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Mahon S. Variation and convergence in the morpho-functional properties of the mammalian neocortex. Front Syst Neurosci 2024; 18:1413780. [PMID: 38966330 PMCID: PMC11222651 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2024.1413780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Man's natural inclination to classify and hierarchize the living world has prompted neurophysiologists to explore possible differences in brain organisation between mammals, with the aim of understanding the diversity of their behavioural repertoires. But what really distinguishes the human brain from that of a platypus, an opossum or a rodent? In this review, we compare the structural and electrical properties of neocortical neurons in the main mammalian radiations and examine their impact on the functioning of the networks they form. We discuss variations in overall brain size, number of neurons, length of their dendritic trees and density of spines, acknowledging their increase in humans as in most large-brained species. Our comparative analysis also highlights a remarkable consistency, particularly pronounced in marsupial and placental mammals, in the cell typology, intrinsic and synaptic electrical properties of pyramidal neuron subtypes, and in their organisation into functional circuits. These shared cellular and network characteristics contribute to the emergence of strikingly similar large-scale physiological and pathological brain dynamics across a wide range of species. These findings support the existence of a core set of neural principles and processes conserved throughout mammalian evolution, from which a number of species-specific adaptations appear, likely allowing distinct functional needs to be met in a variety of environmental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Mahon
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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2
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Barzó P, Szöts I, Tóth M, Csajbók ÉA, Molnár G, Tamás G. Electrophysiology and Morphology of Human Cortical Supragranular Pyramidal Cells in a Wide Age Range. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.13.598792. [PMID: 38915496 PMCID: PMC11195274 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.13.598792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
The basic excitatory neurons of the cerebral cortex, the pyramidal cells, are the most important signal integrators for the local circuit. They have quite characteristic morphological and electrophysiological properties that are known to be largely constant with age in the young and adult cortex. However, the brain undergoes several dynamic changes throughout life, such as in the phases of early development and cognitive decline in the aging brain. We set out to search for intrinsic cellular changes in supragranular pyramidal cells across a broad age range: from birth to 85 years of age and we found differences in several biophysical properties between defined age groups. During the first year of life, subthreshold and suprathreshold electrophysiological properties changed in a way that shows that pyramidal cells become less excitable with maturation, but also become temporarily more precise. According to our findings, the morphological features of the three-dimensional reconstructions from different life stages showed consistent morphological properties and systematic dendritic spine analysis of an infantile and an old pyramidal cell showed clear significant differences in the distribution of spine shapes. Overall, the changes that occur during development and aging may have lasting effects on the properties of pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex. Understanding these changes is important to unravel the complex mechanisms underlying brain development, cognition and age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pál Barzó
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Szöts
- ELKH-SZTE Research Group for Cortical Microcircuits, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Martin Tóth
- ELKH-SZTE Research Group for Cortical Microcircuits, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Éva Adrienn Csajbók
- ELKH-SZTE Research Group for Cortical Microcircuits, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Molnár
- ELKH-SZTE Research Group for Cortical Microcircuits, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Tamás
- ELKH-SZTE Research Group for Cortical Microcircuits, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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3
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Oliva HNP, Prudente TP, Nunes EJ, Cosgrove KP, Radhakrishnan R, Potenza MN, Angarita GA. Substance use and spine density: a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02519-3. [PMID: 38561468 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02519-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The elucidation of synaptic density changes provides valuable insights into the underlying brain mechanisms of substance use. In preclinical studies, synaptic density markers, like spine density, are altered by substances of abuse (e.g., alcohol, amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine, opioids, nicotine). These changes could be linked to phenomena including behavioral sensitization and drug self-administration in rodents. However, studies have produced heterogeneous results for spine density across substances and brain regions. Identifying patterns will inform translational studies given tools that now exist to measure in vivo synaptic density in humans. We performed a meta-analysis of preclinical studies to identify consistent findings across studies. PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and EBSCO were searched between September 2022 and September 2023, based on a protocol (PROSPERO: CRD42022354006). We screened 6083 publications and included 70 for meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed drug-specific patterns in spine density changes. Hippocampal spine density increased after amphetamine. Amphetamine, cocaine, and nicotine increased spine density in the nucleus accumbens. Alcohol and amphetamine increased, and cannabis reduced, spine density in the prefrontal cortex. There was no convergence of findings for morphine's effects. The effects of cocaine on the prefrontal cortex presented contrasting results compared to human studies, warranting further investigation. Publication bias was small for alcohol or morphine and substantial for the other substances. Heterogeneity was moderate-to-high across all substances. Nonetheless, these findings inform current translational efforts examining spine density in humans with substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Nunes Pereira Oliva
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tiago Paiva Prudente
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Eric J Nunes
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kelly P Cosgrove
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rajiv Radhakrishnan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gustavo A Angarita
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA.
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4
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Miller PA, Williams-Ikhenoba JG, Sankhe AS, Hoffe BH, Chee MJ. Neuroanatomical, electrophysiological, and morphological characterization of melanin-concentrating hormone cells coexpressing cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript. J Comp Neurol 2024; 532:e25588. [PMID: 38335050 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) cells in the hypothalamus regulate fundamental physiological functions like energy balance, sleep, and reproduction. This diversity may be ascribed to the neurochemical heterogeneity among MCH cells. One prominent subpopulation of MCH cells coexpresses cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), and as MCH and CART can have opposing actions, MCH/CART+ and MCH/CART- cells may differentially modulate behavioral outcomes. However, it is not known if there are differences in the cellular properties underlying their functional differences; thus, we compared the neuroanatomical, electrophysiological, and morphological properties of MCH cells in male and female Mch-cre;L10-Egfp reporter mice. Half of MCH cells expressed CART and were most prominent in the medial hypothalamus. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings revealed differences in their passive and active membrane properties in a sex-dependent manner. Female MCH/CART+ cells had lower input resistances, but male cells largely differed in their firing properties. All MCH cells increased firing when stimulated, but their firing frequency decreases with sustained stimulation. MCH/CART+ cells showed stronger spike rate adaptation than MCH/CART- cells. The kinetics of excitatory events at MCH cells also differed by cell type, as the rising rate of excitatory events was slower at MCH/CART+ cells. By reconstructing the dendritic arborization of our recorded cells, we found no sex differences, but male MCH/CART+ cells had less dendritic length and fewer branch points. Overall, distinctions in topographical division and cellular properties between MCH cells add to their heterogeneity and help elucidate their response to stimuli or effect on modulating their respective neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aditi S Sankhe
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brendan H Hoffe
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa J Chee
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Petousakis KE, Park J, Papoutsi A, Smirnakis S, Poirazi P. Modeling apical and basal tree contribution to orientation selectivity in a mouse primary visual cortex layer 2/3 pyramidal cell. eLife 2023; 12:e91627. [PMID: 38054403 PMCID: PMC10754496 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyramidal neurons, a mainstay of cortical regions, receive a plethora of inputs from various areas onto their morphologically distinct apical and basal trees. Both trees differentially contribute to the somatic response, defining distinct anatomical and possibly functional sub-units. To elucidate the contribution of each tree to the encoding of visual stimuli at the somatic level, we modeled the response pattern of a mouse L2/3 V1 pyramidal neuron to orientation tuned synaptic input. Towards this goal, we used a morphologically detailed computational model of a single cell that replicates electrophysiological and two-photon imaging data. Our simulations predict a synergistic effect of apical and basal trees on somatic action potential generation: basal tree activity, in the form of either depolarization or dendritic spiking, is necessary for producing somatic activity, despite the fact that most somatic spikes are heavily driven by apical dendritic spikes. This model provides evidence for synergistic computations taking place in the basal and apical trees of the L2/3 V1 neuron along with mechanistic explanations for tree-specific contributions and emphasizes the potential role of predictive and attentional feedback input in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiyoung Park
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Jamaica Plain Veterans Administration Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | | | - Stelios Smirnakis
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Jamaica Plain Veterans Administration Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
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Reva M, Rössert C, Arnaudon A, Damart T, Mandge D, Tuncel A, Ramaswamy S, Markram H, Van Geit W. A universal workflow for creation, validation, and generalization of detailed neuronal models. PATTERNS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 4:100855. [PMID: 38035193 PMCID: PMC10682753 DOI: 10.1016/j.patter.2023.100855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Detailed single-neuron modeling is widely used to study neuronal functions. While cellular and functional diversity across the mammalian cortex is vast, most of the available computational tools focus on a limited set of specific features characteristic of a single neuron. Here, we present a generalized automated workflow for the creation of robust electrical models and illustrate its performance by building cell models for the rat somatosensory cortex. Each model is based on a 3D morphological reconstruction and a set of ionic mechanisms. We use an evolutionary algorithm to optimize neuronal parameters to match the electrophysiological features extracted from experimental data. Then we validate the optimized models against additional stimuli and assess their generalizability on a population of similar morphologies. Compared to the state-of-the-art canonical models, our models show 5-fold improved generalizability. This versatile approach can be used to build robust models of any neuronal type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Reva
- Blue Brain Project, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Campus Biotech, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian Rössert
- Blue Brain Project, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Campus Biotech, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexis Arnaudon
- Blue Brain Project, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Campus Biotech, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tanguy Damart
- Blue Brain Project, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Campus Biotech, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Darshan Mandge
- Blue Brain Project, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Campus Biotech, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anıl Tuncel
- Blue Brain Project, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Campus Biotech, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Srikanth Ramaswamy
- Blue Brain Project, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Campus Biotech, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Henry Markram
- Blue Brain Project, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Campus Biotech, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Neural Microcircuitry (LNMC), Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Werner Van Geit
- Blue Brain Project, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Campus Biotech, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
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7
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Huang YQ, Gu X, Chen X, Du YT, Chen BC, Sun FY. BMECs Ameliorate High Glucose-Induced Morphological Aberrations and Synaptic Dysfunction via VEGF-Mediated Modulation of Glucose Uptake in Cortical Neurons. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:3575-3592. [PMID: 37418138 PMCID: PMC10477237 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01366-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that diabetes cause neurite degeneration in the brain and cognitive impairment and neurovascular interactions are crucial for maintaining brain function. However, the role of vascular endothelial cells in neurite outgrowth and synaptic formation in diabetic brain is still unclear. Therefore, present study investigated effects of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) on high glucose (HG)-induced neuritic dystrophy using a coculture model of BMECs with neurons. Multiple immunofluorescence labelling and western blot analysis were used to detect neurite outgrowth and synapsis formation, and living cell imaging was used to detect uptake function of neuronal glucose transporters. We found cocultured with BMECs significantly reduced HG-induced inhibition of neurites outgrowth (including length and branch formation) and delayed presynaptic and postsynaptic development, as well as reduction of neuronal glucose uptake capacity, which was prevented by pre-treatment with SU1498, a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor antagonist. To analyse the possible mechanism, we collected BMECs cultured condition medium (B-CM) to treat the neurons under HG culture condition. The results showed that B-CM showed the same effects as BMEC on HG-treated neurons. Furthermore, we observed VEGF administration could ameliorate HG-induced neuronal morphology aberrations. Putting together, present results suggest that cerebral microvascular endothelial cells protect against hyperglycaemia-induced neuritic dystrophy and restorate neuronal glucose uptake capacity by activation of VEGF receptors and endothelial VEGF release. This result help us to understand important roles of neurovascular coupling in pathogenesis of diabetic brain, providing a new strategy to study therapy or prevention for diabetic dementia. Hyperglycaemia induced inhibition of neuronal glucose uptake and impaired to neuritic outgrowth and synaptogenesis. Cocultured with BMECs/B-CM and VEGF treatment protected HG-induced inhibition of glucose uptake and neuritic outgrowth and synaptogenesis, which was antagonized by blockade of VEGF receptors. Reduction of glucose uptake may further deteriorate impairment of neurites outgrowth and synaptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qi Huang
- Department of Neurobiology and Research Institute for Aging and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yi-Xue-Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Gu
- Department of Neurobiology and Research Institute for Aging and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yi-Xue-Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Neurobiology and Research Institute for Aging and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yi-Xue-Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ting Du
- Department of Neurobiology and Research Institute for Aging and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yi-Xue-Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin-Chi Chen
- Department of Neurobiology and Research Institute for Aging and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yi-Xue-Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Yan Sun
- Department of Neurobiology and Research Institute for Aging and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yi-Xue-Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Stöber TM, Batulin D, Triesch J, Narayanan R, Jedlicka P. Degeneracy in epilepsy: multiple routes to hyperexcitable brain circuits and their repair. Commun Biol 2023; 6:479. [PMID: 37137938 PMCID: PMC10156698 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04823-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its complex and multifaceted nature, developing effective treatments for epilepsy is still a major challenge. To deal with this complexity we introduce the concept of degeneracy to the field of epilepsy research: the ability of disparate elements to cause an analogous function or malfunction. Here, we review examples of epilepsy-related degeneracy at multiple levels of brain organisation, ranging from the cellular to the network and systems level. Based on these insights, we outline new multiscale and population modelling approaches to disentangle the complex web of interactions underlying epilepsy and to design personalised multitarget therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Manfred Stöber
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute for Neural Computation, Faculty of Computer Science, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology, Goethe University, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Danylo Batulin
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- CePTER - Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research, Goethe University, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
- Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics, Goethe University, 60486, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jochen Triesch
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Rishikesh Narayanan
- Cellular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Peter Jedlicka
- ICAR3R - Interdisciplinary Centre for 3Rs in Animal Research, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35390, Giessen, Germany.
