1
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Hanes CM, Mah KM, Steffen DM, McLeod CM, Marcucci CG, Fuller LC, Burgess RW, Garrett AM, Weiner JA. A C-terminal motif containing a PKC phosphorylation site regulates γ-Protocadherin-mediated dendrite arborization in the cerebral cortex in vivo. Dev Neurobiol 2024; 84:217-235. [PMID: 38837880 PMCID: PMC11251855 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The Pcdhg gene cluster encodes 22 γ-Protocadherin (γ-Pcdh) cell adhesion molecules that critically regulate multiple aspects of neural development, including neuronal survival, dendritic and axonal arborization, and synapse formation and maturation. Each γ-Pcdh isoform has unique protein domains-a homophilically interacting extracellular domain and a juxtamembrane cytoplasmic domain-as well as a C-terminal cytoplasmic domain shared by all isoforms. The extent to which isoform-specific versus shared domains regulate distinct γ-Pcdh functions remains incompletely understood. Our previous in vitro studies identified protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylation of a serine residue within a shared C-terminal motif as a mechanism through which γ-Pcdh promotion of dendrite arborization via myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS) is abrogated. Here, we used CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to generate two new mouse lines expressing only non-phosphorylatable γ-Pcdhs, due either to a serine-to-alanine mutation (PcdhgS/A) or to a 15-amino acid C-terminal deletion resulting from insertion of an early stop codon (PcdhgCTD). Both lines are viable and fertile, and the density and maturation of dendritic spines remain unchanged in both PcdhgS/A and PcdhgCTD cortex. Dendrite arborization of cortical pyramidal neurons, however, is significantly increased in both lines, as are levels of active MARCKS. Intriguingly, despite having significantly reduced levels of γ-Pcdh proteins, the PcdhgCTD mutation yields the strongest phenotype, with even heterozygous mutants exhibiting increased arborization. The present study confirms that phosphorylation of a shared C-terminal motif is a key γ-Pcdh negative regulation point and contributes to a converging understanding of γ-Pcdh family function in which distinct roles are played by both individual isoforms and discrete protein domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille M. Hanes
- Department of Biology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kar Men Mah
- Department of Biology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - David M. Steffen
- Department of Biology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Cathy M. McLeod
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Charles G. Marcucci
- Department of Biology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Leah C. Fuller
- Department of Biology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | | - Andrew M. Garrett
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Joshua A. Weiner
- Department of Biology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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2
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Schmithorst V, Bais A, Badaly D, Williams K, Gabriel G, Ceschin R, Wallace J, Lee V, Lopez O, Cohen A, Martin LJ, Lo C, Panigrahy A. Complex Regulation of Protocadherin Epigenetics on Aging-Related Brain Health. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.04.21.24306143. [PMID: 38712165 PMCID: PMC11071558 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.21.24306143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Life expectancy continues to increase in the high-income world due to advances in medical care; however, quality of life declines with increasing age due to normal aging processes. Current research suggests that various aspects of aging are genetically modulated and thus may be slowed via genetic modification. Here, we show evidence for epigenetic modulation of the aging process in the brain from over 1800 individuals as part of the Framingham Heart Study. We investigated the methylation of genes in the protocadherin (PCDH) clusters, including the alpha (PCHDA), beta (PCDHB), and gamma (PCDHG) clusters. Reduced PCDHG, elevated PCDHA, and elevated PCDHB methylation levels were associated with substantial reductions in the rate of decline of regional white matter volume as well as certain cognitive skills, independent of overall accelerated or retarded aging as estimated by a DNA clock. These results are likely due to the different effects of the expression of genes in the alpha, beta, and gamma PCHD clusters and suggest that experience-based aging processes related to a decline in regional brain volume and select cognitive skills may be slowed via targeted epigenetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Schmithorst
- UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Radiology
| | - Abha Bais
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Developmental Biology
| | | | | | | | - Rafael Ceschin
- UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Radiology
| | - Julia Wallace
- UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Radiology
| | - Vince Lee
- UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Radiology
| | - Oscar Lopez
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Neurology
| | - Annie Cohen
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Psychiatry
| | - Lisa J. Martin
- Department of Pediatrics Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Cecilia Lo
- University of Pittsburgh Integrative Systems Biology
| | - Ashok Panigrahy
- UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Radiology
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3
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Zhu YJ, Deng CY, Fan L, Wang YQ, Zhou H, Xu HT. Combinatorial expression of γ-protocadherins regulates synaptic connectivity in the mouse neocortex. eLife 2024; 12:RP89532. [PMID: 38470230 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In the process of synaptic formation, neurons must not only adhere to specific principles when selecting synaptic partners but also possess mechanisms to avoid undesirable connections. Yet, the strategies employed to prevent unwarranted associations have remained largely unknown. In our study, we have identified the pivotal role of combinatorial clustered protocadherin gamma (γ-PCDH) expression in orchestrating synaptic connectivity in the mouse neocortex. Through 5' end single-cell sequencing, we unveiled the intricate combinatorial expression patterns of γ-PCDH variable isoforms within neocortical neurons. Furthermore, our whole-cell patch-clamp recordings demonstrated that as the similarity in this combinatorial pattern among neurons increased, their synaptic connectivity decreased. Our findings elucidate a sophisticated molecular mechanism governing the construction of neural networks in the mouse neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jun Zhu
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cai-Yun Deng
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Liu Fan
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Qian Wang
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua-Tai Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
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4
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Zipursky S, Lee J, Sergeeva A, Ahlsen G, Mannepalli S, Bahna F, Goodman K, Khakh B, Weiner J, Shapiro L, Honig B. Astrocyte morphogenesis requires self-recognition. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3932947. [PMID: 38463964 PMCID: PMC10925414 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3932947/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Self-recognition is a fundamental cellular process across evolution and forms the basis of neuronal self-avoidance1-4. Clustered protocadherins (Pcdh), comprising a large family of isoform-specific homophilic recognition molecules, play a pivotal role in neuronal self-avoidance required for mammalian brain development5-7. The probabilistic expression of different Pcdh isoforms confers unique identities upon neurons and forms the basis for neuronal processes to discriminate between self and non-self5,6,8. Whether this self-recognition mechanism exists in astrocytes, the other predominant cell type of the brain, remains unknown. Here, we report that a specific isoform in the Pcdhγ cluster, γC3, is highly enriched in human and murine astrocytes. Through genetic manipulation, we demonstrate that γC3 acts autonomously to regulate astrocyte morphogenesis in the mouse visual cortex. To determine if γC3 proteins act by promoting recognition between processes of the same astrocyte, we generated pairs of γC3 chimeric proteins capable of heterophilic binding to each other, but incapable of homophilic binding. Co-expressing complementary heterophilic binding isoform pairs in the same γC3 null astrocyte restored normal morphology. By contrast, chimeric γC3 proteins individually expressed in single γC3 null mutant astrocytes did not. These data establish that self-recognition is essential for astrocyte development in the mammalian brain and that, by contrast to neuronal self-recognition, a single Pcdh isoform is both necessary and sufficient for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Lee
