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Ogunsakin RE, Babalola BT, Olusola JA, Joshua AO, Okpeku M. GIS-based spatiotemporal mapping of malaria prevalence and exploration of environmental inequalities. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:262. [PMID: 38970660 PMCID: PMC11227462 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08276-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Malaria poses a significant threat to global health, with particular severity in Nigeria. Understanding key factors influencing health outcomes is crucial for addressing health disparities. Disease mapping plays a vital role in assessing the geographical distribution of diseases and has been instrumental in epidemiological research. By delving into the spatiotemporal dynamics of malaria trends, valuable insights can be gained into population dynamics, leading to more informed spatial management decisions. This study focused on examining the evolution of malaria in Nigeria over twenty years (2000-2020) and exploring the impact of environmental factors on this variation. A 5-year-period raster map was developed using malaria indicator survey data for Nigeria's six geopolitical zones. Various spatial analysis techniques, such as point density, spatial autocorrelation, and hotspot analysis, were employed to analyze spatial patterns. Additionally, statistical methods, including Principal Component Analysis, Spearman correlation, and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression, were used to investigate relationships between indicators and develop a predictive model. The study revealed regional variations in malaria prevalence over time, with the highest number of cases concentrated in northern Nigeria. The raster map illustrated a shift in the distribution of malaria cases over the five years. Environmental factors such as the Enhanced Vegetation Index, annual land surface temperature, and precipitation exhibited a strong positive association with malaria cases in the OLS model. Conversely, insecticide-treated bed net coverage and mean temperature negatively correlated with malaria cases in the same model. The findings from this research provide valuable insights into the spatiotemporal patterns of malaria in Nigeria and highlight the significant role of environmental drivers in influencing disease transmission. This scientific knowledge can inform policymakers and aid in developing targeted interventions to combat malaria effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ropo Ebenezer Ogunsakin
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria Faculty of Health Sciences, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | | | | | - Ayodele Oluwasola Joshua
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Science and Technology, Bamidele Olumilua University of Education, Ikere Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Moses Okpeku
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Westville, Durban, South Africa
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He Z, Li Y, Yang L, Li Y, Cao D, Wang S, Xie J, Yan X. Sunlight-triggered prebiotic nanomotors for inhibition and elimination of pathogen and biofilm in aquatic environment. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 665:634-642. [PMID: 38552580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.03.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Pathogen contamination in drinking water sources causes waterborne infectious diseases, seriously threatening human health. Nowadays, stimuli-responsive self-propelled nanomotors are appealing therapeutic agents for antibacterial therapy in vivo. However, achieving water disinfection using these nanobots is still a great challenge. Herein, we report on prebiotic galactooligosaccharide-based nanomotors for sunlight-regulated water disinfection. The nanomotors can utilize galactooligosaccharide-based N-nitrosamines as sunlight-responsive fuels for the spontaneous production of antibacterial nitric oxide. Such a solar-to-chemical energy conversion would power the nanomotors for self-diffusiophoresis, which could promote the diffusion of the nanomotors in water and their penetration in the biofilm, significantly enhancing the inhibition and elimination of the pathogens and their biofilms in aquatic environments. After water treatments, the prebiotic-based residual disinfectants can be selectively utilized by beneficial bacteria to effectively relieve safety risks to the environment and human health. The low-energy-cost, green and potent antibacterial nanobots show promising potential in water disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxia He
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yun Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Lianjiao Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Dongsheng Cao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Jianchun Xie
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Xibo Yan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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Wang Z, Pei S, Cui H, Zhang J, Jia Z. Zoonotic spillover and extreme weather events drive the global outbreaks of airborne viral emerging infectious diseases. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29737. [PMID: 38874191 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Outbreaks of airborne viral emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) cause an increasing burden on global public health, particularly with a backdrop of intensified climate change. However, infection sources and drivers for outbreaks of airborne viral EIDs remain unknown. Here, we aim to explore the driving mechanisms of outbreaks based on the one health perspective. Outbreak information for 20 types of airborne viral EIDs was collected from the Global Infectious Disease and Epidemiology Network database and a systematic literature review. Four statistically significant and high-risk spatiotemporal clusters for airborne viral EID outbreaks were identified globally using multivariate scan statistic tests. There were 112 outbreaks with clear infection sources, and zoonotic spillover was the most common source (95.54%, 107/112). Since 1970, the majority of outbreaks occurred in healthcare facilities (24.82%), followed by schools (17.93%) and animal-related settings (15.93%). Significant associations were detected between the number of earthquakes, storms, duration of floods, and airborne viral EIDs' outbreaks using a case-crossover study design and multivariable conditional logistic regression. These findings implied that zoonotic spillover and extreme weather events are driving global outbreaks of airborne viral EIDs, and targeted prevention and control measures should be made to reduce the airborne viral EIDs burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekun Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaojun Pei
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Haoliang Cui
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyi Zhang
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongwei Jia
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Center for Intelligent Public Health, Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Center for Drug Abuse Control and Prevention, National Institute of Health Data Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
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Bourli P, Eslahi AV, Tzoraki O, Karanis P. Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: a review of worldwide outbreaks - an update 2017-2022. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2023; 21:1421-1447. [PMID: 37902200 PMCID: wh_2023_094 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
The current study presents a comprehensive review of worldwide waterborne parasitic protozoan outbreaks reported between 2017 and 2022. In total, 416 outbreaks were attributed to the waterborne transmission of parasitic protozoa. Cryptosporidium accounted for 77.4% (322) of outbreaks, while Giardia was identified as the etiological agent in 17.1% (71). Toxoplasma gondii and Naegleria fowleri were the primary causes in 1.4% (6) and 1% (4) of outbreaks, respectively. Blastocystis hominis, Cyclospora cayetanensis, and Dientamoeba fragilis were independently identified in 0.72% (3) of outbreaks. Moreover, Acanthamoeba spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Vittaforma corneae, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi were independently the causal agents in 0.24% (1) of the total outbreaks. The majority of the outbreaks (195, 47%) were reported in North America. The suspected sources for 313 (75.2%) waterborne parasitic outbreaks were recreational water and/or swimming pools, accounting for 92% of the total Cryptosporidium outbreaks. Furthermore, 25.3% of the outbreaks caused by Giardia were associated with recreational water and/or swimming pools. Developing countries are most likely to be impacted by such outbreaks due to the lack of reliable monitoring strategies and water treatment processes. There is still a need for international surveillance and reporting systems concerning both waterborne diseases and water contamination with parasitic protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina Bourli
- School of the Environment, Department of Marine Sciences, University of the Aegean, University Hill, Mytilene, Lesvos 81100, Greece E-mail:
| | - Aida Vafae Eslahi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Ourania Tzoraki
- School of the Environment, Department of Marine Sciences, University of the Aegean, University Hill, Mytilene, Lesvos 81100, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- Medical Faculty and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Medical School, Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Anatomy Centre, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Girmay AM, Weldetinsae A, Mengesha SD, Adugna EA, Alemu ZA, Wagari B, Serte MG, Awoke KS, Bedada TL, Weldegebriel MG, Dinssa DA, Alemayehu TA, Kenea MA, Tekulu KT, Gobena W, Fikresilassie G, Wube W, Melese AW, Redwan E, Hoffmann V, Tessema M, Tollera G. Associations of WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Service Ladder service levels and sociodemographic factors with diarrhoeal disease among children under 5 years in Bishoftu town, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e071296. [PMID: 37500269 PMCID: PMC10387618 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the associations of WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Service Ladder service levels and sociodemographic factors with diarrhoeal disease among children under 5 years in Bishoftu town, Ethiopia. DESIGN A community-based cross-sectional study. SETTING Bishoftu town, Ethiopia, January-February 2022. PARTICIPANTS A total of 1807 mothers with at least one child under 5 years were included. Sociodemographic and WASH variables were collected using a structured questionnaire. 378 drinking water samples were collected. OUTCOME The response variable was diarrhoeal disease among children under 5 years. RESULTS The 2-week prevalence of diarrhoeal disease among children under 5 years was 14.8%. Illiteracy (adjusted OR 3.15; 95% CI 1.54 to 6.47), occupation (0.35; 0.20 to 0.62), mother's age (1.63; 1.15 to 2.31), family size (2.38; 1.68 to 3.39), wealth index (5.91; 3.01 to 11.59), residence type (1.98; 1.35 to 2.90), sex of the child (1.62; 1.17 to 2.24), child's age (3.52; 2.51 to 4.93), breastfeeding status (2.83; 1.74 to 4.59), food storage practice (3.49; 1.74 to 8.26), unimproved drinking water source (8.16; 1.69 to 39.46), limited drinking water service (4.68; 1.47 to 14.95), open defecation practice (5.17; 1.95 to 13.70), unimproved sanitation service (2.74; 1.60 to 4.67), limited sanitation service (1.71; 1.10 to 2.65), no hygiene service (3.43; 1.91 to 6.16) and limited hygiene service (2.13; 1.17 to 3.86) were significantly associated with diarrhoeal disease. CONCLUSION In this study, diarrhoea among children is a significant health issue. Child's age, drinking water service, residence type and hygiene service were the largest contributors with respect to the prevalence of diarrhoeal disease. This investigation provides information that could help to inform interventions to reduce childhood diarrhoea. The findings suggest that state authorities should initiate robust WASH strategies to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal 3 agenda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aderajew Mekonnen Girmay
- Department of Nutrition and Environmental Health Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abel Weldetinsae
- Department of Nutrition and Environmental Health Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sisay Derso Mengesha
- Department of Nutrition and Environmental Health Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ermias Alemayehu Adugna
- Department of Nutrition and Environmental Health Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Zinabu Assefa Alemu
- Department of Nutrition and Environmental Health Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Bedasa Wagari
- Department of Nutrition and Environmental Health Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Melaku Gizaw Serte
- Department of Nutrition and Environmental Health Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kaleab Sebsibe Awoke
- Department of Nutrition and Environmental Health Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Legesse Bedada
- Department of Nutrition and Environmental Health Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mesaye Getachew Weldegebriel
- Department of Nutrition and Environmental Health Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Danial Abera Dinssa
- Department of Nutrition and Environmental Health Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tsigereda Assefa Alemayehu
- Department of Nutrition and Environmental Health Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Moa Abate Kenea
- Department of Nutrition and Environmental Health Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kirubel Tesfaye Tekulu
- Department of Nutrition and Environmental Health Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Waktole Gobena
- Department of Nutrition and Environmental Health Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Getinet Fikresilassie
- Department of Nutrition and Environmental Health Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wendayehu Wube
- Department of Hygiene and Environmental Health, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abayew Wassie Melese
- Department of Hygiene and Environmental Health, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ekram Redwan
- Department of Hygiene and Environmental Health, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Vivian Hoffmann
- International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Economics and School of Public Policy and Administration, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Masresha Tessema
- Department of Nutrition and Environmental Health Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Tollera
- Department of Nutrition and Environmental Health Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Jena S, Gaur D, Dubey NC, Tripathi BP. Advances in paper based isothermal nucleic acid amplification tests for water-related infectious diseases. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125089. [PMID: 37245760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Water-associated or water-related infectious disease outbreaks are caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa, which can be transmitted through contaminated water sources, poor sanitation practices, or insect vectors. Low- and middle-income countries bear the major burden of these infections due to inadequate hygiene and subpar laboratory facilities, making it challenging to monitor and detect infections in a timely manner. However, even developed countries are not immune to these diseases, as inadequate wastewater management and contaminated drinking water supplies can also contribute to disease outbreaks. Nucleic acid amplification tests have proven to be effective for early disease intervention and surveillance of both new and existing diseases. In recent years, paper-based diagnostic devices have made significant progress and become an essential tool in detecting and managing water-associated diseases. In this review, we highlight the importance of paper and its variants as a diagnostic tool and discuss the properties, design modifications, and various paper-based device formats developed and used for detecting water-associated pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikrushna Jena