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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9
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Fingolimod prevents cognitive impairments following hypoxia-induced neonatal seizure by ameliorating the inflammation and oxidative stress in male and female juvenile rats. LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lmot.2023.101874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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10
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Bigbee JW. Cells of the Central Nervous System: An Overview of Their Structure and Function. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 29:41-64. [PMID: 36255671 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12390-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system is the last major organ system in the vertebrate body to yield its cellular structure, due to the complexity of its cells and their interactions. The fundamental unit of the nervous system is the neuron, which forms complex circuits that receive and integrate information and generate adaptive responses. Each neuron is composed of an input domain consisting of multiple dendrites along with the cell body, which is also responsible for the majority of macromolecule synthesis for the cell. The output domain is the axon which is a singular extension from the cell body that propagates the action potential to the synapse, where signals pass from one neuron to another. Facilitating these functions are cohorts of supporting cells consisting of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia along with NG2 cells and ependymal cells. Astrocytes have a dazzling array of functions including physical support, maintenance of homeostasis, development and integration of synaptic activity. Oligodendrocytes form the myelin sheath which surrounds axons and enables rapid conduction of the nerve impulse. Microglia are the resident immune cells, providing immune surveillance and remodeling of neuronal circuits during development and trauma. All these cells function in concert with each other, producing the remarkably diverse functions of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Bigbee
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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11
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Liao AS, Cui W, Zhang YJ, Webster-Wood VA. Semi-Automated Quantitative Evaluation of Neuron Developmental Morphology In Vitro Using the Change-Point Test. Neuroinformatics 2023; 21:163-176. [PMID: 36070028 DOI: 10.1007/s12021-022-09600-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuron morphology gives rise to distinct axons and dendrites and plays an essential role in neuronal functionality and circuit dynamics. In rat hippocampal neurons, morphological development occurs over roughly one week in vitro. This development has been qualitatively described as occurring in 5 stages. Still, there is a need to quantify cell growth to monitor cell culture health, understand cell responses to sensory cues, and compare experimental results and computational growth model predictions. To address this need, embryonic rat hippocampal neurons were observed in vitro over six days, and their processes were quantified using both standard morphometrics (degree, number of neurites, total length, and tortuosity) and new metrics (distance between change points, relative turning angle, and the number of change points) based on the Change-Point Test to track changes in path trajectories. Of the standard morphometrics, the total length of neurites per cell and the number of endpoints were significantly different between 0.5, 1.5, and 4 days in vitro, which are typically associated with Stages 2-4. Using the Change-Point Test, the number of change points and the average distance between change points per cell were also significantly different between those key time points. This work highlights key quantitative characteristics, both among common and novel morphometrics, that can describe neuron development in vitro and provides a foundation for analyzing directional changes in neurite growth for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee S Liao
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, 15213, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Wenxin Cui
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, 15213, Pennsylvania, United States of America.,Biomedical Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, 15213, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yongjie Jessica Zhang
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, 15213, Pennsylvania, United States of America.,Biomedical Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, 15213, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Victoria A Webster-Wood
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, 15213, Pennsylvania, United States of America. .,Biomedical Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, 15213, Pennsylvania, United States of America. .,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, 15260, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
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12
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Choi K, Kim WK, Hyeon C. Polymer Physics-Based Classification of Neurons. Neuroinformatics 2023; 21:177-193. [PMID: 36190621 DOI: 10.1007/s12021-022-09605-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recognizing that diverse morphologies of neurons are reminiscent of structures of branched polymers, we put forward a principled and systematic way of classifying neurons that employs the ideas of polymer physics. In particular, we use 3D coordinates of individual neurons, which are accessible in recent neuron reconstruction datasets from electron microscope images. We numerically calculate the form factor, F(q), a Fourier transform of the distance distribution of particles comprising an object of interest, which is routinely measured in scattering experiments to quantitatively characterize the structure of materials. For a polymer-like object consisting of n monomers spanning over a length scale of r, F(q) scales with the wavenumber [Formula: see text] as [Formula: see text] at an intermediate range of q, where [Formula: see text] is the fractal dimension or the inverse scaling exponent ([Formula: see text]) characterizing the geometrical feature ([Formula: see text]) of the object. F(q) can be used to describe a neuron morphology in terms of its size ([Formula: see text]) and the extent of branching quantified by [Formula: see text]. By defining the distance between F(q)s as a measure of similarity between two neuronal morphologies, we tackle the neuron classification problem. In comparison with other existing classification methods for neuronal morphologies, our F(q)-based classification rests solely on 3D coordinates of neurons with no prior knowledge of morphological features. When applied to publicly available neuron datasets from three different organisms, our method not only complements other methods but also offers a physical picture of how the dendritic and axonal branches of an individual neuron fill the space of dense neural networks inside the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiri Choi
- School of Computational Sciences, Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Seoul, 02455, Korea
| | - Won Kyu Kim
- School of Computational Sciences, Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Seoul, 02455, Korea
| | - Changbong Hyeon
- School of Computational Sciences, Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Seoul, 02455, Korea.
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13
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Sperandeo A, Tamburini C, Noakes Z, de la Fuente DC, Keefe F, Petter O, Plumbly W, Clifton N, Li M, Peall K. Cortical neuronal hyperexcitability and synaptic changes in SGCE mutation-positive myoclonus dystonia. Brain 2022; 146:1523-1541. [PMID: 36204995 PMCID: PMC10115238 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myoclonus Dystonia is a childhood-onset hyperkinetic movement disorder with a combined motor and psychiatric phenotype. It represents one of the few autosomal dominant inherited dystonic disorders and is caused by mutations in the ε-sarcoglycan (SGCE) gene. Work to date suggests that dystonia is caused by disruption of neuronal networks, principally basal ganglia-cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuits. Investigation of cortical involvement has primarily focused on disruption to interneuron inhibitory activity, rather than the excitatory activity of cortical pyramidal neurons. Here, we have sought to examine excitatory cortical glutamatergic activity using two approaches; the CRISPR/Cas9 editing of a human embryonic cell line, generating an SGCE compound heterozygous mutation, and three patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell lines (iPSC) each gene edited to generate matched wild-type SGCE control lines. Differentiation towards a cortical neuronal phenotype demonstrated no significant differences in neither early- (PAX6, FOXG1) nor late-stage (CTIP2, TBR1) neurodevelopmental markers. However, functional characterisation using Ca2+ imaging and MEA approaches identified an increase in network activity, while single-cell patch clamp studies found a greater propensity towards action potential generation with larger amplitudes and shorter half-widths associated with SGCE-mutations. Bulk-RNA-seq analysis identified gene ontological enrichment for neuron projection development, synaptic signalling, and synaptic transmission. Examination of dendritic morphology found SGCE-mutations to be associated with a significantly higher number of branches and longer branch lengths, together with longer ion-channel dense axon initial segments, particularly towards the latter stages of differentiation (D80 and D100). Gene expression and protein quantification of key synaptic proteins (synaptophysin, synapsin and PSD95), AMPA and NMDA receptor subunits found no significant differences between the SGCE-mutation and matched wild-type lines. By contrast, significant changes to synaptic adhesion molecule expression were identified, namely higher pre-synaptic neurexin-1 and lower post-synaptic neuroligin-4 levels in the SGCE mutation carrying lines. Our study demonstrates an increased intrinsic excitability of cortical glutamatergic neuronal cells in the context of SGCE mutations, coupled with a more complex neurite morphology and disruption to synaptic adhesion molecules. These changes potentially represent key components to the development of the hyperkinetic clinical phenotype observed in Myoclonus Dystonia, as well a central feature to the wider spectrum of dystonic disorders, potentially providing targets for future therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Sperandeo
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ
| | - Claudia Tamburini
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ
| | - Zoe Noakes
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ
| | - Daniel Cabezas de la Fuente
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ
| | - Francesca Keefe
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ
| | - Olena Petter
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ
| | - William Plumbly
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ
| | - Nicholas Clifton
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ
| | - Meng Li
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ
| | - Kathryn Peall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ
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14
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Hofer KT, Kandrács Á, Tóth K, Hajnal B, Bokodi V, Tóth EZ, Erőss L, Entz L, Bagó AG, Fabó D, Ulbert I, Wittner L. Bursting of excitatory cells is linked to interictal epileptic discharge generation in humans. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6280. [PMID: 35428851 PMCID: PMC9012754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10319-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge about the activity of single neurons is essential in understanding the mechanisms of synchrony generation, and particularly interesting if related to pathological conditions. The generation of interictal spikes—the hypersynchronous events between seizures—is linked to hyperexcitability and to bursting behaviour of neurons in animal models. To explore its cellular mechanisms in humans we investigated the activity of clustered single neurons in a human in vitro model generating both physiological and epileptiform synchronous events. We show that non-epileptic synchronous events resulted from the finely balanced firing of excitatory and inhibitory cells, which was shifted towards an enhanced excitability in epileptic tissue. In contrast, interictal-like spikes were characterised by an asymmetric overall neuronal discharge initiated by excitatory neurons with the presumptive leading role of bursting pyramidal cells, and possibly terminated by inhibitory interneurons. We found that the overall burstiness of human neocortical neurons is not necessarily related to epilepsy, but the bursting behaviour of excitatory cells comprising both intrinsic and synaptically driven bursting is clearly linked to the generation of epileptiform synchrony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina T Hofer
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Magyar tudósok körútja 2., 1117, Budapest, Hungary.,Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, 1083, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine and Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ágnes Kandrács
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Magyar tudósok körútja 2., 1117, Budapest, Hungary.,Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, 1083, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kinga Tóth
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Magyar tudósok körútja 2., 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Boglárka Hajnal
- National Institute of Mental Health, Neurology and Neurosurgery, 1143, Budapest, Hungary.,Semmelweis University Doctoral School, 1026, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Virág Bokodi
- National Institute of Mental Health, Neurology and Neurosurgery, 1143, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Estilla Zsófia Tóth
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Magyar tudósok körútja 2., 1117, Budapest, Hungary.,Semmelweis University Doctoral School, 1026, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Loránd Erőss
- National Institute of Mental Health, Neurology and Neurosurgery, 1143, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Entz
- National Institute of Mental Health, Neurology and Neurosurgery, 1143, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila G Bagó
- National Institute of Mental Health, Neurology and Neurosurgery, 1143, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dániel Fabó
- National Institute of Mental Health, Neurology and Neurosurgery, 1143, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Ulbert
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Magyar tudósok körútja 2., 1117, Budapest, Hungary.,Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, 1083, Budapest, Hungary.,National Institute of Mental Health, Neurology and Neurosurgery, 1143, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lucia Wittner
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Magyar tudósok körútja 2., 1117, Budapest, Hungary. .,Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, 1083, Budapest, Hungary. .,National Institute of Mental Health, Neurology and Neurosurgery, 1143, Budapest, Hungary.