- University of California Los Angeles
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5
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Leon WRM, Steffen DM, Dale-Huang FR, Rakela B, Breevoort A, Romero-Rodriguez R, Hasenstaub AR, Stryker MP, Weiner JA, Alvarez-Buylla A. The clustered gamma protocadherin PcdhγC4 isoform regulates cortical interneuron programmed cell death in the mouse cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2313596120. [PMID: 38285948 PMCID: PMC10861877 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313596120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Cortical inhibitory interneurons (cINs) are born in the ventral forebrain and migrate into the cortex where they make connections with locally produced excitatory glutamatergic neurons. Cortical function critically depends on the number of cINs, which is also key to establishing the appropriate inhibitory/excitatory balance. The final number of cINs is determined during a postnatal period of programmed cell death (PCD) when ~40% of the young cINs are eliminated. Previous work shows that the loss of clustered gamma protocadherins (Pcdhgs), but not of genes in the Pcdha or Pcdhb clusters, dramatically increased BAX-dependent cIN PCD. Here, we show that PcdhγC4 is highly expressed in cINs of the mouse cortex and that this expression increases during PCD. The sole deletion of the PcdhγC4 isoform, but not of the other 21 isoforms in the Pcdhg gene cluster, increased cIN PCD. Viral expression of the PcdhγC4, in cIN lacking the function of the entire Pcdhg cluster, rescued most of these cells from cell death. We conclude that PcdhγC4 plays a critical role in regulating the survival of cINs during their normal period of PCD. This highlights how a single isoform of the Pcdhg cluster, which has been linked to human neurodevelopmental disorders, is essential to adjust cIN cell numbers during cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter R. Mancia Leon
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
| | - David M. Steffen
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52242
| | - Fiona R. Dale-Huang
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
| | - Benjamin Rakela
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
| | - Arnar Breevoort
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
| | - Ricardo Romero-Rodriguez
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
| | - Andrea R. Hasenstaub
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
| | - Michael P. Stryker
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
| | - Joshua A. Weiner
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52242
| | - Arturo Alvarez-Buylla
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
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6
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Hanes CM, Mah KM, Steffen DM, Marcucci CG, Fuller LC, Burgess RW, Garrett AM, Weiner JA. A C-terminal motif containing a PKC phosphorylation site regulates γ-Protocadherin-mediated dendrite arborization in the cerebral cortex in vivo. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.25.577214. [PMID: 38328061 PMCID: PMC10849722 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.25.577214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The Pcdhg gene cluster encodes 22 γ-Protocadherin (γ-Pcdh) cell adhesion molecules that critically regulate multiple aspects of neural development, including neuronal survival, dendritic and axonal arborization, and synapse formation and maturation. Each γ-Pcdh isoform has unique protein domains-a homophilically-interacting extracellular domain and a juxtamembrane cytoplasmic domain-as well as a C-terminal cytoplasmic domain shared by all isoforms. The extent to which isoform-specific vs. shared domains regulate distinct γ-Pcdh functions remains incompletely understood. Our previous in vitro studies identified PKC phosphorylation of a serine residue within a shared C-terminal motif as a mechanism through which γ-Pcdh promotion of dendrite arborization via MARCKS is abrogated. Here, we used CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to generate two new mouse lines expressing only non-phosphorylatable γ-Pcdhs, due either to a serine-to-alanine mutation (PcdhgS/A) or to a 15-amino acid C-terminal deletion resulting from insertion of an early stop codon (PcdhgCTD). Both lines are viable and fertile, and the density and maturation of dendritic spines remains unchanged in both PcdhgS/A and PcdhgCTD cortex. Dendrite arborization of cortical pyramidal neurons, however, is significantly increased in both lines, as are levels of active MARCKS. Intriguingly, despite having significantly reduced levels of γ-Pcdh proteins, the PcdhgCTD mutation yields the strongest phenotype, with even heterozygous mutants exhibiting increased arborization. The present study confirms that phosphorylation of a shared C-terminal motif is a key γ-Pcdh negative regulation point, and contributes to a converging understanding of γ-Pcdh family function in which distinct roles are played by both individual isoforms and discrete protein domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille M. Hanes
- Department of Biology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Kar Men Mah
- Department of Biology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - David M. Steffen
- Department of Biology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Charles G. Marcucci
- Department of Biology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Leah C. Fuller
- Department of Biology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | | | - Andrew M. Garrett
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Joshua A. Weiner
- Department of Biology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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7
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Long RM, Ong H, Wang WX, Komirishetty P, Areti A, Chandrasekhar A, Larouche M, Lefebvre JL, Zochodne DW. The Role of Protocadherin γ in Adult Sensory Neurons and Skin Reinnervation. J Neurosci 2023; 43:8348-8366. [PMID: 37821230 PMCID: PMC10711737 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1940-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The clustered protocadherins (cPcdhs) play a critical role in the patterning of several CNS axon and dendritic arbors, through regulation of homophilic self and neighboring interactions. While not explored, primary peripheral sensory afferents that innervate the epidermis may require similar constraints to convey spatial signals with appropriate fidelity. Here, we show that members of the γ-Pcdh (Pcdhγ) family are expressed in both adult sensory neuron axons and in neighboring keratinocytes that have close interactions during skin reinnervation. Adult mice of both sexes were studied. Pcdhγ knock-down either through small interfering RNA (siRNA) transduction or AAV-Cre recombinase transfection of adult mouse primary sensory neurons from floxed Pcdhγ mice was associated with a remarkable rise in neurite outgrowth and branching. Rises in outgrowth were abrogated by Rac1 inhibition. Moreover, AAV-Cre knock-down in Pcdhγ floxed neurons generated a rise in neurite self-intersections, and a robust rise in neighbor intersections or tiling, suggesting a role in sensory axon repulsion. Interestingly, preconditioned (3-d axotomy) neurons with enhanced growth had temporary declines in Pcdhγ and lessened outgrowth from Pcdhγ siRNA. In vivo, mice with local hindpaw skin Pcdhγ knock-down by siRNA had accelerated reinnervation by new epidermal axons with greater terminal branching and reduced intra-axonal spacing. Pcdhγ knock-down also had reciprocal impacts on keratinocyte density and nuclear size. Taken together, this work provides evidence for a role of Pcdhγ in attenuating outgrowth of sensory axons and their interactions, with implications in how new reinnervating axons following injury fare amid skin keratinocytes that also express Pcdhγ.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The molecular mechanisms and potential constraints that govern skin reinnervation and patterning by sensory axons are largely unexplored. Here, we show that γ-protocadherins (Pcdhγ) may help to dictate interaction not only among axons but also between axons and keratinocytes as the former re-enter the skin during reinnervation. Pcdhγ neuronal knock-down enhances outgrowth in peripheral sensory neurons, involving the growth cone protein Rac1 whereas skin Pcdhγ knock-down generates rises in terminal epidermal axon growth and branching during re-innervation. Manipulation of sensory axon regrowth within the epidermis offers an opportunity to influence regenerative outcomes following nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Long
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Honyi Ong
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Wendy Xueyi Wang
- Program for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5R 0A3, Canada
| | - Prashanth Komirishetty
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Aparna Areti
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Ambika Chandrasekhar
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Matt Larouche
