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Ferreira JC, Fadl S, Cardoso THS, Andrade BS, Melo TS, Silva EMDA, Agarwal A, Turville SJ, Saksena NK, Rabeh WM. Boosting immunity: synergistic antiviral effects of luteolin, vitamin C, magnesium and zinc against SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20240617. [PMID: 39045772 PMCID: PMC11327220 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20240617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 was first discovered in 2019 and has disseminated throughout the globe to pandemic levels, imposing significant health and economic burdens. Although vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 have been developed, their long-term efficacy and specificity have not been determined, and antiviral drugs remain necessary. Flavonoids, which are commonly found in plants, fruits, and vegetables and are part of the human diet, have attracted considerable attention as potential therapeutic agents due to their antiviral and antimicrobial activities and effects on other biological activities, such as inflammation. The present study uses a combination of biochemical, cellular, molecular dynamics, and molecular docking experiments to provide compelling evidence that the flavonoid luteolin (2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one) has antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) that is synergistically enhanced by magnesium, zinc, and vitamin C. The IC50 of luteolin against 2 µM 3CLpro is 78 µM and decreases 10-fold to 7.6 µM in the presence of zinc, magnesium, and vitamin C. Thermodynamic stability analyses revealed that luteolin has minimal effects on the structure of 3CLpro, whereas metal ions and vitamin C significantly alter the thermodynamic stability of the protease. Interactome analysis uncovered potential host-virus interactions and functional clusters associated with luteolin activity, supporting the relevance of this flavone for combating SARS-CoV-2 infection. This comprehensive investigation sheds light on luteolin's therapeutic potential and provides insights into its mechanisms of action against SARS-CoV-2. The novel formulation of luteolin, magnesium, zinc, and vitamin C may be an effective avenue for treating COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C Ferreira
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Samar Fadl
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Thyago H S Cardoso
- G42 Healthcare Omics Excellence Center, Masdar City, Abu Dhabi, United Arabes Emirates
| | - Bruno Silva Andrade
- UESB - Universidade Estatudal Do Sudoeste da Bahia. Deparmento de Ciencias Biologicas
| | - Tarcisio S Melo
- UESB - Universidade Estatudal Do Sudoeste da Bahia. Deparmento de Ciencias Biologicas
| | | | | | | | - Nitin K Saksena
- Victoria University, Footscray Park Campus, Melbourne, VIC, 3134, Australia
- Aegros Therapeutics Pty Ltd, 5-6 Eden Park Drive, Macquarie Park, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Wael M Rabeh
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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2
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Harrison K, Carlos PW, Ullrich S, Aggarwal A, Johansen-Leete J, Sasi VM, Barter I, Maxwell JWC, Bedding MJ, Larance M, Turville S, Norman A, Jackson CJ, Nitsche C, Payne RJ. Exploiting Hydrophobic Amino Acid Scanning to Develop Cyclic Peptide Inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease with Antiviral Activity. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401606. [PMID: 38801240 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The development of novel antivirals is crucial not only for managing current COVID-19 infections but for addressing potential future zoonotic outbreaks. SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) is vital for viral replication and viability and therefore serves as an attractive target for antiviral intervention. Herein, we report the optimization of a cyclic peptide inhibitor that emerged from an mRNA display selection against the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro to enhance its cell permeability and in vitro antiviral activity. By identifying mutation-tolerant amino acid residues within the peptide sequence, we describe the development of a second-generation Mpro inhibitor bearing five cyclohexylalanine residues. This cyclic peptide analogue exhibited significantly improved cell permeability and antiviral activity compared to the parent peptide. This approach highlights the importance of optimizing cyclic peptide hits for activity against intracellular targets such as the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katriona Harrison
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Patrick W Carlos
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Sven Ullrich
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Anupriya Aggarwal
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jason Johansen-Leete
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Vishnu Mini Sasi
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Isabel Barter
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Joshua W C Maxwell
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Max J Bedding
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Mark Larance
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Stuart Turville
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Alexander Norman
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Colin J Jackson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Christoph Nitsche
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Richard J Payne
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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3
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Lee WS, Audsley J, Trieu MC, Reynaldi A, Aurelia LC, Mehta PH, Patterson J, Kent HE, Nguyen J, Amarasena T, Esterbauer R, Haycroft ER, Ramanathan P, Davenport MP, Schlub TE, Sasadeusz J, Wheatley AK, Chung AW, Juno JA, Selva KJ, Kent SJ. Randomised controlled trial reveals no benefit to a 3-month delay in COVID-19 mRNA booster vaccine. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e181244. [PMID: 38990644 PMCID: PMC11364387 DOI: 10.1172/jci181244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is uncertainty around the timing of booster vaccination against COVID-19 in highly vaccinated populations during the present endemic phase of COVID-19. Studies focused on primary vaccination have previously suggested improved immunity after delaying immunisation. METHODS We conducted a randomised controlled trial (Nov 2022 - Aug 2023) and assigned 52 fully vaccinated adults to an immediate or a 3-month delayed bivalent Spikevax mRNA booster vaccine. Follow-up visits were completed for 48 participants (n = 24 per arm), with saliva and plasma samples collected following each visit. RESULTS The rise in neutralising antibody responses to ancestral and Omicron strains were almost identical between the immediate and delayed vaccination arms. Analyses of plasma and salivary antibody responses (IgG, IgA), plasma antibody-dependent phagocytic activity, and the decay kinetics of antibody responses were similar between the 2 arms. Symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection occurred in 49% (21/49) participants over the median 11.5 months of follow up and were also similar between the 2 arms. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggests no benefit from delaying COVID-19 mRNA booster vaccination in pre-immune populations during the present endemic phase of COVID-19TRIAL REGISTRATION. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry number 12622000411741. FUNDING National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia, Program Grant App1149990 and Medical Research Future Fund App2005544.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shi Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer Audsley
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mai-Chi Trieu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Arnold Reynaldi
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - L. Carissa Aurelia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Palak H. Mehta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joanne Patterson
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen E. Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julie Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thakshila Amarasena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robyn Esterbauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ebene R. Haycroft
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pradhipa Ramanathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Miles P. Davenport
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Timothy E. Schlub
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joseph Sasadeusz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam K. Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amy W. Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer A. Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kevin J. Selva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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4
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Singer J, Tunbridge MJ, Shi B, Perkins GB, Chai CS, Salehi T, Sim BZ, Kireta S, Johnston JK, Akerman A, Milogiannakis V, Aggarwal A, Turville S, Hissaria P, Ying T, Wu H, Grubor-Bauk B, Coates PT, Chadban SJ. Dietary Inulin to Improve SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Response in Kidney Transplant Recipients: The RIVASTIM-Inulin Randomised Controlled Trial. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:608. [PMID: 38932337 PMCID: PMC11209582 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Kidney transplant recipients are at an increased risk of hospitalisation and death from SARS-CoV-2 infection, and standard two-dose vaccination schedules are typically inadequate to generate protective immunity. Gut dysbiosis, which is common among kidney transplant recipients and known to effect systemic immunity, may be a contributing factor to a lack of vaccine immunogenicity in this at-risk cohort. The gut microbiota modulates vaccine responses, with the production of immunomodulatory short-chain fatty acids by bacteria such as Bifidobacterium associated with heightened vaccine responses in both observational and experimental studies. As SCFA-producing populations in the gut microbiota are enhanced by diets rich in non-digestible fibre, dietary supplementation with prebiotic fibre emerges as a potential adjuvant strategy to correct dysbiosis and improve vaccine-induced immunity. In a randomised, double-bind, placebo-controlled trial of 72 kidney transplant recipients, we found dietary supplementation with prebiotic inulin for 4 weeks before and after a third SARS-CoV2 mRNA vaccine to be feasible, tolerable, and safe. Inulin supplementation resulted in an increase in gut Bifidobacterium, as determined by 16S RNA sequencing, but did not increase in vitro neutralisation of live SARS-CoV-2 virus at 4 weeks following a third vaccination. Dietary fibre supplementation is a feasible strategy with the potential to enhance vaccine-induced immunity and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Singer
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (J.S.); (T.Y.); (H.W.)
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Matthew J. Tunbridge
- Central and Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (M.J.T.); (T.S.); (B.Z.S.); (S.K.); (J.K.J.); (P.T.C.)
| | - Bree Shi
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Griffith B. Perkins
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (G.B.P.); (C.S.C.); (P.H.); (B.G.-B.)
- Immunology Directorate, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Cheng Sheng Chai
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (G.B.P.); (C.S.C.); (P.H.); (B.G.-B.)
| | - Tania Salehi
- Central and Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (M.J.T.); (T.S.); (B.Z.S.); (S.K.); (J.K.J.); (P.T.C.)
| | - Beatrice Z. Sim
- Central and Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (M.J.T.); (T.S.); (B.Z.S.); (S.K.); (J.K.J.); (P.T.C.)
| | - Svjetlana Kireta
- Central and Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (M.J.T.); (T.S.); (B.Z.S.); (S.K.); (J.K.J.); (P.T.C.)
| | - Julie K. Johnston
- Central and Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (M.J.T.); (T.S.); (B.Z.S.); (S.K.); (J.K.J.); (P.T.C.)
| | - Anouschka Akerman
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (A.A.); (V.M.); (A.A.); (S.T.)
| | - Vanessa Milogiannakis
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (A.A.); (V.M.); (A.A.); (S.T.)
| | - Anupriya Aggarwal
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (A.A.); (V.M.); (A.A.); (S.T.)
| | - Stuart Turville
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (A.A.); (V.M.); (A.A.); (S.T.)
| | - Pravin Hissaria
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (G.B.P.); (C.S.C.); (P.H.); (B.G.-B.)
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Tracey Ying
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (J.S.); (T.Y.); (H.W.)
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Huiling Wu
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (J.S.); (T.Y.); (H.W.)
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Branka Grubor-Bauk
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (G.B.P.); (C.S.C.); (P.H.); (B.G.-B.)
- Viral Immunology Group, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5011, Australia
| | - P. Toby Coates
- Central and Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (M.J.T.); (T.S.); (B.Z.S.); (S.K.); (J.K.J.); (P.T.C.)
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (G.B.P.); (C.S.C.); (P.H.); (B.G.-B.)
| | - Steven J. Chadban
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (J.S.); (T.Y.); (H.W.)
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia;
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Focosi D, Franchini M, Senefeld JW, Joyner MJ, Sullivan DJ, Pekosz A, Maggi F, Casadevall A. Passive immunotherapies for the next influenza pandemic. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2533. [PMID: 38635404 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Influenzavirus is among the most relevant candidates for a next pandemic. We review here the phylogeny of former influenza pandemics, and discuss candidate lineages. After briefly reviewing the other existing antiviral options, we discuss in detail the evidences supporting the efficacy of passive immunotherapies against influenzavirus, with a focus on convalescent plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Focosi
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Massimo Franchini
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Mantua Hospital, Mantua, Italy
| | - Jonathon W Senefeld
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael J Joyner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - David J Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Rottmayer K, Schwarze M, Jassoy C, Hoffmann R, Loeffler-Wirth H, Lehmann C. Potential of a Bead-Based Multiplex Assay for SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Detection. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:273. [PMID: 38666885 PMCID: PMC11047883 DOI: 10.3390/biology13040273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Serological assays for SARS-CoV-2 play a pivotal role in the definition of whether patients are infected, the understanding of viral epidemiology, the screening of convalescent sera for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes, and in obtaining a better understanding of the immune response towards the virus. The aim of this study was to investigate the performance of a bead-based multiplex assay. This assay allowed for the simultaneous testing of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike, S1, S2, RBD, and nucleocapsid moieties and S1 of seasonal coronaviruses hCoV-22E, hCoV-HKU1, hCoV-NL63, and hCoV-OC43, as well as MERS and SARS-CoV. We compared the bead-based multiplex assay with commercial ELISA tests. We tested the sera of 27 SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive individuals who were previously tested with different ELISA assays. Additionally, we investigated the reproducibility of the results by means of multiple testing of the same sera. Finally, the results were correlated with neutralising assays. In summary, the concordance of the qualitative results ranged between 78% and 96% depending on the ELISA assay and the specific antigen. Repeated freezing-thawing cycles resulted in reduced mean fluorescence intensity, while the storage period had no influence in this respect. In our test cohort, we detected up to 36% of sera positive for the development of neutralising antibodies, which is in concordance with the bead-based multiplex and IgG ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Rottmayer
- Laboratory for Transplantation Immunology, University Hospital Leipzig, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 32, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mandy Schwarze
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.S.)
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Jassoy
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, Leipzig University Hospital and Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Ralf Hoffmann
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.S.)
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henry Loeffler-Wirth
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, IZBI, Leipzig University, Haertelstr. 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Claudia Lehmann
- Laboratory for Transplantation Immunology, University Hospital Leipzig, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 32, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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7
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Zhang F, Zhou P, Wang L, Liao X, Liu X, Ke C, Wen S, Shu Y. Polymorphisms of IFN signaling genes and FOXP4 influence the severity of COVID-19. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:270. [PMID: 38429664 PMCID: PMC10905836 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical manifestations of COVID-19 range from asymptomatic, mild to moderate, severe, and critical disease. Host genetic variants were recognized to affect the disease severity. However, the genetic landscape differs among various populations. Therefore, we explored the variants associated with COVID-19 severity in the Guangdong population. METHODS A total of 314 subjects were selected, of which the severe and critical COVID-19 patients were defined as "cases", and the mild and moderate patients were defined as "control". Twenty-two variants in interferon-related genes and FOXP4 were genotyped using the MassARRAY technology platform. RESULTS IFN signaling gene MX1 rs17000900 CA + AA genotype was correlated with a reduced risk of severe COVID-19 in males (P = 0.001, OR = 0.050, 95%CI = 0.008-0.316). The AT haplotype comprised of MX1 rs17000900 and rs2071430 was more likely to protect against COVID-19 severity (P = 6.3E-03). FOXP4 rs1886814 CC genotype (P = 0.001, OR = 3.747, 95%CI = 1.746-8.043) and rs2894439 GA + AA genotype (P = 0.001, OR = 5.703, 95% CI = 2.045-15.903) were correlated with increased risk of severe COVID-19. Haplotype CA comprised of rs1886814 and rs2894439 was found to be correlated with adverse outcomes (P = 7.0E-04). FOXP4 rs1886814 CC (P = 0.0004) and rs2894439 GA + AA carriers had higher neutralizing antibody titers (P = 0.0018). The CA + AA genotype of MX1 rs17000900 tended to be correlated with lower neutralizing antibody titers than CC genotype (P = 0.0663), but the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION Our study found a possible association between MX1 and FOXP4 polymorphisms and the severity of COVID-19. Distinguishing high-risk patients who develop severe COVID-19 will provide clues for early intervention and individual treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, P. R. China
| | - Pingping Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Liangliang Wang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, P. R. China
| | - Xinzhong Liao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, P. R. China
| | - Xuejie Liu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, P. R. China
| | - Changwen Ke
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Simin Wen
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Yuelong Shu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Infection Prevention and Control (MOE), State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 102629, P. R. China.