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Divya Gaur
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Nidhi C Dubey
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Bijay P Tripathi
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
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Zheng S, Li J, Ye C, Xian X, Feng M, Yu X. Microbiological risks increased by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria under global warming: The neglected issue in chloraminated drinking water distribution system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 874:162353. [PMID: 36822432 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A rising outbreak of waterborne diseases caused by global warming requires higher microbial stability in the drinking water distribution system (DWDS). Chloramine disinfection is gaining popularity in this context due to its good persistent stability and fewer disinfection byproducts. However, the microbiological risks may be significantly magnified by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in distribution systems during global warming, which is rarely noticed. Hence, this work mainly focuses on AOB to explore its impact on water quality biosafety in the context of global warming. Research indicates that global warming-induced high temperatures can directly or indirectly promote the growth of AOB, thus leading to nitrification. Further, its metabolites or cellular residues can be used as substrates for the growth of heterotrophic bacteria (e.g., waterborne pathogens). Thus, biofilm may be more persistent in the pipelines due to the presence of AOB. Breakpoint chlorination is usually applied to control such situations. However, switching between this strategy and chloramine disinfection would result in even more severe nitrification and other adverse effects. Based on the elevated microbiological risks in DWDS, the following aspects should be paid attention to in future research: (1) to understand the response of nitrifying bacteria to high temperatures and the possible association between AOB and pathogenic growth, (2) to reveal the mechanisms of AOB-mediated biofilm formation under high-temperature stress, and (3) to develop new technologies to prevent and control the occurrence of nitrification in drinking water distribution system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikan Zheng
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jianguo Li
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Chengsong Ye
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xuanxuan Xian
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Mingbao Feng
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xin Yu
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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Wang Z, Yan X, Zhao M, Zhang S, Jia Z. Spatial and temporal distribution of emerging airborne viral infectious diseases outbreaks on a global scale. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GESUNDHEITSWISSENSCHAFTEN = JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2023:1-11. [PMID: 36852013 PMCID: PMC9947442 DOI: 10.1007/s10389-023-01850-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Aim This study aimed to explore the spatial and temporal characteristics of emerging airborne viral infectious diseases outbreaks worldwide. Subject and methods We conducted a systematic literature review on outbreaks of emerging airborne viral infectious diseases and calculated outbreak number and intensity at the country level. Fisher's exact test was used to compare the viral infectious diseases outbreaks in different income-level regions. To identify the major airborne viral infectious diseases outbreaks, we ranked and extracted the leading viral infectious diseases in outbreak number and intensity in each country by year. Results A total of 2505 outbreaks were reported from 1873 to 2021 across 2010 studies. There were 47 countries (47/130, 36.15%) with more frequent emerging airborne viral infectious disease outbreaks (more than nine outbreaks), and these countries mainly distributed in high-income regions (22/47 countries, 46.81%, p < 0.05), especially in Western Europe (14/47 countries, 29.79%, p < 0.05). The number of overall outbreaks was more in the United States and China than in other countries in different years. Outbreaks of measles and influenza are always frequent and intense. Highly pathogenic human coronaviruses infection caused short-term pandemics during which their outbreak number and intensity exceeded other viruses. Rift valley fever outbreaks in the human population are spreading outside of Africa through the flow of goods and travelers. Conclusion Countries in high-income regions reported more emerging airborne viral infectious diseases outbreaks, especially in the Western European region, the United States, and China. It is urgent to strengthen collaborative surveillance of emerging airborne viruses, cross-border flow of goods and travelers, and ecological environment to avoid the spread of viral infectious diseases outbreaks worldwide. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10389-023-01850-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekun Wang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing, 100191 Haidian District China
| | - Xiangyu Yan
- School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing, 100191 Haidian District China
| | - Mingchen Zhao
- School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing, 100191 Haidian District China
| | - Shan Zhang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing, 100191 Haidian District China
| | - Zhongwei Jia
- School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing, 100191 Haidian District China
- Center for Intelligent Public Health, Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing, 100191 China
- Center for Drug Abuse Control and Prevention, National Institute of Health Data Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100191 China
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9
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Gizaw Z, Gebrehiwot M, Destaw B, Nigusie A. Access to basic drinking water services, safe water storage, and household water treatment practice in rural communities of northwest Ethiopia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20623. [PMID: 36450840 PMCID: PMC9712639 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25001-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protecting water from cross contamination at source and point of use is an important strategy to improve water quality. However, water safety measures at the source and point of use may not be implemented in the rural communities. This community-based cross-sectional study was, therefore, conducted among 1190 randomly selected households in a rural setting of northwest Ethiopia to assess access to basic drinking water services, safe water storage, and household water treatment practices. Water service level was determined using JMP criteria and practices that prevent cross contamination of water at point of use were used to determine safe water storage. Results showed that 23.0% of the households had access to basic water services; 37.0% practiced safe water storage; and 15.4% practiced one or more household water treatment methods. Public taps (54.5%) and protected spring (25.1%) were the common water sources to rural communities in northwest Ethiopia. Boiling (43.2%), chlorination or water guard (26.8%), and plain sedimentation (23.0%) were among the household water treatment methods commonly practiced in the area. In conclusion, rural households in the studied region has low access to basic water services. Safe water storage practice was also low in the area and household water treatment is not commonly practiced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zemichael Gizaw
- grid.59547.3a0000 0000 8539 4635Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mulat Gebrehiwot
- grid.59547.3a0000 0000 8539 4635Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Bikes Destaw
- grid.59547.3a0000 0000 8539 4635Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Adane Nigusie
- grid.59547.3a0000 0000 8539 4635Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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10
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Abbas Z, Khan MK, Abbas RZ, Sindhu ZUD, Sajid MS, Munir A, Wahid A, Zafar A, Mughal MAS, Imran M, Mehmood R, Nadeem M. Molecular Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia in Different Water Bodies, Soil, and Vegetables in Pakistan. Health Secur 2022; 20:308-320. [PMID: 35861848 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2021.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a dearth of knowledge regarding transmission of Cryptosporidium (C) and Giardia (G) species through water and water-related sources in Pakistan. To this end, we conducted a study to evaluate the prevalence of these parasites in different water bodies, soil, and mixed raw vegetables in Pakistan. Researchers collected 200 samples from each reservoir including municipal water, sewage water, canal water, raw vegetables, soil of public parks, and soil of grazing areas. Researchers amplified the 18S ribosomal RNA gene of parasites using newly designed genus-specific primers through polymerase chain reaction testing. The sequencing analysis revealed that the obtained sequences belonged to C parvum and G lamblia. Phylogenetic clustering and sequence analysis of C parvum showed that the C parvum Pak1 (OM540369) and C parvum Pak2 (OM540370) as well as C parvum Pak3 (OM510450) and C parvum Pak6 (OM510445) were closely similar to each other. In the case of G lamblia, all the sequences appeared in the same clade. The epidemiological data showed lower prevalence of C parvum (11.5%) in all reservoirs, compared with G lamblia (20.5%). Among different reservoirs, prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia was observed in sewage water (C = 13%, G = 26.5%), municipal water (C = 10%, G = 35%), canal water (C = 9.5%, G = 18.5%), raw vegetables (C = 5.5%, G = 8%), soil of public parks (C = 13%, G = 14%), and soil of grazing areas (C = 18.5%, G = 21.5%). Among targeted risk factors, poor hygienic conditions significantly affected the prevalence of parasites in sewage water (C = 20%, G = 41.2%), municipal water (C = 14.7%, G = 48.8.5%), raw vegetables (C = 11.3%, G = 15.1%), and soil of public parks (C = 19.5%, G = 21.9%). Similarly, contamination with sewage waste significantly affected (P < .05) the prevalence of these parasites in municipal water (C = 13.6%, G = 41.1%), canal water (C = 13.3%, G = 25%), raw vegetables (C = 12.1%, G = 15.1%), and soil of public parks (C = 23.3%, G = 15%). Results of this study illustrated a high risk of parasitic zoonosis through water bodies, soil, and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaheer Abbas
- Zaheer Abbas, MPhil, is PhD Scholar and Researcher; Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kasib Khan
- Muhammad Kasib Khan, PhD, is an Associate Professor; Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rao Zahid Abbas
- Rao Zahid Abbas, PhD, is an Associate Professor; Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zia Ud Din Sindhu
- Zia ud Din Sindhu, PhD, is an Associate Professor; Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail Sajid
- Muhammad Sohail Sajid, PhD, is an Associate Professor; Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Amir Munir
- Amir Munir, MPhil, is Analyst; Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Wahid
- Abdul Wahid, MPhil, is Captain Doctor (Veterinarian), Remount Veterinary and Farm Corps, Military Farms, Renala Khurd, District Okara, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Arsalan Zafar
- Arsalan Zafar, MPhil, is PhD Scholar and Researcher; Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adnan Sabir Mughal
- Muhammad Adnan Sabir Mughal, DVM, is PhD Scholar and Researcher; Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Muhammad Imran, PhD, is an Assistant Professor; Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rashid Mehmood
- Rashid Mehmood, MPhil, is Analyst; Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- Muhammad Nadeem, MPhil, is PhD Scholar and Researcher; Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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11
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Yoon SR, Ha S, Park B, Yang JS, Dang YM, Ha JH. Effect of Ultraviolet-C Light-Emitting Diode Treatment on Disinfection of Norovirus in Processing Water for Reuse of Brine Water. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:885413. [PMID: 35663872 PMCID: PMC9161207 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.885413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Processes in the food industry that use large amounts of water have been an important cause of waterborne disease outbreaks, as they expose individuals to risks for waterborne disease transmission. Developing technologies to ensure the hygiene and safety of food-processing steps is an urgent concern from an economic perspective. Furthermore, economic benefits can be derived if the processed water can be reused under microbiologically safe conditions. Among the major manufacturing processes in the kimchi industry, the brining process for salted kimchi cabbages requires a considerable amount of brine (approximately 2,000–2,500 l/1,000 kg of raw cabbage). The aim of this study was to establish virucidal conditions with ultraviolet-C light-emitting diodes (UVC LEDs) that can ensure the microbiological safety of brine water samples with various turbidities for reuse after disinfection. For quantitative analysis, first of all, magnetic bead separation (MBS) technique was used to capture and recover the human norovirus (HuNoV) virus particles; propidium monoazide (PMA) combined with RT-qPCR (PMA-RT-qPCR) was subsequently used to selectively detect infectious norovirus. Overall, as the turbidity of the brine water samples increased, the reduction in the HuNoV genogroup II genotype 4 (HuNoV GII.4) levels by UVC LED disinfection decreased. The derived inactivation rate constant (kinac) and inactivation curves (calculated using the log-linear model) were studied as a function of turbidity based on the exponential one-phase inactivation kinetics of HuNoV. Using an impeller system set at 100 rotations/min (rpm) with an eight-nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU) sample (the lowest turbidity studied), the kinact based on the levels of viral genomic RNA concentrations was approximately 2.15-fold higher than that observed without rotation (0 rpm). Moreover, the kinact increased 1.69-fold with a 56-NTU sample (the highest turbidity studied) when the impeller system was set at 100 rpm. UVC LED treatment decreased the HuNoV GII.4 population more effectively in conjunction with the impeller system (100 rpm) than without the impeller system. Our novel findings and model provide fundamental and scientific data that may help reuse brine water and ensure its microbiological safety through disinfection. Our study highlights the benefits of UVC LED treatment in successfully eliminating waterborne viruses in a prompt, resistance-reducing, and energy-efficient approach at the laboratory scale, which lays the foundation for future plant-scale studies of UVC LED-disinfection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Ra Yoon
