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Mignerot L, Gimond C, Bolelli L, Bouleau C, Sandjak A, Boulin T, Braendle C. Natural variation in the Caenorhabditis elegans egg-laying circuit modulates an intergenerational fitness trade-off. eLife 2024; 12:RP88253. [PMID: 38564369 PMCID: PMC10987095 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary transitions from egg laying (oviparity) to live birth (viviparity) are common across various taxa. Many species also exhibit genetic variation in egg-laying mode or display an intermediate mode with laid eggs containing embryos at various stages of development. Understanding the mechanistic basis and fitness consequences of such variation remains experimentally challenging. Here, we report highly variable intra-uterine egg retention across 316 Caenorhabditis elegans wild strains, some exhibiting strong retention, followed by internal hatching. We identify multiple evolutionary origins of such phenotypic extremes and pinpoint underlying candidate loci. Behavioral analysis and genetic manipulation indicates that this variation arises from genetic differences in the neuromodulatory architecture of the egg-laying circuitry. We provide experimental evidence that while strong egg retention can decrease maternal fitness due to in utero hatching, it may enhance offspring protection and confer a competitive advantage. Therefore, natural variation in C. elegans egg-laying behaviour can alter an apparent trade-off between different fitness components across generations. Our findings highlight underappreciated diversity in C. elegans egg-laying behavior and shed light on its fitness consequences. This behavioral variation offers a promising model to elucidate the molecular changes in a simple neural circuit underlying evolutionary shifts between alternative egg-laying modes in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Asma Sandjak
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Inserm, IBVNiceFrance
| | - Thomas Boulin
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS, Inserm, Université de LyonLyonFrance
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2
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Walsh MR, Christian A, Feder M, Korte M, Tran K. Are parental condition transfer effects more widespread than is currently appreciated? J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246094. [PMID: 38449326 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
It has long been recognized that the environment experienced by parents can influence the traits of offspring (i.e. 'parental effects'). Much research has explored whether mothers respond to predictable shifts in environmental signals by modifying offspring phenotypes to best match future conditions. Many organisms experience conditions that theory predicts should favor the evolution of such 'anticipatory parental effects', but such predictions have received limited empirical support. 'Condition transfer effects' are an alternative to anticipatory effects that occur when the environment experienced by parents during development influences offspring fitness. Condition transfer effects occur when parents that experience high-quality conditions produce offspring that exhibit higher fitness irrespective of the environmental conditions in the offspring generation. Condition transfer effects are not driven by external signals but are instead a byproduct of past environmental quality. They are also likely adaptive but have received far less attention than anticipatory effects. Here, we review the generality of condition transfer effects and show that they are much more widespread than is currently appreciated. Condition transfer effects are observed across taxa and are commonly associated with experimental manipulations of resource conditions experienced by parents. Our Review calls for increased research into condition transfer effects when considering the role of parental effects in ecology and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Walsh
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Anne Christian
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Mikaela Feder
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Meghan Korte
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Kevin Tran
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
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3
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Janni M, Maestri E, Gullì M, Marmiroli M, Marmiroli N. Plant responses to climate change, how global warming may impact on food security: a critical review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1297569. [PMID: 38250438 PMCID: PMC10796516 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1297569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Global agricultural production must double by 2050 to meet the demands of an increasing world human population but this challenge is further exacerbated by climate change. Environmental stress, heat, and drought are key drivers in food security and strongly impacts on crop productivity. Moreover, global warming is threatening the survival of many species including those which we rely on for food production, forcing migration of cultivation areas with further impoverishing of the environment and of the genetic variability of crop species with fall out effects on food security. This review considers the relationship of climatic changes and their bearing on sustainability of natural and agricultural ecosystems, as well as the role of omics-technologies, genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, phenomics and ionomics. The use of resource saving technologies such as precision agriculture and new fertilization technologies are discussed with a focus on their use in breeding plants with higher tolerance and adaptability and as mitigation tools for global warming and climate changes. Nevertheless, plants are exposed to multiple stresses. This study lays the basis for the proposition of a novel research paradigm which is referred to a holistic approach and that went beyond the exclusive concept of crop yield, but that included sustainability, socio-economic impacts of production, commercialization, and agroecosystem management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Janni
- Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources (IBBR), National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism (IMEM), National Research Council (CNR), Parma, Italy
| | - Elena Maestri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Interdepartmental Centers SITEIA.PARMA and CIDEA, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Mariolina Gullì
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Interdepartmental Centers SITEIA.PARMA and CIDEA, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marta Marmiroli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Interdepartmental Centers SITEIA.PARMA and CIDEA, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Nelson Marmiroli
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per le Scienze Ambientali (CINSA) Interuniversity Consortium for Environmental Sciences, Parma/Venice, Italy
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4
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Zueva MV, Neroeva NV, Zhuravleva AN, Bogolepova AN, Kotelin VV, Fadeev DV, Tsapenko IV. Fractal Phototherapy in Maximizing Retina and Brain Plasticity. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 36:585-637. [PMID: 38468055 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-47606-8_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The neuroplasticity potential is reduced with aging and impairs during neurodegenerative diseases and brain and visual system injuries. This limits the brain's capacity to repair the structure and dynamics of its activity after lesions. Maximization of neuroplasticity is necessary to provide the maximal CNS response to therapeutic intervention and adaptive reorganization of neuronal networks in patients with degenerative pathology and traumatic injury to restore the functional activity of the brain and retina.Considering the fractal geometry and dynamics of the healthy brain and the loss of fractality in neurodegenerative pathology, we suggest that the application of self-similar visual signals with a fractal temporal structure in the stimulation therapy can reactivate the adaptive neuroplasticity and enhance the effectiveness of neurorehabilitation. This proposition was tested in the recent studies. Patients with glaucoma had a statistically significant positive effect of fractal photic therapy on light sensitivity and the perimetric MD index, which shows that methods of fractal stimulation can be a novel nonpharmacological approach to neuroprotective therapy and neurorehabilitation. In healthy rabbits, it was demonstrated that a long-term course of photostimulation with fractal signals does not harm the electroretinogram (ERG) and retina structure. Rabbits with modeled retinal atrophy showed better dynamics of the ERG restoration during daily stimulation therapy for a week in comparison with the controls. Positive changes in the retinal function can indirectly suggest the activation of its adaptive plasticity and the high potential of stimulation therapy with fractal visual stimuli in a nonpharmacological neurorehabilitation, which requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina V Zueva
- Department of Clinical Physiology of Vision, Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia V Neroeva
- Department of Pathology of the Retina and Optic Nerve, Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia N Zhuravleva
- Department of Glaucoma, Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna N Bogolepova
- Department of neurology, neurosurgery and medical genetics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladislav V Kotelin
- Department of Clinical Physiology of Vision, Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis V Fadeev
- Scientific Experimental Center Department, Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina V Tsapenko
- Department of Clinical Physiology of Vision, Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
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5
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Petersen C, Hamerich IK, Adair KL, Griem-Krey H, Torres Oliva M, Hoeppner MP, Bohannan BJM, Schulenburg H. Host and microbiome jointly contribute to environmental adaptation. THE ISME JOURNAL 2023; 17:1953-1965. [PMID: 37673969 PMCID: PMC10579302 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01507-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Most animals and plants have associated microorganisms, collectively referred to as their microbiomes, which can provide essential functions. Given their importance, host-associated microbiomes have the potential to contribute substantially to adaptation of the host-microbiome assemblage (the "metaorganism"). Microbiomes may be especially important for rapid adaptation to novel environments because microbiomes can change more rapidly than host genomes. However, it is not well understood how hosts and microbiomes jointly contribute to metaorganism adaptation. We developed a model system with which to disentangle the contributions of hosts and microbiomes to metaorganism adaptation. We established replicate mesocosms containing the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans co-cultured with microorganisms in a novel complex environment (laboratory compost). After approximately 30 nematode generations (100 days), we harvested worm populations and associated microbiomes, and subjected them to a common garden experiment designed to unravel the impacts of microbiome composition and host genetics on metaorganism adaptation. We observed that adaptation took different trajectories in different mesocosm lines, with some increasing in fitness and others decreasing, and that interactions between host and microbiome played an important role in these contrasting evolutionary paths. We chose two exemplary mesocosms (one with a fitness increase and one with a decrease) for detailed study. For each example, we identified specific changes in both microbiome composition (for both bacteria and fungi) and nematode gene expression associated with each change in fitness. Our study provides experimental evidence that adaptation to a novel environment can be jointly influenced by host and microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Petersen
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Inga K Hamerich
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Karen L Adair
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Hanne Griem-Krey
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Marc P Hoeppner
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Hinrich Schulenburg
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
- Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Ploen, Germany.