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15
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Huang C, Wang Y, Chen P, Shan QH, Wang H, Ding LF, Bi GQ, Zhou JN. Single-cell reconstruction reveals input patterns and pathways into corticotropin-releasing factor neurons in the central amygdala in mice. Commun Biol 2022; 5:322. [PMID: 35388122 PMCID: PMC8986827 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03260-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neurons are one of the most densely distributed cell types in the central amygdala (CeA), and are involved in a wide range of behaviors including anxiety and learning. However, the fundamental input circuits and patterns of CeA-CRF neurons are still unclear. Here, we generate a monosynaptic-input map onto CeA-CRF neurons at single-cell resolution via a retrograde rabies-virus system. We find all inputs are located in 44 nested subregions that directly innervate CeA-CRF neurons; most of them are top-down convergent inputs expressing Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, and are centralized in cortex, especially in the layer 4 of the somatosensory cortex, which may directly relay information from the thalamus. While the bottom-up divergent inputs have the highest proportion of glutamate decarboxylase expression. Finally, en passant structures of single input neuron are revealed by in-situ reconstruction in a modified 3D-reference atlas, represented by a Periaqueductal gray-Subparafascicular nucleus-Subthalamic nucleus-Globus pallidus-Caudoputamen-CeA pathway. Taken together, our findings provide morphological and connectivity properties of inputs onto CeA-CRF neurons, which may provide insights for future studies interrogating circuit mechanisms of CeA-CRF neurons in mediating various functions. Viral retrograde tracing identifies input regions and patterns into the corticotropin releasing factor-expressing neurons in central amygdala, providing an important resource to disentangle the role of these cells in fear and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Huang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, PR China. .,Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, PR China.,Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, PR China.,Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Hong Shan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, PR China.,Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Brain-inspired Intelligence Technology and Application, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, China
| | - Lu-Feng Ding
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, PR China.,Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Bi
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, PR China.,Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang-Ning Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, PR China. .,Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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16
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Computational synthesis of cortical dendritic morphologies. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110586. [PMID: 35385736 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal morphologies provide the foundation for the electrical behavior of neurons, the connectomes they form, and the dynamical properties of the brain. Comprehensive neuron models are essential for defining cell types, discerning their functional roles, and investigating brain-disease-related dendritic alterations. However, a lack of understanding of the principles underlying neuron morphologies has hindered attempts to computationally synthesize morphologies for decades. We introduce a synthesis algorithm based on a topological descriptor of neurons, which enables the rapid digital reconstruction of entire brain regions from few reference cells. This topology-guided synthesis generates dendrites that are statistically similar to biological reconstructions in terms of morpho-electrical and connectivity properties and offers a significant opportunity to investigate the links between neuronal morphology and brain function across different spatiotemporal scales. Synthesized cortical networks based on structurally altered dendrites associated with diverse brain pathologies revealed principles linking branching properties to the structure of large-scale networks.
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17
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Merino-Serrais P, Plaza-Alonso S, Hellal F, Valero-Freitag S, Kastanauskaite A, Muñoz A, Plesnila N, DeFelipe J. Microanatomical study of pyramidal neurons in the contralesional somatosensory cortex after experimental ischemic stroke. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:1074-1089. [PMID: 35353195 PMCID: PMC9930620 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, many studies support the notion that after stroke, remote regions connected to the infarcted area are also affected and may contribute to functional outcome. In the present study, we have analyzed possible microanatomical alterations in pyramidal neurons from the contralesional hemisphere after induced stroke. We performed intracellular injections of Lucifer yellow in pyramidal neurons from layer III in the somatosensory cortex of the contralesional hemisphere in an ischemic stroke mouse model. A detailed 3-dimensional analysis of the neuronal complexity and morphological alterations of dendritic spines was then performed. Our results demonstrate that pyramidal neurons from layer III in the somatosensory cortex of the contralesional hemisphere show selective changes in their dendritic arbors, namely, less dendritic complexity of the apical dendritic arbor-but no changes in the basal dendritic arbor. In addition, we found differences in spine morphology in both apical and basal dendrites comparing the contralesional hemisphere with the lesional hemisphere. Our results show that pyramidal neurons of remote areas connected to the infarct zone exhibit a series of selective changes in neuronal complexity and morphological distribution of dendritic spines, supporting the hypothesis that remote regions connected to the peri-infarcted area are also affected after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Merino-Serrais
- Corresponding author: Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Montegancedo S/N, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid 28223/Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce, 37, Madrid 28002, Spain.
| | - Sergio Plaza-Alonso
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28223, Spain,Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid 28002, Spain
| | - Farida Hellal
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University of Munich, Munich 81337, Germany,iTERM, Helmholtz center, Munich 85764, Germany
| | - Susana Valero-Freitag
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University of Munich, Munich 81337, Germany
| | - Asta Kastanauskaite
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28223, Spain,Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid 28002, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28223, Spain,Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid 28002, Spain,Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Complutense, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Nikolaus Plesnila
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University of Munich, Munich 81337, Germany,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (Synergy), Munich 85764, Germany
| | - Javier DeFelipe
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28223, Spain,Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid 28002, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas. (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid 28031, Spain
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18
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Abrous DN, Koehl M, Lemoine M. A Baldwin interpretation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis: from functional relevance to physiopathology. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:383-402. [PMID: 34103674 PMCID: PMC8960398 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01172-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hippocampal adult neurogenesis has been associated to many cognitive, emotional, and behavioral functions and dysfunctions, and its status as a selected effect or an "appendix of the brain" has been debated. In this review, we propose to understand hippocampal neurogenesis as the process underlying the "Baldwin effect", a particular situation in evolution where fitness does not rely on the natural selection of genetic traits, but on "ontogenetic adaptation" to a changing environment. This supports the view that a strong distinction between developmental and adult hippocampal neurogenesis is made. We propose that their functions are the constitution and the lifelong adaptation, respectively, of a basic repertoire of cognitive and emotional behaviors. This lifelong adaptation occurs through new forms of binding, i.e., association or dissociation of more basic elements. This distinction further suggests that a difference is made between developmental vulnerability (or resilience), stemming from dysfunctional (or highly functional) developmental hippocampal neurogenesis, and adult vulnerability (or resilience), stemming from dysfunctional (or highly functional) adult hippocampal neurogenesis. According to this hypothesis, developmental and adult vulnerability are distinct risk factors for various mental disorders in adults. This framework suggests new avenues for research on hippocampal neurogenesis and its implication in mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djoher Nora Abrous
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Neurogenesis and Pathophysiology group, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Muriel Koehl
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XUniv. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Neurogenesis and Pathophysiology group, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Maël Lemoine
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XUniversity Bordeaux, CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR 5164, Bordeaux, France
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19
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Carrasco A, Oorschot DE, Barzaghi P, Wickens JR. Three-Dimensional Spatial Analyses of Cholinergic Neuronal Distributions Across The Mouse Septum, Nucleus Basalis, Globus Pallidus, Nucleus Accumbens, and Caudate-Putamen. Neuroinformatics 2022; 20:1121-1136. [PMID: 35792992 PMCID: PMC9588480 DOI: 10.1007/s12021-022-09588-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal networks are regulated by three-dimensional spatial and structural properties. Despite robust evidence of functional implications in the modulation of cognition, little is known about the three-dimensional internal organization of cholinergic networks in the forebrain. Cholinergic networks in the forebrain primarily occur in subcortical nuclei, specifically the septum, nucleus basalis, globus pallidus, nucleus accumbens, and the caudate-putamen. Therefore, the present investigation analyzed the three-dimensional spatial organization of 14,000 cholinergic neurons that expressed choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in these subcortical nuclei of the mouse forebrain. Point process theory and graph signal processing techniques identified three topological principles of organization. First, cholinergic interneuronal distance is not uniform across brain regions. Specifically, in the septum, globus pallidus, nucleus accumbens, and the caudate-putamen, the cholinergic neurons were clustered compared with a uniform random distribution. In contrast, in the nucleus basalis, the cholinergic neurons had a spatial distribution of greater regularity than a uniform random distribution. Second, a quarter of the caudate-putamen is composed of axonal bundles, yet the spatial distribution of cholinergic neurons remained clustered when axonal bundles were accounted for. However, comparison with an inhomogeneous Poisson distribution showed that the nucleus basalis and caudate-putamen findings could be explained by density gradients in those structures. Third, the number of cholinergic neurons varies as a function of the volume of a specific brain region but cell body volume is constant across regions. The results of the present investigation provide topographic descriptions of cholinergic somata distribution and axonal conduits, and demonstrate spatial differences in cognitive control networks. The study provides a comprehensive digital database of the total population of ChAT-positive neurons in the reported structures, with the x,y,z coordinates of each neuron at micrometer resolution. This information is important for future digital cellular atlases and computational models of the forebrain cholinergic system enabling models based on actual spatial geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Carrasco
- grid.250464.10000 0000 9805 2626Neurobiology Research Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Dorothy E. Oorschot
- grid.29980.3a0000 0004 1936 7830Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, and the Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Paolo Barzaghi
- grid.250464.10000 0000 9805 2626Imaging Section, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Jeffery R. Wickens
- grid.250464.10000 0000 9805 2626Neurobiology Research Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
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20
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Rivera A, Suárez-Boomgaard D, Miguelez C, Valderrama-Carvajal A, Baufreton J, Shumilov K, Taupignon A, Gago B, Real MÁ. Dopamine D 4 Receptor Is a Regulator of Morphine-Induced Plasticity in the Rat Dorsal Striatum. Cells 2021; 11:31. [PMID: 35011592 PMCID: PMC8750869 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term exposition to morphine elicits structural and synaptic plasticity in reward-related regions of the brain, playing a critical role in addiction. However, morphine-induced neuroadaptations in the dorsal striatum have been poorly studied despite its key function in drug-related habit learning. Here, we show that prolonged treatment with morphine triggered the retraction of the dendritic arbor and the loss of dendritic spines in the dorsal striatal projection neurons (MSNs). In an attempt to extend previous findings, we also explored whether the dopamine D4 receptor (D4R) could modulate striatal morphine-induced plasticity. The combined treatment of morphine with the D4R agonist PD168,077 produced an expansion of the MSNs dendritic arbors and restored dendritic spine density. At the electrophysiological level, PD168,077 in combination with morphine altered the electrical properties of the MSNs and decreased their excitability. Finally, results from the sustantia nigra showed that PD168,077 counteracted morphine-induced upregulation of μ opioid receptors (MOR) in striatonigral projections and downregulation of G protein-gated inward rectifier K+ channels (GIRK1 and GIRK2) in dopaminergic cells. The present results highlight the key function of D4R modulating morphine-induced plasticity in the dorsal striatum. Thus, D4R could represent a valuable pharmacological target for the safety use of morphine in pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Rivera
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (D.S.-B.); (A.V.-C.); (K.S.); (M.Á.R.)