- Hygienic Safety and Analysis Center, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Sanghyun Ha
- Hygienic Safety and Analysis Center, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Boyeon Park
- Eco-friendly Process Technology Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Ji-Su Yang
- Industrial Solution Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Yun-Mi Dang
- Hygienic Safety and Analysis Center, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hyoung Ha
- Hygienic Safety and Analysis Center, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Ji-Hyoung Ha,
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12
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Manganese Ferrite-Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposite Synthesis: Biogenic Waste Remodeling for Water Decontamination. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12101631. [PMID: 35630853 PMCID: PMC9143517 DOI: 10.3390/nano12101631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Environmental pollution, especially water pollution caused by dyes, heavy metal ions and biological pathogens, is a root cause of various lethal diseases in human-beings and animals. Water purification materials and treatment methods are overpriced. Consequently, there is an imperative outlook observance for cheap materials for the purification of wastewaters. In order to fill up the projected demand for clean water, the present study aimed to make use of cost-effective and environmentally friendly methods to convert bone-waste from animals such as cows into novel composites for the decontamination of water. The bone-waste of slaughtered cows from the Najran region of Saudi Arabia was collected and used for the synthesis of hydroxyapatite based on the thermal method. The synthesized hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) was utilized to prepare a manganese ferrite/hydroxyapatite composite. The nanocomposite was categorized by diverse sophisticated procedures, for instance XRD, FE-SEM, EDX, TEM, UV, PL and FT-IR. This composite possesses outstanding photocatalytic activity against methylene blue dye, which is a common pollutant from industrial wastes. Moreover, the synthesised composite revealed exceptional bacteriostatic commotion towards E. coli and S. aureus bacteria, which are accountable for acute waterborne infections. The outcome of this study demonstrated that the integration of manganese ferrite into hydroxyapatite significantly intensified both antimicrobial and photocatalytic actions when compared to the virgin hydroxyapatite.
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13
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Pane S, Putignani L. Cryptosporidium: Still Open Scenarios. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050515. [PMID: 35631036 PMCID: PMC9143492 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is increasingly identified as a leading cause of childhood diarrhea and malnutrition in both low-income and high-income countries. The strong impact on public health in epidemic scenarios makes it increasingly essential to identify the sources of infection and understand the transmission routes in order to apply the right prevention or treatment protocols. The objective of this literature review was to present an overview of the current state of human cryptosporidiosis, reviewing risk factors, discussing advances in the drug treatment and epidemiology, and emphasizing the need to identify a government system for reporting diagnosed cases, hitherto undervalued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Pane
- Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Unit of Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology, Unit of Microbiomics, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Lorenza Putignani
- Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Unit of Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology, Unit of Microbiomics and Multimodal Laboratory Medicine Research Area, Unit of Human Microbiome, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
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14
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Wang H, Kaletta J, Kaschuba S, Klitzke S, Chorus I, Griebler C. Attachment, re-mobilization, and inactivation of bacteriophage MS2 during bank filtration following simulation of a high virus load and an extreme rain event. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2022; 246:103960. [PMID: 35066264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2022.103960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Viruses, including human pathogenic viruses, can persist in water. For producing drinking water from surface water via bank filtration, natural attenuation capacities and the fate of viruses during the passage of aquatic sediments are of particular interest. Moreover, the increasing frequency of extreme hydrological events necessitate re-evaluation of the sustainability and efficacy of processes removing viruses. For this purpose, we performed bank sediment filtration experiments using a mesocosm in a technical-scale experimental facility that simulates a field situation under more tightly controlled conditions. We used the bacteriophage MS2 as a surrogate for enteric viruses to study the transport of different viral loads through the bank sediment. Additionally, we simulated a heavy rain event to investigate the re-mobilization of initially attached virus particles. We quantified the abundance of infectious MS2 phages by plaque assay and the total number of MS2 particles by qPCR. Also, we differentiated pore water concentrations by depths of the sediment column and investigated attachment to the sediment matrix at the end of the individual experimental phases. Bank filtration over a vertical distance of 80 cm through sandy sediment revealed a virus removal efficiency of 0.8 log10 for total MS2 particles and 1.7 log10 for infectious MS2 particles, with an initial phage concentration of 1.84 × 108 gene copies mL-1. A low load of infectious MS2 (1.9 × 106 plaque forming units mL-1) resulted in a greater removal efficiency (3.0 log10). The proportion of infectious MS2 phages of the total MS2 particle mass steadily decreased over time, i.e., in the course of individual breakthrough curves and with sediment depth. The simulated pulse of rainwater caused a front of low ionic strength water which resulted in pronounced phage remobilization. The high proportion of infectious MS2 among the detached phages indicated that attachment to the sediment matrix may substantially conserve virus infectivity. Therefore, the re-mobilization of previously attached viruses owing to hydrological extremes should be considered in water quality assessment and monitoring schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Wang
- University of Vienna, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Division of Limnology, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Kaletta
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sigrid Kaschuba
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Neusaesser Strasse 47, 86165 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Sondra Klitzke
- German Environment Agency, Section II 3.1 "Protection of Drinking Water Resources", Schichauweg 58, 12307 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingrid Chorus
- German Environment Agency, Section II 3.1 "Protection of Drinking Water Resources", Schichauweg 58, 12307 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Griebler
- University of Vienna, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Division of Limnology, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
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15
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Proctor C, Garner E, Hamilton KA, Ashbolt NJ, Caverly LJ, Falkinham JO, Haas CN, Prevost M, Prevots DR, Pruden A, Raskin L, Stout J, Haig SJ. Tenets of a holistic approach to drinking water-associated pathogen research, management, and communication. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 211:117997. [PMID: 34999316 PMCID: PMC8821414 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, drinking water-associated pathogens that can cause infections in immunocompromised or otherwise susceptible individuals (henceforth referred to as DWPI), sometimes referred to as opportunistic pathogens or opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens, have received considerable attention. DWPI research has largely been conducted by experts focusing on specific microorganisms or within silos of expertise. The resulting mitigation approaches optimized for a single microorganism may have unintended consequences and trade-offs for other DWPI or other interests (e.g., energy costs and conservation). For example, the ecological and epidemiological issues characteristic of Legionella pneumophila diverge from those relevant for Mycobacterium avium and other nontuberculous mycobacteria. Recent advances in understanding DWPI as part of a complex microbial ecosystem inhabiting drinking water systems continues to reveal additional challenges: namely, how can all microorganisms of concern be managed simultaneously? In order to protect public health, we must take a more holistic approach in all aspects of the field, including basic research, monitoring methods, risk-based mitigation techniques, and policy. A holistic approach will (i) target multiple microorganisms simultaneously, (ii) involve experts across several disciplines, and (iii) communicate results across disciplines and more broadly, proactively addressing source water-to-customer system management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Proctor
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Emily Garner
- Wadsworth Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Kerry A Hamilton
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment and The Biodesign Centre for Environmental Health Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Nicholas J Ashbolt
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Gold Coast. Queensland, Australia
| | - Lindsay J Caverly
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Charles N Haas
- Department of Civil, Architectural & Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michele Prevost
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - D Rebecca Prevots
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amy Pruden
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Lutgarde Raskin
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Janet Stout
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, and Special Pathogens Laboratory, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sarah-Jane Haig
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, and Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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16
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Luqman M, Awan MUF, Muhammad S, Daud S, Yousafzai A, Arooj F. Microbial pollution in inland recreational freshwaters of Quetta, Pakistan: an initial report. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2022; 20:575-588. [PMID: 35350009 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2022.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic contamination of surface waters, especially recreational waters, is a serious problem for under-developed nations like Pakistan, where numerous outbreaks of parasitic diseases are reported each year. In the current study, parasitic presence in two surface waters (Hanna Lake and Wali-Tangi Dam) of Quetta was monitored quarterly for 1 year. The methodology involved the pre-concentration of the water samples and the subsequent preparation for the microscopic search of parasites. Physico-chemical and bacteriological variables were also studied. Wet staining, modified Trichrome staining, and modified acid-fast staining methods were used to identify various parasitic forms (cysts, oocysts, eggs, trophozoites). Collectively 11 parasitic elements (10 in Lake and 8 in Dam) belonging to 10 species were recorded, many of which are potential human pathogens. The species identified include Trichomonas sp., Isospora sp., Balantidium coli, Cryptosporidium sp., Entamoeba spp., amoebas, Microsporidium sp., Endolimax nana, Ascaris lumbricoides, and Giardia spp. Parasitic contamination remained persistent in both locations throughout the year independent of physico-chemical parameters (temperature, EC, pH, turbidity, and DO) and bacterial concentration of water. Reliance on bacterial presence for monitoring of recreational waters can be a risk for tourists. Entamoeba spp. and A. lumbricoides may be used for surface water monitoring in these waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Luqman
- Department of Environment Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Outfall Road, Lahore, Pakistan E-mail:
| | | | - Sohaib Muhammad
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Kachehry Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shakeela Daud
- Department of Biotechnology, BUITEMS, Baleli Road, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Asma Yousafzai
- Department of Biotechnology, BUITEMS, Baleli Road, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Fariha Arooj
- Department of Environment Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Outfall Road, Lahore, Pakistan E-mail:
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17
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Integrating Spatial Modelling and Space-Time Pattern Mining Analytics for Vector Disease-Related Health Perspectives: A Case of Dengue Fever in Pakistan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182212018. [PMID: 34831785 PMCID: PMC8618682 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182212018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The spatial–temporal assessment of vector diseases is imperative to design effective action plans and establish preventive strategies. Therefore, such assessments have potential public health planning-related implications. In this context, we here propose an integrated spatial disease evaluation (I-SpaDE) framework. The I-SpaDE integrates various techniques such as the Kernel Density Estimation, the Optimized Hot Spot Analysis, space–time assessment and prediction, and the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR). It makes it possible to systematically assess the disease concentrations, patterns/trends, clustering, prediction dynamics, and spatially varying relationships between disease and different associated factors. To demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of the I-SpaDE, we apply it in the second largest city of Pakistan, namely Lahore, using Dengue Fever (DF) during 2007–2016 as an example vector disease. The most significant clustering is evident during the years 2007–2008, 2010–2011, 2013, and 2016. Mostly, the clusters are found within the city’s central functional area. The prediction analysis shows an inclination of DF distribution from less to more urbanized areas. The results from the GWR show that among various socio-ecological factors, the temperature is the most significantly associated with the DF followed by vegetation and built-up area. While the results are important to understand the DF situation in the study area and have useful implications for public health planning, the proposed framework is flexible, replicable, and robust to be utilized in other similar regions, particularly in developing countries in the tropics and sub-tropics.