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6
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Draghi JA. Bet-hedging via dispersal aids the evolution of plastic responses to unreliable cues. J Evol Biol 2023. [PMID: 37224140 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive plasticity is expected to evolve when informative cues predict environmental variation. However, plastic responses can be maladaptive even when those cues are informative, if prediction mistakes are shared across members of a generation. These fitness costs can constrain the evolution of plasticity when initial plastic mutants use of cues of only moderate reliability. Here, we model the barriers to the evolution of plasticity produced by these constraints and show that dispersal across a metapopulation can overcome them. Constraints are also lessened, though not eliminated, when plastic responses are free to evolve gradually and in concert with increased reliability. Each of these factors be viewed as a form of bet-hedging: by lessening correlations in the fates of relatives, dispersal acts as diversifying bet-hedging, while producing submaximal responses to a cue can be understood as a conservative bet-hedging strategy. While poor information may constrain the evolution of plasticity, the opportunity for bet-hedging may predict when that constraint can be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Draghi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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7
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Leung C, Guscelli E, Chabot D, Bourret A, Calosi P, Parent GJ. The lack of genetic variation underlying thermal transcriptomic plasticity suggests limited adaptability of the Northern shrimp, Pandalus borealis. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1125134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionGenetic variation underlies the populations’ potential to adapt to and persist in a changing environment, while phenotypic plasticity can play a key role in buffering the negative impacts of such change at the individual level.MethodsWe investigated the role of genetic variation in the thermal response of the northern shrimp Pandalus borealis, an ectotherm species distributed in the Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans. More specifically, we estimated the proportion transcriptomic responses explained by genetic variance of female shrimp from three origins after 30 days of exposure to three temperature treatments.ResultsWe characterized the P. borealis transcriptome (170,377 transcripts, of which 27.48% were functionally annotated) and then detected a total of 1,607 and 907 differentially expressed transcripts between temperatures and origins, respectively. Shrimp from different origins displayed high but similar level of transcriptomic plasticity in response to elevated temperatures. Differences in transcript expression among origins were not correlated to population genetic differentiation or diversity but to environmental conditions at origin during sampling.DiscussionThe lack of genetic variation explaining thermal plasticity suggests limited adaptability in this species’ response to future environmental changes. These results together with higher mortality observed at the highest temperature indicate that the thermal niche of P. borealis will likely be restricted to higher latitudes in the future. This prediction concurs with current decreases in abundance observed at the southern edge of this species geographical distribution, as it is for other cold-adapted crustaceans.
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8
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Halali S, Saastamoinen M. Exploring links between climatic predictability and the evolution of within- and transgenerational plasticity. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9662. [PMID: 36619708 PMCID: PMC9798148 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In variable environments, phenotypic plasticity can increase fitness by providing tight environment-phenotype matching. However, adaptive plasticity is expected to evolve only when the future selective environment can be predicted based on the prevailing conditions. That is, the juvenile environment should be predictive of the adult environment (within-generation plasticity) or the parental environment should be predictive of the offspring environment (transgenerational plasticity). Moreover, the environmental predictability can also shape transient responses such as stress response in an adaptive direction. Here, we test links between environmental predictability and the evolution of adaptive plasticity by combining time series analyses and a common garden experiment using temperature as a stressor in a temperate butterfly (Melitaea cinxia). Time series analyses revealed that across season fluctuations in temperature over 48 years are overall predictable. However, within the growing season, temperature fluctuations showed high heterogeneity across years with low autocorrelations and the timing of temperature peaks were asynchronous. Most life-history traits showed strong within-generation plasticity for temperature and traits such as body size and growth rate broke the temperature-size rule. Evidence for transgenerational plasticity, however, was weak and detected for only two traits each in an adaptive and non-adaptive direction. We suggest that the low predictability of temperature fluctuations within the growing season likely disfavors the evolution of adaptive transgenerational plasticity but instead favors strong within-generation plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Halali
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland,Helsinki Institute of Life ScienceUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Marjo Saastamoinen
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland,Helsinki Institute of Life ScienceUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
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9
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Malinowska JK, Żuradzki T. Towards the multileveled and processual conceptualisation of racialised individuals in biomedical research. SYNTHESE 2022; 201:11. [PMID: 36591336 PMCID: PMC9795162 DOI: 10.1007/s11229-022-04004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we discuss the processes of racialisation on the example of biomedical research. We argue that applying the concept of racialisation in biomedical research can be much more precise, informative and suitable than currently used categories, such as race and ethnicity. For this purpose, we construct a model of the different processes affecting and co-shaping the racialisation of an individual, and consider these in relation to biomedical research, particularly to studies on hypertension. We finish with a discussion on the potential application of our proposition to institutional guidelines on the use of racial categories in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomasz Żuradzki
- Institute of Philosophy & Interdisciplinary Centre for Ethics, Jagiellonian University, ul. Grodzka 52, 31-044 Kraków, Poland
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10
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Rescan M, Leurs N, Grulois D, Chevin L. Experimental evolution of environmental tolerance, acclimation, and physiological plasticity in a randomly fluctuating environment. Evol Lett 2022; 6:522-536. [PMID: 36579167 PMCID: PMC9783450 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental tolerance curves, representing absolute fitness against the environment, are an empirical assessment of the fundamental niche, and emerge from the phenotypic plasticity of underlying phenotypic traits. Dynamic plastic responses of these traits can lead to acclimation effects, whereby recent past environments impact current fitness. Theory predicts that higher levels of phenotypic plasticity should evolve in environments that fluctuate more predictably, but there have been few experimental tests of these predictions. Specifically, we still lack experimental evidence for the evolution of acclimation effects in response to environmental predictability. Here, we exposed 25 genetically diverse populations of the halotolerant microalgae Dunaliella salina to different constant salinities, or to randomly fluctuating salinities, for over 200 generations. The fluctuating treatments differed in their autocorrelation, which determines the similarity of subsequent values, and thus environmental predictability. We then measured acclimated tolerance surfaces, mapping population growth rate against past (acclimation) and current (assay) environments. We found that experimental mean and variance in salinity caused the evolution of niche position (optimal salinity) and breadth, with respect to not only current but also past (acclimation) salinity. We also detected weak but significant evidence for evolutionary changes in response to environmental predictability, with higher predictability leading notably to lower optimal salinities and stronger acclimation effect of past environment on current fitness. We further showed that these responses are related to the evolution of plasticity for intracellular glycerol, the major osmoregulatory mechanism in this species. However, the direction of plasticity evolution did not match simple theoretical predictions. Our results underline the need for a more explicit consideration of the dynamics of environmental tolerance and its underlying plastic traits to reach a better understanding of ecology and evolution in fluctuating environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Rescan
- CEFE, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRDMontpellier34090France,Université Perpignan Via Domitia, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, UMR 5110Perpignan66860France,CNRS, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, UMR 5110Perpignan66860France,Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA)Scientific and Technologic Park of the University of GironaEmili Grahit 101GironaGirona17003Spain
| | - Nicolas Leurs
- CEFE, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRDMontpellier34090France,ISEM, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Univ. MontpellierMontpellier34095France
| | - Daphné Grulois
- CEFE, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRDMontpellier34090France
| | - Luis‐Miguel Chevin
- CEFE, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRDMontpellier34090France
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11
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Kamalanathan M, Mapes S, Prouse A, Faulkner P, Klobusnik NH, Hillhouse J, Hala D, Quigg A. Core metabolism plasticity in phytoplankton: Response of Dunaliella tertiolecta to oil exposure. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2022; 58:804-814. [PMID: 36056600 PMCID: PMC10087180 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Human alterations to the marine environment such as an oil spill can induce oxidative stress in phytoplankton. Exposure to oil has been shown to be lethal to most phytoplankton species, but some are able to survive and grow at unaffected or reduced growth rates, which appears to be independent of the class and phylum of the phytoplankton and their ability to consume components of oil heterotrophically. The goal of this article is to test the role of core metabolism plasticity in the oil-resisting ability of phytoplankton. Experiments were performed on the oil- resistant chlorophyte, Dunaliella tertiolecta, in control and water accommodated fractions of oil, with and without metabolic inhibitors targeting the core metabolic pathways. We observed that inhibiting pathways such as photosynthetic electron transport (PET) and pentose-phosphate pathway were lethal; however, inhibition of pathways such as mitochondrial electron transport and cyclic electron transport caused growth to be arrested. Pathways such as photorespiration and Kreb's cycle appear to play a critical role in the oil-tolerating ability of D. tertiolecta. Analysis of photo-physiology revealed reduced PET under inhibition of photorespiration but not Kreb's cycle. Further studies showed enhanced flux through Kreb's cycle suggesting increased energy production and photorespiration counteract oxidative stress. Lastly, reduced extracellular carbohydrate secretion under oil exposure indicated carbon and energy conservation, which together with enhanced flux through Kreb's cycle played a major role in the survival of D. tertiolecta under oil exposure by meeting the additional energy demands. Overall, we present data that suggest the role of phenotypic plasticity of multiple core metabolic pathways in accounting for the oxidative stress tolerating ability of certain phytoplankton species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kamalanathan
- Department of Marine BiologyTexas A&M University at GalvestonGalvestonTexas77573USA
- Present address:
Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean SciencesEast BoothbayMaine04544USA
| | - Savannah Mapes
- Department of Marine BiologyTexas A&M University at GalvestonGalvestonTexas77573USA
- Present address:
Virginia Institute of Marine ScienceGloucester PointVirginia23062USA
| | - Alexandra Prouse
- Department of Marine BiologyTexas A&M University at GalvestonGalvestonTexas77573USA
| | - Patricia Faulkner
- Department of Marine BiologyTexas A&M University at GalvestonGalvestonTexas77573USA
| | | | - Jessica Hillhouse
- Department of Marine BiologyTexas A&M University at GalvestonGalvestonTexas77573USA
| | - David Hala
- Department of Marine BiologyTexas A&M University at GalvestonGalvestonTexas77573USA
| | - Antonietta Quigg
- Department of Marine BiologyTexas A&M University at GalvestonGalvestonTexas77573USA
- Department of OceanographyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas77845USA
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12
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Sha Y, Hansson L. Ancestral environment determines the current reaction to ultraviolet radiation in Daphnia magna. Evolution 2022; 76:1821-1835. [PMID: 35788927 PMCID: PMC9542806 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
An individual's phenotype can be altered by direct contact with its present environment but also by environmental features experienced by previous generations, that is, parental or grandparental effects. However, the strength and direction of these transgenerational effects may be highly variable according to the ecological conditions experienced by ancestral generations. Here, we performed a reciprocal split-brood experiment to compare transgenerational responses to the threat of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in the zooplankter Daphnia magna, which had, or had not, been exposed to UVR for more than 150 generations. We found that the environment at which parents and grandparents were reared significantly influenced both behavior and life-history traits of their descendants. However, such transgenerational responses differed between D. magna individuals with contrasting ancestral stress history, that is, when exposed to UVR previously unexposed individuals rapidly changed their behavior and life-history traits, whereas individuals previously exposed to UVR showed less pronounced response when the UVR threat level relaxed. Hence, we here demonstrate an asymmetric transgenerational plasticity in response to UVR threat. The findings advance our understanding on the evolutionary ecology of such transgenerational effects and their potential role in response to changes in the local environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongcui Sha
