For daily mortality, they were from coal combustion ([Formula: see text], Se, and As). While the recent NPACT research on PM2.5 components that affect CVD has clearly filled some major knowledge gaps, and helped to define remaining uncertainties, much more knowledge is needed on the effects in other organ systems if we are to identify and characterize the most effective and efficient means for reducing the still considerable adverse health impacts of ambient air PM. More comprehensive speciation data are needed for better definition of human responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morton Lippmann
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine , Tuxedo, NY , USA
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Children living near chipboard and wood industries are at an increased risk of hospitalization for respiratory diseases: A prospective study. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2014; 217:95-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Kooter IM, Alblas MJ, Jedynska AD, Steenhof M, Houtzager MM, Ras MV. Alveolar epithelial cells (A549) exposed at the air–liquid interface to diesel exhaust: First study in TNO’s powertrain test center. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:2342-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Arciello M, Gori M, Maggio R, Barbaro B, Tarocchi M, Galli A, Balsano C. Environmental pollution: a tangible risk for NAFLD pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:22052-66. [PMID: 24213605 PMCID: PMC3856051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141122052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is crucial for human life, and the health of this organ often mirrors the health of the individual. The liver can be the target of several diseases, the most prevalent of which, as a consequence of development and changes in human lifestyles, is the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD is a multifactorial disease that embraces many histo-pathologic conditions and is highly linked to metabolic derangements. Technological progress and industrialization have also had the consequence of releasing pollutants in the environment, for instance pesticides or solvents, as well as by-products of discharge, such as the particulate matter. In the last decade, a growing body of evidence has emerged, shedding light on the potential impact of environmental pollutants on liver health and, in particular, on NAFLD occurrence. These contaminants have a great steatogenic potential and need to be considered as tangible NAFLD risk factors. There is an urgent need for a deeper comprehension of their molecular mechanisms of action, as well as for new lines of intervention to reduce their worldwide diffusion. This review wishes to sensitize the community to the effects of several environmental pollutants on liver health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Arciello
- Francesco Balsano Foundation, via G.B. Martini 6, Rome 00198, Italy; E-Mails: (M.A.); (M.G.); (R.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Manuele Gori
- Francesco Balsano Foundation, via G.B. Martini 6, Rome 00198, Italy; E-Mails: (M.A.); (M.G.); (R.M.); (B.B.)
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10, Ancona 60020, Italy
| | - Roberta Maggio
- Francesco Balsano Foundation, via G.B. Martini 6, Rome 00198, Italy; E-Mails: (M.A.); (M.G.); (R.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Barbara Barbaro
- Francesco Balsano Foundation, via G.B. Martini 6, Rome 00198, Italy; E-Mails: (M.A.); (M.G.); (R.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Mirko Tarocchi
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biochemical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence 50139, Italy; E-Mails: (M.T.); (A.G.)
| | - Andrea Galli
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biochemical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence 50139, Italy; E-Mails: (M.T.); (A.G.)
| | - Clara Balsano
- Francesco Balsano Foundation, via G.B. Martini 6, Rome 00198, Italy; E-Mails: (M.A.); (M.G.); (R.M.); (B.B.)
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM)-National Research Council (CNR), Piazzale Aldo Moro 7, Rome 00185, Italy
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-06-4993-3094; Fax: +39-06-4991-0908
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Wu S, Deng F, Hao Y, Shima M, Wang X, Zheng C, Wei H, Lv H, Lu X, Huang J, Qin Y, Guo X. Chemical constituents of fine particulate air pollution and pulmonary function in healthy adults: the Healthy Volunteer Natural Relocation study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 260:183-191. [PMID: 23747477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The study examined the associations of 32 chemical constituents of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM₂.₅) with pulmonary function in a panel of 21 college students. Study subjects relocated from a suburban area to an urban area with changing ambient air pollution levels and contents in Beijing, China, and provided daily morning/evening peak expiratory flow (PEF) and forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV₂₁) measurements over 6 months in three study periods. There were significant reductions in evening PEF and morning/evening FEV₂₁ associated with various air pollutants and PM₂.₅ constituents. Four PM₂.₅ constituents (copper, cadmium, arsenic and stannum) were found to be most consistently associated with the reductions in these pulmonary function measures. These findings provide clues for the respiratory effects of specific particulate chemical constituents in the context of urban air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