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18
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Akita LG, Laudien J, Biney C, Akrong MO. A baseline study of spatial variability of bacteria (total coliform, E. coli, and Enterococcus spp.) as biomarkers of pollution in ten tropical Atlantic beaches: concern for environmental and public health. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:50941-50965. [PMID: 34386920 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15432-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Coastal water quality in urban cities is increasingly impacted by human activities such as agricultural runoff, sewage discharges, and poor sanitation. However, environmental factors controlling bacteria abundance remain poorly understood. The study employed multiple indicators to assess ten beach water qualities in Ghana during minor wet seasons. Environmental parameters (e.g. temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids) were measured in situ using the Horiba multiple parameter probe. Surface water samples were collected to measure total suspended solids, nutrients, and chlorophyll-a via standard methods and bacteria determination through membrane filtration. Environmental parameters measured showed no significant variation for the sample period. However, bacteria loads differ significantly (p = 0.024) among the beaches and influenced significantly by nitrate (55.3%, p = 0.02) and total dissolved solids (17.1%, p = 0.017). The baseline study detected an increased amount of total coliforms and faecal indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp.) in beach waters along the coast of Ghana, suggesting faecal contamination, which can pose health risks. The mean ± standard deviations of bacteria loads in beach water are total coliforms (4.06 × 103 ± 4.16 × 103 CFU/100 mL), E. coli (7.06 × 102 ± 1.72 × 103 CFU/100 mL), and Enterococcus spp. (6.15 × 102 ± 1.75 × 103 CFU/100 mL). Evidence of pollution calls for public awareness to prevent ecological and health-related risks and policy reforms to control coastal water pollution. Future research should focus on identifying the sources of contamination in the tropical Atlantic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lailah Gifty Akita
- Department of Marine and Fisheries Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 99, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Juergen Laudien
- Alfred Wegner Institute Helmholtz Centre of Polar and Marine Research, Am Alten Hafen 26, 27568, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Charles Biney
- Ecosystems Environmental Solutions, GD-213-5404, Accra, Ghana
| | - Mark Osei Akrong
- CSIR-Research Institute, P.O. Box M 32, GP-018-964, Accra, Ghana
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19
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Menezes JA, Madureira AP, dos Santos RB, Duval IDB, Regoto P, Margonari C, Barata MMDL, Confalonieri U. Analyzing Spatial Patterns of Health Vulnerability to Drought in the Brazilian Semiarid Region. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126262. [PMID: 34207877 PMCID: PMC8296049 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Health determinants might play an important role in shaping the impacts related to long-term disasters such as droughts. Understanding their distribution in populated dry regions may help to map vulnerabilities and set coping strategies for current and future threats to human health. The aim of the study was to identify the most vulnerable municipalities of the Brazilian semiarid region when it comes to the relationship between drought, health, and their determinants using a multidimensional index. From a place-based framework, epidemiological, socio-economic, rural, and health infrastructure data were obtained for 1135 municipalities in the Brazilian semiarid region. An exploratory factor analysis was used to reduce 32 variables to four independent factors and compute a Health Vulnerability Index. The health vulnerability was modulated by social determinants, rural characteristics, and access to water in this semiarid region. There was a clear distinction between municipalities with the highest human welfare and economic development and those municipalities with the worst living conditions and health status. Spatial patterns showed a cluster of the most vulnerable municipalities in the western, eastern, and northeastern portions of the semiarid region. The spatial visualization of the associated vulnerabilities supports decision making on health promotion policies that should focus on reducing social inequality. In addition, policymakers are presented with a simple tool to identify populations or areas with the worst socioeconomic and health conditions, which can facilitate the targeting of actions and resources on a more equitable basis. Further, the results contribute to the understanding of social determinants that may be related to medium- and long-term health outcomes in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Alves Menezes
- Transdisciplinary Study Group on Health and Environment René Rachou Institute–Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, 30190-009 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; (R.B.d.S.); (I.d.B.D.); (U.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ana Paula Madureira
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, The Federal University of São João del-Rei, Praça Dom Helvécio, 74, Fábricas, 36301-160 São João del-Rei, MG, Brazil;
| | - Rhavena Barbosa dos Santos
- Transdisciplinary Study Group on Health and Environment René Rachou Institute–Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, 30190-009 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; (R.B.d.S.); (I.d.B.D.); (U.C.)
| | - Isabela de Brito Duval
- Transdisciplinary Study Group on Health and Environment René Rachou Institute–Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, 30190-009 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; (R.B.d.S.); (I.d.B.D.); (U.C.)
| | - Pedro Regoto
- Postgraduate Program of Meteorology, National Institute for Space Research, Rodovia Presidente Dutra Km 39, 12630-000 Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil;
| | - Carina Margonari
- Leishmaniasis Study Group René Rachou Institute–Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, 30190-009 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil;
| | - Martha Macêdo de Lima Barata
- Postgraduate Program of Public Health and Environment, National School of Public Health–Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rua Leopoldo Bulhões, 1480, Manguinhos, 21041-210 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Ulisses Confalonieri
- Transdisciplinary Study Group on Health and Environment René Rachou Institute–Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, 30190-009 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; (R.B.d.S.); (I.d.B.D.); (U.C.)
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20
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Denissen JK, Reyneke B, Waso M, Khan S, Khan W. Human Pathogenic Bacteria Detected in Rainwater: Risk Assessment and Correlation to Microbial Source Tracking Markers and Traditional Indicators. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:659784. [PMID: 34025613 PMCID: PMC8138566 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.659784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Roof-harvested rainwater (RHRW) was investigated for the presence of the human pathogenic bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), Yersinia spp. and Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes). While Yersinia spp. were detected in 92% (n = 25) of the RHRW samples, and L. monocytogenes and M. tuberculosis were detected in 100% (n = 25) of the samples, a significantly higher mean concentration (1.4 × 103 cells/100 mL) was recorded for L. monocytogenes over the sampling period. As the identification of appropriate water quality indicators is crucial to ensure access to safe water sources, correlation of the pathogens to traditional indicator organisms [Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Enterococcus spp.] and microbial source tracking (MST) markers (Bacteroides HF183, adenovirus and Lachnospiraceae) was conducted. A significant positive correlation was then recorded for E. coli versus L. monocytogenes (r = 0.6738; p = 0.000), and Enterococcus spp. versus the Bacteroides HF183 marker (r = 0.4071; p = 0.043), while a significant negative correlation was observed for M. tuberculosis versus the Bacteroides HF183 marker (r = −0.4558; p = 0.022). Quantitative microbial risk assessment indicated that the mean annual risk of infection posed by L. monocytogenes in the RHRW samples exceeded the annual infection risk benchmark limit (1 × 10–4 infections per person per year) for intentional drinking (∼10–4). In comparison, the mean annual risk of infection posed by E. coli was exceeded for intentional drinking (∼10–1), accidental consumption (∼10–3) and cleaning of the home (∼10–3). However, while the risk posed by M. tuberculosis for the two relevant exposure scenarios [garden hosing (∼10–5) and washing laundry by hand (∼10–5)] was below the benchmark limit, the risk posed by adenovirus for garden hosing (∼10–3) and washing laundry by hand (∼10–3) exceeded the benchmark limit. Thus, while the correlation analysis confirms that traditional indicators and MST markers should be used in combination to accurately monitor the pathogen-associated risk linked to the utilisation of RHRW, the integration of QMRA offers a more site-specific approach to monitor and estimate the human health risks associated with the use of RHRW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Denissen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Brandon Reyneke
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Monique Waso
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - Sehaam Khan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - Wesaal Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Coliphages as a Complementary Tool to Improve the Management of Urban Wastewater Treatments and Minimize Health Risks in Receiving Waters. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13081110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Even in countries with extensive sanitation systems, outbreaks of waterborne infectious diseases are being reported. Current tendencies, such as the growing concentration of populations in large urban conurbations, climate change, aging of existing infrastructures, and emerging pathogens, indicate that the management of water resources will become increasingly challenging in the near future. In this context, there is an urgent need to control the fate of fecal microorganisms in wastewater to avoid the negative health consequences of releasing treated effluents into surface waters (rivers, lakes, etc.) or marine coastal water. On the other hand, the measurement of bacterial indicators yields insufficient information to gauge the human health risk associated with viral infections. It would therefore seem advisable to include a viral indicator—for example, somatic coliphages—to monitor the functioning of wastewater treatments. As indicated in the studies reviewed herein, the concentrations of somatic coliphages in raw sewage remain consistently high throughout the year worldwide, as occurs with bacterial indicators. The removal process for bacterial indicators and coliphages in traditional sewage treatments is similar, the concentrations in secondary effluents remaining sufficiently high for enumeration, without the need for cumbersome and costly concentration procedures. Additionally, according to the available data on indicator behavior, which is still limited for sewers but abundant for surface waters, coliphages persist longer than bacterial indicators once outside the gut. Based on these data, coliphages can be recommended as indicators to assess the efficiency of wastewater management procedures with the aim of minimizing the health impact of urban wastewater release in surface waters.