- Department of Biology, Aquatic EcologyLund UniversityLundSE‐22362Sweden,School of Marine Science and EngineeringQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdao266109China
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13
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Burton NO, Willis A, Fisher K, Braukmann F, Price J, Stevens L, Baugh LR, Reinke A, Miska EA. Intergenerational adaptations to stress are evolutionarily conserved, stress-specific, and have deleterious trade-offs. eLife 2021; 10:e73425. [PMID: 34622777 PMCID: PMC8570697 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite reports of parental exposure to stress promoting physiological adaptations in progeny in diverse organisms, there remains considerable debate over the significance and evolutionary conservation of such multigenerational effects. Here, we investigate four independent models of intergenerational adaptations to stress in Caenorhabditis elegans - bacterial infection, eukaryotic infection, osmotic stress, and nutrient stress - across multiple species. We found that all four intergenerational physiological adaptations are conserved in at least one other species, that they are stress -specific, and that they have deleterious tradeoffs in mismatched environments. By profiling the effects of parental bacterial infection and osmotic stress exposure on progeny gene expression across species, we established a core set of 587 genes that exhibited a greater than twofold intergenerational change in expression in response to stress in C. elegans and at least one other species, as well as a set of 37 highly conserved genes that exhibited a greater than twofold intergenerational change in expression in all four species tested. Furthermore, we provide evidence suggesting that presumed adaptive and deleterious intergenerational effects are molecularly related at the gene expression level. Lastly, we found that none of the effects we detected of these stresses on C. elegans F1 progeny gene expression persisted transgenerationally three generations after stress exposure. We conclude that intergenerational responses to stress play a substantial and evolutionarily conserved role in regulating animal physiology and that the vast majority of the effects of parental stress on progeny gene expression are reversible and not maintained transgenerationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas O Burton
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Gurdon Institute, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Van Andel InstituteGrand RapidsUnited States
| | - Alexandra Willis
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Kinsey Fisher
- Department of Biology, Duke UniversityDurhamUnited States
| | - Fabian Braukmann
- Gurdon Institute, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Price
- Gurdon Institute, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Lewis Stevens
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - L Ryan Baugh
- Department of Biology, Duke UniversityDurhamUnited States
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke UniversityDurhamUnited States
| | - Aaron Reinke
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Eric A Miska
- Gurdon Institute, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Department of Genetics, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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14
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Bitter MC, Wong JM, Dam HG, Donelan SC, Kenkel CD, Komoroske LM, Nickols KJ, Rivest EB, Salinas S, Burgess SC, Lotterhos KE. Fluctuating selection and global change: a synthesis and review on disentangling the roles of climate amplitude, predictability and novelty. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210727. [PMID: 34428970 PMCID: PMC8385344 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A formidable challenge for global change biologists is to predict how natural populations will respond to the emergence of conditions not observed at present, termed novel climates. Popular approaches to predict population vulnerability are based on the expected degree of novelty relative to the amplitude of historical climate fluctuations experienced by a population. Here, we argue that predictions focused on amplitude may be inaccurate because they ignore the predictability of environmental fluctuations in driving patterns of evolution and responses to climate change. To address this disconnect, we review major findings of evolutionary theory demonstrating the conditions under which phenotypic plasticity is likely to evolve in natural populations, and how plasticity decreases population vulnerability to novel environments. We outline key criteria that experimental studies should aim for to effectively test theoretical predictions, while controlling for the degree of climate novelty. We show that such targeted tests of evolutionary theory are rare, with marine systems being overall underrepresented in this venture despite exhibiting unique opportunities to test theory. We conclude that with more robust experimental designs that manipulate both the amplitude and predictability of fluctuations, while controlling for the degree of novelty, we may better predict population vulnerability to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. C. Bitter
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - J. M. Wong
- Environmental Epigenetics Laboratory, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - H. G. Dam
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut Groton, CT, USA
| | - S. C. Donelan
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USA
| | - C. D. Kenkel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - L. M. Komoroske
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - K. J. Nickols
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA, USA
| | - E. B. Rivest
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA, USA
| | - S. Salinas
- Department of Biology, Kalamazoo College, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - S. C. Burgess
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - K. E. Lotterhos
- Northeastern University Marine Science Center, Nahant, MA, USA
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15
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Rescan M, Grulois D, Aboud EO, de Villemereuil P, Chevin LM. Predicting population genetic change in an autocorrelated random environment: Insights from a large automated experiment. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009611. [PMID: 34161327 PMCID: PMC8259966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Most natural environments exhibit a substantial component of random variation, with a degree of temporal autocorrelation that defines the color of environmental noise. Such environmental fluctuations cause random fluctuations in natural selection, affecting the predictability of evolution. But despite long-standing theoretical interest in population genetics in stochastic environments, there is a dearth of empirical estimation of underlying parameters of this theory. More importantly, it is still an open question whether evolution in fluctuating environments can be predicted indirectly using simpler measures, which combine environmental time series with population estimates in constant environments. Here we address these questions by using an automated experimental evolution approach. We used a liquid-handling robot to expose over a hundred lines of the micro-alga Dunaliella salina to randomly fluctuating salinity over a continuous range, with controlled mean, variance, and autocorrelation. We then tracked the frequencies of two competing strains through amplicon sequencing of nuclear and choloroplastic barcode sequences. We show that the magnitude of environmental fluctuations (determined by their variance), but also their predictability (determined by their autocorrelation), had large impacts on the average selection coefficient. The variance in frequency change, which quantifies randomness in population genetics, was substantially higher in a fluctuating environment. The reaction norm of selection coefficients against constant salinity yielded accurate predictions for the mean selection coefficient in a fluctuating environment. This selection reaction norm was in turn well predicted by environmental tolerance curves, with population growth rate against salinity. However, both the selection reaction norm and tolerance curves underestimated the variance in selection caused by random environmental fluctuations. Overall, our results provide exceptional insights into the prospects for understanding and predicting genetic evolution in randomly fluctuating environments. Being able to predict evolution under natural selection is important for many applied fields of biology, ranging from agriculture to medicine or conservation. However, this endeavor is complicated by factors that inherently limit our ability to predict the future, such as random fluctuations in the environment. Population genetic theory indicates that probabilistic predictions can still be made in this context, but the extent to which this holds empirically, and whether these predictions can be based on simple measurements, are still open questions. Making progress on answering these questions can be achieved by capitalizing on experiments where the environment is precisely controlled over many generations. Here, we used a pipetting robot to generate random time series of salinities with controlled patterns of fluctuations, which we imposed on a microalga, Dunaliella salina. Tracking the frequencies of two genotypes in a mixture by sequencing two short barcode sequences, we were able to show how patterns of fluctuating selection relate to the fluctuating environment. Interestingly, parts of these responses, but not all, could be predicted by simpler measurements in constant environments, allowing precise characterization the limits and prospects for predicting evolution in fluctuating environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Rescan
- CEFE, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Université Perpignan Via Domitia, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, UMR 5110, Perpignan, France
- CNRS, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, UMR 5110, Perpignan, France
| | - Daphné Grulois
- CEFE, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Enrique Ortega Aboud
- CEFE, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre de Villemereuil
- CEFE, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes PSL, MNHN, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Luis-Miguel Chevin
- CEFE, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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16
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Van Allen B, Jones N, Gilbert B, Carscadden K, Germain R. Maternal effects and the outcome of interspecific competition. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:7544-7556. [PMID: 34188833 PMCID: PMC8216948 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal environmental effects create lagged population responses to past environments. Although they are ubiquitous and vary in expression across taxa, it remains unclear if and how their presence alters competitive interactions in ecological communities.Here, we use a discrete-time competition model to simulate how maternal effects alter competitive dynamics in fluctuating and constant environments. Further, we explore how omitting maternal effects alter estimates of known model parameters from observational time series data.Our simulations demonstrate that (i) maternal effects change competitive outcomes, regardless of whether competitors otherwise interact neutrally or exhibit non-neutral competitive differences, (ii) the consequences of maternal effects for competitive outcomes are mediated by the temporal structure of environmental variation, (iii) even in constant conditions, competitive outcomes are influenced by species' maternal effects strategies, and (iv) in observational time series data, omitting maternal effects reduces variation explained by models and biases parameter estimates, including competition coefficients.Our findings demonstrate that the ecological consequences of maternal effects hinge on the competitive environment. Evolutionary biologists have long recognized that maternal effects can be an important but often overlooked strategy buffering populations from environmental change. We suggest that maternal effects are similarly critical to ecology and call for research into maternal effects as drivers of dynamics in populations and communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Van Allen
- Ecology, Behavior, and EvolutionUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCAUSA
| | - Natalie Jones
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQldAustralia
| | - Benjamin Gilbert
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Kelly Carscadden
- Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - Rachel Germain
- Zoology & Biodiversity Research CentreThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
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17
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Kuijper B, Johnstone RA. Evolution of epigenetic transmission when selection acts on fecundity versus viability. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200128. [PMID: 33866808 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Existing theory on the evolution of parental effects and the inheritance of non-genetic factors has mostly focused on the role of environmental change. By contrast, how differences in population demography and life history affect parental effects is poorly understood. To fill this gap, we develop an analytical model to explore how parental effects evolve when selection acts on fecundity versus viability in spatio-temporally fluctuating environments. We find that regimes of viability selection, but not fecundity selection, are most likely to favour parental effects. In the case of viability selection, locally adapted phenotypes have a higher survival than maladapted phenotypes and hence become enriched in the local environment. Hence, simply by being alive, a parental phenotype becomes correlated to its environment (and hence informative to offspring) during its lifetime, favouring the evolution of parental effects. By contrast, in regimes of fecundity selection, correlations between phenotype and environment develop more slowly: this is because locally adapted and maladapted parents survive at equal rates (no survival selection), so that parental phenotypes, by themselves, are uninformative about the local environment. However, because locally adapted parents are more fecund, they contribute more offspring to the local patch than maladapted parents. In case these offspring are also likely to inherit the adapted parents' phenotypes (requiring pre-existing inheritance), locally adapted offspring become enriched in the local environment, resulting in a correlation between phenotype and environment, but only in the offspring's generation. Because of this slower build-up of a correlation between phenotype and environment essential to parental effects, fecundity selection is more sensitive to any distortions owing to environmental change than viability selection. Hence, we conclude that viability selection is most conducive to the evolution of parental effects. This article is part of the theme issue 'How does epigenetics influence the course of evolution?'