| | - Diana Suárez-Boomgaard
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (D.S.-B.); (A.V.-C.); (K.S.); (M.Á.R.)
| | - Cristina Miguelez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Alejandra Valderrama-Carvajal
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (D.S.-B.); (A.V.-C.); (K.S.); (M.Á.R.)
| | - Jérôme Baufreton
- Institut des Maladies Neurodegeneratives, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; (J.B.); (A.T.)
- Institut des Maladies Neurodegeneratives, CNRS, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Kirill Shumilov
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (D.S.-B.); (A.V.-C.); (K.S.); (M.Á.R.)
- School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Anne Taupignon
- Institut des Maladies Neurodegeneratives, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; (J.B.); (A.T.)
- Institut des Maladies Neurodegeneratives, CNRS, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Belén Gago
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain;
| | - M. Ángeles Real
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (D.S.-B.); (A.V.-C.); (K.S.); (M.Á.R.)
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21
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A general principle of dendritic constancy: A neuron's size- and shape-invariant excitability. Neuron 2021; 109:3647-3662.e7. [PMID: 34555313 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Reducing neuronal size results in less membrane and therefore lower input conductance. Smaller neurons are thus more excitable, as seen in their responses to somatic current injections. However, the impact of a neuron's size and shape on its voltage responses to dendritic synaptic activation is much less understood. Here we use analytical cable theory to predict voltage responses to distributed synaptic inputs in unbranched cables, showing that these are entirely independent of dendritic length. For a given synaptic density, neuronal responses depend only on the average dendritic diameter and intrinsic conductivity. This remains valid for a wide range of morphologies irrespective of their arborization complexity. Spiking models indicate that morphology-invariant numbers of spikes approximate the percentage of active synapses. In contrast to spike rate, spike times do depend on dendrite morphology. In summary, neuronal excitability in response to distributed synaptic inputs is largely unaffected by dendrite length or complexity.
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22
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Leleo EG, Segev I. Burst control: Synaptic conditions for burst generation in cortical layer 5 pyramidal neurons. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009558. [PMID: 34727124 PMCID: PMC8589150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The output of neocortical layer 5 pyramidal cells (L5PCs) is expressed by a train of single spikes with intermittent bursts of multiple spikes at high frequencies. The bursts are the result of nonlinear dendritic properties, including Na+, Ca2+, and NMDA spikes, that interact with the ~10,000 synapses impinging on the neuron's dendrites. Output spike bursts are thought to implement key dendritic computations, such as coincidence detection of bottom-up inputs (arriving mostly at the basal tree) and top-down inputs (arriving mostly at the apical tree). In this study we used a detailed nonlinear model of L5PC receiving excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs to explore the conditions for generating bursts and for modulating their properties. We established the excitatory input conditions on the basal versus the apical tree that favor burst and show that there are two distinct types of bursts. Bursts consisting of 3 or more spikes firing at < 200 Hz, which are generated by stronger excitatory input to the basal versus the apical tree, and bursts of ~2-spikes at ~250 Hz, generated by prominent apical tuft excitation. Localized and well-timed dendritic inhibition on the apical tree differentially modulates Na+, Ca2+, and NMDA spikes and, consequently, finely controls the burst output. Finally, we explored the implications of different burst classes and respective dendritic inhibition for regulating synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eilam Goldenberg Leleo
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Idan Segev
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Neurobiology, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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23
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24
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D'Souza L, Channakkar AS, Muralidharan B. Chromatin remodelling complexes in cerebral cortex development and neurodevelopmental disorders. Neurochem Int 2021; 147:105055. [PMID: 33964373 PMCID: PMC7611358 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The diverse number of neurons in the cerebral cortex are generated during development by neural stem cells lining the ventricle, and they continue maturing postnatally. Dynamic chromatin regulation in these neural stem cells is a fundamental determinant of the emerging property of the functional neural network, and the chromatin remodellers are critical determinants of this process. Chromatin remodellers participate in several steps of this process from proliferation, differentiation, migration leading to complex network formation which forms the basis of higher-order functions of cognition and behaviour. Here we review the role of these ATP-dependent chromatin remodellers in cortical development in health and disease and highlight several key mouse mutants of the subunits of the complexes which have revealed how the remodelling mechanisms control the cortical stem cell chromatin landscape for expression of stage-specific transcripts. Consistent with their role in cortical development, several putative risk variants in the subunits of the remodelling complexes have been identified as the underlying causes of several neurodevelopmental disorders. A basic understanding of the detailed molecular mechanism of their action is key to understating how mutations in the same networks lead to disease pathologies and perhaps pave the way for therapeutic development for these complex multifactorial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leora D'Souza
- Brain Development and Disease Mechanisms, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore Life Science Cluster, Bangalore, India
| | - Asha S Channakkar
- Brain Development and Disease Mechanisms, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore Life Science Cluster, Bangalore, India
| | - Bhavana Muralidharan
- Brain Development and Disease Mechanisms, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore Life Science Cluster, Bangalore, India.
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25
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Benavides-Piccione R, Regalado-Reyes M, Fernaud-Espinosa I, Kastanauskaite A, Tapia-González S, León-Espinosa G, Rojo C, Insausti R, Segev I, DeFelipe J. Differential Structure of Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Neurons in the Human and Mouse. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:730-752. [PMID: 31268532 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyramidal neurons are the most common cell type and are considered the main output neuron in most mammalian forebrain structures. In terms of function, differences in the structure of the dendrites of these neurons appear to be crucial in determining how neurons integrate information. To further shed light on the structure of the human pyramidal neurons we investigated the geometry of pyramidal cells in the human and mouse CA1 region-one of the most evolutionary conserved archicortical regions, which is critically involved in the formation, consolidation, and retrieval of memory. We aimed to assess to what extent neurons corresponding to a homologous region in different species have parallel morphologies. Over 100 intracellularly injected and 3D-reconstructed cells across both species revealed that dendritic and axonal morphologies of human cells are not only larger but also have structural differences, when compared to mouse. The results show that human CA1 pyramidal cells are not a stretched version of mouse CA1 cells. These results indicate that there are some morphological parameters of the pyramidal cells that are conserved, whereas others are species-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Benavides-Piccione
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid 28002, Spain.,Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28223, Spain
| | - Mamen Regalado-Reyes
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28223, Spain
| | - Isabel Fernaud-Espinosa
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28223, Spain
| | - Asta Kastanauskaite
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28223, Spain
| | - Silvia Tapia-González
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28223, Spain
| | - Gonzalo León-Espinosa
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28223, Spain.,Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo Centro de Estudios Universitarios (CEU), Madrid 28925, Spain
| | - Concepcion Rojo
- Sección Departamental de Anatomía y Embriología (veterinaria). Facultad de Veterinaria. Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Ricardo Insausti
- Laboratorio de Neuroanatomía Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02008, Spain
| | - Idan Segev
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel.,Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel
| | - Javier DeFelipe
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid 28002, Spain.,Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28223, Spain
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26
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Reed JD, Blackwell KT. Prediction of Neural Diameter From Morphology to Enable Accurate Simulation. Front Neuroinform 2021; 15:666695. [PMID: 34149388 PMCID: PMC8209307 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2021.666695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate neuron morphologies are paramount for computational model simulations of realistic neural responses. Over the last decade, the online repository NeuroMorpho.Org has collected over 140,000 available neuron morphologies to understand brain function and promote interaction between experimental and computational research. Neuron morphologies describe spatial aspects of neural structure; however, many of the available morphologies do not contain accurate diameters that are essential for computational simulations of electrical activity. To best utilize available neuron morphologies, we present a set of equations that predict dendritic diameter from other morphological features. To derive the equations, we used a set of NeuroMorpho.org archives with realistic neuron diameters, representing hippocampal pyramidal, cerebellar Purkinje, and striatal spiny projection neurons. Each morphology is separated into initial, branching children, and continuing nodes. Our analysis reveals that the diameter of preceding nodes, Parent Diameter, is correlated to diameter of subsequent nodes for all cell types. Branching children and initial nodes each required additional morphological features to predict diameter, such as path length to soma, total dendritic length, and longest path to terminal end. Model simulations reveal that membrane potential response with predicted diameters is similar to the original response for several tested morphologies. We provide our open source software to extend the utility of available NeuroMorpho.org morphologies, and suggest predictive equations may supplement morphologies that lack dendritic diameter and improve model simulations with realistic dendritic diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Reed
- Krasnow Institute of Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States.,Department of Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | - Kim T Blackwell
- Krasnow Institute of Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Volgenau School of Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
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27
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Thériault RK, St-Denis M, Hewitt T, Khokhar JY, Lalonde J, Perreault ML. Sex-Specific Cannabidiol- and Iloperidone-Induced Neuronal Activity Changes in an In Vitro MAM Model System of Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115511. [PMID: 34073710 PMCID: PMC8197248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical circuit dysfunction is thought to be an underlying mechanism of schizophrenia (SZ) pathophysiology with normalization of aberrant circuit activity proposed as a biomarker for antipsychotic efficacy. Cannabidiol (CBD) shows potential as an adjunctive antipsychotic therapy; however, potential sex effects in these drug interactions remain unknown. In the present study, we sought to elucidate sex effects of CBD coadministration with the atypical antipsychotic iloperidone (ILO) on the activity of primary cortical neuron cultures derived from the rat methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) model used for the study of SZ. Spontaneous network activity measurements were obtained using a multielectrode array at baseline and following administration of CBD or ILO alone, or combined. At baseline, MAM male neurons displayed increased bursting activity whereas MAM female neurons exhibited no difference in bursting activity compared to sex-matched controls. CBD administered alone showed a rapid but transient increase in neuronal activity in the MAM networks, an effect more pronounced in females. Furthermore, ILO had an additive effect on CBD-induced elevations in activity in the MAM male neurons. In the MAM female neurons, CBD or ILO administration resulted in time-dependent elevations in neuronal activity, but the short-term CBD-induced increases in activity were lost when CBD and ILO were combined. Our findings indicate that CBD induces rapid increases in cortical neuronal activity, with sex-specific drug interactions upon ILO coadministration. This suggests that sex should be a consideration when implementing adjunct therapy for treatment of SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel-Karson Thériault
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.-K.T.); (M.S.-D.); (T.H.); (J.L.)