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Tsitsifli S, Tsoukalas DS. Water Safety Plans and HACCP implementation in water utilities around the world: benefits, drawbacks and critical success factors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:18837-18849. [PMID: 31863372 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07312-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water is of paramount importance for people's health. Many outbreaks due to poor water quality are being recorded even nowadays. Although the institutional framework exists at global (e.g., WHO guidelines) and national level, there are still many factors contributing to water contamination. Risk assessment tools, such as HACCP and Water Safety Plans, are being elaborated all over the world to act proactively referring to drinking water quality. The present paper aims at reviewing the implementation status of risk assessment tools around the world and presenting the benefits and the difficulties recorded during the implementation process. The benefits include improved water quality, improved operational efficiency, reduced consumers' complaints, reduced production cost, and reduced potential hazardous incidents. Studying the difficulties, the identification of critical success factors for the implementation of such tools is feasible. Some of the critical success factors include the financial and human resources, staff training, effective identification of critical control points, correct estimation of the occurrence and the severity of the hazards, effective coordination, and efficient monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula Tsitsifli
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Thessaly, GR-38334, Volos, Greece.
- School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, GR-26335, Patras, Greece.
| | - Dionysios S Tsoukalas
- School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, GR-26335, Patras, Greece
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Faria CP, Almendra R, Dias GS, Santana P, do Céu Sousa M, Bessa de Freitas M. Evaluation of the drinking water quality surveillance system in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2021; 19:306-321. [PMID: 33901026 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2021.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present work evaluated the surveillance of the drinking water quality information system database and correlated the findings of the microbiological analysis with the distribution of intestinal protozoa from the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. From the database, we obtained 1,654 georeferenced monitoring stations that were used in the analysis. The results indicate that the minimum number of samples collected per parameter (free residual chlorine, turbidity, counts of total and fecal coliforms (Escherichia coli)) was not fulfilled, the collection of samples throughout the year was irregular and the representability of sampling points considered strategic was low (48% of municipalities). Besides, municipalities with a high prevalence for intestinal parasite protozoa were also the ones that had the highest counts for coliforms and the reverse can also be observed, indicating a transmission through contaminated drinking water. Despite the increased participation of municipalities in water surveillance actions during the studied period, it is necessary to implement managerial measures to improve the system, aiming to correct flaws and inconsistencies in the application of the water quality monitoring protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Perez Faria
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Almendra
- Centre of Studies on Geography and Spatial Planning (CEGOT), Department of Geography and Tourism, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gisele Silva Dias
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paula Santana
- Centre of Studies on Geography and Spatial Planning (CEGOT), Department of Geography and Tourism, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria do Céu Sousa
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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'Evidence for waterborne origin of an extended mixed gastroenteritis outbreak in a town in Northern Greece, 2019'. Epidemiol Infect 2020; 149:e83. [PMID: 33292877 PMCID: PMC8080185 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268820002976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated a large gastroenteritis outbreak that occurred in Northern Greece in 2019. A case was defined as anyone presenting with diarrhoea and/or vomiting from 24 January 2019 to 04 February 2019. We conducted a case-control study (CCS) using random selection of participants >16 years of age, residents of town X, who visited the health care centre between 25 and 28 January 2019. Moreover, we conducted a retrospective cohort study (CS) at the four elementary schools of the town. We collected clinical and water samples and the water supply system was inspected. In total, we recorded 638 cases (53% female; median age was 44 years (range 0-93)). Forty-eight cases and 52 controls participated in the CCS and 236 students in the CS. Both CCS and CS indicated tap water as the most likely source (OR 10, 95% CI 2.09-93.4, explaining 95.7% of cases; RR = 2.22, 95% CI 1.42-3.46, respectively). More than one pathogen was detected from stool samples of 6 of the 11 cases tested (norovirus, Campylobacter jejuni, Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)). Water samples, collected after ad-hoc chlorination, tested negative. Technical failures of the water tanks' status were identified. Our results suggested a waterborne outbreak. We recommended regular monitoring of the water supply system and immediate repair of technical failures.
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Okpasuo OJ, Aguzie IO, Joy AT, Okafor FC. Risk assessment of waterborne infections in Enugu State, Nigeria: Implications of household water choices, knowledge, and practices. AIMS Public Health 2020; 7:634-649. [PMID: 32968683 PMCID: PMC7505784 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2020050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This research investigated the prevalence of waterborne infections (WBIs) and the risks associated with household drinking water choices, knowledge, and practices. A cross-sectional multi-stage sampling research design was employed. A well-structured questionnaire was used to sample 403 individuals representing 115 household; and stool samples collected and subjected to standard parasitic and bacterial diagnostic methods. From the 403 samples, 344 (85.4%) were positive for at least one waterborne pathogen of nine isolates: E. coli (38.0%), Giardialamblia (35.2%), E. histolytica (33.0%), Salmonellatyphi (19.9%), Proteus spp. (13.2%), Shigelladysentery (9.4%), Klebsiella spp. (7.4%), Enterobacter spp. (5.5%), and Cryptosporidium spp. (5.2%). Prevalence of WBIs was >75% in all age groups, but decreased with age. Prevalence of WBIs was >80% in all communities. Risk was not biased by gender. Odds of infection from public well (OR = 2.487; CI95: 1.296–4.774) and borehole/vendor (OR = 2.175; CI95: 1.231–3.843) users was over two times greater than non-users. Risk of WBDs was significantly reduced by 60% in sachet water drinkers (OR = 0.392; CI95: 0.217–0.709; p < 0.05). Surprisingly, river/stream water users had a significant reduced risk of WBDs than non-users (OR = 0.335; CI95: 0.150–0.749; p < 0.05). Poor hygiene was the most important determinant of WBIs; poor sanitary practice increased odds of WBIs by 400% (OR = 4.945; CI95: 2.358–10.371; p < 0.05). This study shows that most household water choices are vulnerable to contamination at many points in their journey from source to mouth; and advocates adequate provision of safe water, “point of use” household water treatment, and good storage methods to effectively curb WBIs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ifeanyi Oscar Aguzie
- Parasitology and Public Health Research Laboratory, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Anunobi Toochukwu Joy
- Science Laboratory Technology Department, Federal Polytechnic, Idah, Kogi State, Nigeria
| | - Fabian C Okafor
- Parasitology and Public Health Research Laboratory, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.,Ecology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Vahidy FS, Nicolas JC, Meeks JR, Khan O, Pan A, Jones SL, Masud F, Sostman HD, Phillips R, Andrieni JD, Kash BA, Nasir K. Racial and ethnic disparities in SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: analysis of a COVID-19 observational registry for a diverse US metropolitan population. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e039849. [PMID: 32784264 PMCID: PMC7418666 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Data on race and ethnic disparities for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection are limited. We analysed sociodemographic factors associated with higher likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 infection and explore mediating pathways for race and ethnic disparities in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. METHODS This is a cross-sectional analysis of the COVID-19 Surveillance and Outcomes Registry, which captures data for a large healthcare system, comprising one central tertiary care hospital, seven large community hospitals and an expansive ambulatory/emergency care network in the Greater Houston area. Nasopharyngeal samples for individuals inclusive of all ages, races, ethnicities and sex were tested for SARS-CoV-2. We analysed sociodemographic (age, sex, race, ethnicity, household income, residence population density) and comorbidity (Charlson Comorbidity Index, hypertension, diabetes, obesity) factors. Multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to provide adjusted OR (aOR) and 95% CI for likelihood of a positive SARS-CoV-2 test. Structural equation modelling (SEM) framework was used to explore three mediation pathways (low income, high population density, high comorbidity burden) for the association between non-Hispanic black (NHB) race, Hispanic ethnicity and SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESULTS Among 20 228 tested individuals, 1551 (7.7%) tested positive. The overall mean (SD) age was 51.1 (19.0) years, 62% were females, 22% were black and 18% were Hispanic. NHB and Hispanic ethnicity were associated with lower socioeconomic status and higher population density residence. In the fully adjusted model, NHB (vs non-Hispanic white; aOR, 2.23, CI 1.90 to 2.60) and Hispanic ethnicity (vs non-Hispanic; aOR, 1.95, CI 1.72 to 2.20) had a higher likelihood of infection. Older individuals and males were also at higher risk of infection. The SEM framework demonstrated a significant indirect effect of NHB and Hispanic ethnicity on SARS-CoV-2 infection mediated via a pathway including residence in densely populated zip code. CONCLUSIONS There is strong evidence of race and ethnic disparities in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic that are potentially mediated through unique social determinants of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhaan S Vahidy
- Center for Outcomes Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
- Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Nicolas
- Center for Outcomes Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jennifer R Meeks
- Center for Outcomes Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Osman Khan
- Center for Outcomes Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Alan Pan
- Center for Outcomes Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stephen L Jones
- Center for Outcomes Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Faisal Masud
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - H Dirk Sostman
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
- Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Robert Phillips
- Center for Outcomes Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Cardiology, DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Julia D Andrieni
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Bita A Kash
- Center for Outcomes Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Texas A&M University School of Rural Public Health, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Khurram Nasir
- Center for Outcomes Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Cardiology, DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
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Girmay AM, Gari SR, Gebremariam AG, Alemu BM, Evans MR. Trichotomy of awareness, outlook and practice of food handlers towards food and water safety in food establishments in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. AIMS Public Health 2020; 7:241-257. [PMID: 32617353 PMCID: PMC7327399 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Food and waterborne diseases are the commonest global public health problems. Specifically, in Ethiopia, public health problems associated with deterioration of food and water safety situations are much more complicated due to poverty, economic and environment related risks. Awareness, outlook and practice of food handlers are the three important factors that play major roles in the occurrence and outbreak of food borne diseases. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate awareness, outlook and practice of food handlers towards food and water safety. METHODS Institution based cross sectional study was conducted among food handlers of Addis Ababa city administration. In this study, 416 participants were selected using a stratified, simple random sampling technique; and were interviewed using structured questionnaire. Linear Regression Model and analysis of variance were used for data analysis. RESULTS In this study, 55.5%, 66.1% and 60.6% of the food handlers had good awareness, outlook and proper hygiene practices respectively. This study revealed that, 17.5% and 23.1% of the respondents did not know about food and water borne disease respectively. Only 39.4% of the participants had proper practice of covering mouth with tidy cloth when they cough. Moreover, 75.7% of the food handlers reported that they did not wear personal protective devices during the working time. Predictor variables like educational status and length of work experience were correlated positively and significantly with awareness. However, being married was correlated negatively with awareness. CONCLUSION Assessing awareness, outlook and practice of food handlers regarding food and water safety is a vital activity to reduce public health problems. Significant number of food handlers had poor awareness, outlook and practice towards food and water safety. There is a call for enhancing the awareness, outlook and practice of food and water safety to achieve an excellent practice. Better food and water safety policy and firm regulatory actions are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sirak Robele Gari
- Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Martin R. Evans
- Microbiology Consultant and Laboratory Director, New York, USA
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Jiang SC, Han M, Chandrasekaran S, Fang Y, Kellogg CA. Assessing the water quality impacts of two Category-5 hurricanes on St. Thomas, Virgin Islands. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 171:115440. [PMID: 31955059 PMCID: PMC7001102 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Managing waterborne and water-related diseases is one of the most critical factors in the aftermath of hurricane-induced natural disasters. The goal of the study was to identify water-quality impairments in order to set the priorities for post-hurricane relief and to guide future decisions on disaster preparation and relief administration. Field investigations were carried out on St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands as soon as the disaster area became accessible after the back-to-back hurricane strikes by Irma and Maria in 2017. Water samples were collected from individual household rain cisterns, the coastal ocean, and street-surface runoffs for microbial concentration. The microbial community structure and the occurrence of potential human pathogens were investigated in samples using next generation sequencing. Loop mediated isothermal amplification was employed to detect fecal indicator bacteria, Enterococcus faecalis. The results showed both fecal indicator bacteria and Legionella genetic markers were prevalent but were low in concentration in the water samples. Among the 22 cistern samples, 86% were positive for Legionella and 82% for Escherichia-Shigella. Enterococcus faecalis was detected in over 68% of the rain cisterns and in 60% of the coastal waters (n = 20). Microbial community composition in coastal water samples was significantly different from cistern water and runoff water. Although identification at bacterial genus level is not direct evidence of human pathogens, our results suggest cistern water quality needs more organized attention for protection of human health, and that preparation and prevention measures should be taken before natural disasters strike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny C Jiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Muyue Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Srikiran Chandrasekaran
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Yingcong Fang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Christina A Kellogg
- St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
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O'Connor EA, Hasselquist D, Nilsson JÅ, Westerdahl H, Cornwallis CK. Wetter climates select for higher immune gene diversity in resident, but not migratory, songbirds. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20192675. [PMID: 31992169 PMCID: PMC7015325 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen communities can vary substantially between geographical regions due to different environmental conditions. However, little is known about how host immune systems respond to environmental variation across macro-ecological and evolutionary scales. Here, we select 37 species of songbird that inhabit diverse environments, including African and Palaearctic residents and Afro-Palaearctic migrants, to address how climate and habitat have influenced the evolution of key immune genes, the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I). Resident species living in wetter regions, especially in Africa, had higher MHC-I diversity than species living in drier regions, irrespective of the habitats they occupy. By contrast, no relationship was found between MHC-I diversity and precipitation in migrants. Our results suggest that the immune system of birds has evolved greater pathogen recognition in wetter tropical regions. Furthermore, evolving transcontinental migration appears to have enabled species to escape wet, pathogen-rich areas at key periods of the year, relaxing selection for diversity in immune genes and potentially reducing immune system costs.