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Kuijper
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Rufus A Johnstone
- Behaviour and Evolution Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
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18
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Henriques JF, Lacava M, Guzmán C, Gavín-Centol MP, Ruiz-Lupión D, De Mas E, Magalhães S, Moya-Laraño J. The sources of variation for individual prey-to-predator size ratios. Heredity (Edinb) 2021; 126:684-694. [PMID: 33452465 PMCID: PMC8115045 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-020-00395-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The relative body size at which predators are willing to attack prey, a key trait for predator-prey interactions, is usually considered invariant. However, this ratio can vary widely among individuals or populations. Identifying the range and origin of such variation is key to understanding the strength and constraints on selection in both predators and prey. Still, these sources of variation remain largely unknown. We filled this gap by measuring the genetic, maternal and environmental variation of the maximum prey-to-predator size ratio (PPSRmax) in juveniles of the wolf spider Lycosa fasciiventris using a paternal half-sib split-brood design, in which each male was paired with two females and the offspring reared in two food environments: poor and rich. Each juvenile spider was then sequentially offered crickets of decreasing size and the maximum prey size killed was determined. We also measured body size and body condition of spiders upon emergence and just before the trial. We found low, but significant heritability (h2 = 0.069) and dominance and common environmental variance (d2 + 4c2 = 0.056). PPSRmax was also partially explained by body condition (during trial) but there was no effect of the rearing food environment. Finally, a maternal correlation between body size early in life and PPSRmax indicated that offspring born larger were less predisposed to feed on larger prey later in life. Therefore, PPSRmax, a central trait in ecosystems, can vary widely and this variation is due to different sources, with important consequences for changes in this trait in the short and long terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge F. Henriques
- grid.9983.b0000 0001 2181 4263cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal ,grid.466639.80000 0004 0547 1725Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, CSIC, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120-La Cañada De San Urbano, Almeria, Spain
| | - Mariángeles Lacava
- grid.11630.350000000121657640CENUR Noreste Sede Rivera, Universidad de la República, Ituzaingó, 667 Rivera Uruguay
| | - Celeste Guzmán
- grid.466639.80000 0004 0547 1725Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, CSIC, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120-La Cañada De San Urbano, Almeria, Spain
| | - Maria Pilar Gavín-Centol
- grid.466639.80000 0004 0547 1725Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, CSIC, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120-La Cañada De San Urbano, Almeria, Spain
| | - Dolores Ruiz-Lupión
- grid.466639.80000 0004 0547 1725Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, CSIC, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120-La Cañada De San Urbano, Almeria, Spain
| | - Eva De Mas
- grid.466639.80000 0004 0547 1725Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, CSIC, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120-La Cañada De San Urbano, Almeria, Spain
| | - Sara Magalhães
- grid.9983.b0000 0001 2181 4263cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jordi Moya-Laraño
- grid.466639.80000 0004 0547 1725Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, CSIC, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120-La Cañada De San Urbano, Almeria, Spain
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19
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Vigne P, Gimond C, Ferrari C, Vielle A, Hallin J, Pino-Querido A, El Mouridi S, Mignerot L, Frøkjær-Jensen C, Boulin T, Teotónio H, Braendle C. A single-nucleotide change underlies the genetic assimilation of a plastic trait. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/6/eabd9941. [PMID: 33536214 PMCID: PMC7857674 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd9941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Genetic assimilation-the evolutionary process by which an environmentally induced phenotype is made constitutive-represents a fundamental concept in evolutionary biology. Thought to reflect adaptive phenotypic plasticity, matricidal hatching in nematodes is triggered by maternal nutrient deprivation to allow for protection or resource provisioning of offspring. Here, we report natural Caenorhabditis elegans populations harboring genetic variants expressing a derived state of near-constitutive matricidal hatching. These variants exhibit a single amino acid change (V530L) in KCNL-1, a small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel subunit. This gain-of-function mutation causes matricidal hatching by strongly reducing the sensitivity to environmental stimuli triggering egg-laying. We show that reestablishing the canonical KCNL-1 protein in matricidal isolates is sufficient to restore canonical egg-laying. While highly deleterious in constant food environments, KCNL-1 V530L is maintained under fluctuating resource availability. A single point mutation can therefore underlie the genetic assimilation-by either genetic drift or selection-of an ancestrally plastic trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Vigne
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, IBV, Nice, France
| | | | | | - Anne Vielle
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, IBV, Nice, France
| | - Johan Hallin
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, IBV, Nice, France
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Ania Pino-Querido
- IBENS, Département de Biologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, Inserm, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Sonia El Mouridi
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS, Inserm, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Christian Frøkjær-Jensen
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas Boulin
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS, Inserm, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Henrique Teotónio
- IBENS, Département de Biologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, Inserm, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
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20
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Matos M, Simões P, Fragata I, Quina AS, Kristensen TN, Santos M. Editorial: Coping With Climate Change: A Genomic Perspective on Thermal Adaptation. Front Genet 2021; 11:619441. [PMID: 33519921 PMCID: PMC7838599 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.619441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Matos
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Simões
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês Fragata
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Quina
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Universidade de Aveiro and Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Torsten Nygaard Kristensen
- Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mauro Santos
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Grup de Genòmica, Bioinformàtica i Biologia Evolutiva (GBBE), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Taborsky B, English S, Fawcett TW, Kuijper B, Leimar O, McNamara JM, Ruuskanen S, Sandi C. Towards an Evolutionary Theory of Stress Responses. Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 36:39-48. [PMID: 33032863 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
All organisms have a stress response system to cope with environmental threats, yet its precise form varies hugely within and across individuals, populations, and species. While the physiological mechanisms are increasingly understood, how stress responses have evolved remains elusive. Here, we show that important insights can be gained from models that incorporate physiological mechanisms within an evolutionary optimality analysis (the 'evo-mecho' approach). Our approach reveals environmental predictability and physiological constraints as key factors shaping stress response evolution, generating testable predictions about variation across species and contexts. We call for an integrated research programme combining theory, experimental evolution, and comparative analysis to advance scientific understanding of how this core physiological system has evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Taborsky
- Behavioural Ecology Division, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Sinead English
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Tim W Fawcett
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour (CRAB), University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Bram Kuijper
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, UK; Institute for Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Olof Leimar
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Suvi Ruuskanen
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Carmen Sandi
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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22
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Mallard F, Nolte V, Schlötterer C. The Evolution of Phenotypic Plasticity in Response to Temperature Stress. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 12:2429-2440. [PMID: 33022043 PMCID: PMC7846148 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of a single genotype to produce different phenotypes in response to environmental variation. The importance of phenotypic plasticity in natural populations and its contribution to phenotypic evolution during rapid environmental change is widely debated. Here, we show that thermal plasticity of gene expression in natural populations is a key component of its adaptation: evolution to novel thermal environments increases ancestral plasticity rather than mean genetic expression. We determined the evolution of plasticity in gene expression by conducting laboratory natural selection on a Drosophila simulans population in hot and cold environments. After more than 60 generations in the hot environment, 325 genes evolved a change in plasticity relative to the natural ancestral population. Plasticity increased in 75% of these genes, which were strongly enriched for several well-defined functional categories (e.g., chitin metabolism, glycolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation). Furthermore, we show that plasticity in gene expression of populations exposed to different temperatures is rather similar across species. We conclude that most of the ancestral plasticity can evolve further in more extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viola Nolte
- Institut für Populationsgenetik, Vetmeduni Vienna, Austria
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23
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24