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8
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Bedding MJ, Franck C, Johansen-Leete J, Aggarwal A, Maxwell JWC, Patel K, Hawkins PME, Low JKK, Siddiquee R, Sani HM, Ford DJ, Turville S, Mackay JP, Passioura T, Christie M, Payne RJ. Discovery of High Affinity Cyclic Peptide Ligands for Human ACE2 with SARS-CoV-2 Entry Inhibitory Activity. ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:141-152. [PMID: 38085789 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The development of effective antiviral compounds is essential for mitigating the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Entry of SARS-CoV-2 virions into host cells is mediated by the interaction between the viral spike (S) protein and membrane-bound angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on the surface of epithelial cells. Inhibition of this viral protein-host protein interaction is an attractive avenue for the development of antiviral molecules with numerous spike-binding molecules generated to date. Herein, we describe an alternative approach to inhibit the spike-ACE2 interaction by targeting the spike-binding interface of human ACE2 via mRNA display. Two consecutive display selections were performed to direct cyclic peptide ligand binding toward the spike binding interface of ACE2. Through this process, potent cyclic peptide binders of human ACE2 (with affinities in the picomolar to nanomolar range) were identified, two of which neutralized SARS-CoV-2 entry. This work demonstrates the potential of targeting ACE2 for the generation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics as well as broad spectrum antivirals for the treatment of SARS-like betacoronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max J Bedding
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Charlotte Franck
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Jason Johansen-Leete
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | | | - Joshua W C Maxwell
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Karishma Patel
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Paige M E Hawkins
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Jason K K Low
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Rezwan Siddiquee
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Hakimeh Moghaddas Sani
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Daniel J Ford
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | | | - Joel P Mackay
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Toby Passioura
- Sydney Analytical Core Research Facility, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Mary Christie
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Richard J Payne
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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9
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O’Reilly S, Kenny G, Alrawahneh T, Francois N, Gu L, Angeliadis M, de Masson d’Autume V, Garcia Leon A, Feeney ER, Yousif O, Cotter A, de Barra E, Horgan M, Mallon PWG, Gautier V. Development of a novel medium throughput flow-cytometry based micro-neutralisation test for SARS-CoV-2 with applications in clinical vaccine trials and antibody screening. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294262. [PMID: 38033116 PMCID: PMC10688860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantifying neutralising capacity of circulating SARS-COV-2 antibodies is critical in evaluating protective humoral immune responses generated post-infection/post-vaccination. Here we describe a novel medium-throughput flow cytometry-based micro-neutralisation test to evaluate Neutralising Antibody (NAb) responses against live SARS-CoV-2 Wild Type and Variants of Concern (VOC) in convalescent/vaccinated populations. Flow Cytometry-Based Micro-Neutralisation Test (Micro-NT) was performed in 96-well plates using clinical isolates WT-B, WT-B.1.177.18 and/or VOCs Beta and Omicron. Plasma samples (All Ireland Infectious Diseases (AIID) Cohort) were serially diluted (8 points, half-log) from 1:20 and pre-incubated with SARS-CoV-2 (1h, 37°C). Virus-plasma mixture were added onto Vero E6 or Vero E6/TMPRSS2 cells for 18h. Percentage infected cells was analysed by automated flow cytometry following trypsinisation, fixation and SARS-CoV-2 Nucleoprotein intracellular staining. Half-maximal Neutralisation Titres (NT50) were determined using non-linear regression. Our assay was compared to Plaque Reduction Neutralisation Test (PRNT) and validated against the First WHO International Standard for anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin. Both Micro-NT and PRNT achieved comparable NT50 values. Further validation showed adequate correlation with PRNT using a panel of secondary standards of clinical convalescent and vaccinated plasma samples. We found the assay to be reproducible through measuring both repeatability and intermediate precision. Screening 190 convalescent samples and 11 COVID-19 naive controls (AIID cohort) we demonstrated that Micro-NT has broad dynamic range differentiating NT50s <1/20 to >1/5000. We could also characterise immune-escape VOC Beta and Omicron BA.5, achieving fold-reductions in neutralising capacity similar to those published. Our flow cytometry-based Micro-NT is a robust and reliable assay to quantify NAb titres, and has been selected as an endpoint in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie O’Reilly
- Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Grace Kenny
- Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Vincent’s University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tamara Alrawahneh
- Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nathan Francois
- Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lili Gu
- Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Matthew Angeliadis
- Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Valentin de Masson d’Autume
- Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alejandro Garcia Leon
- Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eoin R. Feeney
- Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Vincent’s University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Obada Yousif
- Endocrinology Department, Wexford General Hospital, Carricklawn, Wexford, Ireland
| | - Aoife Cotter
- Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles St, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eoghan de Barra
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beaumont Hospital, Beaumont, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of International Health and Tropical Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary Horgan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland
| | - Patrick W. G. Mallon
- Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Vincent’s University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Virginie Gautier
- Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
- Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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10
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Cheedarla N, Verkerke HP, Potlapalli S, McLendon KB, Patel A, Frank F, O’Sick WH, Cheedarla S, Baugh TJ, Damhorst GL, Wu H, Graciaa D, Hudaib F, Alter DN, Bryksin J, Ortlund EA, Guarner J, Auld S, Shah S, Lam W, Mattoon D, Johnson JM, Wilson DH, Dhodapkar MV, Stowell SR, Neish AS, Roback JD. Rapid, high throughput, automated detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies against Wuhan-WT, delta and omicron BA1, BA2 spike trimers. iScience 2023; 26:108256. [PMID: 37965140 PMCID: PMC10641509 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional cellular and live-virus methods for detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) are labor- and time-intensive, and thus not suited for routine use in the clinical lab to predict vaccine efficacy and natural immune protection. Here, we report the development and validation of a rapid, high throughput method for measuring SARS-CoV-2 nAbs against native-like trimeric spike proteins. This assay uses a blockade of human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hACE-2) binding (BoAb) approach in an automated digital immunoassay on the Quanterix HD-X platform. BoAb assays using Wuhan-WT (vaccine strain), delta (B.1.167.2), omicron BA1 and BA2 variant viral strains showed strong correlation with cell-based pseudovirus neutralization activity (PNA) and live-virus neutralization activity. Importantly, we were able to detect similar patterns of delta and omicron variant resistance to neutralization in samples with paired vaccine strain and delta variant BoAb measurements. Finally, we screened clinical samples from patients with or without evidence of SARS-CoV-2 exposure by a single-dilution screening version of our assays, finding significant nAb activity only in exposed individuals. Importantly, this completely automated assay can be performed in 4 h to measure neutralizing antibody titers for 16 samples over 8 serial dilutions or, 128 samples at a single dilution with replicates. In principle, these assays offer a rapid, robust, and scalable alternative to time-, skill-, and cost-intensive standard methods for measuring SARS-CoV-2 nAb levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayanaiah Cheedarla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hans P. Verkerke
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sindhu Potlapalli
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kaleb Benjamin McLendon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Anamika Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Filipp Frank
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - William Henry O’Sick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Suneethamma Cheedarla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tyler Jon Baugh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Gregory L. Damhorst
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Huixia Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Daniel Graciaa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Fuad Hudaib
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - David N. Alter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Janetta Bryksin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Eric A. Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jeanette Guarner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sara Auld
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sarita Shah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Wilbur Lam
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dawn Mattoon
- Quanterix Corporation, 900 Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Joseph M. Johnson
- Quanterix Corporation, 900 Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - David H. Wilson
- Quanterix Corporation, 900 Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Madhav V. Dhodapkar
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sean R. Stowell
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew S. Neish
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - John D. Roback
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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11
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Pillay A, Yeola A, Tea F, Denkova M, Houston S, Burrell R, Merheb V, Lee FXZ, Lopez JA, Moran L, Jadhav A, Sterling K, Lai CL, Vitagliano TL, Aggarwal A, Catchpoole D, Wood N, Phan TG, Nanan R, Hsu P, Turville SG, Britton PN, Brilot F. Infection and Vaccine Induced Spike Antibody Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern in COVID-19-Naïve Children and Adults. J Clin Immunol 2023; 43:1706-1723. [PMID: 37405544 PMCID: PMC10661752 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-023-01540-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Although a more efficient adaptive humoral immune response has been proposed to underlie the usually favorable outcome of pediatric COVID-19, the breadth of viral and vaccine cross-reactivity toward the ever-mutating Spike protein among variants of concern (VOCs) has not yet been compared between children and adults. We assessed antibodies to conformational Spike in COVID-19-naïve children and adults vaccinated by BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1, and naturally infected with SARS-CoV-2 Early Clade, Delta, and Omicron. Sera were analyzed against Spike including naturally occurring VOCs Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron BA.1, BA.2, BA.5, BQ.1.1, BA2.75.2, and XBB.1, and variants of interest Epsilon, Kappa, Eta, D.2, and artificial mutant Spikes. There was no notable difference between breadth and longevity of antibody against VOCs in children and adults. Vaccinated individuals displayed similar immunoreactivity profiles across variants compared with naturally infected individuals. Delta-infected patients had an enhanced cross-reactivity toward Delta and earlier VOCs compared to patients infected by Early Clade SARS-CoV-2. Although Omicron BA.1, BA.2, BA.5, BQ.1.1, BA2.75.2, and XBB.1 antibody titers were generated after Omicron infection, cross-reactive binding against Omicron subvariants was reduced across all infection, immunization, and age groups. Some mutations, such as 498R and 501Y, epistatically combined to enhance cross-reactive binding, but could not fully compensate for antibody-evasive mutations within the Omicron subvariants tested. Our results reveal important molecular features central to the generation of high antibody titers and broad immunoreactivity that should be considered in future vaccine design and global serosurveillance in the context of limited vaccine boosters available to the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleha Pillay
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Avani Yeola
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fiona Tea
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martina Denkova
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Samuel Houston
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebecca Burrell
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vera Merheb
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fiona X Z Lee
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joseph A Lopez
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lilly Moran
- Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- National Center for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, the Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ajay Jadhav
- Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- National Center for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, the Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katrina Sterling
- Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- National Center for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, the Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Catherine L Lai
- Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tennille L Vitagliano
- Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anupriya Aggarwal
- The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dan Catchpoole
- Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicholas Wood
- Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- National Center for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, the Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ralph Nanan
- Charles Perkins Center and Sydney Medical School Nepean, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter Hsu
- Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stuart G Turville
- The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip N Britton
- Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fabienne Brilot
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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12
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El Abdellati K, Lucas A, Perron H, Tamouza R, Nkam I, Richard JR, Fried S, Barau C, Djonouma N, Pinot A, Fourati S, Rodriguez C, Coppens V, Meyer U, Morrens M, De Picker L, Leboyer M. High unrecognized SARS-CoV-2 exposure of newly admitted and hospitalized psychiatric patients. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 114:500-510. [PMID: 37741299 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with pre-existing mental disorders are at higher risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection and adverse outcomes, and severe mental illness, including mood and psychosis spectrum disorders, is associated with increased mortality risk. Despite their increased risk profile, patients with severe mental illness have been understudied during the pandemic, with limited estimates of exposure in inpatient settings. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to describe the SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and antibody titers, and pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations of newly admitted or hospitalized psychiatric inpatients without known history of COVID-19 infection, using robust quantitative multi-antigen assessments, and compare patients' exposure to that of hospital staff. METHODS This multi-centric, cross-sectional study compared SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and titers of 285 patients (University Psychiatric Centre Duffel [UPCD] N = 194; Assistance-Publique-Hopitaux de Paris [AP-HP] N = 91), and 192 hospital caregivers (UPCD N = 130; AP-HP N = 62) at two large psychiatric care facilities between January 1st and the May 30th 2021. Serum levels of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies against Spike proteins (full length), spike subunit 1 (S1), spike subunit 2 (S2), spike subunit 1 receptor binding domain (S1-RBD) and Nucleocapsid proteins were quantitatively determined using an advanced capillary Western Blot technique. To assess the robustness of the between-group seroprevalence differences, we performed sensitivity analyses with stringent cut-offs for seropositivity. We also assessed peripheral concentrations of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-a using ELLA assays. Secondary analyses included comparisons of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and titers between patient diagnostic subgroups, and between newly admitted (hospitalization ≤ 7 days) and hospitalized patients (hospitalization > 7 days) and correlations between serological and cytokines. RESULTS Patients had a significantly higher SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence (67.85 % [95% CI 62.20-73.02]) than hospital caregivers (27.08% [95% CI 21.29-33.77]), and had significantly higher global SARS-CoV-2 titers (F = 29.40, df = 2, p < 0.0001). Moreover, patients had a 2.51-fold (95% CI 1.95-3.20) higher SARS-CoV-2 exposure risk compared to hospital caregivers (Fisher's exact test, P < 0.0001). No difference was found in SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and titers between patient subgroups. Patients could be differentiated most accurately from hospital caregivers by their higher Spike protein titers (OR 136.54 [95% CI 43.08-481.98], P < 0.0001), lower S1 (OR 0.06 [95% CI 0.02-0.15], P < 0.0001) titers and higher IL-6 (OR 3.41 [95% CI 1.73-7.24], P < 0.0001) and TNF-α (OR 34.29 [95% CI 5.00-258.87], P < 0.0001) and lower titers of IL-8 (OR 0.13 [95% CI 0.05-0.30], P < 0.0001). Seropositive patients had significantly higher SARS-COV-2 antibody titers compared to seropositive hospital caregivers (F = 19.53, df = 2, P < 0.0001), while titers were not different in seronegative individuals. Pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations were not associated with serological status. CONCLUSION Our work demonstrated a very high unrecognized exposure to SARS-CoV-2 among newly admitted and hospitalized psychiatric inpatients, which is cause for concern in the context of highly robust evidence of adverse outcomes following COVID-19 in psychiatric patients. Attention should be directed toward monitoring and mitigating exposure to infectious agents within psychiatric hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K El Abdellati
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Scientific Initiative of Neuropsychiatric and Psychopharmacological Studies (SINAPS), University Psychiatric Centre Duffel, Duffel, Belgium.