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Tanaka M, Takano H, Fujitani Y, Hirano S, Ichinose T, Shimada A, Inoue KI. Effects of exposure to nanoparticle-rich diesel exhaust on 8-OHdG synthesis in the mouse asthmatic lung. Exp Ther Med 2013; 6:703-706. [PMID: 24137251 PMCID: PMC3786854 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that exposure to diesel exhaust (DE) is associated with the induction and exacerbation of respiratory disorders; however, the impacts of DE containing mainly nanoparticles have been less studied. We have previously demonstrated that inhalation exposure to nanoparticle-rich DE (NR-DE) exacerbated allergic pulmonary inflammation, in the context of enhanced local expression of proinflammatory molecules. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) is a marker of oxidative damage, particularly in DNA. This study examined the effects of NR-DE on 8-OHdG synthesis in the lung in the presence or absence of an allergen. Institute for Cancer Research (ICR) mice were exposed by inhalation to four different gas compositions (control air, low-concentration DE, high-concentration DE and high-concentration DE without particulate matter) for 8 weeks, in the presence or absence of repetitive intratracheal administration of ovalbumin (OVA). Thereafter, we assessed the levels of 8-OHdG synthesis and expression in the lungs by means of enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and immunohistochemistry. The EIA revealed that the level of 8-OHdG was significantly higher in the high-concentration NR-DE-exposed and allergen-sensitized/stimulated group compared with that in the control air-exposed and allergen-treated group. The immunohistochemistry results demonstrated that the level of immunoreactive 8-OHdG was higher in the NR-DE-exposed and allergen-treated lungs compared with that in the corresponding control air-exposed lungs. The results suggested that NR-DE exposure enhanced 8-OHdG formation in asthmatic lungs. This, at least in part, is involved in the NR-DE-mediated exacerbation of the allergic pathophysiology that was identified in our previous study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michitaka Tanaka
- Center for Medical Science, International University of Health and Welfare, Ohtawara, Tochigi 324-8501, Japan
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Vattanasit U, Navasumrit P, Khadka MB, Kanitwithayanun J, Promvijit J, Autrup H, Ruchirawat M. Oxidative DNA damage and inflammatory responses in cultured human cells and in humans exposed to traffic-related particles. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013; 217:23-33. [PMID: 23567252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Particulate pollution is a major public health concern because epidemiological studies have demonstrated that exposure to particles is associated with respiratory diseases and lung cancer. Diesel exhaust particles (DEP), which is classified as a human carcinogen (IARC, 2012), are considered a major contributor to traffic-related particulate matter (PM) in urban areas. DEP consists of various compounds, including PAHs and metals which are the principal components that contribute to the toxicity of PM. The present study aimed to investigate effects of PM on induction of oxidative DNA damage and inflammation by using lymphocytes in vitro and in human exposed to PM in the environment. Human lymphoblasts (RPMI 1788) were treated with DEP (SRM 2975) at various concentrations (25-100 μg/ml) to compare the extent of responses with alveolar epithelial cells (A549). ROS generation was determined in each cell cycle phase of DEP-treated cells in order to investigate the influence of the cell cycle stage on induction of oxidative stress. The oxidative DNA damage was determined by measurement of 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) whereas the inflammatory responses were determined by mRNA expression of interleukin-6 and -8 (IL-6 and IL-8), Clara cell protein (CC16), and lung surfactant protein-A (SP-A). The results showed that RPMI 1788 and A549 cells had a similar pattern of dose-dependent responses to DEP in terms of particle uptake, ROS generation with highest level found in G2/M phase, 8-OHdG formation, and induction of IL-6 and IL-8 expression. The human study was conducted in 51 healthy subjects residing in traffic-congested areas. The effects of exposure to PM2.5 and particle-bound PAHs and toxic metals on the levels of 8-OHdG in lymphocyte DNA, IL-8 expression in lymphocytes, and serum CC16 were evaluated. 8-OHdG levels correlated with the exposure levels of PM2.5 (P<0.01) and PAHs (P<0.05), but this was not the case with IL-8. Serum CC16 showed significantly negative correlations with B[a]P equivalent (P<0.05) levels, but positive correlation with Pb (P<0.05). In conclusion, a similar pattern of the dose-dependent responses to DEP in the lymphoblasts and lung cells suggests that circulating lymphocytes could be used as a surrogate for assessing PM-induced oxidative DNA damage and inflammatory responses in the lung. Human exposure to PM leads to oxidative DNA damage whereas PM-induced inflammation was not conclusive and should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udomratana Vattanasit
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Lak si, Bangkok, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, CHE, Ministry of Education, Thailand; Inter-University Program in Environmental Toxicology, Technology and Management (Chulabhorn Research Institute, Asian Institute of Technology, Mahidol University), Thailand
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