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Mata-Cabana A, Gómez-Delgado L, Romero-Expósito FJ, Rodríguez-Palero MJ, Artal-Sanz M, Olmedo M. Social Chemical Communication Determines Recovery From L1 Arrest via DAF-16 Activation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:588686. [PMID: 33240886 PMCID: PMC7683423 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.588686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In a population, chemical communication determines the response of animals to changing environmental conditions, what leads to an enhanced resistance against stressors. In response to starvation, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans arrest post-embryonic development at the first larval stage (L1) right after hatching. As arrested L1 larvae, C. elegans become more resistant to diverse stresses, allowing them to survive for several weeks expecting to encounter more favorable conditions. L1 arrested at high densities display an enhanced resistance to starvation, dependent on soluble compounds released beyond hatching and the first day of arrest. Here, we show that this chemical communication also influences recovery after prolonged periods in L1 arrest. Animals at high density recovered faster than animals at low density. We found that the density effect on survival depends on the final effector of the insulin signaling pathway, the transcription factor DAF-16. Moreover, DAF-16 activation was higher at high density, consistent with a lower expression of the insulin-like peptide DAF-28 in the neurons. The improved recovery of animals after arrest at high density depended on soluble compounds present in the media of arrested L1s. In an effort to find the nature of these compounds, we investigated the disaccharide trehalose as putative signaling molecule, since its production is enhanced during L1 arrest and it is able to activate DAF-16. We detected the presence of trehalose in the medium of arrested L1 larvae at a low concentration. The addition of this concentration of trehalose to animals arrested at low density was enough to rescue DAF-28 production and DAF-16 activation to the levels of animals arrested at high density. However, despite activating DAF-16, trehalose was not capable of reversing survival and recovery phenotypes, suggesting the participation of additional signaling molecules. With all, here we describe a molecular mechanism underlying social communication that allows C. elegans to maintain arrested L1 larvae ready to quickly recover as soon as they encounter nutrient sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Mata-Cabana
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Laura Gómez-Delgado
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | | | - María J. Rodríguez-Palero
- Andalusian Center for Developmental Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Junta de Andalucía – Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Marta Artal-Sanz
- Andalusian Center for Developmental Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Junta de Andalucía – Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - María Olmedo
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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25
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Bernhardt JR, O'Connor MI, Sunday JM, Gonzalez A. Life in fluctuating environments. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190454. [PMID: 33131443 PMCID: PMC7662201 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Variability in the environment defines the structure and dynamics of all living systems, from organisms to ecosystems. Species have evolved traits and strategies that allow them to detect, exploit and predict the changing environment. These traits allow organisms to maintain steady internal conditions required for physiological functioning through feedback mechanisms that allow internal conditions to remain at or near a set-point despite a fluctuating environment. In addition to feedback, many organisms have evolved feedforward processes, which allow them to adjust in anticipation of an expected future state of the environment. Here we provide a framework describing how feedback and feedforward mechanisms operating within organisms can generate effects across scales of organization, and how they allow living systems to persist in fluctuating environments. Daily, seasonal and multi-year cycles provide cues that organisms use to anticipate changes in physiologically relevant environmental conditions. Using feedforward mechanisms, organisms can exploit correlations in environmental variables to prepare for anticipated future changes. Strategies to obtain, store and act on information about the conditional nature of future events are advantageous and are evidenced in widespread phenotypes such as circadian clocks, social behaviour, diapause and migrations. Humans are altering the ways in which the environment fluctuates, causing correlations between environmental variables to become decoupled, decreasing the reliability of cues. Human-induced environmental change is also altering sensory environments and the ability of organisms to detect cues. Recognizing that living systems combine feedback and feedforward processes is essential to understanding their responses to current and future regimes of environmental fluctuations. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Integrative research perspectives on marine conservation’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey R Bernhardt
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, Quebec Centre for Biodiversity Science, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H3A 1B1
| | - Mary I O'Connor
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Jennifer M Sunday
- Department of Biology, Quebec Centre for Biodiversity Science, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H3A 1B1
| | - Andrew Gonzalez
- Department of Biology, Quebec Centre for Biodiversity Science, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H3A 1B1
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26
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Sørensen JG, Manenti T, Bechsgaard JS, Schou MF, Kristensen TN, Loeschcke V. Pronounced Plastic and Evolutionary Responses to Unpredictable Thermal Fluctuations in Drosophila simulans. Front Genet 2020; 11:555843. [PMID: 33193631 PMCID: PMC7655653 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.555843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms are exposed to temperatures that vary, for example on diurnal and seasonal time scales. Thus, the ability to behaviorally and/or physiologically respond to variation in temperatures is a fundamental requirement for long-term persistence. Studies on thermal biology in ectotherms are typically performed under constant laboratory conditions, which differ markedly from the variation in temperature across time and space in nature. Here, we investigate evolutionary adaptation and environmentally induced plastic responses of Drosophila simulans to no fluctuations (constant), predictable fluctuations or unpredictable fluctuations in temperature. We whole-genome sequenced populations exposed to 20 generations of experimental evolution under the three thermal regimes and examined the proteome after short-term exposure to the same three regimes. We find that unpredictable fluctuations cause the strongest response at both genome and proteome levels. The loci showing evolutionary responses were generally unique to each thermal regime, but a minor overlap suggests either common laboratory adaptation or that some loci were involved in the adaptation to multiple thermal regimes. The evolutionary response, i.e., loci under selection, did not coincide with induced responses of the proteome. Thus, genes under selection in fluctuating thermal environments are distinct from genes important for the adaptive plastic response observed within a generation. This information is key to obtain a better understanding and prediction of the effects of future increases in both mean and variability of temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mads F. Schou
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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27
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Environmental conditions as proximate cues of predation risk inducing defensive response in Daphnia pulex. Biologia (Bratisl) 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-020-00583-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Johnson LM, Smith OJ, Hahn DA, Baer CF. Short-term heritable variation overwhelms 200 generations of mutational variance for metabolic traits in Caenorhabditis elegans. Evolution 2020; 74:2451-2464. [PMID: 32989734 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic disorders have a large heritable component, and have increased markedly in human populations over the past few generations. Genome-wide association studies of metabolic traits typically find a substantial unexplained fraction of total heritability, suggesting an important role of spontaneous mutation. An alternative explanation is that epigenetic effects contribute significantly to the heritable variation. Here, we report a study designed to quantify the cumulative effects of spontaneous mutation on adenosine metabolism in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, including both the activity and concentration of two metabolic enzymes and the standing pools of their associated metabolites. The only prior studies on the effects of mutation on metabolic enzyme activity, in Drosophila melanogaster, found that total enzyme activity presents a mutational target similar to that of morphological and life-history traits. However, those studies were not designed to account for short-term heritable effects. We find that the short-term heritable variance for most traits is of similar magnitude as the variance among MA lines. This result suggests that the potential heritable effects of epigenetic variation in metabolic disease warrant additional scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Johnson
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611.,Ology Bioservices, Inc., Alachua, Florida, 32615
| | - Olivia J Smith
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611
| | - Daniel A Hahn
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611.,University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida, 32611
| | - Charles F Baer
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611.,University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida, 32611
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29
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Leung C, Rescan M, Grulois D, Chevin LM. Reduced phenotypic plasticity evolves in less predictable environments. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1664-1672. [PMID: 32869431 PMCID: PMC7754491 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity is a prominent mechanism for coping with variable environments, and a key determinant of extinction risk. Evolutionary theory predicts that phenotypic plasticity should evolve to lower levels in environments that fluctuate less predictably, because they induce mismatches between plastic responses and selective pressures. However, this prediction is difficult to test in nature, where environmental predictability is not controlled. Here, we exposed 32 lines of the halotolerant microalga Dunaliella salina to ecologically realistic, randomly fluctuating salinity, with varying levels of predictability, for 500 generations. We found that morphological plasticity evolved to lower degrees in lines that experienced less predictable environments. Evolution of plasticity mostly concerned phases with slow population growth, rather than the exponential phase where microbes are typically phenotyped. This study underlines that long‐term experiments with complex patterns of environmental change are needed to test theories about population responses to altered environmental predictability, as currently observed under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Leung
- CEFE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie Rescan
- CEFE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Daphné Grulois
- CEFE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Luis-Miguel Chevin
- CEFE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
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30
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Baugh LR, Day T. Nongenetic inheritance and multigenerational plasticity in the nematode C. elegans. eLife 2020; 9:e58498. [PMID: 32840479 PMCID: PMC7447421 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A rapidly growing body of literature in several organisms suggests that environmentally-induced adaptive changes in phenotype can be transmitted across multiple generations. Although within-generation plasticity has been well documented, multigenerational plasticity represents a significant departure from conventional evolutionary thought. Studies of C. elegans have been particularly influential because this species exhibits extensive phenotypic plasticity, it is often essentially isogenic, and it has well-documented molecular and cellular mechanisms through which nongenetic inheritance occurs. However, while experimentalists are eager to claim that nongenetic modes of inheritance characterized in this and other model systems enhance fitness, many biologists remain skeptical given the extraordinary nature of this claim. We establish three criteria to evaluate how compelling the evidence for adaptive multigenerational plasticity is, and we use these criteria to critically examine putative cases of it in C. elegans. We conclude by suggesting potentially fruitful avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ryan Baugh