| | - A Lucas
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), plateau We-Met, Inserm UMR1297 and Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - H Perron
- GeNeuro, Plan-les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland; Geneuro-Innovation, Lyon, France
| | - R Tamouza
- INSERM U955 IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry laboratory, AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor, DMU IMPACT, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire de Médecine de Précision en Psychiatrie (FHU ADAPT), Paris Est Créteil University, Fondation FondaMental, 94010 Créteil, France; ECNP Immuno-NeuroPsychiatry Network
| | - I Nkam
- INSERM U955 IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry laboratory, AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor, DMU IMPACT, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire de Médecine de Précision en Psychiatrie (FHU ADAPT), Paris Est Créteil University, Fondation FondaMental, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - J-R Richard
- INSERM U955 IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry laboratory, AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor, DMU IMPACT, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire de Médecine de Précision en Psychiatrie (FHU ADAPT), Paris Est Créteil University, Fondation FondaMental, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - S Fried
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), plateau We-Met, Inserm UMR1297 and Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - C Barau
- Plateforme de resources biologiques, Hôpital Universitaire Henri Mondor, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - N Djonouma
- Département Hospitalo-Universitaire de psychiatrie et d'addictologie des hopitaux Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - A Pinot
- INSERM U955 IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry laboratory, AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor, DMU IMPACT, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire de Médecine de Précision en Psychiatrie (FHU ADAPT), Paris Est Créteil University, Fondation FondaMental, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - S Fourati
- Department of Virology, INSERM U955, Team « Viruses, Hepatology, Cancer », Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Créteil, France
| | - C Rodriguez
- Department of Virology, INSERM U955, Team « Viruses, Hepatology, Cancer », Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Créteil, France
| | - V Coppens
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Scientific Initiative of Neuropsychiatric and Psychopharmacological Studies (SINAPS), University Psychiatric Centre Duffel, Duffel, Belgium
| | - U Meyer
- ECNP Immuno-NeuroPsychiatry Network; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich-Vetsuisse, Zürich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M Morrens
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Scientific Initiative of Neuropsychiatric and Psychopharmacological Studies (SINAPS), University Psychiatric Centre Duffel, Duffel, Belgium
| | - L De Picker
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Scientific Initiative of Neuropsychiatric and Psychopharmacological Studies (SINAPS), University Psychiatric Centre Duffel, Duffel, Belgium; ECNP Immuno-NeuroPsychiatry Network
| | - M Leboyer
- INSERM U955 IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry laboratory, AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor, DMU IMPACT, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire de Médecine de Précision en Psychiatrie (FHU ADAPT), Paris Est Créteil University, Fondation FondaMental, 94010 Créteil, France; ECNP Immuno-NeuroPsychiatry Network
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13
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Yeung J, Wang T, Shi PY. Improvement of mucosal immunity by a live-attenuated SARS-CoV-2 nasal vaccine. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 62:101347. [PMID: 37604085 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of early COVID-19 vaccines in reducing the severity of the disease has led to a focus on developing next-generation vaccines that can prevent infection and transmission of the virus. One promising approach involves the induction of mucosal immunity through nasal administration and a variety of mucosal vaccine candidates using different platforms are currently in development. Live-attenuated viruses, less pathogenic versions of SARS-CoV-2, have promising features as a mucosal vaccine platform and have the potential to induce hybrid immunity in individuals who have already received mRNA vaccines. This review discusses the potential benefits and considerations for the use of live-attenuated SARS-CoV-2 intranasal vaccines and highlights the authors' work in developing such a vaccine platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Yeung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Center for Structural Biology & Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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14
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Francis ME, Jansen EB, Yourkowski A, Selim A, Swan CL, MacPhee BK, Thivierge B, Buchanan R, Lavender KJ, Darbellay J, Rogers MB, Lew J, Gerdts V, Falzarano D, Skowronski DM, Sjaarda C, Kelvin AA. Previous infection with seasonal coronaviruses does not protect male Syrian hamsters from challenge with SARS-CoV-2. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5990. [PMID: 37752151 PMCID: PMC10522707 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41761-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 variants and seasonal coronaviruses continue to cause disease and coronaviruses in the animal reservoir pose a constant spillover threat. Importantly, understanding of how previous infection may influence future exposures, especially in the context of seasonal coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 variants, is still limited. Here we adopted a step-wise experimental approach to examine the primary immune response and subsequent immune recall toward antigenically distinct coronaviruses using male Syrian hamsters. Hamsters were initially inoculated with seasonal coronaviruses (HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E, or HCoV-OC43), or SARS-CoV-2 pango B lineage virus, then challenged with SARS-CoV-2 pango B lineage virus, or SARS-CoV-2 variants Beta or Omicron. Although infection with seasonal coronaviruses offered little protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge, HCoV-NL63-infected animals had an increase of the previously elicited HCoV-NL63-specific neutralizing antibodies during challenge with SARS-CoV-2. On the other hand, primary infection with HCoV-OC43 induced distinct T cell gene signatures. Gene expression profiling indicated interferon responses and germinal center reactions to be induced during more similar primary infection-challenge combinations while signatures of increased inflammation as well as suppression of the antiviral response were observed following antigenically distant viral challenges. This work characterizes and analyzes seasonal coronaviruses effect on SARS-CoV-2 secondary infection and the findings are important for pan-coronavirus vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magen E Francis
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ethan B Jansen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Anthony Yourkowski
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Alaa Selim
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Cynthia L Swan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Brian K MacPhee
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Brittany Thivierge
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Rachelle Buchanan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Kerry J Lavender
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Joseph Darbellay
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Matthew B Rogers
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jocelyne Lew
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Darryl Falzarano
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Danuta M Skowronski
- BC Centre for Disease Control, Immunization Programs and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Service, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- University of British Columbia, School of Population and Public Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Calvin Sjaarda
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Queen's Genomics Lab at Ongwanada (Q-GLO), Ongwanada Resource Centre, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Alyson A Kelvin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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15
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Bowden-Reid E, Ledger S, Zhang Y, Di Giallonardo F, Aggarwal A, Stella AO, Akerman A, Milogiannakis V, Walker G, Rawlinson W, Turville S, Kelleher AD, Ahlenstiel C. Novel siRNA therapeutics demonstrate multi-variant efficacy against SARS-CoV-2. Antiviral Res 2023; 217:105677. [PMID: 37478918 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a respiratory virus that causes COVID-19 disease, with an estimated global mortality of approximately 2%. While global response strategies, which are predominantly reliant on regular vaccinations, have shifted from zero COVID to living with COVID, there is a distinct lack of broad-spectrum direct acting antiviral therapies that maintain efficacy across evolving SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. This is of most concern for immunocompromised and immunosuppressed individuals who lack robust immune responses following vaccination, and others at risk for severe COVID and long-COVID. RNA interference (RNAi) therapeutics induced by short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) offer a promising antiviral treatment option, with broad-spectrum antiviral capabilities unparalleled by current antiviral therapeutics and a high genetic barrier to antiviral escape. Here we describe novel siRNAs, targeting highly conserved regions of the SARS-CoV-1 and 2 genome of both human and animal species, with multi-variant antiviral potency against eight SARS-CoV-2 lineages - Ancestral VIC01, Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Zeta, Kappa and Omicron. Treatment with our siRNA resulted in significant protection against virus-mediated cell death in vitro, with >97% cell survival (P < 0.0001), and corresponding reductions of viral nucleocapsid RNA of up to 99.9% (P < 0.0001). When compared to antivirals; Sotrovimab and Remdesivir, the siRNAs demonstrated a more potent antiviral effect and similarly, when multiplexing siRNAs to target different viral regions simultaneously, an increased antiviral effect was observed compared to individual siRNA treatments (P < 0.0001). These results demonstrate the potential for a highly effective broad-spectrum direct acting antiviral against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants, including variants resistant to antivirals and vaccine generated neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott Ledger
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gregory Walker
- New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - William Rawlinson
- New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Virology Research Laboratory, Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart Turville
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; RNA Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony D Kelleher
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; RNA Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chantelle Ahlenstiel
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; RNA Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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16
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Barrios MH, Nicholson S, Bull RA, Martinello M, Rawlinson W, Mina M, Post JJ, Hudson B, Gilroy N, Lloyd AR, Konecny P, Mordant F, Catton M, Subbarao K, Caly L, Druce J, Netter HJ. Comparative Longitudinal Serological Study of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Profiles in People with COVID-19. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1985. [PMID: 37630545 PMCID: PMC10458948 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Serological diagnostic assays are essential tools for determining an individual's protection against viruses like SARS-CoV-2, tracking the spread of the virus in the community, and evaluating population immunity. To assess the diversity and quality of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody response, we have compared the antibody profiles of people with mild, moderate, and severe COVID-19 using a dot blot assay. The test targeted the four major structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2, namely the nucleocapsid (N), spike (S) protein domains S1 and S2, and receptor-binding domain (RBD). Serum samples were collected from 63 participants at various time points for up to 300 days after disease onset. The dot blot assay revealed patient-specific differences in the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody profiles. Out of the 63 participants with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections and clinical COVID-19, 35/63 participants exhibited diverse and robust responses against the tested antigens, while 14/63 participants displayed either limited responses to a subset of antigens or no detectable antibody response to any of the antigens. Anti-N-specific antibody levels decreased within 300 days after disease onset, whereas anti-S-specific antibodies persisted. The dynamics of the antibody response did not change during the test period, indicating stable antibody profiles. Among the participants, 28/63 patients with restricted anti-S antibody profiles or undetectable anti-S antibody levels in the dot blot assay also exhibited weak neutralization activity, as measured by a surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) and a microneutralization test. These results indicate that in some cases, natural infections do not lead to the production of neutralizing antibodies. Furthermore, the study revealed significant serological variability among patients, regardless of the severity of their COVID-19 illness. These differences need to be carefully considered when evaluating the protective antibody status of individuals who have experienced primary SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilou H. Barrios
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (M.H.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.); (L.C.); (J.D.)
- Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (F.M.); (K.S.)
| | - Suellen Nicholson
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (M.H.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.); (L.C.); (J.D.)
- Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (F.M.); (K.S.)
| | - Rowena A. Bull
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (R.A.B.); (M.M.); (A.R.L.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
| | - Marianne Martinello
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (R.A.B.); (M.M.); (A.R.L.)
| | - William Rawlinson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
- Serology and Virology Division, Department of Microbiology, New South Wales Health Pathology, Randwick, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
- Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia;
| | - Michael Mina
- Northern Beaches Hospital, Frenchs Forest, NSW 2086, Australia;
| | - Jeffrey J. Post
- Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia;
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
| | - Bernard Hudson
- Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia;
| | | | - Andrew R. Lloyd
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (R.A.B.); (M.M.); (A.R.L.)
| | - Pamela Konecny
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
- St. George Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Francesca Mordant
- Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (F.M.); (K.S.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Mike Catton
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (M.H.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.); (L.C.); (J.D.)
- Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (F.M.); (K.S.)
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (F.M.); (K.S.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Leon Caly
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (M.H.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.); (L.C.); (J.D.)
- Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (F.M.); (K.S.)
| | - Julian Druce
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (M.H.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.); (L.C.); (J.D.)
- Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (F.M.); (K.S.)
| | - Hans J. Netter
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (M.H.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.); (L.C.); (J.D.)
- Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (F.M.); (K.S.)
- School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
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17
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Rankin K, Hastak P, Wong A, Sasson SC, Beaton B, Yeola A, Warden A, Turville S, Kelleher AD, Brilot F, Trotman J. Immune response to COVID-19 vaccination in patients with Waldenström macroglobulinaemia who pause their BTKi therapy. EJHAEM 2023; 4:728-732. [PMID: 37601863 PMCID: PMC10435711 DOI: 10.1002/jha2.724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Patients with Waldenström macroglobulinaemia (WM) are at increased risk of severe COVID-19 infection and have poor immune responses to COVID-19 vaccination. This study assessed whether a closely monitored pause in Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor (BTKi) therapy might result in an improved humoral response to a 3rd COVID-19 vaccine dose. Improved response was observed in WM patients who paused their BTKi, compared to a group who did not pause their BTKi. However, the response was attenuated after BTKi recommencement. This data contributes to our understanding of vaccination strategies in this patient group and may help inform consensus approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Rankin
- Haematology DepartmentConcord Repatriation General HospitalSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Priyanka Hastak
- The Kirby InstituteThe University of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Alexander Wong
- Haematology DepartmentConcord Repatriation General HospitalSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Concord Clinical SchoolFaculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Sarah C. Sasson
- The Kirby InstituteThe University of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Department of Clinical Immunology and ImmunopathologyICPMR Westmead HospitalSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Brendan Beaton
- Haematology DepartmentConcord Repatriation General HospitalSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Concord Clinical SchoolFaculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Avani Yeola
- Brain Autoimmunity GroupKids Neuroscience CentreKids ResearchThe Children's Hospital at WestmeadSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Andrew Warden
- WMozzies: Australian Patient Support Group for Waldenström's MacroglobulinemiaSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Stuart Turville
- The Kirby InstituteThe University of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Anthony D. Kelleher
- The Kirby InstituteThe University of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Fabienne Brilot
- Brain Autoimmunity GroupKids Neuroscience CentreKids ResearchThe Children's Hospital at WestmeadSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Sydney Institute of Infectious DiseaseThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- The School of Medical SciencesFaculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Judith Trotman
- Haematology DepartmentConcord Repatriation General HospitalSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Concord Clinical SchoolFaculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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18
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Williams DM, Hornsby HR, Shehata OM, Brown R, Gallis M, Meardon N, Newman TAH, Plowright M, Zafred D, Shun-Shion ASM, Hodder AJ, Bliss D, Metcalfe A, Edgar JR, Gordon DE, Sayers JR, Nicklin MJ, Carroll M, Collini PJ, Brown S, de Silva TI, Peden AA. Establishing SARS-CoV-2 membrane protein-specific antibodies as a valuable serological target via high-content microscopy. iScience 2023; 26:107056. [PMID: 37346049 PMCID: PMC10246304 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence and strength of serological responses mounted toward SARS-CoV-2 proteins other than nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S), which may be of use as additional serological markers, remains underexplored. Using high-content microscopy to assess antibody responses against full-length StrepTagged SARS-CoV-2 proteins, we found that 85% (166/196) of unvaccinated individuals with RT-PCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections and 74% (31/42) of individuals infected after being vaccinated developed detectable IgG against the structural protein M, which is higher than previous estimates. Compared with N antibodies, M IgG displayed a shallower time-dependent decay and greater specificity. Sensitivity for SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was enhanced when N and M IgG detection was combined. These findings indicate that screening for M seroconversion may be a good approach for detecting additional vaccine breakthrough infections and highlight the potential to use HCM as a rapidly deployable method to identify the most immunogenic targets of newly emergent pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Williams
- School of Bioscience, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Hailey R Hornsby
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Ola M Shehata
- School of Bioscience, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Rebecca Brown
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Marta Gallis
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Naomi Meardon
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
- South Yorkshire Regional Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
| | - Thomas A H Newman
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
- South Yorkshire Regional Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
| | - Megan Plowright
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
- South Yorkshire Regional Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
| | - Domen Zafred
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Amber S M Shun-Shion
- School of Bioscience, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Anthony J Hodder
- School of Bioscience, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Deepa Bliss
- School of Bioscience, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Andrew Metcalfe
- School of Bioscience, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - James R Edgar
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - David E Gordon
- Department of Pathology, Emory University, Whitehead Building, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jon R Sayers
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Martin J Nicklin
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Miles Carroll
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Paul J Collini
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
- South Yorkshire Regional Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
| | - Stephen Brown
- School of Bioscience, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Thushan I de Silva
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
- South Yorkshire Regional Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
| | - Andrew A Peden
- School of Bioscience, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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19
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Lee WS, Tan HX, Reynaldi A, Esterbauer R, Koutsakos M, Nguyen J, Amarasena T, Kent HE, Aggarwal A, Turville SG, Taiaroa G, Kinsella P, Liew KC, Tran T, Williamson DA, Cromer D, Davenport MP, Kent SJ, Juno JA, Khoury DS, Wheatley AK. Durable reprogramming of neutralizing antibody responses following Omicron breakthrough infection. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg5301. [PMID: 37478181 PMCID: PMC10361595 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg5301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) breakthrough infection of vaccinated individuals is increasingly common with the circulation of highly immune evasive and transmissible Omicron variants. Here, we report the dynamics and durability of recalled spike-specific humoral immunity following Omicron BA.1 or BA.2 breakthrough infection, with longitudinal sampling up to 8 months after infection. Both BA.1 and BA.2 infections robustly boosted neutralization activity against the infecting strain while expanding breadth against BA.4, although neutralization activity was substantially reduced for the more recent XBB and BQ.1.1 strains. Cross-reactive memory B cells against both ancestral and Omicron spike were predominantly expanded by infection, with limited recruitment of de novo Omicron-specific B cells or antibodies. Modeling of neutralization titers predicts that protection from symptomatic reinfection against antigenically similar strains will be durable but is undermined by new emerging strains with further neutralization escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shi Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hyon-Xhi Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Arnold Reynaldi
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Robyn Esterbauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Marios Koutsakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Julie Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Thakshila Amarasena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Helen E. Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anupriya Aggarwal
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart G. Turville
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - George Taiaroa
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Paul Kinsella
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kwee Chin Liew
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Thomas Tran
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Deborah A. Williamson
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Deborah Cromer
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Miles P. Davenport
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jennifer A. Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David S. Khoury
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Adam K. Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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20