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Julie L Lefebvre
- Program for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5R 0A3, Canada
| | - Douglas W Zochodne
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
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8
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Kanadome T, Hoshino N, Nagai T, Yagi T, Matsuda T. Visualization of trans-interactions of a protocadherin-α between processes originating from single neurons. iScience 2023; 26:107238. [PMID: 37534169 PMCID: PMC10392085 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Clustered protocadherin (Pcdh), a cell adhesion protein, is involved in the self-recognition and non-self-discrimination of neurons by conferring diversity on the cell surface. Although the roles of Pcdh in neurons have been elucidated, it has been challenging to visualize its adhesion activity in neurons, which is a molecular function of Pcdh. Here, we present fluorescent indicators, named IPADs, which visualize the interaction of protocadherin-α4 isoform (α4). IPADs successfully visualize not only homophilic α4 trans-interactions, but also combinatorial homophilic interactions between cells. The reversible nature of IPADs overcomes a drawback of the split-GFP technique and allows for monitoring the dissociation of α4 trans-interactions. Specially designed IPADs for self-recognition are able to monitor the formation and disruption of α4 trans-interactions between processes originating from the same neurons. We expect that IPADs will be useful tools for obtaining spatiotemporal information on Pcdh interactions in neuronal self-recognition and non-self-discrimination processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kanadome
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
| | - Natsumi Hoshino
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takeharu Nagai
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yagi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoki Matsuda
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
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9
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Dong H, Yang X, Wu L, Zhang S, Zhang J, Guo P, Du Y, Pan C, Fu Y, Li L, Shi J, Zhu Y, Ma H, Bian L, Xu B, Li G, Shi F, Huang J, He H, Jin Y. A systematic CRISPR screen reveals redundant and specific roles for Dscam1 isoform diversity in neuronal wiring. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002197. [PMID: 37410725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule 1 (Dscam1) encodes 19,008 diverse ectodomain isoforms via the alternative splicing of exon 4, 6, and 9 clusters. However, whether individual isoforms or exon clusters have specific significance is unclear. Here, using phenotype-diversity correlation analysis, we reveal the redundant and specific roles of Dscam1 diversity in neuronal wiring. A series of deletion mutations were performed from the endogenous locus harboring exon 4, 6, or 9 clusters, reducing to 396 to 18,612 potential ectodomain isoforms. Of the 3 types of neurons assessed, dendrite self/non-self discrimination required a minimum number of isoforms (approximately 2,000), independent of exon clusters or isoforms. In contrast, normal axon patterning in the mushroom body and mechanosensory neurons requires many more isoforms that tend to associate with specific exon clusters or isoforms. We conclude that the role of the Dscam1 diversity in dendrite self/non-self discrimination is nonspecifically mediated by its isoform diversity. In contrast, a separate role requires variable domain- or isoform-related functions and is essential for other neurodevelopmental contexts, such as axonal growth and branching. Our findings shed new light on a general principle for the role of Dscam1 diversity in neuronal wiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Dong
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lili Wu
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shixin Zhang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pengjuan Guo
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiwen Du
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Changkun Pan
- Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Fu
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei Li
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jilong Shi
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanda Zhu
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongru Ma
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lina Bian
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bingbing Xu
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guo Li
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Shi
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, PR China
| | - Haihuai He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongfeng Jin
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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10
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Meltzer S, Boulanger KC, Chirila AM, Osei-Asante E, DeLisle M, Zhang Q, Kalish BT, Tasnim A, Huey EL, Fuller LC, Flaherty EK, Maniatis T, Garrett AM, Weiner JA, Ginty DD. γ-Protocadherins control synapse formation and peripheral branching of touch sensory neurons. Neuron 2023; 111:1776-1794.e10. [PMID: 37028432 PMCID: PMC10365546 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Light touch sensation begins with activation of low-threshold mechanoreceptor (LTMR) endings in the skin and propagation of their signals to the spinal cord and brainstem. We found that the clustered protocadherin gamma (Pcdhg) gene locus, which encodes 22 cell-surface homophilic binding proteins, is required in somatosensory neurons for normal behavioral reactivity to a range of tactile stimuli. Developmentally, distinct Pcdhg isoforms mediate LTMR synapse formation through neuron-neuron interactions and peripheral axonal branching through neuron-glia interactions. The Pcdhgc3 isoform mediates homophilic interactions between sensory axons and spinal cord neurons to promote synapse formation in vivo and is sufficient to induce postsynaptic specializations in vitro. Moreover, loss of Pcdhgs and somatosensory synaptic inputs to the dorsal horn leads to fewer corticospinal synapses on dorsal horn neurons. These findings reveal essential roles for Pcdhg isoform diversity in somatosensory neuron synapse formation, peripheral axonal branching, and stepwise assembly of central mechanosensory circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Meltzer
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Katelyn C Boulanger
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anda M Chirila
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Emmanuella Osei-Asante
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michelle DeLisle
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qiyu Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brian T Kalish
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aniqa Tasnim
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Erica L Huey
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Leah C Fuller
- Department of Biology and Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, 143 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Erin K Flaherty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Zuckerman Institute of Mind Brain and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Tom Maniatis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Zuckerman Institute of Mind Brain and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Andrew M Garrett
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield St. 7322 Scott Hall, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Department of Biology and Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, 143 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - David D Ginty
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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11
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Lučanský V, Holubeková V, Kolková Z, Halašová E, Samec M, Golubnitschaja O. Multi-faceted CRISPR/Cas technological innovation aspects in the framework of 3P medicine. EPMA J 2023; 14:201-217. [PMID: 37275547 PMCID: PMC10201107 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-023-00324-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Since 2009, the European Association for Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine (EPMA, Brussels) promotes the paradigm change from reactive approach to predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM/3PM) to protect individuals in sub-optimal health conditions from the health-to-disease transition, to increase life-quality of the affected patient cohorts improving, therefore, ethical standards and cost-efficacy of healthcare to great benefits of the society at large. The gene-editing technology utilizing CRISPR/Cas gene-editing approach has demonstrated its enormous value as a powerful tool in a broad spectrum of bio/medical research areas. Further, CRISPR/Cas gene-editing system is considered applicable to primary and secondary healthcare, in order to prevent disease spread and to treat clinically manifested disorders, involving diagnostics of SARS-Cov-2 infection and experimental treatment of COVID-19. Although the principle of the proposed gene editing is simple and elegant, there are a lot of technological challenges and ethical considerations to be solved prior to its broadly scaled clinical implementation. This article highlights technological innovation beyond the state of the art, exemplifies current achievements, discusses unsolved technological and ethical problems, and provides clinically relevant outlook in the framework of 3PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Lučanský
- Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin (JFMED CU), Biomedical Center, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Holubeková
- Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin (JFMED CU), Biomedical Center, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Kolková
- Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin (JFMED CU), Biomedical Center, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Erika Halašová
- Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin (JFMED CU), Biomedical Center, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Marek Samec
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Olga Golubnitschaja
- Predictive, Preventive, Personalised (3P) Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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12
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Steffen DM, Hanes CM, Mah KM, Valiño Ramos P, Bosch PJ, Hinz DC, Radley JJ, Burgess RW, Garrett AM, Weiner JA. A Unique Role for Protocadherin γC3 in Promoting Dendrite Arborization through an Axin1-Dependent Mechanism. J Neurosci 2023; 43:918-935. [PMID: 36604170 PMCID: PMC9908324 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0729-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of a functional cerebral cortex depends on the proper execution of multiple developmental steps, culminating in dendritic and axonal outgrowth and the formation and maturation of synaptic connections. Dysregulation of these processes can result in improper neuronal connectivity, including that associated with various neurodevelopmental disorders. The γ-Protocadherins (γ-Pcdhs), a family of 22 distinct cell adhesion molecules that share a C-terminal cytoplasmic domain, are involved in multiple aspects of neurodevelopment including neuronal survival, dendrite arborization, and synapse development. The extent to which individual γ-Pcdh family members play unique versus common roles remains unclear. We demonstrated previously that the γ-Pcdh-C3 isoform (γC3), via its unique "variable" cytoplasmic domain (VCD), interacts in cultured cells with Axin1, a Wnt-pathway scaffold protein that regulates the differentiation and morphology of neurons. Here, we confirm that γC3 and Axin1 interact in the cortex in vivo and show that both male and female mice specifically lacking γC3 exhibit disrupted Axin1 localization to synaptic fractions, without obvious changes in dendritic spine density or morphology. However, both male and female γC3 knock-out mice exhibit severely decreased dendritic complexity of cortical pyramidal neurons that is not observed in mouse lines lacking several other γ-Pcdh isoforms. Combining knock-out with rescue constructs in cultured cortical neurons pooled from both male and female mice, we show that γC3 promotes dendritic arborization through an Axin1-dependent mechanism mediated through its VCD. Together, these data identify a novel mechanism through which γC3 uniquely regulates the formation of cortical circuitry.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The complexity of a neuron's dendritic arbor is critical for its function. We showed previously that the γ-Protocadherin (γ-Pcdh) family of 22 cell adhesion molecules promotes arborization during development; it remained unclear whether individual family members played unique roles. Here, we show that one γ-Pcdh isoform, γC3, interacts in the brain with Axin1, a scaffolding protein known to influence dendrite development. A CRISPR/Cas9-generated mutant mouse line lacking γC3 (but not lines lacking other γ-Pcdhs) exhibits severely reduced dendritic complexity of cerebral cortex neurons. Using cultured γC3 knock-out neurons and a variety of rescue constructs, we confirm that the γC3 cytoplasmic domain promotes arborization through an Axin1-dependent mechanism. Thus, γ-Pcdh isoforms are not interchangeable, but rather can play unique neurodevelopmental roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Steffen
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Camille M Hanes
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Kar Men Mah
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Paula Valiño Ramos
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Peter J Bosch
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Dalton C Hinz
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Jason J Radley
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | | | - Andrew M Garrett
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
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13
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Leon WRM, Steffen DM, Dale-Huang F, Rakela B, Breevoort A, Romero-Rodriguez R, Hasenstaub AR, Stryker MP, Weiner JA, Alvarez-Buylla A. The Clustered Gamma Protocadherin Pcdhγc4 Isoform Regulates Cortical Interneuron Programmed Cell Death in the Mouse Cortex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.03.526887. [PMID: 36778455 PMCID: PMC9915683 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.03.526887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cortical function critically depends on inhibitory/excitatory balance. Cortical inhibitory interneurons (cINs) are born in the ventral forebrain and migrate into cortex, where their numbers are adjusted by programmed cell death. Previously, we showed that loss of clustered gamma protocadherins (Pcdhγ), but not of genes in the alpha or beta clusters, increased dramatically cIN BAX-dependent cell death in mice. Here we show that the sole deletion of the Pcdhγc4 isoform, but not of the other 21 isoforms in the Pcdhγ gene cluster, increased cIN cell death in mice during the normal period of programmed cell death. Viral expression of the Pcdhγc4 isoform rescued transplanted cINs lacking Pcdhγ from cell death. We conclude that Pcdhγ, specifically Pcdhγc4, plays a critical role in regulating the survival of cINs during their normal period of cell death. This demonstrates a novel specificity in the role of Pcdhγ isoforms in cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter R Mancia Leon
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - David M Steffen
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City IA 52242
| | - Fiona Dale-Huang
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Benjamin Rakela
- Department of Physiology and Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Arnar Breevoort
- Department of Physiology and Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Ricardo Romero-Rodriguez
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Andrea R Hasenstaub
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Michael P Stryker
- Department of Physiology and Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City IA 52242
| | - Arturo Alvarez-Buylla
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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14
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Kobayashi H, Takemoto K, Sanbo M, Hirabayashi M, Hirabayashi T, Hirayama T, Kiyonari H, Abe T, Yagi T. Isoform requirement of clustered protocadherin for preventing neuronal apoptosis and neonatal lethality. iScience 2023; 26:105766. [PMID: 36582829 PMCID: PMC9793319 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clustered protocadherin is a family of cell-surface recognition molecules implicated in neuronal connectivity that has a diverse isoform repertoire and homophilic binding specificity. Mice have 58 isoforms, encoded by Pcdhα, β, and γ gene clusters, and mutant mice lacking all isoforms died after birth, displaying massive neuronal apoptosis and synapse loss. The current hypothesis is that the three specific γC-type isoforms, especially γC4, are essential for the phenotype, raising the question about the necessity of isoform diversity. We generated TC mutant mice that expressed the three γC-type isoforms but lacked all the other 55 isoforms. The TC mutants died immediately after birth, showing massive neuronal death, and γC3 or γC4 expression did not prevent apoptosis. Restoring the α- and β-clusters with the three γC alleles rescued the phenotype, suggesting that along with the three γC-type isoforms, other isoforms are also required for the survival of neurons and individual mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kobayashi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Division of Biophysical Engineering, Department of Systems Science, School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 565-8531, Japan
| | - Kenji Takemoto
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makoto Sanbo
- Section of Mammalian Transgenesis, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masumi Hirabayashi
- Section of Mammalian Transgenesis, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hirabayashi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Teruyoshi Hirayama