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Computational Biology, Duke UniversityDurhamUnited States
| | - Troy Day
- Departments of Mathematics and Statistics, Department of Biology, Queens UniversityKingstonCanada
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31
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Bautista NM, Crespel A, Crossley J, Padilla P, Burggren W. Parental transgenerational epigenetic inheritance related to dietary crude oil exposure in Danio rerio. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb222224. [PMID: 32620709 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.222224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Transgenerational inheritance from both parental lines can occur by genetic and epigenetic inheritance. Maternal effects substantially influence offspring survival and fitness. However, investigation of the paternal contribution to offspring success has been somewhat neglected. In the present study, adult zebrafish were separated into female and male groups exposed for 21 days to either a control diet or to a diet containing water accommodated fractions of crude oil. Four F1 offspring groups were obtained: (1) control (non-exposed parents), (2) paternally exposed, (3) maternally exposed and (4) dual-parent-exposed. To determine the maternal and paternal influence on their offspring, we evaluated responses from molecular to whole organismal levels in both generations. Growth rate, hypoxia resistance and heart rate did not differ among parental groups. However, global DNA methylation in heart tissue was decreased in oil-exposed fish compared with control parents. This decrease was accompanied by an upregulation of glycine N-methyltransferase. Unexpectedly, maternal, paternal and dual exposure all enhanced survival of F1 offspring raised in oiled conditions. Regardless of parental exposure, however, F1 offspring exposed to oil exhibited bradycardia. Compared with offspring from control parents, global DNA methylation was decreased in the three offspring groups derived from oil-exposed parents. However, no difference between groups was observed in gene regulation involved in methylation transfer, suggesting that the changes observed in the F1 populations may have been inherited from both parental lines. Phenotypic responses during exposure to persistent environmental stressors in F1 offspring appear to be influenced by maternal and paternal exposure, potentially benefitting offspring populations to survive in challenging environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naim M Bautista
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, C. F. Møllers Alle 3, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Amélie Crespel
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Janna Crossley
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Pamela Padilla
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Warren Burggren
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
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32
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Kloock A, Bonsall MB, King KC. Evolution and maintenance of microbe-mediated protection under occasional pathogen infection. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:8634-8642. [PMID: 32884646 PMCID: PMC7452762 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Every host is colonized by a variety of microbes, some of which can protect their hosts from pathogen infection. However, pathogen presence naturally varies over time in nature, such as in the case of seasonal epidemics. We experimentally coevolved populations of Caenorhabditis elegans worm hosts with bacteria possessing protective traits (Enterococcus faecalis), in treatments varying the infection frequency with pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus every host generation, alternating host generations, every fifth host generation, or never. We additionally investigated the effect of initial pathogen presence at the formation of the defensive symbiosis. Our results show that enhanced microbe-mediated protection evolved during host-protective microbe coevolution when faced with rare infections by a pathogen. Initial pathogen presence had no effect on the evolutionary outcome of microbe-mediated protection. We also found that protection was only effective at preventing mortality during the time of pathogen infection. Overall, our results suggest that resident microbes can be a form of transgenerational immunity against rare pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Kloock
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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33
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Lind MI, Zwoinska MK, Andersson J, Carlsson H, Krieg T, Larva T, Maklakov AA. Environmental variation mediates the evolution of anticipatory parental effects. Evol Lett 2020; 4:371-381. [PMID: 32774885 PMCID: PMC7403678 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Theory maintains that when future environment is predictable, parents should adjust the phenotype of their offspring to match the anticipated environment. The plausibility of positive anticipatory parental effects is hotly debated and the experimental evidence for the evolution of such effects is currently lacking. We experimentally investigated the evolution of anticipatory maternal effects in a range of environments that differ drastically in how predictable they are. Populations of the nematode Caenorhabditis remanei, adapted to 20°C, were exposed to a novel temperature (25°C) for 30 generations with either positive or zero correlation between parent and offspring environment. We found that populations evolving in novel environments that were predictable across generations evolved a positive anticipatory maternal effect, because they required maternal exposure to 25°C to achieve maximum reproduction in that temperature. In contrast, populations evolving under zero environmental correlation had lost this anticipatory maternal effect. Similar but weaker patterns were found if instead rate‐sensitive population growth was used as a fitness measure. These findings demonstrate that anticipatory parental effects evolve in response to environmental change so that ill‐fitting parental effects can be rapidly lost. Evolution of positive anticipatory parental effects can aid population viability in rapidly changing but predictable environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin I Lind
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics Uppsala University Uppsala 752 36 Sweden.,Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim NO-7491 Norway
| | - Martyna K Zwoinska
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics Uppsala University Uppsala 752 36 Sweden
| | - Johan Andersson
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics Uppsala University Uppsala 752 36 Sweden
| | - Hanne Carlsson
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics Uppsala University Uppsala 752 36 Sweden.,School of Biological Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ United Kingdom
| | - Therese Krieg
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics Uppsala University Uppsala 752 36 Sweden
| | - Tuuli Larva
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics Uppsala University Uppsala 752 36 Sweden
| | - Alexei A Maklakov
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics Uppsala University Uppsala 752 36 Sweden.,School of Biological Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ United Kingdom
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34
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Pei Y, Forstmeier W, Kempenaers B. Offspring performance is well buffered against stress experienced by ancestors. Evolution 2020; 74:1525-1539. [PMID: 32463119 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Evolution should render individuals resistant to stress and particularly to stress experienced by ancestors. However, many studies report negative effects of stress experienced by one generation on the performance of subsequent generations. To assess the strength of such transgenerational effects we propose a strategy aimed at overcoming the problem of type I errors when testing multiple proxies of stress in multiple ancestors against multiple offspring performance traits, and we apply it to a large observational dataset on captive zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). We combine clear one-tailed hypotheses with steps of validation, meta-analytic summary of mean effect sizes, and independent confirmatory testing. We find that drastic differences in early growth conditions (nestling body mass 8 days after hatching varied sevenfold between 1.7 and 12.4 g) had only moderate direct effects on adult morphology (95% confidence interval [CI]: r = 0.19-0.27) and small direct effects on adult fitness traits (r = 0.02-0.12). In contrast, we found no indirect effects of parental or grandparental condition (r = -0.017 to 0.002; meta-analytic summary of 138 effect sizes), and mixed evidence for small benefits of matching environments between parents and offspring, as the latter was not robust to confirmatory testing in independent datasets. This study shows that evolution has led to a remarkable robustness of zebra finches against undernourishment. Our study suggests that transgenerational effects are absent in this species, because CIs exclude all biologically relevant effect sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Pei
- Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, 82319, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Forstmeier
- Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, 82319, Germany
| | - Bart Kempenaers
- Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, 82319, Germany
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35
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Rowiński PK, Laurila A, Gotthard K, Sowersby W, Lind MI, Richter-Boix A, Eckerström-Liedholm S, Rogell B. Parental effects influence life history traits and covary with an environmental cline in common frog populations. Oecologia 2020; 192:1013-1022. [PMID: 32277360 PMCID: PMC7165185 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04642-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Across latitudinal clines, the juvenile developmental rates of ectotherms often covary with the length of the growing season, due to life-history trade-offs imposed by the time-constrained environments. However, as the start of the growing season often varies substantially across years, adaptive parental effects on juvenile developmental rates may mediate the costs of a delayed season. By employing a meta-analysis, we tested whether larval developmental rates across a latitudinal cline of the common frog (Rana temporaria) are affected by fluctuating onsets of breeding, across years. We predicted that larval developmental rate will be inversely related to the onset of breeding, and that northern populations will be more prone to shorten their developmental rate in response to late breeding, as the costs of delayed metamorphosis should be highest in areas with a shorter growing season. We found that the larval period of both northern and southern populations responded to parental environmental conditions to a similar degree in absolute terms, but in different directions. In northern populations, a late season start correlated with decreased development time, suggesting that the evolution of parental effects aids population persistence in time-constrained environments. In southern populations, late season start correlated with increased development time, which could potentially be explained as a predator avoidance strategy. Our findings suggest that local ecological variables can induce adaptive parental effects, but responses are complex, and likely trade-off with other ecological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr K Rowiński
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Anssi Laurila
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Will Sowersby
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin I Lind
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alex Richter-Boix
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Björn Rogell
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Freshwater Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 178 93, Drottningholm, Sweden.