- Collaborative Program in Neuroscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Myles St-Denis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.-K.T.); (M.S.-D.); (T.H.); (J.L.)
| | - Tristen Hewitt
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.-K.T.); (M.S.-D.); (T.H.); (J.L.)
- Collaborative Program in Neuroscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Jibran Y. Khokhar
- Collaborative Program in Neuroscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jasmin Lalonde
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.-K.T.); (M.S.-D.); (T.H.); (J.L.)
- Collaborative Program in Neuroscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Melissa L. Perreault
- Collaborative Program in Neuroscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(519)-824-4120 (ext. 52013)
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28
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Gandolfi D, Boiani GM, Bigiani A, Mapelli J. Modeling Neurotransmission: Computational Tools to Investigate Neurological Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4565. [PMID: 33925434 PMCID: PMC8123833 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The investigation of synaptic functions remains one of the most fascinating challenges in the field of neuroscience and a large number of experimental methods have been tuned to dissect the mechanisms taking part in the neurotransmission process. Furthermore, the understanding of the insights of neurological disorders originating from alterations in neurotransmission often requires the development of (i) animal models of pathologies, (ii) invasive tools and (iii) targeted pharmacological approaches. In the last decades, additional tools to explore neurological diseases have been provided to the scientific community. A wide range of computational models in fact have been developed to explore the alterations of the mechanisms involved in neurotransmission following the emergence of neurological pathologies. Here, we review some of the advancements in the development of computational methods employed to investigate neuronal circuits with a particular focus on the application to the most diffuse neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gandolfi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy; (D.G.); (G.M.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Giulia Maria Boiani
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy; (D.G.); (G.M.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Albertino Bigiani
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy; (D.G.); (G.M.B.); (A.B.)
- Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Jonathan Mapelli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy; (D.G.); (G.M.B.); (A.B.)
- Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
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29
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Olopade FE, Femi-Akinlosotu OM, Adekanmbi AJ, Ighogboja OO, Shokunbi MT. Chronic Caffeine Ingestion Improves Motor Function and Increases Dendritic Length and Arborization in the Motor Cortex, Striatum, and Cerebellum. J Caffeine Adenosine Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1089/caff.2020.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Matthew T. Shokunbi
- Department of Anatomy and University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Surgery, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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30
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Najafian SA, Farbood Y, Sarkaki A, Ghafouri S. FTY720 administration following hypoxia-induced neonatal seizure reverse cognitive impairments and severity of seizures in male and female adult rats: The role of inflammation. Neurosci Lett 2021; 748:135675. [PMID: 33516800 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced neonatal seizure mainly leads to deleterious effects on brain function, especially cognitive impairments and increased susceptibility to epilepsy later in life. Early inflammation plays an important role in the pathology of these consequences. Therefore, we explored the long-term outcomes of Fingolimod treatment as an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective agent in a rat model of HINS. Seizures were induced in rats (postnatal day 10) by 5% O2 exposure for 15 min. Sixty minutes after the onset of hypoxia, pups received FTY720 (0.3 mg.kg-1) or normal saline for 12 consecutive days (lactation period), and they were used at P60-P63 for behavioral tests, ELISA and Pentylenetetrazole kindling model. The results of open field, novel object recognition and elevated plus maze tasks showed that Fingolimod prevents hippocampal memory dysfunction and anxiety-like behavior in both male and female hypoxic groups, which was accompanied with decreased TNF-α level in hippocampus. In addition, FTY720 postponed epileptogenesis just in female hypoxic + FTY group and decreased severity of seizures in both genders. Our results suggest that, FTY720 treatment in immature rats, which were previously subjected to HINS, prevented the long-lasting deficits, like cognitive impairments, decreased the severity of seizures and related inflammation. In addition, FTY720 did not show significant interaction with gender in most of the experiments, except the average day to reach fully kindled state. Taken together, FTY720 has therapeutic potential for long lasting effects of HINS in both male and female animals at puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ahmad Najafian
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Yaghoob Farbood
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alireza Sarkaki
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Samireh Ghafouri
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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31
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Kerloch T, Farrugia F, Bouit L, Maître M, Terral G, Koehl M, Mortessagne P, Heng JIT, Blanchard M, Doat H, Leste-Lasserre T, Goron A, Gonzales D, Perrais D, Guillemot F, Abrous DN, Pacary E. The atypical Rho GTPase Rnd2 is critical for dentate granule neuron development and anxiety-like behavior during adult but not neonatal neurogenesis. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:7280-7295. [PMID: 34561615 PMCID: PMC8872985 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01301-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the central role of Rho GTPases in neuronal development, their functions in adult hippocampal neurogenesis remain poorly explored. Here, by using a retrovirus-based loss-of-function approach in vivo, we show that the atypical Rho GTPase Rnd2 is crucial for survival, positioning, somatodendritic morphogenesis, and functional maturation of adult-born dentate granule neurons. Interestingly, most of these functions are specific to granule neurons generated during adulthood since the deletion of Rnd2 in neonatally-born granule neurons only affects dendritogenesis. In addition, suppression of Rnd2 in adult-born dentate granule neurons increases anxiety-like behavior whereas its deletion in pups has no such effect, a finding supporting the adult neurogenesis hypothesis of anxiety disorders. Thus, our results are in line with the view that adult neurogenesis is not a simple continuation of earlier processes from development, and establish a causal relationship between Rnd2 expression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kerloch
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XUniv. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France
| | - Fanny Farrugia
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XUniv. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France
| | - Lou Bouit
- grid.462202.00000 0004 0382 7329Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Marlène Maître
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XLaser microdissection Facility, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France
| | - Geoffrey Terral
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XUniv. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France
| | - Muriel Koehl
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XUniv. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre Mortessagne
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XUniv. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France
| | - Julian Ik-Tsen Heng
- grid.1032.00000 0004 0375 4078Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, 6102 Bentley, WA Australia
| | - Mylène Blanchard
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XUniv. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France
| | - Hélène Doat
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XLaser microdissection Facility, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France ,grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XTranscriptome Facility, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France
| | - Thierry Leste-Lasserre
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XTranscriptome Facility, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France
| | - Adeline Goron
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XUniv. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France
| | - Delphine Gonzales
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XGenotyping Facility, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France
| | - David Perrais
- grid.462202.00000 0004 0382 7329Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - François Guillemot
- grid.451388.30000 0004 1795 1830The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT UK
| | - Djoher Nora Abrous
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XUniv. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France
| | - Emilie Pacary
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300, Bordeaux, France.