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Neurobiology, Tokushima University, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 6500047, Japan
| | - Takaya Abe
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 6500047, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yagi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Division of Biophysical Engineering, Department of Systems Science, School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 565-8531, Japan
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15
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Burek M, Kaupp V, Blecharz-Lang K, Dilling C, Meybohm P. Protocadherin gamma C3: a new player in regulating vascular barrier function. Neural Regen Res 2023. [PMID: 35799511 PMCID: PMC9241426 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.343896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in the endothelial cell barrier accompany diverse malfunctions of the central nervous system such as neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, traumatic brain injury, and systemic diseases such as sepsis, viral and bacterial infections, and cancer. Compromised endothelial sealing leads to leaking blood vessels, followed by vasogenic edema. Brain edema as the most common complication caused by stroke and traumatic brain injury is the leading cause of death. Brain microvascular endothelial cells, together with astrocytes, pericytes, microglia, and neurons form a selective barrier, the so-called blood-brain barrier, which regulates the movement of molecules inside and outside of the brain. Mechanisms that regulate blood-brain barrier permeability in health and disease are complex and not fully understood. Several newly discovered molecules that are involved in the regulation of cellular processes in brain microvascular endothelial cells have been described in the literature in recent years. One of these molecules that are highly expressed in brain microvascular endothelial cells is protocadherin gamma C3. In this review, we discuss recent evidence that protocadherin gamma C3 is a newly identified key player involved in the regulation of vascular barrier function.
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16
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Pancho A, Mitsogiannis MD, Aerts T, Dalla Vecchia M, Ebert LK, Geenen L, Noterdaeme L, Vanlaer R, Stulens A, Hulpiau P, Staes K, Van Roy F, Dedecker P, Schermer B, Seuntjens E. Modifying PCDH19 levels affects cortical interneuron migration. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:887478. [PMID: 36389226 PMCID: PMC9642031 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.887478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PCDH19 is a transmembrane protein and member of the protocadherin family. It is encoded by the X-chromosome and more than 200 mutations have been linked to the neurodevelopmental PCDH-clustering epilepsy (PCDH19-CE) syndrome. A disturbed cell-cell contact that arises when random X-inactivation creates mosaic absence of PCDH19 has been proposed to cause the syndrome. Several studies have shown roles for PCDH19 in neuronal proliferation, migration, and synapse function, yet most of them have focused on cortical and hippocampal neurons. As epilepsy can also be caused by impaired interneuron migration, we studied the role of PCDH19 in cortical interneurons during embryogenesis. We show that cortical interneuron migration is affected by altering PCDH19 dosage by means of overexpression in brain slices and medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) explants. We also detect subtle defects when PCDH19 expression was reduced in MGE explants, suggesting that the dosage of PCDH19 is important for proper interneuron migration. We confirm this finding in vivo by showing a mild reduction in interneuron migration in heterozygote, but not in homozygote PCDH19 knockout animals. In addition, we provide evidence that subdomains of PCDH19 have a different impact on cell survival and interneuron migration. Intriguingly, we also observed domain-dependent differences in migration of the non-targeted cell population in explants, demonstrating a non-cell-autonomous effect of PCDH19 dosage changes. Overall, our findings suggest new roles for the extracellular and cytoplasmic domains of PCDH19 and support that cortical interneuron migration is dependent on balanced PCDH19 dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pancho
- Developmental Neurobiology Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manuela D. Mitsogiannis
- Developmental Neurobiology Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tania Aerts
- Developmental Neurobiology Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marco Dalla Vecchia
- Laboratory for NanoBiology, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lena K. Ebert
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lieve Geenen
- Developmental Neurobiology Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lut Noterdaeme
- Developmental Neurobiology Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ria Vanlaer
- Developmental Neurobiology Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anne Stulens
- Developmental Neurobiology Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paco Hulpiau
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
- BioInformatics Knowledge Center (BiKC), Howest University of Applied Sciences, Bruges, Belgium
| | - Katrien Staes
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frans Van Roy
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Dedecker
- Laboratory for NanoBiology, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bernhard Schermer
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eve Seuntjens
- Developmental Neurobiology Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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17
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Goodman KM, Katsamba PS, Rubinstein R, Ahlsén G, Bahna F, Mannepalli S, Dan H, Sampogna RV, Shapiro L, Honig B. How clustered protocadherin binding specificity is tuned for neuronal self-/nonself-recognition. eLife 2022; 11:e72416. [PMID: 35253643 PMCID: PMC8901172 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The stochastic expression of fewer than 60 clustered protocadherin (cPcdh) isoforms provides diverse identities to individual vertebrate neurons and a molecular basis for self-/nonself-discrimination. cPcdhs form chains mediated by alternating cis and trans interactions between apposed membranes, which has been suggested to signal self-recognition. Such a mechanism requires that cPcdh cis dimers form promiscuously to generate diverse recognition units, and that trans interactions have precise specificity so that isoform mismatches terminate chain growth. However, the extent to which cPcdh interactions fulfill these requirements has not been definitively demonstrated. Here, we report biophysical experiments showing that cPcdh cis interactions are promiscuous, but with preferences favoring formation of heterologous cis dimers. Trans homophilic interactions are remarkably precise, with no evidence for heterophilic interactions between different isoforms. A new C-type cPcdh crystal structure and mutagenesis data help to explain these observations. Overall, the interaction characteristics we report for cPcdhs help explain their function in neuronal self-/nonself-discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Marie Goodman
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Phinikoula S Katsamba
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Rotem Rubinstein
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Tel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Göran Ahlsén
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Fabiana Bahna
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Seetha Mannepalli
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Hanbin Dan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Rosemary V Sampogna
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Barry Honig
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
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18
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Williams DL, Sikora VM, Hammer MA, Amin S, Brinjikji T, Brumley EK, Burrows CJ, Carrillo PM, Cromer K, Edwards SJ, Emri O, Fergle D, Jenkins MJ, Kaushik K, Maydan DD, Woodard W, Clowney EJ. May the Odds Be Ever in Your Favor: Non-deterministic Mechanisms Diversifying Cell Surface Molecule Expression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:720798. [PMID: 35087825 PMCID: PMC8787164 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.720798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