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Designing Novel Photocatalysts for Disinfection of Multidrug-Resistant Waterborne Bacteria. NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-33774-2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Muloi D, Kiiru J, Ward MJ, Hassell JM, Bettridge JM, Robinson TP, van Bunnik BAD, Chase-Topping M, Robertson G, Pedersen AB, Fèvre EM, Woolhouse MEJ, Kang'ethe EK, Kariuki S. Epidemiology of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli carriage in sympatric humans and livestock in a rapidly urbanizing city. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2019; 54:531-537. [PMID: 31437486 PMCID: PMC6839611 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
There are substantial limitations in understanding of the distribution of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in humans and livestock in developing countries. This papers present the results of an epidemiological study examining patterns of AMR in Escherichia coli isolates circulating in sympatric human (n = 321) and livestock (n = 633) samples from 99 households across Nairobi, Kenya. E. coli isolates were tested for susceptibility to 13 antimicrobial drugs representing nine antibiotic classes. High rates of AMR were detected, with 47.6% and 21.1% of isolates displaying resistance to three or more and five or more antibiotic classes, respectively. Human isolates showed higher levels of resistance to sulfonamides, trimethoprim, aminoglycosides and penicillins compared with livestock (P<0.01), while poultry isolates were more resistant to tetracyclines (P = 0.01) compared with humans. The most common co-resistant phenotype observed was to tetracyclines, streptomycin and trimethoprim (30.5%). At the household level, AMR carriage in humans was associated with human density (P<0.01) and the presence of livestock manure (P = 0.03), but keeping livestock had no influence on human AMR carriage (P>0.05). These findings revealed a high prevalence of AMR E. coli circulating in healthy humans and livestock in Nairobi, with no evidence to suggest that keeping livestock, when treated as a single risk factor, contributed significantly to the burden of AMR in humans, although the presence of livestock waste was significant. These results provide an understanding of the broader epidemiology of AMR in complex and interconnected urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dishon Muloi
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - John Kiiru
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Melissa J Ward
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - James M Hassell
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Judy M Bettridge
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Timothy P Robinson
- Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Bram A D van Bunnik
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Margo Chase-Topping
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gail Robertson
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; School of Mathematics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Amy B Pedersen
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eric M Fèvre
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mark E J Woolhouse
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Samuel Kariuki
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Kadri SM, Rehman SU, Rehana K, Benetou DR, Ahmad DF, Abdullah A, Chattu VK. Hepatitis A and E Outbreak Surveillance during 2015-2017 in Kashmir, India: Is the Water to Blame? J Epidemiol Glob Health 2019; 8:203-207. [PMID: 30864764 PMCID: PMC7377564 DOI: 10.2991/j.jegh.2018.04.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Waterborne diseases, such as hepatitis A and E, are a major public health concern in most developing countries, indicating the need for proper outbreak prevention, surveillance, and timely management. This study presents data regarding the prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of hepatitis A and E outbreaks as well as water quality in Kashmir, India, during 2015–2017. Hepatitis outbreaks were initially investigated by rapid response teams, under the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme. Suspected cases were further evaluated by blood sampling to confirm the disease along with water sampling evaluation. Between 2015 and 2017, 23 disease outbreaks were recorded; among these, four outbreaks occurred in 2015, 12 in 2016, and seven in 2017. Specifically, 12 of the total outbreaks were concerned with hepatitis A infection, 10 concerned hepatitis E infection, and one involved eight cases of jaundice with neither hepatitis A virus nor hepatitis A virus detected in blood sampling. Overall, during the aforementioned period, 393 cases of hepatitis A or E were detected. Regarding water quality, which was evaluated using the most probable number method for counting coliform, 38 of 50 water samples were found to be unfit for human consumption and one source was found to be suspicious. This study of prevalence and epidemiology of hepatitis A and E along with its relationship with water quality and socioeconomic factors, such as poor hygiene and lack of access to safe water, aids toward the implementation of effective preventive sanitary measures and public health actions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kausar Rehana
- Division of Epidemiology, Directorate of Health Services, Kashmir, India
| | | | | | - Afshan Abdullah
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme, Barzulla, Kashmir, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Chattu
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
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Lal A, Fearnley E, Wilford E. Local weather, flooding history and childhood diarrhoea caused by the parasite Cryptosporidium spp.: A systematic review and meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 674:300-306. [PMID: 31004904 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Scientists have long predicted the impacts of climate-related infectious disease emergence. Yet, the combined effect of local socioeconomic and demographic factors and weather variation on child health is poorly understood. With a focus on childhood diarrhoea caused by the parasite Cryptosporidium spp., - an infection easily controlled by public health interventions but also strongly linked to environmental conditions through waterborne spread, we systematically review and empirically model the effects of local weather and flooding history, after controlling for seasonality, publication bias, access to improved sanitation, health resources and population density at a global scale. We examined 1588 papers on childhood cryptosporidiosis and identified 36 studies representing a range of geographic locations and climatic, environmental and socio-economic conditions. Local rainfall and population density were related with cryptosporidiosis across latitudes as shown by mixed effects, spatio-temporal models for equatorial, sub-tropical and temperate climates. In equatorial (0-20°) latitudes, the previous month's rainfall and population density were inversely related with childhood cryptosporidiosis with a significant random effect for flooding history. In tropical-subtropical (20-35°) latitudes, rainfall in December was inversely related with cryptosporidiosis, compared to rainfall in April (the wet season). In temperate latitudes (>35°), there was a significant negative association of reported disease with population density. This global empirical analysis indicates differential spatio-temporal patterns of childhood cryptosporidiosis in low, mid and high latitude regions. Models that couple weather conditions with demographic factors are needed to assess disease distributional shifts and risks due to environmental change. These results may provide impetus to develop environment-focused public health policies to manage disease risks associated with climate change for future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Lal
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Building 62, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Acton, Canberra 2602, Australia.
| | - Emily Fearnley
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Building 62, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Acton, Canberra 2602, Australia
| | - Emily Wilford
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Building 62, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Acton, Canberra 2602, Australia
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Nguyen TMH, Suwan P, Koottatep T, Beck SE. Application of a novel, continuous-feeding ultraviolet light emitting diode (UV-LED) system to disinfect domestic wastewater for discharge or agricultural reuse. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 153:53-62. [PMID: 30690218 PMCID: PMC6382465 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In many low-income countries, the poor conditions of sanitation systems have been a significant cause of mortality since they accelerate waterborne disease transmission. Developing sanitation systems in these countries is a pressing concern in both the public and private sectors. This research investigated a decentralized domestic wastewater treatment system using ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs). Although UV-LED disinfection has become more widespread in recent years, it is a novel approach for domestic wastewater treatment. Domestic wastewater was pretreated by a low-cost pretreatment system with an inclined settler and a sand filter prior to feeding a novel flow-through UV LED reactor. At an inlet flow rate of 30 L/h, the COD, TSS, and turbidity of the effluent were 17.7 mg/L, 3.0 mg/L, and 3.9 NTU, respectively. UV transmittance at 285 nm was enhanced from 29.1% to 70.4%, improving the influent quality for UV LED disinfection. The flow-through UV LED reactor was operated at various flow rates from 10 to 50 mL/min, resulting in applied UV doses of 69.4 to 47.8 mJ/cm2 respectively. These doses are sufficient for inactivating total coliforms in the wastewater to meet the water reuse guidelines for agriculture for both processed food crops and non-food crops. Fouling, which was observed starting at 2 d of operation, decreased the disinfection efficacy to 27% after 25 days of continuous operation. Of the fouling layer, 67% was attributed to organic matter, in contrast to previous fouling studies with mercury UV lamps in which the fouling layer consisted primarily of inorganic compounds. The fouling was reversed by off-line citric acid cleaning for 4 h after every 400 h of continuous operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Minh Hong Nguyen
- Environmental Engineering and Management Program, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 4, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Poonyanooch Suwan
- Environmental Engineering and Management Program, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 4, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Thammarat Koottatep
- Environmental Engineering and Management Program, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 4, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Sara E Beck
- Environmental Engineering and Management Program, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 4, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand; Department of Environmental Microbiology, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dubendorf, Switzerland.