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Troelnikov A, Armour B, Putty T, Aggarwal A, Akerman A, Milogiannakis V, Chataway T, King J, Turville SG, Gordon TP, Wang JJ. Immunoglobulin repertoire restriction characterizes the serological responses of patients with predominantly antibody deficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152:290-301.e7. [PMID: 36965845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predominantly antibody deficiency (PAD) is the most common category of inborn errors of immunity and is underpinned by impaired generation of appropriate antibody diversity and quantity. In the clinic, responses are interrogated by assessment of vaccination responses, which is central to many PAD diagnoses. However, the composition of the generated antibody repertoire is concealed from traditional quantitative measures of serological responses. Leveraging modern mass spectrometry-based proteomics (MS-proteomics), it is possible to elaborate the molecular features of specific antibody repertoires, which may address current limitations of diagnostic vaccinology. OBJECTIVES We sought to evaluate serum antibody responses in patients with PAD following vaccination with a neo-antigen (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 vaccination) using MS-proteomics. METHODS Following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 vaccination, serological responses in individuals with PAD and healthy controls (HCs) were assessed by anti-S1 subunit ELISA and neutralization assays. Purified anti-S1 subunit IgG and IgM was profiled by MS-proteomics for IGHV subfamily usage and somatic hypermutation analysis. RESULTS Twelve patients with PAD who were vaccine-responsive were recruited with 11 matched vaccinated HCs. Neutralization and end point anti-S1 titers were lower in PAD. All subjects with PAD demonstrated restricted anti-S1 IgG antibody repertoires, with usage of <5 IGHV subfamilies (median: 3; range 2-4), compared to ≥5 for the 11 HC subjects (P < .001). IGHV3-7 utilization was far less common in patients with PAD than in HCs (2 of 12 vs 10 of 11; P = .001). Amino acid substitutions due to somatic hypermutation per subfamily did not differ between groups. Anti-S1 IgM was present in 64% and 50% of HC and PAD cohorts, respectively, and did not differ significantly between HCs and patients with PAD. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the breadth of anti-S1 antibodies elicited by vaccination at the proteome level and identifies stereotypical restriction of IGHV utilization in the IgG repertoire in patients with PAD compared with HC subjects. Despite uniformly pauci-clonal antibody repertoires some patients with PAD generated potent serological responses, highlighting a possible limitation of traditional serological techniques. These findings suggest that IgG repertoire restriction is a key feature of antibody repertoires in PAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Troelnikov
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia; SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Bridie Armour
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia; SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Trishni Putty
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia; SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Tim Chataway
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Jovanka King
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia; Women's and Children's Hospital Network, Adelaide, Australia; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Tom P Gordon
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia; SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia; Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Jing Jing Wang
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia; SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
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21
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Chen C, Liang J, Hu H, Li X, Wang L, Wang Z. Research progress in methods for detecting neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Anal Biochem 2023:115199. [PMID: 37257735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has seriously affected the lives of people worldwide. Clarifying the attenuation rule of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody (NAb) in vivo is the key to prevent reinfection and recurrence of virus. Currently, the commonly used methods for detecting NAb include virus neutralization tests, pseudovirus neutralization assays, lateral flow immunochromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The detection of NAb not only can be used to evaluate the level of immunity after vaccination or infection but also can provide important theoretical support for virus reinfection, recurrence and vaccine iteration. In this research, the related technologies of SARS-CoV-2 NAb detection were reviewed, aiming to provide better research ideas for SARS-CoV-2 epidemic prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Chen
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Jiahui Liang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Hangzhan Hu
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China; Heze Municipal Hospital, Heze, 274000, China
| | - Xiaoquan Li
- Heze Municipal Hospital, Heze, 274000, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| | - Zhizeng Wang
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China; Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
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22
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Beaudoin-Bussières G, Tauzin A, Dionne K, Gendron-Lepage G, Medjahed H, Perreault J, Levade I, Alfadhli L, Bo Y, Bazin R, Côté M, Finzi A. A Recent SARS-CoV-2 Infection Enhances Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity against Several Omicron Subvariants following a Fourth mRNA Vaccine Dose. Viruses 2023; 15:1274. [PMID: 37376574 DOI: 10.3390/v15061274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, several variants of concern (VOCs), such as the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta and Omicron variants, have arisen and spread worldwide. Today, the predominant circulating subvariants are sublineages of the Omicron variant, which have more than 30 mutations in their Spike glycoprotein compared to the ancestral strain. The Omicron subvariants were significantly less recognized and neutralized by antibodies from vaccinated individuals. This resulted in a surge in the number of infections, and booster shots were recommended to improve responses against these variants. While most studies mainly measured the neutralizing activity against variants, we and others previously reported that Fc-effector functions, including antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), play an important role in humoral responses against SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we analyzed Spike recognition and ADCC activity against several Omicron subvariants by generating cell lines expressing different Omicron subvariant Spikes. We tested these responses in a cohort of donors, who were recently infected or not, before and after a fourth dose of mRNA vaccine. We showed that ADCC activity is less affected than neutralization by the antigenic shift of the tested Omicron subvariant Spikes. Moreover, we found that individuals with a history of recent infection have higher antibody binding and ADCC activity against all Omicron subvariants than people who were not recently infected. With an increase in the number of reinfections, this study helps better understand Fc-effector responses in the context of hybrid immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussières
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Alexandra Tauzin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Katrina Dionne
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | | | - Josée Perreault
- Héma-Québec, Affaires Médicales et Innovation, Québec, QC G1V 5C3, Canada
| | - Inès Levade
- Laboratoire de Santé Publique du Québec, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3R5, Canada
| | - Laila Alfadhli
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Yuxia Bo
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Renée Bazin
- Héma-Québec, Affaires Médicales et Innovation, Québec, QC G1V 5C3, Canada
| | - Marceline Côté
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
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23
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Owusu-Boaitey N, Russell TW, Meyerowitz-Katz G, Levin AT, Herrera-Esposito D. Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 seroassay sensitivity: a systematic review and modelling study. Euro Surveill 2023; 28:2200809. [PMID: 37227301 PMCID: PMC10283460 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2023.28.21.2200809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundSerological surveys have been the gold standard to estimate numbers of SARS-CoV-2 infections, the dynamics of the epidemic, and disease severity. Serological assays have decaying sensitivity with time that can bias their results, but there is a lack of guidelines to account for this phenomenon for SARS-CoV-2.AimOur goal was to assess the sensitivity decay of seroassays for detecting SARS-CoV-2 infections, the dependence of this decay on assay characteristics, and to provide a simple method to correct for this phenomenon.MethodsWe performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of SARS-CoV-2 serology studies. We included studies testing previously diagnosed, unvaccinated individuals, and excluded studies of cohorts highly unrepresentative of the general population (e.g. hospitalised patients).ResultsOf the 488 screened studies, 76 studies reporting on 50 different seroassays were included in the analysis. Sensitivity decay depended strongly on the antigen and the analytic technique used by the assay, with average sensitivities ranging between 26% and 98% at 6 months after infection, depending on assay characteristics. We found that a third of the included assays departed considerably from manufacturer specifications after 6 months.ConclusionsSeroassay sensitivity decay depends on assay characteristics, and for some types of assays, it can make manufacturer specifications highly unreliable. We provide a tool to correct for this phenomenon and to assess the risk of decay for a given assay. Our analysis can guide the design and interpretation of serosurveys for SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens and quantify systematic biases in the existing serology literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Owusu-Boaitey
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, United States
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Timothy W Russell
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew T Levin
- Dartmouth College, Hanover, United States
- National Bureau for Economic Research, Cambridge, United States
- Centre for Economic Policy Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Herrera-Esposito
- These authors contributed equally to this work
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Centro Interdisciplinario en Ciencia de Datos y Aprendizaje Automático, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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24
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Rabdano SO, Ruzanova EA, Pletyukhina IV, Saveliev NS, Kryshen KL, Katelnikova AE, Beltyukov PP, Fakhretdinova LN, Safi AS, Rudakov GO, Arakelov SA, Andreev IV, Kofiadi IA, Khaitov MR, Valenta R, Kryuchko DS, Berzin IA, Belozerova NS, Evtushenko AE, Truhin VP, Skvortsova VI. Immunogenicity and In Vivo Protective Effects of Recombinant Nucleocapsid-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Convacell ®. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040874. [PMID: 37112786 PMCID: PMC10141225 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines which are licensed or under development focus on the spike (S) protein and its receptor binding domain (RBD). However, the S protein shows considerable sequence variations among variants of concern. The aim of this study was to develop and characterize a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine targeting the highly conserved nucleocapsid (N) protein. Recombinant N protein was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified to homogeneity by chromatography and characterized by SDS-PAGE, immunoblotting, mass spectrometry, dynamic light scattering and differential scanning calorimetry. The vaccine, formulated as a squalane-based emulsion, was used to immunize Balb/c mice and NOD SCID gamma (NSG) mice engrafted with human PBMCs, rabbits and marmoset monkeys. Safety and immunogenicity of the vaccine was assessed via ELISA, cytokine titer assays and CFSE dilution assays. The protective effect of the vaccine was studied in SARS-CoV-2-infected Syrian hamsters. Immunization induced sustainable N-specific IgG responses and an N-specific mixed Th1/Th2 cytokine response. In marmoset monkeys, an N-specific CD4+/CD8+ T cell response was observed. Vaccinated Syrian hamsters showed reduced lung histopathology, lower virus proliferation, lower lung weight relative to the body, and faster body weight recovery. Convacell® thus is shown to be effective and may augment the existing armamentarium of vaccines against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevastyan O Rabdano
- Saint Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia (SPbSRIVS), St. Petersburg 198320, Russia
| | - Ellina A Ruzanova
- Saint Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia (SPbSRIVS), St. Petersburg 198320, Russia
| | - Iuliia V Pletyukhina
- Saint Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia (SPbSRIVS), St. Petersburg 198320, Russia
| | - Nikita S Saveliev
- Saint Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia (SPbSRIVS), St. Petersburg 198320, Russia
| | | | | | - Petr P Beltyukov
- Scientific Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia (SRIHOPHE), Kuzmolovsky 188663, Russia
| | - Liliya N Fakhretdinova
- Saint Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia (SPbSRIVS), St. Petersburg 198320, Russia
| | - Ariana S Safi
- Saint Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia (SPbSRIVS), St. Petersburg 198320, Russia
| | - German O Rudakov
- Saint Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia (SPbSRIVS), St. Petersburg 198320, Russia
| | - Sergei A Arakelov
- Saint Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia (SPbSRIVS), St. Petersburg 198320, Russia
| | - Igor V Andreev
- National Research Center Institute of Immunology (NRCII), Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow 115522, Russia
| | - Ilya A Kofiadi
- National Research Center Institute of Immunology (NRCII), Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow 115522, Russia
- Department of Immunology, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Musa R Khaitov
- National Research Center Institute of Immunology (NRCII), Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow 115522, Russia
- Department of Immunology, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- National Research Center Institute of Immunology (NRCII), Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow 115522, Russia
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119435, Russia
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Daria S Kryuchko
- Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow 125310, Russia
| | - Igor A Berzin
- Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow 125310, Russia
| | - Natalia S Belozerova
- Saint Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia (SPbSRIVS), St. Petersburg 198320, Russia
| | - Anatoly E Evtushenko
- Saint Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia (SPbSRIVS), St. Petersburg 198320, Russia
| | - Viktor P Truhin
- Saint Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia (SPbSRIVS), St. Petersburg 198320, Russia
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25
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Horndler L, Delgado P, Romero-Pinedo S, Quesada M, Balabanov I, Laguna-Goya R, Almendro-Vázquez P, Llamas MA, Fresno M, Paz-Artal E, van Santen HM, Álvarez-Fernández S, Olmo A, Alarcón B. Decreased breadth of the antibody response to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 after repeated vaccination. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1157263. [PMID: 37081876 PMCID: PMC10111966 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1157263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The rapid development of vaccines to prevent COVID-19 has raised the need to compare the capacity of different vaccines in terms of developing a protective humoral response. Previous studies have shown inconsistent results in this area, highlighting the importance of further research to evaluate the efficacy of different vaccines. Methods This study utilized a highly sensitive and reliable flow cytometry method to measure the titers of IgG1 isotype antibodies in the blood of healthy volunteers after receiving one or two doses of various vaccines administered in Spain. The method was also used to simultaneously measure the reactivity of antibodies to the S protein of the original Wuhan strain and variants B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.617.2 (Delta), and B.1.617.1 (Kappa). Results Significant differences were observed in the titer of anti-S antibodies produced after a first dose of the vaccines ChAdOx1 nCov-19/AstraZeneca, mRNA-1273/Moderna, BNT162b2/Pfizer-BioNTech, and Ad26.COV.S/Janssen. Furthermore, a relative reduction in the reactivity of the sera with the Alpha, Delta, and Kappa variants, compared to the Wuhan strain, was observed after the second boosting immunization. Discussion The findings of this study provide a comparison of different vaccines in terms of anti-S antibody generation and cast doubts on the convenience of repeated immunization with the same S protein sequence. The multiplexed capacity of the flow cytometry method utilized in this study allowed for a comprehensive evaluation of the efficacy of various vaccines in generating a protective humoral response. Future research could focus on the implications of these findings for the development of effective COVID-19 vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Horndler
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Delgado
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Ivaylo Balabanov
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Laguna-Goya
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Manuel Fresno
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estela Paz-Artal
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hisse M. van Santen
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Balbino Alarcón
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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26
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Akerman A, Milogiannakis V, Jean T, Esneau C, Silva MR, Ison T, Fichter C, Lopez JA, Chandra D, Naing Z, Caguicla J, Li D, Walker G, Amatayakul-Chantler S, Roth N, Manni S, Hauser T, Barnes T, Condylios A, Yeang M, Wong M, Foster CSP, Sato K, Lee S, Song Y, Mao L, Sigmund A, Phu A, Vande More AM, Hunt S, Douglas M, Caterson I, Britton W, Sandgren K, Bull R, Lloyd A, Triccas J, Tangye S, Bartlett NW, Darley D, Matthews G, Stark DJ, Petoumenos K, Rawlinson WD, Murrell B, Brilot F, Cunningham AL, Kelleher AD, Aggarwal A, Turville SG. Emergence and antibody evasion of BQ, BA.2.75 and SARS-CoV-2 recombinant sub-lineages in the face of maturing antibody breadth at the population level. EBioMedicine 2023; 90:104545. [PMID: 37002990 PMCID: PMC10060887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Omicron era of the COVID-19 pandemic commenced at the beginning of 2022 and whilst it started with primarily BA.1, it was latter dominated by BA.2 and the related sub-lineage BA.5. Following resolution of the global BA.5 wave, a diverse grouping of Omicron sub-lineages emerged derived from BA.2, BA.5 and recombinants thereof. Whilst emerging from distinct lineages, all shared similar changes in the Spike glycoprotein affording them an outgrowth advantage through evasion of neutralising antibodies. METHODS Over the course of 2022, we monitored the potency and breadth of antibody neutralization responses to many emerging variants in the Australian community at three levels: (i) we tracked over 420,000 U.S. plasma donors over time through various vaccine booster roll outs and Omicron waves using sequentially collected IgG pools; (ii) we mapped the antibody response in individuals using blood from stringently curated vaccine and convalescent cohorts. (iii) finally we determine the in vitro efficacy of clinically approved therapies Evusheld and Sotrovimab. FINDINGS In pooled IgG samples, we observed the maturation of neutralization breadth to Omicron variants over time through continuing vaccine and infection waves. Importantly, in many cases, we observed increased antibody breadth to variants that were yet to be in circulation. Determination of viral neutralization at the cohort level supported equivalent coverage across prior and emerging variants with isolates BQ.1.1, XBB.1, BR.2.1 and XBF the most evasive. Further, these emerging variants were resistant to Evusheld, whilst increasing neutralization resistance to Sotrovimab was restricted to BQ.1.1 and XBF. We conclude at this current point in time that dominant variants can evade antibodies at levels equivalent to their most evasive lineage counterparts but sustain an entry phenotype that continues to promote an additional outgrowth advantage. In Australia, BR.2.1 and XBF share this phenotype and, in contrast to global variants, are uniquely dominant in this region in the later months of 2022. INTERPRETATION Whilst the appearance of a diverse range of omicron lineages has led to primary or partial resistance to clinically approved monoclonal antibodies, the maturation of the antibody response across both cohorts and a large donor pools importantly observes increasing breadth in the antibody neutralisation responses over time with a trajectory that covers both current and known emerging variants. FUNDING This work was primarily supported by Australian Medical Foundation research grants MRF2005760 (SGT, GM & WDR), Medical Research Future Fund Antiviral Development Call grant (WDR), the New South Wales Health COVID-19 Research Grants Round 2 (SGT & FB) and the NSW Vaccine Infection and Immunology Collaborative (VIIM) (ALC). Variant modeling was supported by funding from SciLifeLab's Pandemic Laboratory Preparedness program to B.M. (VC-2022-0028) and by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 101003653 (CoroNAb) to B.M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouschka Akerman
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Tyra Jean
- Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), NSW Health Pathology, Randwick, Australia
| | - Camille Esneau
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Mariana Ruiz Silva
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Timothy Ison
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christina Fichter
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joseph A Lopez
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Deborah Chandra
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zin Naing
- Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), NSW Health Pathology, Randwick, Australia
| | - Joanna Caguicla
- Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), NSW Health Pathology, Randwick, Australia
| | - Daiyang Li
- Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), NSW Health Pathology, Randwick, Australia
| | - Gregory Walker
- Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), NSW Health Pathology, Randwick, Australia
| | | | - Nathan Roth
- Department of Bioanalytical Sciences, Plasma Product Development, Research & Development, CSL Behring AG, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sandro Manni
- Plasma Product Development, Research & Development, CSL Behring AG, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Hauser
- Plasma Product Development, Research & Development, CSL Behring AG, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Barnes
- Plasma Product Development, Research & Development, CSL Behring AG, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anna Condylios
- Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), NSW Health Pathology, Randwick, Australia
| | - Malinna Yeang
- Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), NSW Health Pathology, Randwick, Australia
| | - Maureen Wong
- Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), NSW Health Pathology, Randwick, Australia
| | - Charles S P Foster
- Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), NSW Health Pathology, Randwick, Australia
| | - Kenta Sato
- Molecular Diagnostic Medicine Laboratory, Sydpath, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sharon Lee
- Research & Education Network, Westmead Hospital, WSLHD, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yang Song
- Research & Education Network, Westmead Hospital, WSLHD, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lijun Mao
- Research & Education Network, Westmead Hospital, WSLHD, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Allison Sigmund
- Research & Education Network, Westmead Hospital, WSLHD, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amy Phu
- Research & Education Network, Westmead Hospital, WSLHD, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Stephanie Hunt
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, SLHD, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark Douglas
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian Caterson
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, SLHD, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Warwick Britton
- The Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Kerrie Sandgren
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rowena Bull
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew Lloyd
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jamie Triccas
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases and the Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stuart Tangye
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nathan W Bartlett
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - David Darley
- St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gail Matthews
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia; St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Damien J Stark
- Molecular Diagnostic Medicine Laboratory, Sydpath, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kathy Petoumenos
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - William D Rawlinson
- Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), NSW Health Pathology, Randwick, Australia
| | - Ben Murrell
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fabienne Brilot
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony L Cunningham
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony D Kelleher
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia; St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anupriya Aggarwal
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stuart G Turville
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia.