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32
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Ferreira Castro A, Baltruschat L, Stürner T, Bahrami A, Jedlicka P, Tavosanis G, Cuntz H. Achieving functional neuronal dendrite structure through sequential stochastic growth and retraction. eLife 2020; 9:e60920. [PMID: 33241995 PMCID: PMC7837678 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Class I ventral posterior dendritic arborisation (c1vpda) proprioceptive sensory neurons respond to contractions in the Drosophila larval body wall during crawling. Their dendritic branches run along the direction of contraction, possibly a functional requirement to maximise membrane curvature during crawling contractions. Although the molecular machinery of dendritic patterning in c1vpda has been extensively studied, the process leading to the precise elaboration of their comb-like shapes remains elusive. Here, to link dendrite shape with its proprioceptive role, we performed long-term, non-invasive, in vivo time-lapse imaging of c1vpda embryonic and larval morphogenesis to reveal a sequence of differentiation stages. We combined computer models and dendritic branch dynamics tracking to propose that distinct sequential phases of stochastic growth and retraction achieve efficient dendritic trees both in terms of wire and function. Our study shows how dendrite growth balances structure-function requirements, shedding new light on general principles of self-organisation in functionally specialised dendrites.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Ferreira Castro
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced StudiesFrankfurt am MainGermany
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in cooperation with Max Planck SocietyFrankfurt am MainGermany
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)BonnGermany
| | | | - Tomke Stürner
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)BonnGermany
- Department of Zoology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Peter Jedlicka
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced StudiesFrankfurt am MainGermany
- Faculty of Medicine, ICAR3R – Interdisciplinary Centre for 3Rs in Animal Research, Justus Liebig University GiessenGiessenGermany
- Neuroscience Center, Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe UniversityFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Gaia Tavosanis
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)BonnGermany
- LIMES Institute, University of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Hermann Cuntz
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced StudiesFrankfurt am MainGermany
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in cooperation with Max Planck SocietyFrankfurt am MainGermany
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33
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Gupta A, Proddutur A, Chang YJ, Raturi V, Guevarra J, Shah Y, Elgammal FS, Santhakumar V. Dendritic morphology and inhibitory regulation distinguish dentate semilunar granule cells from granule cells through distinct stages of postnatal development. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:2841-2855. [PMID: 33124674 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02162-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Semilunar granule cells (SGCs) have been proposed as a morpho-functionally distinct class of hippocampal dentate projection neurons contributing to feedback inhibition and memory processing in juvenile rats. However, the structural and physiological features that can reliably classify granule cells (GCs) from SGCs through postnatal development remain unresolved. Focusing on postnatal days 11-13, 28-42, and > 120, corresponding with human infancy, adolescence, and adulthood, we examined the somato-dendritic morphology and inhibitory regulation in SGCs and GCs to determine the cell-type specific features. Unsupervised cluster analysis confirmed that morphological features reliably distinguish SGCs from GCs irrespective of animal age. SGCs maintain higher spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic current (sIPSC) frequency than GCs from infancy through adulthood. Although sIPSC frequency in SGCs was particularly enhanced during adolescence, sIPSC amplitude and cumulative charge transfer declined from infancy to adulthood and were not different between GCs and SGCs. Extrasynaptic GABA current amplitude peaked in adolescence in both cell types and was significantly greater in SGCs than in GCs only during adolescence. Although GC input resistance was higher than in SGCs during infancy and adolescence, input resistance decreased with developmental age in GCs, while it progressively increased in SGCs. Consequently, GCs' input resistance was significantly lower than SGCs in adults. The data delineate the structural features that can reliably distinguish GCs from SGCs through development. The results reveal developmental differences in passive membrane properties and steady-state inhibition between GCs and SGCs which could confound their use in classifying the cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Archana Proddutur
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Yun-Juan Chang
- Office of Advance Research Computing, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Vidhatri Raturi
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Jenieve Guevarra
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Yash Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Fatima S Elgammal
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Vijayalakshmi Santhakumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA. .,Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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34
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Banovac I, Sedmak D, Džaja D, Jalšovec D, Jovanov Milošević N, Rašin MR, Petanjek Z. Somato-dendritic morphology and axon origin site specify von Economo neurons as a subclass of modified pyramidal neurons in the human anterior cingulate cortex. J Anat 2020; 235:651-669. [PMID: 31435943 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Von Economo neurons (VENs) are modified pyramidal neurons characterized by an extremely elongated rod-shaped soma. They are abundant in layer V of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and fronto-insular cortex (FI) of the human brain, and have long been described as a human-specific neuron type. Recently, VENs have been reported in the ACC of apes and the FI of macaque monkeys. The first description of the somato-dendritic morphology of VENs in the FI by Cajal in 1899 (Textura del Sistema Nervioso del Hombre y de los Vertebrados, Tomo II. Madrid: Nicolas Moya) strongly suggested that they were a unique neuron subtype with specific morphological features. It is surprising that a clarification of this extremely important observation has not yet been attempted, especially as possible misidentification of other oval or fusiform cells as VENs has become relevant in many recently published studies. Here, we analyzed sections of Brodmann area 24 (ACC) stained with rapid Golgi and Golgi-Cox in five adult human specimens, and confirmed Cajal's observations. In addition, we established a comprehensive morphological description of VENs. VENs have a distinct somato-dendritic morphology that allows their clear distinction from other modified pyramidal neurons. We established that VENs have a perpendicularly oriented, stick-shaped core part consisting of the cell body and two thick extensions - an apical and basal stem. The perpendicular length of the core part was 150-250 μm and the thickness was 10-21 μm. The core part was characterized by a lack of clear demarcation between the cell body and the two extensions. Numerous thin, spiny and horizontally oriented side dendrites arose from the cell body. The basal extension of the core part typically ended by giving numerous smaller dendrites with a brush-like branching pattern. The apical extension had a topology typical for apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons. The dendrites arising from the core part had a high dendritic spine density. The most distinct feature of VENs was the distant origin site of the axon, which arose from the ending of the basal extension, often having a common origin with a dendrite. Quantitative analysis found that VENs could be divided into two groups based on total dendritic length - small VENs with a peak total dendritic length of 1500-2500 μm and large VENs with a peak total dendritic length of 5000-6000 μm. Comparative morphological analysis of VENs and other oval and fusiform modified pyramidal neurons showed that on Nissl sections small VENs might be difficult to identify, and that oval and fusiform neurons could be misidentified as VENs. Our analysis of Golgi slides of Brodmann area 9 from a total of 32 adult human subjects revealed only one cell resembling VEN morphology. Thus, our data show that the numerous recent reports on the presence of VENs in non-primates in other layers and regions of the cortex need further confirmation by showing the dendritic and axonal morphology of these cells. In conclusion, our study provides a foundation for further comprehensive morphological and functional studies on VENs between different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Banovac
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dora Sedmak
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Domagoj Džaja
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dubravko Jalšovec
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nataša Jovanov Milošević
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mladen Roko Rašin
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Zdravko Petanjek
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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35
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Kerloch T, Clavreul S, Goron A, Abrous DN, Pacary E. Dentate Granule Neurons Generated During Perinatal Life Display Distinct Morphological Features Compared With Later-Born Neurons in the Mouse Hippocampus. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:3527-3539. [PMID: 30215686 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In nonhuman mammals and in particular in rodents, most granule neurons of the dentate gyrus (DG) are generated during development and yet little is known about their properties compared with adult-born neurons. Although it is generally admitted that these populations are morphologically indistinguishable once mature, a detailed analysis of developmentally born neurons is lacking. Here, we used in vivo electroporation to label dentate granule cells (DGCs) generated in mouse embryos (E14.5) or in neonates (P0) and followed their morphological development up to 6 months after birth. By comparison with mature retrovirus-labeled DGCs born at weaning (P21) or young adult (P84) stages, we provide the evidence that perinatally born neurons, especially embryonically born cells, are morphologically distinct from later-born neurons and are thus easily distinguishable. In addition, our data indicate that semilunar and hilar GCs, 2 populations in ectopic location, are generated during the embryonic and the neonatal periods, respectively. Thus, our findings provide new insights into the development of the different populations of GCs in the DG and open new questions regarding their function in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kerloch
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Solène Clavreul
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Adeline Goron
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Djoher Nora Abrous
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Emilie Pacary
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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36
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Kanari L, Ramaswamy S, Shi Y, Morand S, Meystre J, Perin R, Abdellah M, Wang Y, Hess K, Markram H. Objective Morphological Classification of Neocortical Pyramidal Cells. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:1719-1735. [PMID: 30715238 PMCID: PMC6418396 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A consensus on the number of morphologically different types of pyramidal cells (PCs) in the neocortex has not yet been reached, despite over a century of anatomical studies, due to the lack of agreement on the subjective classifications of neuron types, which is based on expert analyses of neuronal morphologies. Even for neurons that are visually distinguishable, there is no common ground to consistently define morphological types. The objective classification of PCs can be achieved with methods from algebraic topology, and the dendritic arborization is sufficient for the reliable identification of distinct types of cortical PCs. Therefore, we objectively identify 17 types of PCs in the rat somatosensory cortex. In addition, we provide a solution to the challenging problem of whether 2 similar neurons belong to different types or to a continuum of the same type. Our topological classification does not require expert input, is stable, and helps settle the long-standing debate on whether cell-types are discrete or continuous morphological variations of each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Kanari
- Blue Brain Project, Brain and Mind Institute, EPFL, Campus Biotech: CH 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Srikanth Ramaswamy
- Blue Brain Project, Brain and Mind Institute, EPFL, Campus Biotech: CH 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ying Shi
- Blue Brain Project, Brain and Mind Institute, EPFL, Campus Biotech: CH 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sebastien Morand
- Laboratory for Topology and Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, CH 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julie Meystre
- Laboratory of Neural Microcircuitry, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, CH 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rodrigo Perin
- Laboratory of Neural Microcircuitry, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, CH 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marwan Abdellah
- Blue Brain Project, Brain and Mind Institute, EPFL, Campus Biotech: CH 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yun Wang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kathryn Hess
- Laboratory for Topology and Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, CH 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Henry Markram
- Blue Brain Project, Brain and Mind Institute, EPFL, Campus Biotech: CH 1202, Geneva, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Neural Microcircuitry, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, CH 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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37
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Poirazi P, Papoutsi A. Illuminating dendritic function with computational models. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 21:303-321. [PMID: 32393820 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-020-0301-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dendrites have always fascinated researchers: from the artistic drawings by Ramon y Cajal to the beautiful recordings of today, neuroscientists have been striving to unravel the mysteries of these structures. Theoretical work in the 1960s predicted important dendritic effects on neuronal processing, establishing computational modelling as a powerful technique for their investigation. Since then, modelling of dendrites has been instrumental in driving neuroscience research in a targeted manner, providing experimentally testable predictions that range from the subcellular level to the systems level, and their relevance extends to fields beyond neuroscience, such as machine learning and artificial intelligence. Validation of modelling predictions often requires - and drives - new technological advances, thus closing the loop with theory-driven experimentation that moves the field forward. This Review features the most important, to our understanding, contributions of modelling of dendritic computations, including those pending experimental verification, and highlights studies of successful interactions between the modelling and experimental neuroscience communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayiota Poirazi
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology - Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Athanasia Papoutsi
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology - Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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38
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Chou ZZ, Yu GJ, Berger TW. Generation of Granule Cell Dendritic Morphologies by Estimating the Spatial Heterogeneity of Dendritic Branching. Front Comput Neurosci 2020; 14:23. [PMID: 32327990 PMCID: PMC7160759 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2020.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological realism of dendritic morphologies is important for simulating electrical stimulation of brain tissue. By adding point process modeling and conditional sampling to existing generation strategies, we provide a novel means of reproducing the nuanced branching behavior that occurs in different layers of granule cell dendritic morphologies. In this study, a heterogeneous Poisson point process was used to simulate branching events. Conditional distributions were then used to select branch angles depending on the orthogonal distance to the somatic plane. The proposed method was compared to an existing generation tool and a control version of the proposed method that used a homogeneous Poisson point process. Morphologies were generated with each method and then compared to a set of digitally reconstructed neurons. The introduction of a conditionally dependent branching rate resulted in the generation of morphologies that more accurately reproduced the emergent properties of dendritic material per layer, Sholl intersections, and proximal passive current flow. Conditional dependence was critically important for the generation of realistic granule cell dendritic morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane Z Chou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gene J Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Theodore W Berger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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39