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Yaya S, Bishwajit G. Trends in the prevalence and care-seeking behaviour for acute respiratory infections among Ugandan infants. Glob Health Res Policy 2019; 4:9. [PMID: 30976661 PMCID: PMC6440134 DOI: 10.1186/s41256-019-0100-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs) as a group of diseases/symptoms constitute a leading cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa where over 10 % of all children die before reaching their fifth birthday. Although the burden of ARIs is highest in the African countries, there is little evidence in the current literature regarding their prevalence and treatment seeking. The objective of this study was therefore to assess the secular trend in the prevalence of ARIs as well as their treatment seeking-behaviour among Ugandan infants. Methods This cross-sectional study was based on data from Uganda Demographic and Health Surveys (conducted between 1995 and 2016) on 26,974 singleton infants aged 0–5 months. Mothers (aged 15–49 years) were interviewed to collect information on the prevalence of recent occurrences of fever, cough and dyspnea. The adjusted trend in the prevalence and predictors of ARIs and care seeking were measured by multivariate regression methods. Results In 2016, the prevalence of fever, cough and dyspnea was respectively 36.23, 42.55 and 19.27%. The prevalence of all three symptoms has been declining steadily since 1995, and the percentage of children receiving treatment for fever/cough has also more than doubled during the same time. In multivariable analysis, several sociodemographic factors emerged as significant predictors of ARIs including child’s age and high birth order, mother’s age, educational level, occupation, intendedness status of the child, BMI, household wealth status, and place of residency. Conclusions The overall prevalence common ARIs (fever, cough, dyspnea) has been declining at a slow but steady rate, however, remains noticeably high in comparison with countries with similar level of per capita GDP in Africa. Findings of this study has important implications for health policy making regarding the prevention of ARIs among infants in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanni Yaya
- Faculty of Social Sciences, School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, 120, University Private, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Ghose Bishwajit
- Faculty of Social Sciences, School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, 120, University Private, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5 Canada
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Micro-Space Complexity and Context in the Space-Time Variation in Enteric Disease Risk for Three Informal Settlements of Port au Prince, Haiti. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16050807. [PMID: 30841596 PMCID: PMC6427463 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16050807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion of cholera and other diarrheal diseases in an informal settlement is a product of multiple behavioral, environmental and spatial risk factors. One of the most important components is the spatial interconnections among water points, drainage ditches, toilets and the intervening environment. This risk is also longitudinal and variable as water points fluctuate in relation to bacterial contamination. In this paper we consider part of this micro space complexity for three informal settlements in Port au Prince, Haiti. We expand on more typical epidemiological analysis of fecal coliforms at water points, drainage ditches and ocean sites by considering the importance of single point location fluctuation coupled with recording micro-space environmental conditions around each sample site. Results show that spatial variation in enteric disease risk occurs within neighborhoods, and that while certain trends are evident, the degree of individual site fluctuation should question the utility of both cross-sectional and more aggregate analysis. Various factors increase the counts of fecal coliform present, including the type of water point, how water was stored at that water point, and the proximity of the water point to local drainage. Some locations fluctuated considerably between being safe and unsafe on a monthly basis. Next steps to form a more comprehensive contextualized understanding of enteric disease risk in these environments should include the addition of behavioral factors and local insight.
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Khan ST, Malik A. Engineered nanomaterials for water decontamination and purification: From lab to products. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 363:295-308. [PMID: 30312926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.09.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Clean water is vital for life; it is required not only for drinking but also for the preparation of food and proper hygiene. Unfortunately, more than fifty percent of the world population mainly in China and India face a severe scarcity of water. Around 1.8 billion people inevitably drink water from sources having fecal contamination resulting in the death of about a million children every year. Scientists are developing various economic technologies to decontaminate and purify water. Nanomaterials-based technology offers an economic and effective alternative for water purification and decontamination. As nanomaterials are available globally, have remarkable antimicrobial activity and the ability to effectively remove organic and inorganic pollutants from water. This review discusses the potential role of nanomaterials in the purification of drinking water. As nanomaterials exhibit remarkable antimicrobial and antiparasitic activities against waterborne pathogens and parasites of primary concern like Shigella dysenteriae, Vibrio cholera, and Entamoeba histolytica. Nanomaterials also demonstrate the ability to absorb toxic chemicals like mercury and dyes from polluted water. However, for successful commercialization of the technology, some inherent bottlenecks need to be addressed adequately. These include nanoparticles aggregation, their seepage into drinking water and adverse effects on human health and the environment. Nanocomposites are being developed to overcome these problems and to combine two or more desirable properties for water purification. Widespread and large-scale use of nanomaterials for water purification soon may become a reality. Products containing nanomaterials such as Karofi, Lifestraw, and Tupperware for water purification are already available in the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shams Tabrez Khan
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India.
| | - Abdul Malik
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India
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Díaz-Godínez C, Carrero JC. The state of art of neutrophil extracellular traps in protozoan and helminthic infections. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20180916. [PMID: 30498092 PMCID: PMC6328873 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are DNA fibers associated with histones, enzymes from neutrophil granules and anti-microbial peptides. NETs are released in a process denominated NETosis, which involves sequential steps that culminate with the DNA extrusion. NETosis has been described as a new mechanism of innate immunity related to defense against different pathogens. The initial studies of NETs were carried out with bacteria and fungi, but currently a large variety of microorganisms capable of inducing NETs have been described including protozoan and helminth parasites. Nevertheless, we have little knowledge about how NETosis process is carried out in response to the parasites, and about its implication in the resolution of this kind of disease. In the best case, the NETs entrap and kill parasites in vitro, but in others, immobilize the parasites without affecting their viability. Moreover, insufficient studies on the NETs in animal models of infections that would help to define their role, and the association of NETs with chronic inflammatory pathologies such as those occurring in several parasitic infections have left open the possibility of NETs contributing to pathology instead of protection. In this review, we focus on the reported mechanisms that lead to NET release by protozoan and helminth parasites and the evidence that support the role of NETosis in the resolution or pathogenesis of parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Díaz-Godínez
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, México D.F., México
| | - Julio C Carrero
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, México D.F., México
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Spatial Video Health Risk Mapping in Informal Settlements: Correcting GPS Error. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 16:ijerph16010033. [PMID: 30586861 PMCID: PMC6339035 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Informal settlements pose a continuing health concern. While spatial methodologies have proven to be valuable tools to support health interventions, several factors limit their widespread use in these challenging environments. One such technology, spatial video, has been used for fine-scale contextualized mapping. In this paper, we address one of the limitations of the technique: the global positioning system (GPS) coordinate error. More specifically, we show how spatial video coordinate streams can be corrected and synced back to the original video to facilitate risk mapping. Past spatial video collections for the Mathare informal settlement of Kenya are used as an illustration as these data had been previously discarded because of excessive GPS error. This paper will describe the bespoke software that makes these corrections possible, and then will go on to investigate patterns in the coordinate error.
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Murray KA, Olivero J, Roche B, Tiedt S, Guégan J. Pathogeography: leveraging the biogeography of human infectious diseases for global health management. ECOGRAPHY 2018; 41:1411-1427. [PMID: 32313369 PMCID: PMC7163494 DOI: 10.1111/ecog.03625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Biogeography is an implicit and fundamental component of almost every dimension of modern biology, from natural selection and speciation to invasive species and biodiversity management. However, biogeography has rarely been integrated into human or veterinary medicine nor routinely leveraged for global health management. Here we review the theory and application of biogeography to the research and management of human infectious diseases, an integration we refer to as 'pathogeography'. Pathogeography represents a promising framework for understanding and decomposing the spatial distributions, diversity patterns and emergence risks of human infectious diseases into interpretable components of dynamic socio-ecological systems. Analytical tools from biogeography are already helping to improve our understanding of individual infectious disease distributions and the processes that shape them in space and time. At higher levels of organization, biogeographical studies of diseases are rarer but increasing, improving our ability to describe and explain patterns that emerge at the level of disease communities (e.g. co-occurrence, diversity patterns, biogeographic regionalisation). Even in a highly globalized world most human infectious diseases remain constrained in their geographic distributions by ecological barriers to the dispersal or establishment of their causal pathogens, reservoir hosts and/or vectors. These same processes underpin the spatial arrangement of other taxa, such as mammalian biodiversity, providing a strong empirical 'prior' with which to assess the potential distributions of infectious diseases when data on their occurrence is unavailable or limited. In the absence of quality data, generalized biogeographic patterns could provide the earliest (and in some cases the only) insights into the potential distributions of many poorly known or emerging, or as-yet-unknown, infectious disease risks. Encouraging more community ecologists and biogeographers to collaborate with health professionals (and vice versa) has the potential to improve our understanding of infectious disease systems and identify novel management strategies to improve local, global and planetary health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris A. Murray
- Grantham Inst. – Climate Change and the Environment and Dept of Infectious Disease EpidemiologyImperial College LondonUK
| | | | - Benjamin Roche
- Inst. de Recherche pour le DéveloppementUMI IRD/UPMC 209 UMMISCOBondyFrance
- Depto de Etología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y ZootecniaUniv. Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMéxico
- Inst. de Recherche pour le DéveloppementHealth and Societies Dept, UMR MIVEGEC IRD‐CNRS‐Montpellier Univ.France
| | - Sonia Tiedt
- School of Public HealthImperial College LondonUK
| | - Jean‐Francois Guégan
- Inst. de Recherche pour le DéveloppementHealth and Societies Dept, UMR MIVEGEC IRD‐CNRS‐Montpellier Univ.France
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Risk of Appendicitis among Children with Different Piped Water Supply: A Nationwide Population-Based Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15081601. [PMID: 30060567 PMCID: PMC6121532 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15081601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Appendicitis is a common surgical condition for children. However, environmental effects, such as piped water supply, on pediatric appendicitis risk remain unclear. This longitudinal, nationwide, cohort study aimed to compare the risk of appendicitis among children with different levels of piped water supply. Using data from Taiwan Water Resource Agency and National Health Insurance Research Database, we identified 119,128 children born in 1996–2010 from areas of the lowest piped water supply (prevalence 51.21% to 63.06%) as the study cohort; additional 119,128 children of the same period in areas of the highest piped water supply (prevalence 98.97% to 99.63%) were selected as the controls. Both cohorts were propensity-score matched by baseline variables. We calculated the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of appendicitis in the study cohort compared to the controls by Cox proportional hazards regression. The study cohort had a raised overall incidence rates of appendicitis compared to the control cohort (12.8 vs. 8.7 per 10,000 person-years). After covariate adjustment, the risk of appendicitis was significantly increased in the study cohort (adjusted HR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.35, 1.58, p < 0.001). Subgroup and sensitivity analyses showed consistent results that children with low piped water supply had a higher risk of appendicitis than those with high piped water supply. This study demonstrated that children with low piped water supply were at an increased risk of appendicitis. Enhancement of piped water availability in areas lacking adequate, secure, and sanitized water supply may protect children against appendicitis.