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27
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Gattinger P, Ohradanova-Repic A, Valenta R. Importance, Applications and Features of Assays Measuring SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065352. [PMID: 36982424 PMCID: PMC10048970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
More than three years ago, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the unforeseen COVID-19 pandemic with millions of deaths. In the meantime, SARS-CoV-2 has become endemic and is now part of the repertoire of viruses causing seasonal severe respiratory infections. Due to several factors, among them the development of SARS-CoV-2 immunity through natural infection, vaccination and the current dominance of seemingly less pathogenic strains belonging to the omicron lineage, the COVID-19 situation has stabilized. However, several challenges remain and the possible new occurrence of highly pathogenic variants remains a threat. Here we review the development, features and importance of assays measuring SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). In particular we focus on in vitro infection assays and molecular interaction assays studying the binding of the receptor binding domain (RBD) with its cognate cellular receptor ACE2. These assays, but not the measurement of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies per se, can inform us of whether antibodies produced by convalescent or vaccinated subjects may protect against the infection and thus have the potential to predict the risk of becoming newly infected. This information is extremely important given the fact that a considerable number of subjects, in particular vulnerable persons, respond poorly to the vaccination with the production of neutralizing antibodies. Furthermore, these assays allow to determine and evaluate the virus-neutralizing capacity of antibodies induced by vaccines and administration of plasma-, immunoglobulin preparations, monoclonal antibodies, ACE2 variants or synthetic compounds to be used for therapy of COVID-19 and assist in the preclinical evaluation of vaccines. Both types of assays can be relatively quickly adapted to newly emerging virus variants to inform us about the magnitude of cross-neutralization, which may even allow us to estimate the risk of becoming infected by newly appearing virus variants. Given the paramount importance of the infection and interaction assays we discuss their specific features, possible advantages and disadvantages, technical aspects and not yet fully resolved issues, such as cut-off levels predicting the degree of in vivo protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Gattinger
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Ohradanova-Repic
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner University, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria
- Laboratory for Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, 115478 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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28
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Grau Gómez G, Martínez Lacasa X, Costa R, Barreiro B, Leal M, Padilla E, Pérez P, Garreta M, Vidal J, Jaen A, Monzón Camps H. Serological response to COVID-19 pneumonia and increasing severity over 18 months in a prospective cohort of hospitalized patients. Intern Emerg Med 2023; 18:397-407. [PMID: 36538188 PMCID: PMC9765378 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-022-03177-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we present an 18-month serological follow-up of 294 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. The aim was to assess the dynamics of serological response and its correlation with clinical worsening, as well as to describe clinical worsening determinants. Results of the study showed an early immunoglobulin M response, which clearly diminished starting at 4 months, but nonetheless, a small group of patients remained positive. As for immunoglobulin G, levels were higher up to 6 months in patients who presented clinical worsening during hospitalization. High titers of the immunoglobulin were maintained in all patients during follow-up, which would indicate that humoral immunity due to infection is long-lasting. Male sex, presence of myalgias and extensive radiological affectation were significantly correlated with clinical worsening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Grau Gómez
- Internal Medicine Department, Fundació Mútua Terrassa, Plaça del Doctor Robert, 5, 08221, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Xavier Martínez Lacasa
- Internal Medicine Department, Fundació Mútua Terrassa, Plaça del Doctor Robert, 5, 08221, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Costa
- Pneumology Department, Fundació Mútua Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Leal
- Pneumology Department, Fundació Mútua Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emma Padilla
- Microbiology Department. Catlab, Fundació Mútua Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pepa Pérez
- Microbiology Department. Catlab, Fundació Mútua Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Garreta
- Microbiology Department. Catlab, Fundació Mútua Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Vidal
- Microbiology Department. Catlab, Fundació Mútua Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
- Citometry Department. Catlab, Fundacio Mútua Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain
| | - Angeles Jaen
- Unitat de Recerca. Fundació, Docència i Recerca Mútua Terrassa, Universitat de Barcelona, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Helena Monzón Camps
- Internal Medicine Department, Fundació Mútua Terrassa, Plaça del Doctor Robert, 5, 08221, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
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29
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Koutsakos M, Reynaldi A, Lee WS, Nguyen J, Amarasena T, Taiaroa G, Kinsella P, Liew KC, Tran T, Kent HE, Tan HX, Rowntree LC, Nguyen THO, Thomas PG, Kedzierska K, Petersen J, Rossjohn J, Williamson DA, Khoury D, Davenport MP, Kent SJ, Wheatley AK, Juno JA. SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection induces rapid memory and de novo T cell responses. Immunity 2023; 56:879-892.e4. [PMID: 36958334 PMCID: PMC9970913 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Although the protective role of neutralizing antibodies against COVID-19 is well established, questions remain about the relative importance of cellular immunity. Using 6 pMHC multimers in a cohort with early and frequent sampling, we define the phenotype and kinetics of recalled and primary T cell responses following Delta or Omicron breakthrough infection in previously vaccinated individuals. Recall of spike-specific CD4+ T cells was rapid, with cellular proliferation and extensive activation evident as early as 1 day post symptom onset. Similarly, spike-specific CD8+ T cells were rapidly activated but showed variable degrees of expansion. The frequency of activated SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells at baseline and peak inversely correlated with peak SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels in nasal swabs and accelerated viral clearance. Our study demonstrates that a rapid and extensive recall of memory T cell populations occurs early after breakthrough infection and suggests that CD8+ T cells contribute to the control of viral replication in breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios Koutsakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Arnold Reynaldi
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Wen Shi Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Julie Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Thakshila Amarasena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - George Taiaroa
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Paul Kinsella
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kwee Chin Liew
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Thomas Tran
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Helen E Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Hyon-Xhi Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Louise C Rowntree
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Thi H O Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jan Petersen
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Deborah A Williamson
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - David Khoury
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Miles P Davenport
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
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30
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Loo L, Waller MA, Moreno CL, Cole AJ, Stella AO, Pop OT, Jochum AK, Ali OH, Denes CE, Hamoudi Z, Chung F, Aggarwal A, Low JKK, Patel K, Siddiquee R, Kang T, Mathivanan S, Mackay JP, Jochum W, Flatz L, Hesselson D, Turville S, Neely GG. Fibroblast-expressed LRRC15 is a receptor for SARS-CoV-2 spike and controls antiviral and antifibrotic transcriptional programs. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3001967. [PMID: 36757924 PMCID: PMC9910744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although ACE2 is the primary receptor for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, a systematic assessment of host factors that regulate binding to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein has not been described. Here, we use whole-genome CRISPR activation to identify host factors controlling cellular interactions with SARS-CoV-2. Our top hit was a TLR-related cell surface receptor called leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 15 (LRRC15). LRRC15 expression was sufficient to promote SARS-CoV-2 spike binding where they form a cell surface complex. LRRC15 mRNA is expressed in human collagen-producing lung myofibroblasts and LRRC15 protein is induced in severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection where it can be found lining the airways. Mechanistically, LRRC15 does not itself support SARS-CoV-2 infection, but fibroblasts expressing LRRC15 can suppress both pseudotyped and authentic SARS-CoV-2 infection in trans. Moreover, LRRC15 expression in fibroblasts suppresses collagen production and promotes expression of IFIT, OAS, and MX-family antiviral factors. Overall, LRRC15 is a novel SARS-CoV-2 spike-binding receptor that can help control viral load and regulate antiviral and antifibrotic transcriptional programs in the context of COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipin Loo
- Charles Perkins Centre, Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Centenary Institute, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew A. Waller
- Charles Perkins Centre, Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Centenary Institute, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cesar L. Moreno
- Charles Perkins Centre, Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Centenary Institute, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alexander J. Cole
- Centenary Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Oltin-Tiberiu Pop
- Institute for Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Ann-Kristin Jochum
- Institute for Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Institute for Pathology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Omar Hasan Ali
- Institute for Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher E. Denes
- Charles Perkins Centre, Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Centenary Institute, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zina Hamoudi
- Charles Perkins Centre, Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Centenary Institute, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Felicity Chung
- Charles Perkins Centre, Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Centenary Institute, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anupriya Aggarwal
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jason K. K. Low
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karishma Patel
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rezwan Siddiquee
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Taeyoung Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Suresh Mathivanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joel P. Mackay
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wolfram Jochum
- Institute for Pathology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Flatz
- Institute for Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Center for Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Hesselson
- Centenary Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stuart Turville
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - G. Gregory Neely
- Charles Perkins Centre, Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Centenary Institute, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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31
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Rouet R, Henry JY, Johansen MD, Sobti M, Balachandran H, Langley DB, Walker GJ, Lenthall H, Jackson J, Ubiparipovic S, Mazigi O, Schofield P, Burnett DL, Brown SHJ, Martinello M, Hudson B, Gilroy N, Post JJ, Kelleher A, Jäck HM, Goodnow CC, Turville SG, Rawlinson WD, Bull RA, Stewart AG, Hansbro PM, Christ D. Broadly neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies through epitope-based selection from convalescent patients. Nat Commun 2023; 14:687. [PMID: 36755042 PMCID: PMC9907207 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36295-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging variants of concern (VOCs) are threatening to limit the effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies and vaccines currently used in clinical practice; broadly neutralizing antibodies and strategies for their identification are therefore urgently required. Here we demonstrate that broadly neutralizing antibodies can be isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of convalescent patients using SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domains carrying epitope-specific mutations. This is exemplified by two human antibodies, GAR05, binding to epitope class 1, and GAR12, binding to a new epitope class 6 (located between class 3 and 5). Both antibodies broadly neutralize VOCs, exceeding the potency of the clinical monoclonal sotrovimab (S309) by orders of magnitude. They also provide prophylactic and therapeutic in vivo protection of female hACE2 mice against viral challenge. Our results indicate that exposure to SARS-CoV-2 induces antibodies that maintain broad neutralization against emerging VOCs using two unique strategies: either by targeting the divergent class 1 epitope in a manner resistant to VOCs (ACE2 mimicry, as illustrated by GAR05 and mAbs P2C-1F11/S2K14); or alternatively, by targeting rare and highly conserved epitopes, such as the new class 6 epitope identified here (as illustrated by GAR12). Our results provide guidance for next generation monoclonal antibody development and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Rouet
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Jake Y Henry
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matt D Johansen
- Center for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Meghna Sobti
- UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Harikrishnan Balachandran
- UNSW Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David B Langley
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gregory J Walker
- UNSW Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Helen Lenthall
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jennifer Jackson
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephanie Ubiparipovic
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ohan Mazigi
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Schofield
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Deborah L Burnett
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon H J Brown
- Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Marianne Martinello
- UNSW Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Anthony Kelleher
- UNSW Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Christopher C Goodnow
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart G Turville
- UNSW Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - William D Rawlinson
- UNSW Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rowena A Bull
- UNSW Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alastair G Stewart
- UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Daniel Christ
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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32
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Khoo WH, Jackson K, Phetsouphanh C, Zaunders JJ, Alquicira-Hernandez J, Yazar S, Ruiz-Diaz S, Singh M, Dhenni R, Kyaw W, Tea F, Merheb V, Lee FX, Burrell R, Howard-Jones A, Koirala A, Zhou L, Yuksel A, Catchpoole DR, Lai CL, Vitagliano TL, Rouet R, Christ D, Tang B, West NP, George S, Gerrard J, Croucher PI, Kelleher AD, Goodnow CG, Sprent JD, Powell JE, Brilot F, Nanan R, Hsu PS, Deenick EK, Britton PN, Phan TG. Tracking the clonal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in children and adults with mild/asymptomatic COVID-19. Clin Immunol 2023; 246:109209. [PMID: 36539107 PMCID: PMC9758763 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Children infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) develop less severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) than adults. The mechanisms for the age-specific differences and the implications for infection-induced immunity are beginning to be uncovered. We show by longitudinal multimodal analysis that SARS-CoV-2 leaves a small footprint in the circulating T cell compartment in children with mild/asymptomatic COVID-19 compared to adult household contacts with the same disease severity who had more evidence of systemic T cell interferon activation, cytotoxicity and exhaustion. Children harbored diverse polyclonal SARS-CoV-2-specific naïve T cells whereas adults harbored clonally expanded SARS-CoV-2-specific memory T cells. A novel population of naïve interferon-activated T cells is expanded in acute COVID-19 and is recruited into the memory compartment during convalescence in adults but not children. This was associated with the development of robust CD4+ memory T cell responses in adults but not children. These data suggest that rapid clearance of SARS-CoV-2 in children may compromise their cellular immunity and ability to resist reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weng Hua Khoo
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - John J. Zaunders
- Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - José Alquicira-Hernandez
- Garvan-Weizmann Centre for Cellular Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Seyhan Yazar
- Garvan-Weizmann Centre for Cellular Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Mandeep Singh
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rama Dhenni
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Wunna Kyaw
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Fiona Tea
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vera Merheb
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Fiona X.Z. Lee
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rebecca Burrell
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Archana Koirala
- Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Li Zhou
- Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Aysen Yuksel
- Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Daniel R. Catchpoole
- Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Catherine L. Lai
- Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Romain Rouet
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Daniel Christ
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Benjamin Tang
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Nepean Hospital, Sydney, Australia,Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia,Respiratory Tract Infection Research Node, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicholas P. West
- Systems Biology and Data Science, Menzies Health Institute QLD, Griffith University, Parklands, Australia
| | - Shane George
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Children's Critical Care, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, QLD, Australia,School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - John Gerrard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter I. Croucher
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Christopher G. Goodnow
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia,UNSW Cellular Genomics Futures Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jonathan D. Sprent
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joseph E. Powell
- Garvan-Weizmann Centre for Cellular Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia,UNSW Cellular Genomics Futures Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Fabienne Brilot
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia,Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia,Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ralph Nanan
- Charles Perkins Centre Nepean, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter S. Hsu
- Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Elissa K. Deenick
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia,Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Philip N. Britton
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia,The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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Multiple COVID-19 vaccine doses in CLL and MBL improve immune responses with progressive and high seroconversion. Blood 2022; 140:2709-2721. [PMID: 36206503 PMCID: PMC9550283 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022017814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or monoclonal B-lymphocytosis (MBL) have impaired response to COVID-19 vaccination. A total of 258 patients (215 with CLL and 43 with MBL) had antispike antibody levels evaluable for statistical analysis. The overall seroconversion rate in patients with CLL was 94.2% (antispike antibodies ≥50 AU/mL) and 100% in patients with MBL after multiple vaccine doses. After 3 doses (post-D3) in 167 patients with CLL, 73.7% were seropositive, 17.4% had antispike antibody levels between 50 and 999 AU/mL, and 56.3% had antispike antibody levels ≥1000 AU/mL, with a median rise from 144.6 to 1800.7 AU/mL. Of patients who were seronegative post-D2, 39.7% seroconverted post-D3. For those who then remained seronegative after their previous dose, seroconversion occurred in 40.6% post-D4, 46.2% post-D5, 16.7% post-D6, and 0% after D7 or D8. After seroconversion, most had a progressive increase in antispike antibody levels. Neutralization was associated with higher antispike antibody levels, more vaccine doses, and earlier severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants; neutralizing antibody against early clade D614G was detected in 65.3%, against Delta in 52.0%, and against Omicron in 36.5%. SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell production of interferon γ and interleukin 2 occurred in 73.9% and 60.9%, respectively, of 23 patients tested. After multiple vaccine doses, by multivariate analysis, immunoglobulin M ≥0.53 g/L, immunoglobulin subclass G3 ≥0.22 g/L and absence of current CLL therapy were independent predictors of positive serological responses. Multiple sequential COVID-19 vaccination significantly increased seroconversion and antispike antibody levels in patients with CLL or MBL.