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Leibovich H, Buzaglo N, Tsuriel S, Peretz L, Caspi Y, Katz B, Lev S, Lichtstein D, Binshtok AM. Abnormal Reinnervation of Denervated Areas Following Nerve Injury Facilitates Neuropathic Pain. Cells 2020; 9:cells9041007. [PMID: 32325693 PMCID: PMC7226396 DOI: 10.3390/cells9041007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
An injury to peripheral nerves leads to skin denervation, which often is followed by increased pain sensitivity of the denervated areas and the development of neuropathic pain. Changes in innervation patterns during the reinnervation process of the denervated skin could contribute to the development of neuropathic pain. Here, we examined the changes in the innervation pattern during reinnervation and correlated them with the symptoms of neuropathic pain. Using a multispectral labeling technique—PainBow, which we developed, we characterized dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons innervating distinct areas of the rats’ paw. We then used spared nerve injury, causing partial denervation of the paw, and examined the changes in innervation patterns of the denervated areas during the development of allodynia and hyperalgesia. We found that, differently from normal conditions, during the development of neuropathic pain, these areas were mainly innervated by large, non-nociceptive neurons. Moreover, we found that the development of neuropathic pain is correlated with an overall decrease in the number of DRG neurons innervating these areas. Importantly, treatment with ouabain facilitated reinnervation and alleviated neuropathic pain. Our results suggest that local changes in peripheral innervation following denervation contribute to neuropathic pain development. The reversal of these changes decreases neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hodaya Leibovich
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Nahum Buzaglo
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Shlomo Tsuriel
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Liat Peretz
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Yaki Caspi
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Ben Katz
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Shaya Lev
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - David Lichtstein
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Alexander M. Binshtok
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-2-675-7349
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40
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Hood VL, Paterson C, Law AJ. PI3Kinase-p110δ Overexpression Impairs Dendritic Morphogenesis and Increases Dendritic Spine Density. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:29. [PMID: 32180704 PMCID: PMC7059765 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Activity and expression of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) catalytic isoform, PIK3CD/p110δ, is increased in schizophrenia, autism, and intellectual delay and pro-cognitive preclinical efficacy of p110δ-inhibition has been demonstrated in pharmacological, genetic, and developmental rodent models of psychiatric disorders. Although PI3K signaling has been implicated in the development and function of neurons and glia; isoform-specific roles of the individual PI3Ks are less clear and the biological effects of increased p110δ on neuronal development are unknown. Since the pathobiological direction of p110δ changes in neurodevelopmental disorders are increased expression and activity, we hypothesized that overexpression of p110δ would impact measures of neuronal development and maturation relevant to connectivity and synaptic transmission. p110δ overexpression in primary rat hippocampal cultures significantly reduced dendritic morphogenesis and arborization and increased immature and mature dendritic spine densities, without impacting cell viability, soma size, or axon length. Together, our novel findings demonstrate the importance of homeostatic regulation of the p110δ isoform for normative neuronal development and highlight a potential pathophysiological mechanism of association to disorders of neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica L Hood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Clare Paterson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Amanda J Law
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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41
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Merino-Serrais P, Loera-Valencia R, Rodriguez-Rodriguez P, Parrado-Fernandez C, Ismail MA, Maioli S, Matute E, Jimenez-Mateos EM, Björkhem I, DeFelipe J, Cedazo-Minguez A. 27-Hydroxycholesterol Induces Aberrant Morphology and Synaptic Dysfunction in Hippocampal Neurons. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:429-446. [PMID: 30395175 PMCID: PMC6294414 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, but how high blood cholesterol levels are linked to neurodegeneration is still unknown. Here, we show that an excess of the blood-brain barrier permeable cholesterol metabolite 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OH) impairs neuronal morphology and reduces hippocampal spine density and the levels of the postsynaptic protein PSD95. Dendritic spines are the main postsynaptic elements of excitatory synapses and are crucial structures for memory and cognition. Furthermore, PSD95 has an essential function for synaptic maintenance and plasticity. PSD95 synthesis is controlled by the REST-miR124a-PTBP1 axis. Here, we report that high levels of 27-OH induce REST-miR124a-PTBP1 axis dysregulation in a possible RxRγ-dependent manner, suggesting that 27-OH reduces PSD95 levels through this mechanism. Our results reveal a possible molecular link between hypercholesterolemia and neurodegeneration. We discuss the possibility that reduction of 27-OH levels could be a useful strategy for preventing memory and cognitive decline in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Merino-Serrais
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raul Loera-Valencia
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patricia Rodriguez-Rodriguez
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cristina Parrado-Fernandez
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Muhammad A Ismail
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Silvia Maioli
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eduardo Matute
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Maria Jimenez-Mateos
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics Royal, College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Javier DeFelipe
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Cedazo-Minguez
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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42
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Basak R, Narayanan R. Robust emergence of sharply tuned place-cell responses in hippocampal neurons with structural and biophysical heterogeneities. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:567-590. [PMID: 31900587 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-02018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hippocampal pyramidal neurons sustain propagation of fast electrical signals and are electrotonically non-compact structures exhibiting cell-to-cell variability in their complex dendritic arborization. In this study, we demonstrate that sharp place-field tuning and several somatodendritic functional maps concomitantly emerge despite the presence of geometrical heterogeneities in these neurons. We establish this employing an unbiased stochastic search strategy involving thousands of models that spanned several morphologies and distinct profiles of dispersed synaptic localization and channel expression. Mechanistically, employing virtual knockout models (VKMs), we explored the impact of bidirectional modulation in dendritic spike prevalence on place-field tuning sharpness. Consistent with the prior literature, we found that across all morphologies, virtual knockout of either dendritic fast sodium channels or N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors led to a reduction in dendritic spike prevalence, whereas A-type potassium channel knockouts resulted in a non-specific increase in dendritic spike prevalence. However, place-field tuning sharpness was critically impaired in all three sets of VKMs, demonstrating that sharpness in feature tuning is maintained by an intricate balance between mechanisms that promote and those that prevent dendritic spike initiation. From the functional standpoint of the emergence of sharp feature tuning and intrinsic functional maps, within this framework, geometric variability was compensated by a combination of synaptic democracy, the ability of randomly dispersed synapses to yield sharp tuning through dendritic spike initiation, and ion-channel degeneracy. Our results suggest electrotonically non-compact neurons to be endowed with several degrees of freedom, encompassing channel expression, synaptic localization and morphological microstructure, in achieving sharp feature encoding and excitability homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Basak
- Cellular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Rishikesh Narayanan
- Cellular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
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Çetereisi D, Kramvis I, Gebuis T, van der Loo RJ, Gouwenberg Y, Mansvelder HD, Li KW, Smit AB, Spijker S. Gpr158 Deficiency Impacts Hippocampal CA1 Neuronal Excitability, Dendritic Architecture, and Affects Spatial Learning. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:465. [PMID: 31749686 PMCID: PMC6843000 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptor 158 (Gpr158) is highly expressed in striatum, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. It gained attention as it was implicated in physiological responses to stress and depression. Recently, Gpr158 has been shown to act as a pathway-specific synaptic organizer in the hippocampus, required for proper mossy fiber-CA3 neurocircuitry establishment, structure, and function. Although rodent Gpr158 expression is highest in CA3, considerable expression occurs in CA1 especially after the first postnatal month. Here, we combined hippocampal-dependent behavioral paradigms with subsequent electrophysiological and morphological analyses from the same group of mice to assess the effects of Gpr158 deficiency on CA1 physiology and function. We demonstrate deficits in spatial memory acquisition and retrieval in the Morris water maze paradigm, along with deficits in the acquisition of extinction memory in the passive avoidance test in Gpr158 KO mice. Electrophysiological recordings from CA1 pyramidal neurons revealed normal basal excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission, however, Schaffer collateral stimulation yielded dramatically reduced post-synaptic currents. Interestingly, intrinsic excitability of CA1 pyramidals was found increased, potentially acting as a compensatory mechanism to the reductions in Schaffer collateral-mediated drive. Both ex vivo and in vitro, neurons deficient for or with lowered levels of Gpr158 exhibited robust reductions in dendritic architecture and complexity, i.e., reduced length, surface, bifurcations, and branching. This effect was localized in the apical but not basal dendrites of adult CA1 pyramidals, indicative of compartment-specific alterations. A significant positive correlation between spatial memory acquisition and extent of complexity of CA1 pyramidals was found. Taken together, we provide first evidence of significant disruptions in hippocampal CA1 neuronal dendritic architecture and physiology, driven by Gpr158 deficiency. Importantly, the hippocampal neuronal morphology deficits appear to support the impairments in spatial memory acquisition observed in Gpr158 KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demirhan Çetereisi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ioannis Kramvis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Titia Gebuis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rolinka J. van der Loo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Gouwenberg
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Huibert D. Mansvelder
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ka Wan Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - August B. Smit
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sabine Spijker
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Quinlan S, Merino-Serrais P, Di Grande A, Dussmann H, Prehn JHM, Ní Chonghaile T, Henshall DC, Jimenez-Mateos EM. The Anti-inflammatory Compound Candesartan Cilexetil Improves Neurological Outcomes in a Mouse Model of Neonatal Hypoxia. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1752. [PMID: 31396238 PMCID: PMC6667988 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that mild hypoxia-induced neonatal seizures can trigger an acute neuroinflammatory response leading to long-lasting changes in brain excitability along with associated cognitive and behavioral deficits. The cellular elements and signaling pathways underlying neuroinflammation in this setting remain incompletely understood but could yield novel therapeutic targets. Here we show that brief global hypoxia-induced neonatal seizures in mice result in transient cytokine production, a selective expansion of microglia and long-lasting changes to the neuronal structure of pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus. Treatment of neonatal mice after hypoxia-seizures with the novel anti-inflammatory compound candesartan cilexetil suppressed acute seizure-damage and mitigated later-life aggravated seizure responses and hippocampus-dependent learning deficits. Together, these findings improve our understanding of the effects of neonatal seizures and identify potentially novel treatments to protect against short and long-lasting harmful effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Quinlan
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paula Merino-Serrais
- Division for Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Departamento de Neurobiologia Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alessandra Di Grande
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Heiko Dussmann
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jochen H M Prehn
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,FutureNeuro Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tríona Ní Chonghaile
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David C Henshall
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,FutureNeuro Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,INFANT Research Centre, UCC, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eva M Jimenez-Mateos
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Poberezhnyi VI, Marchuk OV, Shvidyuk OS, Petrik IY, Logvinov OS. Fundamentals of the modern theory of the phenomenon of "pain" from the perspective of a systematic approach. Neurophysiological basis. Part 1: A brief presentation of key subcellular and cellular ctructural elements of the central nervous system. PAIN MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.31636/pmjua.v3i4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The phenomenon of “pain” is a psychophysiological phenomenon that is actualized in the mind of a person as a result of the systemic response of his body to certain external and internal stimuli. The heart of the corresponding mental processes is certain neurophysiological processes, which in turn are caused by a certain form of the systemic structural and functional organization of the central nervous system (CNS). Thus, the systemic structural and functional organization of the central nervous system of a person, determining the corresponding psychophysiological state in a specific time interval, determines its psycho-emotional states or reactions manifested by the pain phenomenon. The nervous system of the human body has a hierarchical structure and is a morphologically and functionally complete set of different, interconnected, nervous and structural formations. The basis of the structural formations of the nervous system is nervous tissue. It is a system of interconnected differentials of nerve cells, neuroglia and glial macrophages, providing specific functions of perception of stimulation, excitation, generation of nerve impulses and its transmission. The neuron and each of its compartments (spines, dendrites, catfish, axon) is an autonomous, plastic, active, structural formation with complex computational properties. One of them – dendrites – plays a key role in the integration and processing of information. Dendrites, due to their morphology, provide neurons with unique electrical and plastic properties and cause variations in their computational properties. The morphology of dendrites: 1) determines – a) the number and type of contacts that a particular neuron can form with other neurons; b) the complexity, diversity of its functions; c) its computational operations; 2) determines – a) variations in the computational properties of a neuron (variations of the discharges between bursts and regular forms of pulsation); b) back distribution of action potentials. Dendritic spines can form synaptic connection – one of the main factors for increasing the diversity of forms of synaptic connections of neurons. Their volume and shape can change over a short period of time, and they can rotate in space, appear and disappear by themselves. Spines play a key role in selectively changing the strength of synaptic connections during the memorization and learning process. Glial cells are active participants in diffuse transmission of nerve impulses in the brain. Astrocytes form a three-dimensional, functionally “syncytia-like” formation, inside of which there are neurons, thus causing their specific microenvironment. They and neurons are structurally and functionally interconnected, based on which their permanent interaction occurs. Oligodendrocytes provide conditions for the generation and transmission of nerve impulses along the processes of neurons and play a significant role in the processes of their excitation and inhibition. Microglial cells play an important role in the formation of the brain, especially in the formation and maintenance of synapses. Thus, the CNS should be considered as a single, functionally “syncytia-like”, structural entity. Because the three-dimensional distribution of dendritic branches in space is important for determining the type of information that goes to a neuron, it is necessary to consider the three-dimensionality of their structure when analyzing the implementation of their functions.