How does the information in the genome program the functions of the wide variety of cells in the body? While the development of biological organisms appears to follow an explicit set of genomic instructions to generate the same outcome each time, many biological mechanisms harness molecular noise to produce variable outcomes. Non-deterministic variation is frequently observed in the diversification of cell surface molecules that give cells their functional properties, and is observed across eukaryotic clades, from single-celled protozoans to mammals. This is particularly evident in immune systems, where random recombination produces millions of antibodies from only a few genes; in nervous systems, where stochastic mechanisms vary the sensory receptors and synaptic matching molecules produced by different neurons; and in microbial antigenic variation. These systems employ overlapping molecular strategies including allelic exclusion, gene silencing by constitutive heterochromatin, targeted double-strand breaks, and competition for limiting enhancers. Here, we describe and compare five stochastic molecular mechanisms that produce variety in pathogen coat proteins and in the cell surface receptors of animal immune and neuronal cells, with an emphasis on the utility of non-deterministic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donnell L. Williams
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Veronica Maria Sikora
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Max A. Hammer
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Sayali Amin
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Taema Brinjikji
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Emily K. Brumley
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Connor J. Burrows
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Paola Michelle Carrillo
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kirin Cromer
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Summer J. Edwards
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Olivia Emri
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Daniel Fergle
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - M. Jamal Jenkins
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Krishangi Kaushik
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Daniella D. Maydan
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Wrenn Woodard
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - E. Josephine Clowney
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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19
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Yusuf IH, Garrett A, MacLaren RE, Issa PC. Retinal cadherins and the retinal cadherinopathies: Current concepts and future directions. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 90:101038. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.101038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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20
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McLeod CM, Garrett AM. Mouse models for the study of clustered protocadherins. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 148:115-137. [PMID: 35461562 PMCID: PMC9152800 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Since their first description, the clustered protocadherins (cPcdhs) have sparked interest for their potential to generate diverse cell-surface recognition cues and their widespread expression in the nervous system. Through the use of mouse models, we have learned a great deal about the functions served by cPcdhs, and how their molecular diversity is regulated. cPcdhs are essential contributors to a host of processes during neural circuit formation, including neuronal survival, dendritic and axonal branching, self-avoidance and targeting, and synapse formation. Their expression is controlled by the interplay of epigenetic marks with proximal and distal elements involving high order DNA looping, regulating transcription factor binding. Here, we will review various mouse models targeting the cPcdh locus and how they have been instructive in uncovering the regulation and function of the cPcdhs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy M. McLeod
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine
| | - Andrew M. Garrett
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine,Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine
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21
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Iqbal M, Maroofian R, Çavdarlı B, Riccardi F, Field M, Banka S, Bubshait DK, Li Y, Hertecant J, Baig SM, Dyment D, Efthymiou S, Abdullah U, Makhdoom EUH, Ali Z, Scherf de Almeida T, Molinari F, Mignon-Ravix C, Chabrol B, Antony J, Ades L, Pagnamenta AT, Jackson A, Douzgou S, Beetz C, Karageorgou V, Vona B, Rad A, Baig JM, Sultan T, Alvi JR, Maqbool S, Rahman F, Toosi MB, Ashrafzadeh F, Imannezhad S, Karimiani EG, Sarwar Y, Khan S, Jameel M, Noegel AA, Budde B, Altmüller J, Motameny S, Höhne W, Houlden H, Nürnberg P, Wollnik B, Villard L, Alkuraya FS, Osmond M, Hussain MS, Yigit G. Biallelic variants in PCDHGC4 cause a novel neurodevelopmental syndrome with progressive microcephaly, seizures, and joint anomalies. Genet Med 2021; 23:2138-2149. [PMID: 34244665 PMCID: PMC8553613 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-021-01260-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to define a novel autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder, characterize its clinical features, and identify the underlying genetic cause for this condition. METHODS We performed a detailed clinical characterization of 19 individuals from nine unrelated, consanguineous families with a neurodevelopmental disorder. We used genome/exome sequencing approaches, linkage and cosegregation analyses to identify disease-causing variants, and we performed three-dimensional molecular in silico analysis to predict causality of variants where applicable. RESULTS In all affected individuals who presented with a neurodevelopmental syndrome with progressive microcephaly, seizures, and intellectual disability we identified biallelic disease-causing variants in Protocadherin-gamma-C4 (PCDHGC4). Five variants were predicted to induce premature protein truncation leading to a loss of PCDHGC4 function. The three detected missense variants were located in extracellular cadherin (EC) domains EC5 and EC6 of PCDHGC4, and in silico analysis of the affected residues showed that two of these substitutions were predicted to influence the Ca2+-binding affinity, which is essential for multimerization of the protein, whereas the third missense variant directly influenced the cis-dimerization interface of PCDHGC4. CONCLUSION We show that biallelic variants in PCDHGC4 are causing a novel autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder and link PCDHGC4 as a member of the clustered PCDH family to a Mendelian disorder in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Iqbal
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Büşranur Çavdarlı
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Florence Riccardi
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, MMG, Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital La Timone Enfants, Département de Génétique Médicale, Marseille, France
| | - Michael Field
- Genetics of Learning Disability Service, Hunter Genetics, Waratah, NSW, Australia
| | - Siddharth Banka
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Dalal K Bubshait
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yun Li
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jozef Hertecant
- Paediatric Genetic and Metabolic Service, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shahid Mahmood Baig
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
- Pakistan Science Foundation (PSF), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - David Dyment
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Uzma Abdullah
- University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (UIBB), PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Ehtisham Ul Haq Makhdoom
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Neurochemicalbiology and Genetics Laboratory (NGL), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zafar Ali
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Brigitte Chabrol
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, APHM, Hôpital Timone Enfants, Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, Marseille, France
| | - Jayne Antony
- T.Y. Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lesley Ades
- Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health and Discipline of Genomic Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Clinical Genetics, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alistair T Pagnamenta
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adam Jackson
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sofia Douzgou
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | - Barbara Vona
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tübingen Hearing Research Centre (THRC), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Aboulfazl Rad
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tübingen Hearing Research Centre (THRC), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jamshaid Mahmood Baig
- Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Tipu Sultan
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital and Institute of Child Health, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Javeria Raza Alvi
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital and Institute of Child Health, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Maqbool