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Phetsouphanh C, Khoo WH, Jackson K, Klemm V, Howe A, Aggarwal A, Akerman A, Milogiannakis V, Stella AO, Rouet R, Schofield P, Faulks ML, Law H, Danwilai T, Starr M, Munier CML, Christ D, Singh M, Croucher PI, Brilot-Turville F, Turville S, Phan TG, Dore GJ, Darley D, Cunningham P, Matthews GV, Kelleher AD, Zaunders JJ. High titre neutralizing antibodies in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection require RBD-specific CD4 T cells that include proliferative memory cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1032911. [PMID: 36544780 PMCID: PMC9762180 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1032911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long-term immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection, including neutralizing antibodies and T cell-mediated immunity, is required in a very large majority of the population in order to reduce ongoing disease burden. Methods We have investigated the association between memory CD4 and CD8 T cells and levels of neutralizing antibodies in convalescent COVID-19 subjects. Findings Higher titres of convalescent neutralizing antibodies were associated with significantly higher levels of RBD-specific CD4 T cells, including specific memory cells that proliferated vigorously in vitro. Conversely, up to half of convalescent individuals had low neutralizing antibody titres together with a lack of receptor binding domain (RBD)-specific memory CD4 T cells. These low antibody subjects had other, non-RBD, spike-specific CD4 T cells, but with more of an inhibitory Foxp3+ and CTLA-4+ cell phenotype, in contrast to the effector T-bet+, cytotoxic granzymes+ and perforin+ cells seen in RBD-specific memory CD4 T cells from high antibody subjects. Single cell transcriptomics of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells from high antibody subjects similarly revealed heterogenous RBD-specific CD4+ T cells that comprised central memory, transitional memory and Tregs, as well as cytotoxic clusters containing diverse TCR repertoires, in individuals with high antibody levels. However, vaccination of low antibody convalescent individuals led to a slight but significant improvement in RBD-specific memory CD4 T cells and increased neutralizing antibody titres. Interpretation Our results suggest that targeting CD4 T cell epitopes proximal to and within the RBD-region should be prioritized in booster vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Weng Hua Khoo
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia,St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Vera Klemm
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Annett Howe
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anupriya Aggarwal
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anouschka Akerman
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Romain Rouet
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Schofield
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Megan L. Faulks
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hannah Law
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thidarat Danwilai
- NSW State Reference Laboratory for HIV, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mitchell Starr
- NSW State Reference Laboratory for HIV, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - C. Mee Ling Munier
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel Christ
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mandeep Singh
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia,St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Fabienne Brilot-Turville
- Brain and Mind Centre, Children’s Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart Turville
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia,St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gregory J. Dore
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia,Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David Darley
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip Cunningham
- NSW State Reference Laboratory for HIV, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gail V. Matthews
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia,Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony D. Kelleher
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia,Department of Immunology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John J. Zaunders
- NSW State Reference Laboratory for HIV, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia,*Correspondence: John J. Zaunders,
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Ghani H, Ahmad L, Sharif H, Wong J, Bagol S, Alikhan MF, Taib S, Tan CW, Zhu F, Ong XM, Shim CY, Wang Y, Chan SY, Wei Y, Idris F, Naing L, Wang LF, Cunningham AC. Immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines and levels of SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibody in the Bruneian population: Protocol for a national longitudinal study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e067020. [PMID: 36456015 PMCID: PMC9716409 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neutralising antibodies (NAbs) have been shown to be correlative of immune protection against SARS-CoV-2. We report the protocol for a national longitudinal study to assess and compare the level of NAbs generated in response to COVID-19 vaccines in Brunei Darussalam in adults 2-6 weeks post primary series (BBIBP-CorV, AZD1222, or mRNA-1273 vaccines) and their subsequent follow-up after administration of a third (booster-1) dose (BBIBP-CorV, mRNA-1273, or BNT162b2). METHODS AND ANALYSIS Participant data will be extracted and processed from the national electronic health record system (Bru-HIMS) and the national mobile health application (BruHealth) into a research data platform. Eligible adults who have received their primary or booster vaccine will be invited using a stratified random sampling strategy based on age, gender and vaccine type (baseline target population, n=3000; 2-6 weeks post last dose). Blood serum will be isolated, and NAb levels assessed using the cPass surrogate virus neutralisation test. Baseline participants will then be screened for eligibility for subsequent longitudinal analysis. Those who have received a third dose will be followed up at 1, 3, 6, 9 and up to 12 months. NAb levels will be evaluated across the participant population according to vaccine platform/booster type, time since the last dose and correlated with demographic data. The study period is from December 2021 to January 2023 and aims to evaluate how NAb levels wane following a third vaccine dose across different vaccine platforms and determine the impact and rate of breakthrough infections. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has been approved by the Medical and Ethical Research Committee of Ministry of Health, Brunei Darussalam. Individual NAb test results will be shared with each participant by text message. The findings from this study will help policy-makers in Brunei develop future vaccination strategies and establish regulations across multiple agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazim Ghani
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Liyana Ahmad
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Hanisah Sharif
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Justin Wong
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
- Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei-Muara, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Saifuddien Bagol
- Department of Laboratory Services, Ministry of Health Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei-Muara, Brunei Darussalam
| | | | - Surita Taib
- Department of Laboratory Services, Ministry of Health Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei-Muara, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Chee Wah Tan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Feng Zhu
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Xin Mei Ong
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Chin Yee Shim
- EVYD Research Pte Ltd, A Subsidiary of EVYD Technology Limited, Singapore
| | - Yan Wang
- EVYD Research Pte Ltd, A Subsidiary of EVYD Technology Limited, Singapore
| | - Si Yee Chan
- EVYD Research Pte Ltd, A Subsidiary of EVYD Technology Limited, Singapore
| | - Yuan Wei
- EVYD Research Pte Ltd, A Subsidiary of EVYD Technology Limited, Singapore
| | - Fazean Idris
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Lin Naing
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
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Mucosal TLR2-activating protein-based vaccination induces potent pulmonary immunity and protection against SARS-CoV-2 in mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6972. [PMID: 36379950 PMCID: PMC9665025 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34297-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Current vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 substantially reduce mortality, but protection against infection is less effective. Enhancing immunity in the respiratory tract, via mucosal vaccination, may provide protection against infection and minimise viral spread. Here, we report testing of a subunit vaccine in mice, consisting of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein with a TLR2-stimulating adjuvant (Pam2Cys), delivered to mice parenterally or mucosally. Both routes of vaccination induce substantial neutralising antibody (nAb) titres, however, mucosal vaccination uniquely generates anti-Spike IgA, increases nAb in the serum and airways, and increases lung CD4+ T-cell responses. TLR2 is expressed by respiratory epithelia and immune cells. Using TLR2 deficient chimeric mice, we determine that TLR2 expression in either compartment facilitates early innate responses to mucosal vaccination. By contrast, TLR2 on hematopoietic cells is essential for optimal lung-localised, antigen-specific responses. In K18-hACE2 mice, vaccination provides complete protection against disease and sterilising lung immunity against SARS-CoV-2, with a short-term non-specific protective effect from mucosal Pam2Cys alone. These data support mucosal vaccination as a strategy to improve protection in the respiratory tract against SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses.
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Mendez-Cortina Y, Rodriguez-Perea AL, Chvatal-Medina M, Lopera TJ, Alvarez-Mesa N, Rodas-Marín JK, Moncada DC, Rugeles MT, Velilla PA. Dynamics of humoral immune response in SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals with different clinical stages. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1007068. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1007068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic remains a global health problem. As in other viral infections, the humoral immune response against SARS-CoV-2 is thought to be crucial for controlling the infection. However, the dynamic of B cells in the clinical spectrum of this disease is still controversial. This study aimed to characterize B cell subsets and neutralizing responses in COVID-19 patients according to disease severity through a one-month follow-up.MethodsA cohort of 71 individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by RT-PCR were recruited and classified into four groups: i) asymptomatic; ii) symptomatic outpatients; iii) hospitalized in ward, and iv) intensive care unit patients (ICU). Samples were taken at days 0 (inclusion to the study), 7 and 30. B cell subsets and neutralizing antibodies were assessed using multiparametric flow cytometry and plaque reduction neutralization, respectively.ResultsOlder age, male gender and body mass index over 25 were common factors among hospitalized and ICU patients, compared to those with milder clinical presentations. In addition, those requiring hospitalization had more comorbidities. A significant increase in the frequencies of CD19+ cells at day 0 was observed in hospitalized and ICU patients compared to asymptomatic and symptomatic groups. Likewise, the frequency of plasmablasts was significantly increased at the first sample in the ICU group compared to the asymptomatic group, but then waned over time. The frequency of naïve B cells decreased at days 7 and 30 compared to day 0 in hospitalized and ICU patients. The neutralizing antibody titers were higher as the severity of COVID-19 increased; in asymptomatic individuals, it was strongly correlated with the percentage of IgM+ switched memory B cells, and a moderate correlation was found with plasmablasts.ConclusionThe humoral immune response is variable among SARS-CoV-2 infected people depending on the severity and time of clinical evolution. In severe COVID-19 patients, a higher plasmablast frequency and neutralizing antibody response were observed, suggesting that, despite having a robust humoral immunity, this response could be late, having a low impact on disease outcome.
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Eka Saputri M, Aisyah Rahmalia Effendi S, Nadila R, Azzam Fajar S, Damajanti Soejoedono R, Handharyani E, Nadia Poetri O. Immunoglobulin yolk targeting spike 1, receptor binding domain of spike glycoprotein and nucleocapsid of SARS-CoV-2 blocking RBD-ACE2 binding interaction. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 112:109280. [PMID: 36183680 PMCID: PMC9515349 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has become a global pandemic disease that has social and economic chaos. An alternative mitigation strategy may involve the use of specific immunoglobulin (Ig)-Y derived from chicken eggs. Our study aimed to evaluate the neutralizing potential of specific IgY targeting S1, receptor-binding-domain (RBD) of spike glycoprotein and nucleocapsid (N) of SARS-CoV-2 to inhibit RBD and angiotensin-converting-enzyme-2 (ACE2) binding interaction. Hy-Line Brown laying hens were immunized with recombinant S1, RBD spike glycoprotein, and nucleocapsid (N) of SARS-CoV-2. The presence of specific S1,RBD,N-IgY in serum and egg yolk was verified by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Specific S1,RBD,N-IgY was purified and characterized from egg yolk using sodium-dodecyl-sulfate-polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and was subsequently evaluated for inhibition of the RBD-ACE2 binding interaction in vitro. Specific IgY was present in serum at 1 week post–initial immunization (p.i.i), whereas its present in egg yolk was confirmed at 4 weeks p.i.i. Specific S1,RBD,N-IgY in serum was able to inhibit RBD-ACE2 binding interaction between 4 and 15 weeks p.i.i. The results of the SDS-PAGE revealed the presence of bands with molecular weights of 180 kDa, indicating the presence of whole IgY. Our results demonstrated that S1,RBD,N-IgY was able to inhibit RBD-ACE2 binding interaction in vitro, suggesting its potential use in blocking virus entry. Our study also demonstrated proof-of-concept that laying hens were able to produce this specific IgY, which could block the viral binding and large production of this specific IgY is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meliana Eka Saputri
- Study Programme of Medical Microbiology, IPB Postgraduate School, IPB University, Jl Agatis, Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Siti Aisyah Rahmalia Effendi
- Study Programme of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, IPB University, Jl Agatis, Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Rifa Nadila
- Study Programme of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, IPB University, Jl Agatis, Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Syauqi Azzam Fajar
- Study Programme of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, IPB University, Jl Agatis, Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Retno Damajanti Soejoedono
- Division of Medical Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, IPB University, Jl Agatis, Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Ekowati Handharyani
- Division of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, IPB University, Jl Agatis, Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Okti Nadia Poetri
- Division of Medical Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, IPB University, Jl Agatis, Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia.
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Correlation of SARS-CoV-2 Viral Neutralizing Antibody Titers with Anti-Spike Antibodies and ACE-2 Inhibition among Vaccinated Individuals. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0131522. [PMID: 36121252 PMCID: PMC9602390 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01315-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike antibody concentrations and angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) inhibition have been used as surrogates to live viral neutralizing antibody titers; however, validity among vaccinated individuals is unclear. We tested the correlation of these measures among vaccinated participants, and examined subgroups based on duration since vaccination and vaccine dosing intervals. We analyzed 120 samples from two-dose mRNA vaccinees without previous COVID-19. We calculated Spearman correlation coefficients between wild-type viral neutralizing antibody titers and: anti-spike (total and IgG), anti-receptor-binding-domain (RBD), and anti-N-terminal-domain (NTD) antibodies; and ACE-2 binding by RBD. We performed three secondary analyses, dichotomizing samples by the first vaccination-to-blood collection interval, second vaccination-to-blood collection interval, and by the vaccine dosing interval (all groups divided by the median), and compared correlation coefficients (Fisher's Z test). Of 120 participants, 63 (53%) were women, 91 (76%) and 29 (24%) received BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines, respectively. Overall, live viral neutralization was correlated with anti-spike total antibody (correlation coefficient = 0.80), anti-spike IgG (0.63), anti-RBD IgG (0.62), anti-NTD IgG (0.64), and RBD ACE2 binding (0.65). Samples with long (>158 days) first vaccination-to-blood collection and long (>71 days) second vaccination-to-blood collection intervals demonstrated higher correlation coefficients, compared with short groups. When comparing cases divided by short (≤39 days) versus long vaccine dosing intervals, only correlation with RBD-ACE-2 binding inhibition was higher in the long group. Among COVID-negative mRNA vaccinees, anti-spike antibody and ACE-2 inhibition concentrations are correlated with live viral neutralizing antibody titers. Correlation was stronger among samples collected at later durations from vaccination. IMPORTANCE Live viral neutralizing antibody titers are an accepted measure of immunity; however, testing procedures are labor-intensive. COVID-19 antibody and angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) levels have been used as surrogates to live viral neutralizing antibody titers; however, validity among vaccinated individuals is unclear. Using samples from 120 two-dose mRNA vaccinees without previous COVID-19, we found that live viral neutralization was correlated with COVID-19 antibody and ACE2 binding levels. When grouping samples by the time interval between vaccination and sample blood collection, samples collected over 158 days after the first vaccine and over 71 days from the second vaccine demonstrated stronger correlation between live viral neutralization titers and both antibody and ACE2 levels, in comparison to those collected earlier.