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36
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Tariel J, Plénet S, Luquet É. Transgenerational plasticity of inducible defences: Combined effects of grand-parental, parental and current environments. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:2367-2376. [PMID: 32184987 PMCID: PMC7069331 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity can occur across generations (transgenerational plasticity) when environments experienced by the previous generations influenced offspring phenotype. The evolutionary importance of transgenerational plasticity, especially regarding within-generational plasticity, is a currently hot topic in the plasticity framework. How long an environmental effect can persist across generations and whether multigenerational effects are cumulative are primordial-for the evolutionary significance of transgenerational plasticity-but still unresolved questions. In this study, we investigated how the grand-parental, parental and offspring exposures to predation cues shape the predator-induced defences of offspring in the Physa acuta snail. We expected that the offspring phenotypes result from a three-way interaction among grand-parental, parental and offspring environments. We exposed three generations of snails without and with predator cues according to a full factorial design and measured offspring inducible defences. We found that both grand-parental and parental exposures to predator cues impacted offspring antipredator defences, but their effects were not cumulative and depended on the defences considered. We also highlighted that the grand-parental environment did alter reaction norms of offspring shell thickness, demonstrating an interaction between the grand-parental transgenerational plasticity and the within-generational plasticity. We concluded that the effects of multigenerational exposure to predator cues resulted on complex offspring phenotypic patterns which are difficult to relate to adaptive antipredator advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Tariel
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNAVilleurbanneFrance
| | - Sandrine Plénet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNAVilleurbanneFrance
| | - Émilien Luquet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNAVilleurbanneFrance
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37
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Bonamour S, Chevin LM, Charmantier A, Teplitsky C. Phenotypic plasticity in response to climate change: the importance of cue variation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 374:20180178. [PMID: 30966957 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity is a major mechanism of response to global change. However, current plastic responses will only remain adaptive under future conditions if informative environmental cues are still available. We briefly summarize current knowledge of the evolutionary origin and mechanistic underpinnings of environmental cues for phenotypic plasticity, before highlighting the potentially complex effects of global change on cue availability and reliability. We then illustrate some of these aspects with a case study, comparing plasticity of blue tit breeding phenology in two contrasted habitats: evergreen and deciduous forests. Using long-term datasets, we investigate the climatic factors linked to the breeding phenology of the birds and their main food source. Blue tits occupying different habitats differ extensively in the cues affecting laying date plasticity, as well as in the reliability of these cues as predictors of the putative driver of selective pressure, the date of caterpillar peak. The temporal trend for earlier laying date, detected only in the evergreen populations, is explained by increased temperature during their cue windows. Our results highlight the importance of integrating ecological mechanisms shaping variation in plasticity if we are to understand how global change will affect plasticity and its consequences for population biology. This article is part of the theme issue 'The role of plasticity in phenotypic adaptation to rapid environmental change'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Bonamour
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE , Campus CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier 5 , France
| | - Luis-Miguel Chevin
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE , Campus CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier 5 , France
| | - Anne Charmantier
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE , Campus CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier 5 , France
| | - Céline Teplitsky
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE , Campus CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier 5 , France
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38
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Colicchio JM, Herman J. Empirical patterns of environmental variation favor adaptive transgenerational plasticity. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:1648-1665. [PMID: 32076541 PMCID: PMC7029079 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of parental environment on offspring traits have been well known for decades. Interest in this transgenerational form of phenotypic plasticity has recently surged due to advances in our understanding of its mechanistic basis. Theoretical research has simultaneously advanced by predicting the environmental conditions that should favor the adaptive evolution of transgenerational plasticity. Yet whether such conditions actually exist in nature remains largely unexplored. Here, using long-term climate data, we modeled optimal levels of transgenerational plasticity for an organism with a one-year life cycle at a spatial resolution of 4 km2 across the continental United States. Both annual temperature and precipitation levels were often autocorrelated, but the strength and direction of these autocorrelations varied considerably even among nearby sites. When present, such environmental autocorrelations render offspring environments statistically predictable based on the parental environment, a key condition for the adaptive evolution of transgenerational plasticity. Results of our optimality models were consistent with this prediction: High levels of transgenerational plasticity were favored at sites with strong environmental autocorrelations, and little-to-no transgenerational plasticity was favored at sites with weak or nonexistent autocorrelations. These results are among the first to show that natural patterns of environmental variation favor the evolution of adaptive transgenerational plasticity. Furthermore, these findings suggest that transgenerational plasticity is likely variable in nature, depending on site-specific patterns of environmental variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack M. Colicchio
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Jacob Herman
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
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39
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Castellanos NL, Bueno AF, Haddi K, Silveira EC, Rodrigues HS, Hirose E, Smagghe G, Oliveira EE. The Fitness and Economic Benefits of Rearing the Parasitoid Telenomus podisi Under Fluctuating Temperature Regime. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 48:934-948. [PMID: 31728908 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-019-00717-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Successful biological control requires detailed knowledge about the mass rearing conditions of the control agents in order to ensure higher quality of field-released insects. Thus, we investigated whether rearing fluctuating thermal condition would affect the fitness and costs of the parasitoid wasp Telenomus podisi Ashmead (a biocontrol agent used for controlling the Neotropical brown stink bug Euschistus heros (Fabricius)) when compared with parasitoid reared at constant temperature condition, which is commonly used in insect facilities. Parasitoids were reared under either constant (continuous exposure at 25 ± 2°C) or fluctuating temperature conditions (i.e., 30 ± 2°C during day and 20 ± 2°C at night) during four consecutive generations. Our results indicated that tested fluctuating temperature is more suitable for rearing of T. podisi as such temperature condition not only resulted in fitness benefits (e.g., shorter developmental time, longer female longevity, higher fecundity/fertility) but also reduced (approximately 23.5%) the estimated costs for producing the parasitoids. Furthermore, rearing T. podisi under fluctuating temperatures improved tolerance to low constant temperatures (i.e., 20°C) without changing the tolerance to constant high temperatures (30°C) in the fourth generation. Surprisingly, even parasitoids that developed under fluctuating thermal conditions performed better than those reared at constant temperature of 25°C. Collectively, our findings suggest that T. podisi reared under fluctuating thermal condition can tolerate better fluctuating temperatures that normally occur both during long periods of transport and in agricultural ecosystems, which will increase the quality and productivity of mass-reared T. podisi for inundative releases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Castellanos
- Depto de Entomologia, Univ Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
- Dept of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent Univ, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - K Haddi
- Depto de Entomologia, Univ Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
- Depto de Entomologia, Univ Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - E C Silveira
- Depto de Entomologia, Univ Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | - H S Rodrigues
- Depto de Entomologia, Univ Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | - E Hirose
- EMBRAPA Soja, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - G Smagghe
- Dept of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent Univ, Ghent, Belgium
| | - E E Oliveira
- Depto de Entomologia, Univ Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil.
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40
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Proulx SR, Dey S, Guzella T, Teotónio H. How differing modes of non-genetic inheritance affect population viability in fluctuating environments. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:1767-1775. [PMID: 31436016 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Different modes of non-genetic inheritance are expected to affect population persistence in fluctuating environments. We here analyse Caenorhabditis elegans density-independent per capita growth rate time series on 36 populations experiencing six controlled sequences of challenging oxygen level fluctuations across 60 generations, and parameterise competing models of non-genetic inheritance in order to explain observed dynamics. Our analysis shows that phenotypic plasticity and anticipatory maternal effects are sufficient to explain growth rate dynamics, but that a carryover model where 'epigenetic' memory is imperfectly transmitted and might be reset at each generation is a better fit to the data. We further find that this epigenetic memory is asymmetric since it is kept for longer when populations are exposed to the more challenging environment. Our analysis suggests that population persistence in fluctuating environments depends on the non-genetic inheritance of phenotypes whose expression is regulated across multiple generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Proulx
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Snigdhadip Dey
- Institut de Biologie de L'École Normale Suṕerieure, CNRS, Inserm, PSL Research University, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Thiago Guzella
- Institut de Biologie de L'École Normale Suṕerieure, CNRS, Inserm, PSL Research University, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Henrique Teotónio
- Institut de Biologie de L'École Normale Suṕerieure, CNRS, Inserm, PSL Research University, F-75005, Paris, France
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41
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Yin J, Zhou M, Lin Z, Li QQ, Zhang YY. Transgenerational effects benefit offspring across diverse environments: a meta-analysis in plants and animals. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:1976-1986. [PMID: 31436014 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive value of transgenerational effects (the ancestor environmental effects on offspring) in changing environments has received much attention in recent years, but the related empirical evidence remains equivocal. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis summarising 139 experimental studies in plants and animals with 1170 effect sizes to investigate the generality of transgenerational effects across taxa, traits, and environmental contexts. It was found that transgenerational effects generally enhanced offspring performance in response to both stressful and benign conditions. The strongest effects are in annual plants and invertebrates, whereas vertebrates appear to benefit mostly under benign conditions, and perennial plants show hardly any transgenerational responses at all. These differences among taxonomic/life-history groups possibly reflect that vertebrates can avoid stressful conditions through their mobility, and longer-lived plants have alternative strategies. In addition to environmental contexts and taxonomic/life-history groups, transgenerational effects also varied among traits and developmental stages of ancestors and offspring, but the effects were similarly strong across three generations of offspring. By way of a more comprehensive data set and a different effect size, our results differ from those of a recent meta-analysis, suggesting that transgenerational effects are widespread, strong and persistent and can substantially impact the responses of plants and animals to changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Yin
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Zeru Lin
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Qingshun Q Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China.,Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
| | - Yuan-Ye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
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42
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Gulyas L, Powell JR. Predicting the Future: Parental Progeny Investment in Response to Environmental Stress Cues. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:115. [PMID: 31275936 PMCID: PMC6593227 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental stressors can severely limit the ability of an organism to reproduce as lifespan is decreased and resources are shifted away from reproduction to survival. Although this is often detrimental to the organism's reproductive fitness, certain other reproductive stress responses may mitigate this effect by increasing the likelihood of progeny survival in the F1 and subsequent generations. Here we review three means by which these progeny may be conferred a competitive edge as a result of stress encountered in the parental generation: heritable epigenetic modifications to nucleotides and histones, simple maternal investments of cytosolic components, and the partially overlapping phenomenon of terminal investment, which can entail extreme parental investment strategies in either cytosolic components or gamete production. We examine instances of these categories and their ability to subsequently impact offspring fitness and reproduction. Ultimately, without impacting nucleotide sequence, these more labile alterations may shape development, evolution, ecology and even human health, necessitating further understanding and research into the specific mechanisms by which environmental stressors are sensed and elicit a corresponding response in the parental germline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Gulyas
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, United States
| | - Jennifer R Powell
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, United States
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43
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King JG, Hadfield JD. The evolution of phenotypic plasticity when environments fluctuate in time and space. Evol Lett 2019; 3:15-27. [PMID: 30788139 PMCID: PMC6369965 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most theoretical studies have explored the evolution of plasticity when the environment, and therefore the optimal trait value, varies in time or space. When the environment varies in time and space, we show that genetic adaptation to Markovian temporal fluctuations depends on the between-generation autocorrelation in the environment in exactly the same way that genetic adaptation to spatial fluctuations depends on the probability of philopatry. This is because both measure the correlation in parent-offspring environments and therefore the effectiveness of a genetic response to selection. If the capacity to genetically respond to selection is stronger in one dimension (e.g., space), then plasticity mainly evolves in response to fluctuations in the other dimension (e.g., time). If the relationships between the environments of development and selection are the same in time and space, the evolved plastic response to temporal fluctuations is useful in a spatial context and genetic differentiation in space is reduced. However, if the relationships between the environments of development and selection are different, the optimal level of plasticity is different in the two dimensions. In this case, the plastic response that evolves to cope with temporal fluctuations may actually be maladaptive in space, resulting in the evolution of hyperplasticity or negative plasticity. These effects can be mitigated by spatial genetic differentiation that acts in opposition to plasticity resulting in counter-gradient variation. These results highlight the difficulty of making space-for-time substitutions in empirical work but identify the key parameters that need to be measured in order to test whether space-for-time substitutions are likely to be valid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica G King
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3JT United Kingdom
| | - Jarrod D Hadfield
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3JT United Kingdom
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44
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Germain RM, Grainger TN, Jones NT, Gilbert B. Maternal provisioning is structured by species’ competitive neighborhoods. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.05530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Germain
- Dept Botany and Dept of Zoology, Univ. of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Tess N. Grainger
- Dept Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Natalie T. Jones
- Dept Biological Sciences, Univ. of California - San Diego; San Diego CA USA
| | - Benjamin Gilbert
- Dept Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
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45
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Lind MI, Spagopoulou F. Evolutionary consequences of epigenetic inheritance. Heredity (Edinb) 2018; 121:205-209. [PMID: 29976958 PMCID: PMC6082883 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-018-0113-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin I Lind
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 752 36, Sweden.