- Development and Behavioural Pediatrics Department, Institute of Child Health and The Children Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Rahman
- Development and Behavioural Pediatrics Department, Institute of Child Health and The Children Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mehran Beiraghi Toosi
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farah Ashrafzadeh
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shima Imannezhad
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ghayoor Karimiani
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, UK
- Innovative Medical Research Center, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Yasra Sarwar
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sheraz Khan
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Jameel
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Angelika A Noegel
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Birgit Budde
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Susanne Motameny
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Höhne
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd Wollnik
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Laurent Villard
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, MMG, Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital La Timone Enfants, Département de Génétique Médicale, Marseille, France
| | - Fowzan Sami Alkuraya
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Matthew Osmond
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Muhammad Sajid Hussain
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Gökhan Yigit
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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Steffen DM, Ferri SL, Marcucci CG, Blocklinger KL, Molumby MJ, Abel T, Weiner JA. The γ-Protocadherins Interact Physically and Functionally with Neuroligin-2 to Negatively Regulate Inhibitory Synapse Density and Are Required for Normal Social Interaction. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2574-2589. [PMID: 33471287 PMCID: PMC8137559 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02263-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are key players in the formation of neural circuits during development. The γ-protocadherins (γ-Pcdhs), a family of 22 CAMs encoded by the Pcdhg gene cluster, are known to play important roles in dendrite arborization, axon targeting, and synapse development. We showed previously that multiple γ-Pcdhs interact physically with the autism-associated CAM neuroligin-1, and inhibit the latter's ability to promote excitatory synapse maturation. Here, we show that γ-Pcdhs can also interact physically with the related neuroligin-2, and inhibit this CAM's ability to promote inhibitory synapse development. In an artificial synapse assay, γ-Pcdhs co-expressed with neuroligin-2 in non-neuronal cells reduce inhibitory presynaptic maturation in contacting hippocampal axons. Mice lacking the γ-Pcdhs from the forebrain (including the cortex, the hippocampus, and portions of the amygdala) exhibit increased inhibitory synapse density and increased co-localization of neuroligin-2 with inhibitory postsynaptic markers in vivo. These Pcdhg mutants also exhibit defective social affiliation and an anxiety-like phenotype in behavioral assays. Together, these results suggest that γ-Pcdhs negatively regulate neuroligins to limit synapse density in a manner that is important for normal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Steffen
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Sarah L Ferri
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Charles G Marcucci
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Kelsey L Blocklinger
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Michael J Molumby
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Ted Abel
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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Tang Y, Jia Z, Xu H, Da LT, Wu Q. Mechanism of REST/NRSF regulation of clustered protocadherin α genes. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:4506-4521. [PMID: 33849071 PMCID: PMC8096226 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor (REST) or neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF) is a zinc-finger (ZF) containing transcriptional repressor that recognizes thousands of neuron-restrictive silencer elements (NRSEs) in mammalian genomes. How REST/NRSF regulates gene expression remains incompletely understood. Here, we investigate the binding pattern and regulation mechanism of REST/NRSF in the clustered protocadherin (PCDH) genes. We find that REST/NRSF directionally forms base-specific interactions with NRSEs via tandem ZFs in an anti-parallel manner but with striking conformational changes. In addition, REST/NRSF recruitment to the HS5-1 enhancer leads to the decrease of long-range enhancer-promoter interactions and downregulation of the clustered PCDHα genes. Thus, REST/NRSF represses PCDHα gene expression through directional binding to a repertoire of NRSEs within the distal enhancer and variable target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxiao Tang
- Center for Comparative Biomedicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhilian Jia
- Center for Comparative Biomedicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Honglin Xu
- Center for Comparative Biomedicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lin-tai Da
- Center for Comparative Biomedicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Center for Comparative Biomedicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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24
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Gallerani N, Au E. Loss of Clustered Protocadherin Diversity Alters the Spatial Distribution of Cortical Interneurons in Mice. Cereb Cortex Commun 2020; 1:tgaa089. [PMID: 34296145 PMCID: PMC8152951 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgaa089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical interneurons (cINs) are locally projecting inhibitory neurons that are distributed throughout the cortex. Due to their relatively limited range of influence, their arrangement in the cortex is critical to their function. cINs achieve this arrangement through a process of tangential and radial migration and apoptosis during development. In this study, we investigated the role of clustered protocadherins (cPcdhs) in establishing the spatial patterning of cINs through the use of genetic cPcdh knockout mice. cPcdhs are expressed in cINs and are known to play key functions in cell spacing and cell survival, but their role in cINs is poorly understood. Using spatial statistical analysis, we found that the 2 main subclasses of cINs, parvalbumin-expressing and somatostatin-expressing (SST) cINs, are nonrandomly spaced within subclass but randomly with respect to each other. We also found that the relative laminar distribution of each subclass was distinctly altered in whole α- or β-cluster mutants. Examination of perinatal time points revealed that the mutant phenotypes emerged relatively late, suggesting that cPcdhs may be acting during cIN morphological elaboration and synaptogenesis. We then analyzed an isoform-specific knockout for pcdh-αc2 and found that it recapitulated the α-cluster knockout but only in SST cells, suggesting that subtype-specific expression of cPcdh isoforms may help govern subtype-specific spatial distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Gallerani
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Edmund Au
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Department of Rehabilitative Medicine and Regeneration, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York NY, 10032, USA
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Jia Z, Wu Q. Clustered Protocadherins Emerge as Novel Susceptibility Loci for Mental Disorders. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:587819. [PMID: 33262685 PMCID: PMC7688460 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.587819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The clustered protocadherins (cPcdhs) are a subfamily of type I single-pass transmembrane cell adhesion molecules predominantly expressed in the brain. Their stochastic and combinatorial expression patterns encode highly diverse neural identity codes which are central for neuronal self-avoidance and non-self discrimination in brain circuit formation. In this review, we first briefly outline mechanisms for generating a tremendous diversity of cPcdh cell-surface assemblies. We then summarize the biological functions of cPcdhs in a wide variety of neurodevelopmental processes, such as neuronal migration and survival, dendritic arborization and self-avoidance, axonal tiling and even spacing, and synaptogenesis. We focus on genetic, epigenetic, and 3D genomic dysregulations of cPcdhs that are associated with various neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental diseases. A deeper understanding of regulatory mechanisms and physiological functions of cPcdhs should provide significant insights into the pathogenesis of mental disorders and facilitate development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qiang Wu
- Center for Comparative Biomedicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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26