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40
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Aggarwal A, Akerman A, Milogiannakis V, Silva MR, Walker G, Stella AO, Kindinger A, Angelovich T, Waring E, Amatayakul-Chantler S, Roth N, Manni S, Hauser T, Barnes T, Condylios A, Yeang M, Wong M, Jean T, Foster CSP, Christ D, Hoppe AC, Munier ML, Darley D, Churchill M, Stark DJ, Matthews G, Rawlinson WD, Kelleher AD, Turville SG. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5: Evolving tropism and evasion of potent humoral responses and resistance to clinical immunotherapeutics relative to viral variants of concern. EBioMedicine 2022; 84:104270. [PMID: 36130476 PMCID: PMC9482529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetically distinct viral variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been recorded since January 2020. The introduction of global vaccine programs has contributed to lower COVID-19 hospitalisation and mortality rates, particularly in developed countries. In late 2021, Omicron BA.1 emerged, with substantially altered genetic differences and clinical effects from other variants of concern. Shortly after dominating global spread in early 2022, BA.1 was supplanted by the genetically distinct Omicron lineage BA.2. A sub-lineage of BA.2, designated BA.5, presently has an outgrowth advantage over BA.2 and other BA.2 sub-lineages. Here we study the neutralisation of Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and BA.5 and pre-Omicron variants using a range of vaccine and convalescent sera and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies using a live virus neutralisation assay. Using primary nasopharyngeal swabs, we also tested the relative fitness of BA.5 compared to pre-Omicron and Omicron viral lineages in their ability to use the ACE2-TMPRSS2 pathway. METHODS Using low passage clinical isolates of Clade A.2.2, Beta, Delta, BA.1, BA.2 and BA.5, we determined humoral neutralisation in vitro in vaccinated and convalescent cohorts, using concentrated human IgG pooled from thousands of plasma donors, and licensed monoclonal antibody therapies. We then determined infectivity to particle ratios in primary nasopharyngeal samples and expanded low passage isolates in a genetically engineered ACE2/TMPRSS2 cell line in the presence and absence of the TMPRSS2 inhibitor Nafamostat. FINDINGS Peak responses to 3 doses of BNT162b2 vaccine were associated with a 9-fold reduction in neutralisation for Omicron lineages BA.1, BA.2 and BA.5. Concentrated pooled human IgG from convalescent and vaccinated donors and BNT162b2 vaccination with BA.1 breakthrough infections were associated with greater breadth of neutralisation, although the potency was still reduced 7-fold across all Omicron lineages. Testing of clinical grade antibodies revealed a 14.3-fold reduction using Evusheld and 16.8-fold reduction using Sotrovimab for the BA.5. Whilst the infectivity of BA.1 and BA.2 was attenuated in ACE2/TMPRSS2 entry, BA.5 was observed to be equivalent to that of an early 2020 circulating clade and had greater sensitivity to the TMPRSS2 inhibitor Nafamostat. INTERPRETATION Observations support all Omicron variants to significantly escape neutralising antibodies across a range of vaccination and/or convalescent responses. Potency of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies is also reduced and differs across Omicron lineages. The key difference of BA.5 from other Omicron sub-variants is the reversion in tropism back to using the well-known ACE2-TMPRSS2 pathway, utilised efficiently by pre-Omicron lineages. Monitoring if these changes influence transmission and/or disease severity will be key for ongoing tracking and management of Omicron waves globally. FUNDING This work was primarily supported by Australian Medical Foundation research grants MRF2005760 (ST, GM & WDR), MRF2001684 (ADK and ST) and Medical Research Future Fund Antiviral Development Call grant (WDR), Medical Research Future Fund COVID-19 grant (MRFF2001684, ADK & SGT) and the New South Wales Health COVID-19 Research Grants Round 2 (SGT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupriya Aggarwal
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anouschka Akerman
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Mariana Ruiz Silva
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gregory Walker
- Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), NSW Health Pathology, Randwick, Australia
| | | | - Andrea Kindinger
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas Angelovich
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Emily Waring
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | | | - Nathan Roth
- Plasma Product Development, Research & Development, CSL Behring AG, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sandro Manni
- Department of Bioanalytical Sciences, Plasma Product Development, Research & Development, CSL Behring AG, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Hauser
- Department of Bioanalytical Sciences, Plasma Product Development, Research & Development, CSL Behring AG, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Barnes
- Department of Bioanalytical Sciences, Plasma Product Development, Research & Development, CSL Behring AG, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anna Condylios
- Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), NSW Health Pathology, Randwick, Australia
| | - Malinna Yeang
- Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), NSW Health Pathology, Randwick, Australia
| | - Maureen Wong
- Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), NSW Health Pathology, Randwick, Australia
| | - Tyra Jean
- Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), NSW Health Pathology, Randwick, Australia
| | - Charles S P Foster
- Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), NSW Health Pathology, Randwick, Australia
| | - Daniel Christ
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Mee Ling Munier
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Darley
- St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melissa Churchill
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Damien J Stark
- Molecular Diagnostic Medicine Laboratory, Sydpath, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gail Matthews
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia; St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - William D Rawlinson
- Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), NSW Health Pathology, Randwick, Australia
| | - Anthony D Kelleher
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia; St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stuart G Turville
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia.
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Aggarwal A, Akerman A, Milogiannakis V, Silva MR, Walker G, Stella AO, Kindinger A, Angelovich T, Waring E, Amatayakul-Chantler S, Roth N, Manni S, Hauser T, Barnes T, Condylios A, Yeang M, Wong M, Jean T, Foster CSP, Christ D, Hoppe AC, Munier ML, Darley D, Churchill M, Stark DJ, Matthews G, Rawlinson WD, Kelleher AD, Turville SG. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5: Evolving tropism and evasion of potent humoral responses and resistance to clinical immunotherapeutics relative to viral variants of concern. EBioMedicine 2022; 84:104270. [PMID: 36130476 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.14.21267772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetically distinct viral variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been recorded since January 2020. The introduction of global vaccine programs has contributed to lower COVID-19 hospitalisation and mortality rates, particularly in developed countries. In late 2021, Omicron BA.1 emerged, with substantially altered genetic differences and clinical effects from other variants of concern. Shortly after dominating global spread in early 2022, BA.1 was supplanted by the genetically distinct Omicron lineage BA.2. A sub-lineage of BA.2, designated BA.5, presently has an outgrowth advantage over BA.2 and other BA.2 sub-lineages. Here we study the neutralisation of Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and BA.5 and pre-Omicron variants using a range of vaccine and convalescent sera and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies using a live virus neutralisation assay. Using primary nasopharyngeal swabs, we also tested the relative fitness of BA.5 compared to pre-Omicron and Omicron viral lineages in their ability to use the ACE2-TMPRSS2 pathway. METHODS Using low passage clinical isolates of Clade A.2.2, Beta, Delta, BA.1, BA.2 and BA.5, we determined humoral neutralisation in vitro in vaccinated and convalescent cohorts, using concentrated human IgG pooled from thousands of plasma donors, and licensed monoclonal antibody therapies. We then determined infectivity to particle ratios in primary nasopharyngeal samples and expanded low passage isolates in a genetically engineered ACE2/TMPRSS2 cell line in the presence and absence of the TMPRSS2 inhibitor Nafamostat. FINDINGS Peak responses to 3 doses of BNT162b2 vaccine were associated with a 9-fold reduction in neutralisation for Omicron lineages BA.1, BA.2 and BA.5. Concentrated pooled human IgG from convalescent and vaccinated donors and BNT162b2 vaccination with BA.1 breakthrough infections were associated with greater breadth of neutralisation, although the potency was still reduced 7-fold across all Omicron lineages. Testing of clinical grade antibodies revealed a 14.3-fold reduction using Evusheld and 16.8-fold reduction using Sotrovimab for the BA.5. Whilst the infectivity of BA.1 and BA.2 was attenuated in ACE2/TMPRSS2 entry, BA.5 was observed to be equivalent to that of an early 2020 circulating clade and had greater sensitivity to the TMPRSS2 inhibitor Nafamostat. INTERPRETATION Observations support all Omicron variants to significantly escape neutralising antibodies across a range of vaccination and/or convalescent responses. Potency of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies is also reduced and differs across Omicron lineages. The key difference of BA.5 from other Omicron sub-variants is the reversion in tropism back to using the well-known ACE2-TMPRSS2 pathway, utilised efficiently by pre-Omicron lineages. Monitoring if these changes influence transmission and/or disease severity will be key for ongoing tracking and management of Omicron waves globally. FUNDING This work was primarily supported by Australian Medical Foundation research grants MRF2005760 (ST, GM & WDR), MRF2001684 (ADK and ST) and Medical Research Future Fund Antiviral Development Call grant (WDR), Medical Research Future Fund COVID-19 grant (MRFF2001684, ADK & SGT) and the New South Wales Health COVID-19 Research Grants Round 2 (SGT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupriya Aggarwal
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anouschka Akerman
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Mariana Ruiz Silva
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gregory Walker
- Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), NSW Health Pathology, Randwick, Australia
| | | | - Andrea Kindinger
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas Angelovich
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Emily Waring
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | | | - Nathan Roth
- Plasma Product Development, Research & Development, CSL Behring AG, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sandro Manni
- Department of Bioanalytical Sciences, Plasma Product Development, Research & Development, CSL Behring AG, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Hauser
- Department of Bioanalytical Sciences, Plasma Product Development, Research & Development, CSL Behring AG, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Barnes
- Department of Bioanalytical Sciences, Plasma Product Development, Research & Development, CSL Behring AG, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anna Condylios
- Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), NSW Health Pathology, Randwick, Australia
| | - Malinna Yeang
- Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), NSW Health Pathology, Randwick, Australia
| | - Maureen Wong
- Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), NSW Health Pathology, Randwick, Australia
| | - Tyra Jean
- Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), NSW Health Pathology, Randwick, Australia
| | - Charles S P Foster
- Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), NSW Health Pathology, Randwick, Australia
| | - Daniel Christ
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Mee Ling Munier
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Darley
- St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melissa Churchill
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Damien J Stark
- Molecular Diagnostic Medicine Laboratory, Sydpath, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gail Matthews
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia; St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - William D Rawlinson
- Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), NSW Health Pathology, Randwick, Australia
| | - Anthony D Kelleher
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia; St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stuart G Turville
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia.
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Wei D, Chen Y, Yu X, Lai YD, Xu W, Ji P, Yang Z, Chen E, Zhang X, Wang Y. Comparable antigen-specific T cell responses in vaccinees with diverse humoral immune responses after primary and booster BBIBP-CorV vaccination. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:2474-2484. [PMID: 36166417 PMCID: PMC9621266 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2130101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BBIBP-CorV exerts efficient protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, waning vaccine-induced humoral immune responses after two-dose vaccination have significantly undermined durable immuno-protection. In this study, we have demonstrated that although anti-spike (S) antibody responses in BBIBP-CorV vaccinees exhibited three serotypes after 6 months, including de novo sero-negative, sero-positive, and sero-decay features, S-specific interferon-γ release as well as Th1 cytokine production in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were comparable, especially in vaccinees without detectable neutralizing antibodies. Notably, regardless of dramatic increases in humoral immunity after booster vaccination, T cell responses targeting S protein from either wild type or Omicron remained stable before and after booster vaccination in all three serotype vaccinees. No severe cases were observed even in the sero-decay group during the Omicron epidemic in Shanghai. Our results thus illustrate that unlike fluctuating humoral responses, viral-specific T cell responses are extremely stable after booster vaccination. Sustained T cell responses might be dedicated to the rapid restoration of antibody responses after booster vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wei
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emergency Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqi Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang-Dian Lai
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxin Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Ji
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhitao Yang
- Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Erzhen Chen
- Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Clinical Research Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emergency Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emergency Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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43
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Menges D, Zens KD, Ballouz T, Caduff N, Llanas-Cornejo D, Aschmann HE, Domenghino A, Pellaton C, Perreau M, Fenwick C, Pantaleo G, Kahlert CR, Münz C, Puhan MA, Fehr JS. Heterogenous humoral and cellular immune responses with distinct trajectories post-SARS-CoV-2 infection in a population-based cohort. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4855. [PMID: 35982045 PMCID: PMC9386650 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32573-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand the development of SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity over time, a detailed evaluation of humoral and cellular responses is required. Here, we characterize anti-Spike (S) IgA and IgG in a representative population-based cohort of 431 SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals up to 217 days after diagnosis, demonstrating that 85% develop and maintain anti-S responses. In a subsample of 64 participants, we further assess anti-Nucleocapsid (N) IgG, neutralizing antibody activity, and T cell responses to Membrane (M), N, and S proteins. In contrast to S-specific antibody responses, anti-N IgG levels decline substantially over time and neutralizing activity toward Delta and Omicron variants is low to non-existent within just weeks of Wildtype SARS-CoV-2 infection. Virus-specific T cells are detectable in most participants, albeit more variable than antibody responses. Cluster analyses of the co-evolution of antibody and T cell responses within individuals identify five distinct trajectories characterized by specific immune patterns and clinical factors. These findings demonstrate the relevant heterogeneity in humoral and cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 while also identifying consistent patterns where antibody and T cell responses may work in a compensatory manner to provide protection. The persistence of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 after recovery from infection is an indicator for subsequent protection against infection. Here the authors follow recovered patients and measure antibody and T cell responses and find that these two parts of the immune response may have different longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Menges
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kyra D Zens
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tala Ballouz
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Caduff
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Llanas-Cornejo
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hélène E Aschmann
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anja Domenghino
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Céline Pellaton
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Perreau
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Craig Fenwick
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian R Kahlert
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Christian Münz
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Milo A Puhan
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Jan S Fehr
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
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Tarique M, Suhail M, Naz H, Muhammad N, Tabrez S, Zughaibi TA, Abuzenadah AM, Hashem AM, Shankar H, Saini C, Sharma A. Where do T cell subsets stand in SARS-CoV-2 infection: an update. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:964265. [PMID: 36034704 PMCID: PMC9399648 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.964265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in China in December 2019 and spread so rapidly all around the globe. It’s continued and spreading more dangerously in India and Brazil with higher mortality rate. Understanding of the pathophysiology of COVID-19 depends on unraveling of interactional mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 and human immune response. The immune response is a complex process, which can be better understood by understanding the immunological response and pathological mechanisms of COVID-19, which will provide new treatments, increase treatment efficacy, and decrease mortality associated with the disease. In this review we present a amalgamate viewpoint based on the current available knowledge on COVID-19 which includes entry of the virus and multiplication of virus, its pathological effects on the cellular level, immunological reaction, systemic and organ presentation. T cells play a crucial role in controlling and clearing viral infections. Several studies have now shown that the severity of the COVID-19 disease is inversely correlated with the magnitude of the T cell response. Understanding SARS-CoV-2 T cell responses is of high interest because T cells are attractive vaccine targets and could help reduce COVID-19 severity. Even though there is a significant amount of literature regarding SARS-CoV-2, there are still very few studies focused on understanding the T cell response to this novel virus. Nevertheless, a majority of these studies focused on peripheral blood CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that were specific for viruses. The focus of this review is on different subtypes of T cell responses in COVID-19 patients, Th17, follicular helper T (TFH), regulatory T (Treg) cells, and less classical, invariant T cell populations, such as δγ T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells etc that could influence disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Tarique
- Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Mohammad Tarique, ; Mohd Suhail,
| | - Mohd Suhail
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Mohammad Tarique, ; Mohd Suhail,
| | - Huma Naz
- Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Naoshad Muhammad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Shams Tabrez
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Torki A. Zughaibi
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel M. Abuzenadah
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar M. Hashem
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hari Shankar
- India Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Chaman Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Alpana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
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45
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Lin Y, Zhu J, Liu Z, Li C, Guo Y, Wang Y, Chen K. Kinetics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection antibody responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:864278. [PMID: 35990623 PMCID: PMC9389018 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.864278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread rapidly throughout the world, causing severe morbidity and mortality. Since the first reports of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in late 2019, research on the characteristics of specific humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19 has made great progress. However, our knowledge of persistent humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection is limited. The existence of protective immunity after infection will affect future transmission and disease severity. Therefore, it is important to gather knowledge about the kinetics of antibody responses. In this review, we summarize the information obtained so far on the characteristics and kinetics of the SARS-CoV-2 infection of specific humoral immune response, especially in neutralizing antibodies and their relationship with disease severity. In addition, with the emergence of variants of concern, we summarize the neutralizing effect of specific humoral immunity on variants of concern after the initial SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Lin
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiajie Zhu
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zongming Liu
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaonan Li
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yikai Guo
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Cancer Centre of Zhejiang University, Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Wang, ; Keda Chen,
| | - Keda Chen
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Wang, ; Keda Chen,
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Barreira GA, Santos EHD, Pereira MFB, Rodrigues KA, Rocha MC, Kanunfre KA, Marques HHDS, Okay TS. Technical performance of a lateral flow immunoassay for detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG in the outpatient follow-up of non-severe cases and at different times after vaccination: comparison with enzyme and chemiluminescent immunoassays. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2022; 64:e49. [PMID: 35858039 PMCID: PMC9281580 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202264049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the technical performance of a rapid lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (LFIA) for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and compared LFIA results with chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) results and an in-house enzyme immunoassay (EIA). To this end, a total of 216 whole blood or serum samples from three groups were analyzed: the first group was composed of 68 true negative cases corresponding to blood bank donors, healthy young volunteers, and eight pediatric patients diagnosed with other coronavirus infections. The serum samples from these participants were obtained and stored in a pre-COVID-19 period, thus they were not expected to have COVID-19. In the second group of true positive cases, we chose to replace natural cases of COVID-19 by 96 participants who were expected to have produced anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies 30-60 days after the vaccine booster dose. The serum samples were collected on the same day that LFIA were tested either by EIA or CLIA. The third study group was composed of 52 participants (12 adults and 40 children) who did or did not have anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies due to specific clinical scenarios. The 12 adults had been vaccinated more than seven months before LFIA testing, and the 40 children had non-severe COVID-19 diagnosed using RT-PCR during the acute phase of infection. They were referred for outpatient follow-up and during this period the serum samples were collected and tested by CLIA and LFIA. All tests were performed by the same healthcare operator and there was no variation of LFIA results when tests were performed on finger prick whole blood or serum samples, so that results were grouped for analysis. LFIA's sensitivity in detecting anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies was 90%, specificity 97.6%, efficiency 93%, PPV 98.3%, NPV 86.6%, and likelihood ratio for a positive or a negative result were 37.5 and 0.01 respectively. There was a good agreement (Kappa index of 0.677) between LFIA results and serological (EIA or CLIA) results. In conclusion, LFIA analyzed in this study showed a good technical performance and agreement with reference serological assays (EIA or CLIA), therefore it can be recommended for use in the outpatient follow-up of non-severe cases of COVID-19 and to assess anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody production induced by vaccination and the antibodies decrease over time. However, LFIAs should be confirmed by using reference serological assays whenever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Acca Barreira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emilly Henrique Dos Santos
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Pediatria, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Karen Alessandra Rodrigues
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mussya Cisotto Rocha
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kelly Aparecida Kanunfre
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Thelma Suely Okay
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Pediatria, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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47
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Iwamoto C, Lesteberg KE, Lamb MM, Calvimontes DM, Guo K, Barrett BS, Mickens KL, Duca LM, Monzon J, Chard AN, Guzman G, Barrios E, Rojop N, Arias K, Gomez M, Paiz C, Bolanos GA, Edwards KM, Zielinski Gutierrez E, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Asturias EJ, Santiago ML, Beckham JD, Olson D. High SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence and Rapid Neutralizing Antibody Decline among Agricultural Workers in Rural Guatemala, June 2020-March 2021. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1160. [PMID: 35891324 PMCID: PMC9323551 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential agricultural workers work under occupational conditions that may increase the risk of SARS-CoV-2 exposure and transmission. Data from an agricultural worker cohort in Guatemala, and anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid IgG (anti-N IgG) testing were used to estimate past infections and analyze risk factors associated with seropositivity at enrollment and association with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The stability of neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses were assessed in a subset of participants. The adjusted relative risk (aRR) for seroprevalence at enrollment was estimated accounting for correlations within worksites. At enrollment, 616 (46.2%) of 1334 (93.2%) participants had anti-N IgG results indicating prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. A cough ≤ 10 days prior to enrollment (aRR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.13−1.46) and working as a packer (aRR = 2.00, 95% CI: 1.67−2.38) or packing manager within the plants (aRR = 1.82, 95% CI: 1.36−2.43) were associated with increased risk of seropositivity. COVID-19 incidence density among seronegative workers was 2.3/100 Person-Years (P-Y), higher than seropositive workers (0.4/100 P-Y). Most workers with follow-up NAb testing (65/77, 84%) exhibited a 95% average decrease in NAb titers in <6 months. While participants seropositive at baseline were less likely to experience a symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection during follow-up, NAb titers rapidly waned, underscoring the need for multipronged COVID-19 prevention strategies in the workplace, including vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Iwamoto
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (L.M.D.); (A.N.C.); (E.A.-B.)