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Kanari L, Dłotko P, Scolamiero M, Levi R, Shillcock J, Hess K, Markram H. A Topological Representation of Branching Neuronal Morphologies. Neuroinformatics 2019; 16:3-13. [PMID: 28975511 PMCID: PMC5797226 DOI: 10.1007/s12021-017-9341-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Many biological systems consist of branching structures that exhibit a wide variety of shapes. Our understanding of their systematic roles is hampered from the start by the lack of a fundamental means of standardizing the description of complex branching patterns, such as those of neuronal trees. To solve this problem, we have invented the Topological Morphology Descriptor (TMD), a method for encoding the spatial structure of any tree as a "barcode", a unique topological signature. As opposed to traditional morphometrics, the TMD couples the topology of the branches with their spatial extents by tracking their topological evolution in 3-dimensional space. We prove that neuronal trees, as well as stochastically generated trees, can be accurately categorized based on their TMD profiles. The TMD retains sufficient global and local information to create an unbiased benchmark test for their categorization and is able to quantify and characterize the structural differences between distinct morphological groups. The use of this mathematically rigorous method will advance our understanding of the anatomy and diversity of branching morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Kanari
- Blue Brain Project-EPFL, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Paweł Dłotko
- Department of Mathematics, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Martina Scolamiero
- Laboratory for Topology and Neuroscience at the Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ran Levi
- Institute of Mathematics, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Kathryn Hess
- Laboratory for Topology and Neuroscience at the Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Geneva, Switzerland
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Wang J, Liu S, Lu B, Zeng Y. The role of relative membrane capacitance and time delay in cerebellar Purkinje cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 62:529-536. [PMID: 27987351 DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2015-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The membrane capacitance of a neuron can influence the synaptic efficacy and the speed of electrical signal propagation. Exploring the role of membrane capacitance will help facilitate a deeper understanding of the electrical properties of neurons. Thus, in this paper, we investigated the neuronal firing behaviors of a two-compartment model in Purkinje cells. We evaluated the influence of membrane capacitance under two different circumstances: in the absence of time delay and in the presence of time delay. Firstly, we separately studied the influence of somatic membrane capacitance Cs and dendritic membrane capacitance Cd on neuronal firing patterns. Through numerical simulation, we observed that they had two different types of period-adding scenarios, i.e. with and without chaotic bursting. Secondly, our results indicated that when the time delay was included in the model, periodic motions were more inclined to be destroyed, while at the same time, corresponding new chaotic motions were induced. These findings suggested that membrane capacitance and time delay play a pivotal functional role in modulating dynamical firing properties of neurons, especially aspects which lead to behaviors which result in changes to bursting patterns.
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48
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Wu Q, Zhao CW, Long Z, Xiao B, Feng L. Anatomy Based Networks and Topology Alteration in Seizure-Related Cognitive Outcomes. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:25. [PMID: 29681801 PMCID: PMC5898178 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a paroxysmal neurological disorder characterized by recurrent and unprovoked seizures affecting approximately 50 million people worldwide. Cognitive dysfunction induced by seizures is a severe comorbidity of epilepsy and epilepsy syndromes and reduces patients’ quality of life. Seizures, along with accompanying histopathological and pathophysiological changes, are associated with cognitive comorbidities. Advances in imaging technology and computing allow anatomical and topological changes in neural networks to be visualized. Anatomical components including the hippocampus, amygdala, cortex, corpus callosum (CC), cerebellum and white matter (WM) are the fundamental components of seizure- and cognition-related topological networks. Damage to these structures and their substructures results in worsening of epilepsy symptoms and cognitive dysfunction. In this review article, we survey structural, network changes and topological alteration in different regions of the brain and in different epilepsy and epileptic syndromes, and discuss what these changes may mean for cognitive outcomes related to these disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Charlie W Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Zhe Long
- Sydney Medical School and the Brain & Mind Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li Feng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Jarvis S, Nikolic K, Schultz SR. Neuronal gain modulability is determined by dendritic morphology: A computational optogenetic study. PLoS Comput Biol 2018. [PMID: 29522509 PMCID: PMC5862493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which the gain of the neuronal input-output function may be modulated have been the subject of much investigation. However, little is known of the role of dendrites in neuronal gain control. New optogenetic experimental paradigms based on spatial profiles or patterns of light stimulation offer the prospect of elucidating many aspects of single cell function, including the role of dendrites in gain control. We thus developed a model to investigate how competing excitatory and inhibitory input within the dendritic arbor alters neuronal gain, incorporating kinetic models of opsins into our modeling to ensure it is experimentally testable. To investigate how different topologies of the neuronal dendritic tree affect the neuron’s input-output characteristics we generate branching geometries which replicate morphological features of most common neurons, but keep the number of branches and overall area of dendrites approximately constant. We found a relationship between a neuron’s gain modulability and its dendritic morphology, with neurons with bipolar dendrites with a moderate degree of branching being most receptive to control of the gain of their input-output relationship. The theory was then tested and confirmed on two examples of realistic neurons: 1) layer V pyramidal cells—confirming their role in neural circuits as a regulator of the gain in the circuit in addition to acting as the primary excitatory neurons, and 2) stellate cells. In addition to providing testable predictions and a novel application of dual-opsins, our model suggests that innervation of all dendritic subdomains is required for full gain modulation, revealing the importance of dendritic targeting in the generation of neuronal gain control and the functions that it subserves. Finally, our study also demonstrates that neurophysiological investigations which use direct current injection into the soma and bypass the dendrites may miss some important neuronal functions, such as gain modulation. New experimental techniques based on optogenetics allow neuronal activity to be manipulated with a high degree of spatial and temporal precision. This opens up new prospects for testing computational models of neuronal function, including questions such as the role of dendrites in neuronal gain control. However, compartmental models in computational neuroscience have not, until now, incorporated the kinetic models of opsins that are required in order to directly match the predictions of a computational model with observed optogenetic experimental results. Here, we introduce an approach for computational optogenetic modeling to test hypotheses, demonstrating it with application to the role of dendrites in neuronal gain control. We find that gain modulability is indicated by dendritic morphology, with pyramidal cell-like shapes optimally receptive to modulation. All dendritic subdomains are required for gain modulation—partial illumination is insufficient. Due to the simulation framework used, these results are directly testable through optogenetic experiments. Computational optogenetic models thus can be used to improve and refine experimental protocols for direct testing of theories of neural function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jarvis
- Centre for Neurotechnology and Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantin Nikolic
- Centre for Bio-Inspired Technology and Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon R. Schultz
- Centre for Neurotechnology and Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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50
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Nelissen TP, Bamford RA, Tochitani S, Akkus K, Kudzinskas A, Yokoi K, Okamoto H, Yamamoto Y, Burbach JPH, Matsuzaki H, Oguro-Ando A. CD38 is Required for Dendritic Organization in Visual Cortex and Hippocampus. Neuroscience 2018; 372:114-125. [PMID: 29306053 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Morphological screening of mouse brains with known behavioral deficits can give great insight into the relationship between brain regions and their behavior. Oxytocin- and CD38-deficient mice have previously been shown to have behavioral phenotypes, such as restrictions in social memory, social interactions, and maternal behavior. CD38 is reported as an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) candidate gene and its behavioral phenotypes may be linked to ASD. To address whether these behavioral phenotypes relate to brain pathology and neuronal morphology, here we investigate the morphological changes in the CD38-deficient mice brains, with focus on the pathology and neuronal morphology of the cortex and hippocampus, using Nissl staining, immunohistochemistry, and Golgi staining. No difference was found in terms of cortical layer thickness. However, we found abnormalities in the number of neurons and neuronal morphology in the visual cortex and dentate gyrus (DG). In particular, there were arborisation differences between CD38-/- and CD38+/+ mice in the apical dendrites of the visual cortex and hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. The data suggest that CD38 is implicated in appropriate development of brain regions important for social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thom P Nelissen
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Stratenum 4.205, P.O. Box 85060, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rosemary A Bamford
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 5DW, United Kingdom
| | - Shiro Tochitani
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan; Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Health Science, Suzaka University of Medical Science, Suzaka, Mie, Japan
| | - Kamuran Akkus
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 5DW, United Kingdom
| | - Aurimas Kudzinskas
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 5DW, United Kingdom
| | - Kenichiro Yokoi
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendei 980-8575, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - J Peter H Burbach
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Stratenum 4.205, P.O. Box 85060, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hideo Matsuzaki
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan; Department of Development of Functional Brain Activities, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan.
| | - Asami Oguro-Ando
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 5DW, United Kingdom.
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