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The γ-Protocadherins Regulate the Survival of GABAergic Interneurons during Developmental Cell Death. J Neurosci 2020; 40:8652-8668. [PMID: 33060174 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1636-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory interneurons integrate into developing circuits in specific ratios and distributions. In the neocortex, inhibitory network formation occurs concurrently with the apoptotic elimination of a third of GABAergic interneurons. The cell surface molecules that select interneurons to survive or die are unknown. Here, we report that members of the clustered Protocadherins (cPCDHs) control GABAergic interneuron survival during developmentally-regulated cell death. Conditional deletion of the gene cluster encoding the γ-Protocadherins (Pcdhgs) from developing GABAergic neurons in mice of either sex causes a severe loss of inhibitory populations in multiple brain regions and results in neurologic deficits such as seizures. By focusing on the neocortex and the cerebellar cortex, we demonstrate that reductions of inhibitory interneurons result from elevated apoptosis during the critical postnatal period of programmed cell death (PCD). By contrast, cortical interneuron (cIN) populations are not affected by removal of Pcdhgs from pyramidal neurons or glial cells. Interneuron loss correlates with reduced AKT signaling in Pcdhg mutant interneurons, and is rescued by genetic blockade of the pro-apoptotic factor BAX. Together, these findings identify the PCDHGs as pro-survival transmembrane proteins that select inhibitory interneurons for survival and modulate the extent of PCD. We propose that the PCDHGs contribute to the formation of balanced inhibitory networks by controlling the size of GABAergic interneuron populations in the developing brain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A pivotal step for establishing appropriate excitatory-inhibitory ratios is adjustment of neuronal populations by cell death. In the mouse neocortex, a third of GABAergic interneurons are eliminated by BAX-dependent apoptosis during the first postnatal week. Interneuron cell death is modulated by neural activity and pro-survival pathways but the cell-surface molecules that select interneurons for survival or death are unknown. We demonstrate that members of the cadherin superfamily, the clustered γ-Protocadherins (PCDHGs), regulate the survival of inhibitory interneurons and the balance of cell death. Deletion of the Pcdhgs in mice causes inhibitory interneuron loss in the cortex and cerebellum, and leads to motor deficits and seizures. Our findings provide a molecular basis for controlling inhibitory interneuron population size during circuit formation.
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Mancia Leon WR, Spatazza J, Rakela B, Chatterjee A, Pande V, Maniatis T, Hasenstaub AR, Stryker MP, Alvarez-Buylla A. Clustered gamma-protocadherins regulate cortical interneuron programmed cell death. eLife 2020; 9:e55374. [PMID: 32633719 PMCID: PMC7373431 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical function critically depends on inhibitory/excitatory balance. Cortical inhibitory interneurons (cINs) are born in the ventral forebrain and migrate into cortex, where their numbers are adjusted by programmed cell death. Here, we show that loss of clustered gamma protocadherins (Pcdhg), but not of genes in the alpha or beta clusters, increased dramatically cIN BAX-dependent cell death in mice. Surprisingly, electrophysiological and morphological properties of Pcdhg-deficient and wild-type cINs during the period of cIN cell death were indistinguishable. Co-transplantation of wild-type with Pcdhg-deficient interneuron precursors further reduced mutant cIN survival, but the proportion of mutant and wild-type cells undergoing cell death was not affected by their density. Transplantation also allowed us to test for the contribution of Pcdhg isoforms to the regulation of cIN cell death. We conclude that Pcdhg, specifically Pcdhgc3, Pcdhgc4, and Pcdhgc5, play a critical role in regulating cIN survival during the endogenous period of programmed cIN death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter R Mancia Leon
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Julien Spatazza
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Benjamin Rakela
- Department of Physiology and Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Ankita Chatterjee
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Viraj Pande
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Tom Maniatis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Andrea R Hasenstaub
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Michael P Stryker
- Department of Physiology and Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Arturo Alvarez-Buylla
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
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28
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Pancho A, Aerts T, Mitsogiannis MD, Seuntjens E. Protocadherins at the Crossroad of Signaling Pathways. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:117. [PMID: 32694982 PMCID: PMC7339444 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protocadherins (Pcdhs) are cell adhesion molecules that belong to the cadherin superfamily, and are subdivided into clustered (cPcdhs) and non-clustered Pcdhs (ncPcdhs) in vertebrates. In this review, we summarize their discovery, expression mechanisms, and roles in neuronal development and cancer, thereby highlighting the context-dependent nature of their actions. We furthermore provide an extensive overview of current structural knowledge, and its implications concerning extracellular interactions between cPcdhs, ncPcdhs, and classical cadherins. Next, we survey the known molecular action mechanisms of Pcdhs, emphasizing the regulatory functions of proteolytic processing and domain shedding. In addition, we outline the importance of Pcdh intracellular domains in the regulation of downstream signaling cascades, and we describe putative Pcdh interactions with intracellular molecules including components of the WAVE complex, the Wnt pathway, and apoptotic cascades. Our overview combines molecular interaction data from different contexts, such as neural development and cancer. This comprehensive approach reveals potential common Pcdh signaling hubs, and points out future directions for research. Functional studies of such key factors within the context of neural development might yield innovative insights into the molecular etiology of Pcdh-related neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pancho
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tania Aerts
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manuela D Mitsogiannis
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eve Seuntjens
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Graham HK, Duan X. Molecular mechanisms regulating synaptic specificity and retinal circuit formation. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2020; 10:e379. [PMID: 32267095 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of precisely assembled circuits which support a variety of physiological functions and behaviors. These circuits include multiple subtypes of neurons with unique morphologies, electrical properties, and molecular identities. How these component parts are precisely wired-up has been a topic of great interest to the field of developmental neurobiology and has implications for our understanding of the etiology of many neurological disorders and mental illnesses. To date, many molecules involved in synaptic choice and specificity have been identified, including members of several families of cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs), which are cell-surface molecules that mediate cell-cell contacts and subsequent intracellular signaling. One favored hypothesis is that unique expression patterns of CAMs define specific neuronal subtype populations and determine compatible pre- and postsynaptic neuronal partners based on the expression of these unique CAMs. The mouse retina has served as a beautiful model for investigations into mammalian CAM interactions due to its well-defined neuronal subtypes and distinct circuits. Moreover, the retina is readily amenable to visualization of circuit organization and electrophysiological measurement of circuit function. The advent of recent genetic, genomic, and imaging technologies has opened the field up to large-scale, unbiased approaches for identification of new molecular determinants of synaptic specificity. Thus, building on the foundation of work reviewed here, we can expect rapid expansion of the field, harnessing the mouse retina as a model to understand the molecular basis for synaptic specificity and functional circuit assembly. This article is categorized under: Nervous System Development > Vertebrates: General Principles Nervous System Development > Vertebrates: Regional Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K Graham
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Xin Duan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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