| | - Kelsey E. Lesteberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13001 E. 17th Pl, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.E.L.); (K.G.); (B.S.B.); (K.L.M.); (M.L.S.); (J.D.B.)
| | - Molly M. Lamb
- Department of Epidemiology and Center for Global Health, Colorado School of Public Health, 13199 E. Montview Blvd, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (M.M.L.); (E.J.A.); (D.O.)
| | - Diva M. Calvimontes
- Center for Human Development, Fundación para la Salud Integral de los Guatemaltecos, FSIG, Km 30 carretera de Coatepeque a Chiquirines Caballo Blanco, Retalhuleu 11010, Guatemala; (D.M.C.); (G.G.); (E.B.); (N.R.); (K.A.); (M.G.); (C.P.); (G.A.B.)
- La Comisión Presidencial de Atención a la Emergencia COVID-19 (Coprecovid), Guatemala City 01010, Guatemala
| | - Kejun Guo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13001 E. 17th Pl, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.E.L.); (K.G.); (B.S.B.); (K.L.M.); (M.L.S.); (J.D.B.)
| | - Bradley S. Barrett
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13001 E. 17th Pl, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.E.L.); (K.G.); (B.S.B.); (K.L.M.); (M.L.S.); (J.D.B.)
| | - Kaylee L. Mickens
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13001 E. 17th Pl, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.E.L.); (K.G.); (B.S.B.); (K.L.M.); (M.L.S.); (J.D.B.)
| | - Lindsey M. Duca
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (L.M.D.); (A.N.C.); (E.A.-B.)
| | - Jose Monzon
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Global Health Protection (CDC-DGHP), 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (J.M.); (E.Z.G.)
| | - Anna N. Chard
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (L.M.D.); (A.N.C.); (E.A.-B.)
| | - Gerber Guzman
- Center for Human Development, Fundación para la Salud Integral de los Guatemaltecos, FSIG, Km 30 carretera de Coatepeque a Chiquirines Caballo Blanco, Retalhuleu 11010, Guatemala; (D.M.C.); (G.G.); (E.B.); (N.R.); (K.A.); (M.G.); (C.P.); (G.A.B.)
| | - Edgar Barrios
- Center for Human Development, Fundación para la Salud Integral de los Guatemaltecos, FSIG, Km 30 carretera de Coatepeque a Chiquirines Caballo Blanco, Retalhuleu 11010, Guatemala; (D.M.C.); (G.G.); (E.B.); (N.R.); (K.A.); (M.G.); (C.P.); (G.A.B.)
| | - Neudy Rojop
- Center for Human Development, Fundación para la Salud Integral de los Guatemaltecos, FSIG, Km 30 carretera de Coatepeque a Chiquirines Caballo Blanco, Retalhuleu 11010, Guatemala; (D.M.C.); (G.G.); (E.B.); (N.R.); (K.A.); (M.G.); (C.P.); (G.A.B.)
| | - Kareen Arias
- Center for Human Development, Fundación para la Salud Integral de los Guatemaltecos, FSIG, Km 30 carretera de Coatepeque a Chiquirines Caballo Blanco, Retalhuleu 11010, Guatemala; (D.M.C.); (G.G.); (E.B.); (N.R.); (K.A.); (M.G.); (C.P.); (G.A.B.)
| | - Melissa Gomez
- Center for Human Development, Fundación para la Salud Integral de los Guatemaltecos, FSIG, Km 30 carretera de Coatepeque a Chiquirines Caballo Blanco, Retalhuleu 11010, Guatemala; (D.M.C.); (G.G.); (E.B.); (N.R.); (K.A.); (M.G.); (C.P.); (G.A.B.)
| | - Claudia Paiz
- Center for Human Development, Fundación para la Salud Integral de los Guatemaltecos, FSIG, Km 30 carretera de Coatepeque a Chiquirines Caballo Blanco, Retalhuleu 11010, Guatemala; (D.M.C.); (G.G.); (E.B.); (N.R.); (K.A.); (M.G.); (C.P.); (G.A.B.)
| | - Guillermo Antonio Bolanos
- Center for Human Development, Fundación para la Salud Integral de los Guatemaltecos, FSIG, Km 30 carretera de Coatepeque a Chiquirines Caballo Blanco, Retalhuleu 11010, Guatemala; (D.M.C.); (G.G.); (E.B.); (N.R.); (K.A.); (M.G.); (C.P.); (G.A.B.)
| | - Kathryn M. Edwards
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2200 Children’s Way, 6th Floor, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
| | - Emily Zielinski Gutierrez
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Global Health Protection (CDC-DGHP), 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (J.M.); (E.Z.G.)
| | - Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (L.M.D.); (A.N.C.); (E.A.-B.)
| | - Edwin J. Asturias
- Department of Epidemiology and Center for Global Health, Colorado School of Public Health, 13199 E. Montview Blvd, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (M.M.L.); (E.J.A.); (D.O.)
- Center for Human Development, Fundación para la Salud Integral de los Guatemaltecos, FSIG, Km 30 carretera de Coatepeque a Chiquirines Caballo Blanco, Retalhuleu 11010, Guatemala; (D.M.C.); (G.G.); (E.B.); (N.R.); (K.A.); (M.G.); (C.P.); (G.A.B.)
- La Comisión Presidencial de Atención a la Emergencia COVID-19 (Coprecovid), Guatemala City 01010, Guatemala
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13123 E. 16th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Mario L. Santiago
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13001 E. 17th Pl, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.E.L.); (K.G.); (B.S.B.); (K.L.M.); (M.L.S.); (J.D.B.)
| | - J. David Beckham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13001 E. 17th Pl, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.E.L.); (K.G.); (B.S.B.); (K.L.M.); (M.L.S.); (J.D.B.)
| | - Daniel Olson
- Department of Epidemiology and Center for Global Health, Colorado School of Public Health, 13199 E. Montview Blvd, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (M.M.L.); (E.J.A.); (D.O.)
- Center for Human Development, Fundación para la Salud Integral de los Guatemaltecos, FSIG, Km 30 carretera de Coatepeque a Chiquirines Caballo Blanco, Retalhuleu 11010, Guatemala; (D.M.C.); (G.G.); (E.B.); (N.R.); (K.A.); (M.G.); (C.P.); (G.A.B.)
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13123 E. 16th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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48
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Homogeneous surrogate virus neutralization assay to rapidly assess neutralization activity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3716. [PMID: 35778399 PMCID: PMC9249905 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31300-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic triggered the development of numerous diagnostic tools to monitor infection and to determine immune response. Although assays to measure binding antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 are widely available, more specific tests measuring neutralization activities of antibodies are immediately needed to quantify the extent and duration of protection that results from infection or vaccination. We previously developed a 'Serological Assay based on a Tri-part split-NanoLuc® (SATiN)' to detect antibodies that bind to the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we expand on our previous work and describe a reconfigured version of the SATiN assay, called Neutralization SATiN (Neu-SATiN), which measures neutralization activity of antibodies directly from convalescent or vaccinated sera. The results obtained with our assay and other neutralization assays are comparable but with significantly shorter preparation and run time for Neu-SATiN. As the assay is modular, we further demonstrate that Neu-SATiN enables rapid assessment of the effectiveness of vaccines and level of protection against existing SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and can therefore be readily adapted for emerging variants.
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49
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Sripongpun P, Pinpathomrat N, Bruminhent J, Kaewdech A. Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccinations in Patients With Chronic Liver Disease and Liver Transplant Recipients: An Update. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:924454. [PMID: 35814781 PMCID: PMC9257133 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.924454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a current global pandemic associated with an increased mortality, particularly in patients with comorbidities. Patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) and liver transplant (LT) recipients are at higher risk of morbidity and mortality after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Many liver societies have recommended that these patients should receive COVID-19 vaccinations, although there are limited studies assessing risks and benefits in this population. In addition, two doses of mRNA vaccines may not provide sufficient immune response, and booster dose(s) may be necessary, especially in LT recipients. Notably, variants of concern have recently emerged, and it remains unclear whether currently available vaccines provide adequate and durable protective immunity against these novel variants. This review focuses on the role of COVID-19 vaccinations in CLD and LT recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pimsiri Sripongpun
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Nawamin Pinpathomrat
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Jackrapong Bruminhent
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Ramathibodi Excellence Center for Organ Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Apichat Kaewdech
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Apichat Kaewdech,
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50
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Garcia-Valtanen P, Hope CM, Masavuli MG, Yeow AEL, Balachandran H, Mekonnen ZA, Al-Delfi Z, Abayasingam A, Agapiou D, Stella AO, Aggarwal A, Bouras G, Gummow J, Ferguson C, O'Connor S, McCartney EM, Lynn DJ, Maddern G, Gowans EJ, Reddi BAJ, Shaw D, Kok-Lim C, Beard MR, Weiskopf D, Sette A, Turville SG, Bull RA, Barry SC, Grubor-Bauk B. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant escapes neutralizing antibodies and T cell responses more efficiently than other variants in mild COVID-19 convalescents. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100651. [PMID: 35654046 PMCID: PMC9110310 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) convalescents living in regions with low vaccination rates rely on post-infection immunity for protection against re-infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We evaluate humoral and T cell immunity against five variants of concern (VOCs) in mild-COVID-19 convalescents at 12 months after infection with ancestral virus. In this cohort, ancestral, receptor-binding domain (RBD)-specific antibody and circulating memory B cell levels are conserved in most individuals, and yet serum neutralization against live B.1.1.529 (Omicron) is completely abrogated and significantly reduced for other VOCs. Likewise, ancestral SARS-CoV-2-specific memory T cell frequencies are maintained in >50% of convalescents, but the cytokine response in these cells to mutated spike epitopes corresponding to B.1.1.529 and B.1.351 (Beta) VOCs were impaired. These results indicate that increased antigen variability in VOCs impairs humoral and spike-specific T cell immunity post-infection, strongly suggesting that COVID-19 convalescents are vulnerable and at risk of re-infection with VOCs, thus stressing the importance of vaccination programs. Most mild COVID-19 convalescents maintain immunity at 12 months after disease onset B.1.1.529 escapes antibodies in convalescents infected with ancestral SARS-CoV-2 SARS-CoV-2 VOCs can partially avoid recognition by antigen-specific T cells Antigenic drift in SARS-CoV-2 VOCs significantly challenges convalescent immunity
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Garcia-Valtanen
- Viral Immunology Group, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Christopher M Hope
- Molecular Immunology, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Women's and Children's Health Network, North Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Makutiro G Masavuli
- Viral Immunology Group, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Arthur Eng Lip Yeow
- Viral Immunology Group, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Zelalem A Mekonnen
- Viral Immunology Group, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Zahraa Al-Delfi
- Viral Immunology Group, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - David Agapiou
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Anupriya Aggarwal
- The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - George Bouras
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; The Department of Surgery - Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Adelaide and the Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Woodville South, SA, Australia
| | - Jason Gummow
- Gene Silencing and Expression Core Facility, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Catherine Ferguson
- Infectious Diseases Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stephanie O'Connor
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Central Adelaide Local Health Network and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Erin M McCartney
- Infectious Diseases Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David J Lynn
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Guy Maddern
- Discipline of Surgery, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Eric J Gowans
- Viral Immunology Group, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Benjamin A J Reddi
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Central Adelaide Local Health Network and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David Shaw
- Infectious Diseases Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Chuan Kok-Lim
- Gene Silencing and Expression Core Facility, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michael R Beard
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stuart G Turville
- The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rowena A Bull
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon C Barry
- Molecular Immunology, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Women's and Children's Health Network, North Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Branka Grubor-Bauk
- Viral Immunology Group, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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