| | - Foteini Spagopoulou
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 752 36, Sweden.
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46
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Chen B, Feder ME, Kang L. Evolution of heat-shock protein expression underlying adaptive responses to environmental stress. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:3040-3054. [PMID: 29920826 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Heat-shock proteins (Hsps) and their cognates are primary mitigators of cell stress. With increasingly severe impacts of climate change and other human modifications of the biosphere, the ability of the heat-shock system to affect evolutionary fitness in environments outside the laboratory and to evolve in response is topic of growing importance. Since the last major reviews, several advances have occurred. First, demonstrations of the heat-shock response outside the laboratory now include many additional taxa and environments. Many of these demonstrations are only correlative, however. More importantly, technical advances in "omic" quantification of nucleic acids and proteins, genomewide association analysis, and manipulation of genes and their expression have enabled the field to move beyond correlation. Several consequent advances are already evident: The pathway from heat-shock gene expression to stress tolerance in nature can be extremely complex, mediated through multiple biological processes and systems, and even multiple species. The underlying genes are more numerous, diverse and variable than previously appreciated, especially with respect to their regulatory variation and epigenetic changes. The impacts and limitations (e.g., due to trade-offs) of natural selection on these genes have become more obvious and better established. At last, as evolutionary capacitors, Hsps may have distinctive impacts on the evolution of other genes and ecological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Martin E Feder
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Le Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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47
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Sandner TM, van Braak JL, Matthies D. Transgenerational plasticity in Silene vulgaris in response to three types of stress. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20:751-758. [PMID: 29570927 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The environment experienced by plants can influence the phenotype of their offspring. Such transgenerational plasticity can be adaptive when it results in higher fitness of the offspring under conditions correlated with those experienced by the mother plant. However, it has rarely been tested if such anticipatory parental effects may be induced with different environments. We grew clonal replicates of Silene vulgaris under control conditions and three types of stress (nutrient deficiency, copper addition and drought), which are known from natural populations of the species. We then subjected offspring from differently treated mother plants to each of the different stress treatments to analyse the influence of maternal and offspring environment on performance and several functional traits. Current stress treatments strongly influenced biomass and functional traits of the plants, mostly in line with responses predicted by the theory of functional equilibrium. Plant performance was also influenced by maternal stress treatments, and some effects independent of initial size differences remained until harvest. In particular, stressed mothers produced offspring of higher fitness than control plants. However, there was no evidence for treatment-specific adaptive transgenerational plasticity, as offspring from a mother plant that had grown in a specific environment did not grow better in that environment than other plants. Our results indicate that the maternal environment may affect offspring traits and performance, but also that this transgenerational plasticity is not necessarily adaptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Sandner
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - J L van Braak
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - D Matthies
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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48
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Vayda K, Donohue K, Auge GA. Within- and trans-generational plasticity: seed germination responses to light quantity and quality. AOB PLANTS 2018; 10:ply023. [PMID: 29770181 PMCID: PMC5951028 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/ply023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond not only to the environment in which they find themselves, but also to that of their parents. The combination of within- and trans-generational phenotypic plasticity regulates plant development. Plants use light as source of energy and also as a cue of competitive conditions, since the quality of light (ratio of red to far-red light, R:FR) indicates the presence of neighbouring plants. Light regulates many aspects of plant development, including seed germination. To understand how seeds integrate environmental cues experienced at different times, we quantified germination responses to changes in light quantity (irradiance) and quality (R:FR) experienced during seed maturation and seed imbibition in Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes that differ in their innate dormancy levels and after treatments that break or reinduce dormancy. In two of the genotypes tested, reduced irradiance as well as reduced R:FR during seed maturation induced higher germination; thus, the responses to light quantity and R:FR reinforced each other. In contrast, in a third genotype, reduced irradiance during seed maturation induced progeny germination, but response to reduced R:FR was in the opposite direction, leading to a very weak or no overall effect of a simulated canopy experienced by the mother plant. During seed imbibition, reduced irradiance and reduced R:FR caused lower germination in all genotypes. Therefore, responses to light experienced at different times (maturation vs. imbibition) can have opposite effects. In summary, seeds responded both to light resources (irradiance) and to cues of competition (R:FR), and trans-generational plasticity to light frequently opposed and was stronger than within-generation plasticity.
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49
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Ramakers JJC, Cobben MMP, Bijma P, Reed TE, Visser ME, Gienapp P. Maternal Effects in a Wild Songbird Are Environmentally Plastic but Only Marginally Alter the Rate of Adaptation. Am Nat 2018; 191:E144-E158. [PMID: 29693435 DOI: 10.1086/696847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Despite ample evidence for the presence of maternal effects (MEs) in a variety of traits and strong theoretical indications for their evolutionary consequences, empirical evidence to what extent MEs can influence evolutionary responses to selection remains ambiguous. We tested the degree to which MEs can alter the rate of adaptation of a key life-history trait, clutch size, using an individual-based model approach parameterized with experimental data from a long-term study of great tits (Parus major). We modeled two types of MEs: (i) an environmentally plastic ME, in which the relationship between maternal and offspring clutch size depended on the maternal environment via offspring condition, and (ii) a fixed ME, in which this relationship was constant. Although both types of ME affected the rate of adaptation following an abrupt environmental shift, the overall effects were small. We conclude that evolutionary consequences of MEs are modest at best in our study system, at least for the trait and the particular type of ME we considered here. A closer link between theoretical and empirical work on MEs would hence be useful to obtain accurate predictions about the evolutionary consequences of MEs more generally.
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50
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Salignon J, Richard M, Fulcrand E, Duplus-Bottin H, Yvert G. Genomics of cellular proliferation in periodic environmental fluctuations. Mol Syst Biol 2018; 14:e7823. [PMID: 29507053 PMCID: PMC5836541 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20177823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Living systems control cell growth dynamically by processing information from their environment. Although responses to a single environmental change have been intensively studied, little is known about how cells react to fluctuating conditions. Here, we address this question at the genomic scale by measuring the relative proliferation rate (fitness) of 3,568 yeast gene deletion mutants in out-of-equilibrium conditions: periodic oscillations between two environmental conditions. In periodic salt stress, fitness and its genetic variance largely depended on the oscillating period. Surprisingly, dozens of mutants displayed pronounced hyperproliferation under short stress periods, revealing unexpected controllers of growth under fast dynamics. We validated the implication of the high-affinity cAMP phosphodiesterase and of a regulator of protein translocation to mitochondria in this group. Periodic oscillations of extracellular methionine, a factor unrelated to salinity, also altered fitness but to a lesser extent and for different genes. The results illustrate how natural selection acts on mutations in a dynamic environment, highlighting unsuspected genetic vulnerabilities to periodic stress in molecular processes that are conserved across all eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Salignon
- Laboratory of Biology and Modeling of the Cell, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Magali Richard
- Laboratory of Biology and Modeling of the Cell, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Etienne Fulcrand
- Laboratory of Biology and Modeling of the Cell, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Hélène Duplus-Bottin
- Laboratory of Biology and Modeling of the Cell, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Gaël Yvert
- Laboratory of Biology and Modeling of the Cell, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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