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Lapierre P, Nazarian E, Zhu Y, Wroblewski D, Saylors A, Passaretti T, Hughes S, Tran A, Lin Y, Kornblum J, Morrison SS, Mercante JW, Fitzhenry R, Weiss D, Raphael BH, Varma JK, Zucker HA, Rakeman JL, Musser KA. Legionnaires' Disease Outbreak Caused by Endemic Strain of Legionella pneumophila, New York, New York, USA, 2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:1784-1791. [PMID: 29047425 PMCID: PMC5652421 DOI: 10.3201/eid2311.170308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
During the summer of 2015, New York, New York, USA, had one of the largest and deadliest outbreaks of Legionnaires’ disease in the history of the United States. A total of 138 cases and 16 deaths were linked to a single cooling tower in the South Bronx. Analysis of environmental samples and clinical isolates showed that sporadic cases of legionellosis before, during, and after the outbreak could be traced to a slowly evolving, single-ancestor strain. Detection of an ostensibly virulent Legionella strain endemic to the Bronx community suggests potential risk for future cases of legionellosis in the area. The genetic homogeneity of the Legionella population in this area might complicate investigations and interpretations of future outbreaks of Legionnaires’ disease.
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Omarova A, Tussupova K, Berndtsson R, Kalishev M, Sharapatova K. Protozoan Parasites in Drinking Water: A System Approach for Improved Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Developing Countries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E495. [PMID: 29534511 PMCID: PMC5877040 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15030495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Improved water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) are significant in preventing diarrhea morbidity and mortality caused by protozoa in low- and middle-income countries. Due to the intimate and complex relationships between the different WASH components, it is often necessary to improve not just one but all of these components to have sustainable results. The objective of this paper was to review the current state of WASH-related health problems caused by parasitic protozoa by: giving an overview and classification of protozoa and their effect on people's health, discussing different ways to improve accessibility to safe drinking water, sanitation services and personal hygiene behavior; and suggesting an institutional approach to ensure improved WASH. The findings indicate that Giardia and Cryptosporidium are more often identified during waterborne or water-washed outbreaks and they are less sensitive than most of the bacteria and viruses to conventional drinking water and wastewater treatment methods. There are various institutions of control and prevention of water-related diseases caused by protozoa in developed countries. Unfortunately, the developing regions do not have comparable systems. Consequently, the institutional and systems approach to WASH is necessary in these countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alua Omarova
- Department of Nutrition and General Hygiene, Karaganda State Medical University, Gogol Street 40, Karaganda 100008, Kazakhstan.
| | - Kamshat Tussupova
- Department of International Cooperation and Bologna Process, Karaganda State Medical University, Gogol Street 40, Karaganda 100008, Kazakhstan.
- Division of Water Resources Engineering & Center for Middle Eastern Studies, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Ronny Berndtsson
- Division of Water Resources Engineering & Center for Middle Eastern Studies, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Marat Kalishev
- Department of Nutrition and General Hygiene, Karaganda State Medical University, Gogol Street 40, Karaganda 100008, Kazakhstan.
| | - Kulyash Sharapatova
- Department of Surgery, Gynecology and Pediatry, Semey State Medical University, Pavlodar Branch, Toraigyrov Street 72/1, Pavlodar 140000, Kazakhstan.
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Allen T, Murray KA, Zambrana-Torrelio C, Morse SS, Rondinini C, Di Marco M, Breit N, Olival KJ, Daszak P. Global hotspots and correlates of emerging zoonotic diseases. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1124. [PMID: 29066781 PMCID: PMC5654761 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00923-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonoses originating from wildlife represent a significant threat to global health, security and economic growth, and combatting their emergence is a public health priority. However, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying their emergence remains rudimentary. Here we update a global database of emerging infectious disease (EID) events, create a novel measure of reporting effort, and fit boosted regression tree models to analyze the demographic, environmental and biological correlates of their occurrence. After accounting for reporting effort, we show that zoonotic EID risk is elevated in forested tropical regions experiencing land-use changes and where wildlife biodiversity (mammal species richness) is high. We present a new global hotspot map of spatial variation in our zoonotic EID risk index, and partial dependence plots illustrating relationships between events and predictors. Our results may help to improve surveillance and long-term EID monitoring programs, and design field experiments to test underlying mechanisms of zoonotic disease emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toph Allen
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, 17th Floor, New York, NY, 10001, USA
| | - Kris A Murray
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.,Grantham Institute - Climate Change and the Environment, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Stephen S Morse
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th St #1504, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Carlo Rondinini
- Global Mammal Assessment Program, Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 32, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Moreno Di Marco
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, Centre for Biosiversity and Conservation Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.,School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Nathan Breit
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, 17th Floor, New York, NY, 10001, USA
| | - Kevin J Olival
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, 17th Floor, New York, NY, 10001, USA
| | - Peter Daszak
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, 17th Floor, New York, NY, 10001, USA.
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Di Bonito P, Iaconelli M, Gheit T, Tommasino M, Della Libera S, Bonadonna L, La Rosa G. Detection of oncogenic viruses in water environments by a Luminex-based multiplex platform for high throughput screening of infectious agents. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 123:549-555. [PMID: 28704770 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.06.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies documented the detection of viruses strongly associated with human cancer in urban sewages and other water environments worldwide. The aim of this study was to estimate the occurrence of human oncogenic viruses in environmental samples (sewage, river, marine, and pool/spa water) using highly sensitive and specific multiplex bead-based assays (Luminex technology). A total of 33 samples were analysed for 140 oncogenic viral agents, including mucosal and cutaneous human papillomaviruses (HPVs), human polyomaviruses (HPyV), human herpesviruses (HHV) and mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV). Eighty-eight percent of the samples tested positive for at least one viral pathogen and the simultaneous presence of more than one virus was frequent (mean number of positivities/sample = 3.03). A total of 30 different Alpha, Beta and Gamma HPVs were detected, including mucosal and cutaneous types. The high-risk type HPV16 was the most frequently detected virus, identified in 73% of the samples. Of the 12 HPyVs tested, only two (BKPyV and MCPyV) were detected. At least one of these two was present in 48% of the samples. MMTV was detected in 21% of the samples, while herpesviruses - HHV-6 and HHV-1 - were detected in two samples (6%). The present study is the first to provide a comprehensive picture of the occurrence of oncogenic viruses belonging to different families and species in diverse water environments, and the first to successfully use, in environmental samples, a Luminex-based multiplex platform for high throughput screening of infectious agents. Our findings, showing that oncogenic viruses are ubiquitous in water environments, pave the way for future studies on the fate of these pathogens in water environments as well as on their potential for transmission via the waterborne route.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Di Bonito
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - M Iaconelli
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - T Gheit
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - M Tommasino
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - S Della Libera
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - L Bonadonna
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - G La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Chabé M, Lokmer A, Ségurel L. Gut Protozoa: Friends or Foes of the Human Gut Microbiota? Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:925-934. [PMID: 28870496 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The importance of the gut microbiota for human health has sparked a strong interest in the study of the factors that shape its composition and diversity. Despite the growing evidence suggesting that helminths and protozoa significantly interact with gut bacteria, gut microbiome studies remain mostly focused on prokaryotes and on populations living in industrialized countries that typically have a low parasite burden. We argue that protozoa, like helminths, represent an important factor to take into account when studying the gut microbiome, and that their presence - especially considering their long coevolutionary history with humans - may be beneficial. From this perspective, we examine the relationship between the protozoa and their hosts, as well as their relevance for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Chabé
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Ana Lokmer
- UMR 7206 Eco-anthropologie et ethnobiologie, CNRS - MNHN - Paris Diderot University - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Laure Ségurel
- UMR 7206 Eco-anthropologie et ethnobiologie, CNRS - MNHN - Paris Diderot University - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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47
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Lessler J, Azman AS, McKay HS, Moore SM. What is a Hotspot Anyway? Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 96:1270-1273. [PMID: 28719289 PMCID: PMC5462559 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe importance of spatial clusters, or "hotspots," in infectious disease epidemiology has been increasingly recognized, and targeting hotspots is often seen as an important component of disease-control strategies. However, the precise meaning of "hotspot" varies widely in current research and policy documents. Hotspots have been variously described as areas of elevated incidence or prevalence, higher transmission efficiency or risk, or higher probability of disease emergence. This ambiguity has led to confusion and may result in mistaken inferences regarding the best way to target interventions. We surveyed the literature on epidemiologic hotspots, examining the multitude of ways in which the term is used; and highlight the difference in the geographic scale of hotspots and the properties they are supposed to have. In response to the diversity in the term's usage, we advocate the use of more precise terms, such as "burden hotspot," "transmission hotspot," and "emergence hotspot," as well as explicit specification of the spatiotemporal scale of interest. Increased precision in terminology is needed to ensure clear and effective policies for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Lessler
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Andrew S. Azman
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Medecins Sans Frontieres, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Heather S. McKay
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sean M. Moore
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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48
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Efstratiou A, Ongerth JE, Karanis P. Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: Review of worldwide outbreaks - An update 2011-2016. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 114:14-22. [PMID: 28214721 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive update of worldwide waterborne parasitic protozoan outbreaks that occurred with reports published since previous reviews largely between January 2011 and December 2016. At least 381 outbreaks attributed to waterborne transmission of parasitic protozoa were documented during this time period. The nearly half (49%) of reports occurred in New Zealand, 41% of the outbreaks in North America and 9% in Europe. The most common etiological agent was Cryptosporidium spp., reported in 63% (239) of the outbreaks, while Giardia spp. was mentioned in 37% (142). No outbreaks attributed to other parasitic protozoa were reported. The distribution of reported outbreaks does not correspond to more broadly available epidemiological data or general knowledge of water and environmental conditions in the reporting countries. Noticeably, developing countries that are probably most affected by such waterborne disease outbreaks still lack reliable surveillance systems, and an international standardization of surveillance and reporting systems has yet to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemis Efstratiou
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810016, PR China; National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Jerry E Ongerth
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810016, PR China; Civil, Mining, & Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810016, PR China.
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49
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Using Spatial Video to Analyze and Map the Water-Fetching Path in Challenging Environments: A Case Study of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Trop Med Infect Dis 2017; 2:tropicalmed2020008. [PMID: 30270867 PMCID: PMC6082071 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed2020008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Access to clean drinking water remains a significant health problem in the developing world. Traditional definitions of water access oversimplify the geographic context of water availability, the burden of water collection, and challenges faced along the path, mainly due to a lack of fine scale spatial data. This paper demonstrates how spatial video collected in three informal areas of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, can be used to quantify aspects of the walk to water. These include impediments encountered along the path such as changes in elevation and proximity to traffic. All are mapped along with classic health-related environmental and social information, such as standing water, drains, and trash. The issue of GPS error was encountered due to the built environment that is typical of informal settlements. The spatial video allowed for the correction of the path to gain a more accurate estimate of time and distance for each walk. The resulting mapped health risks at this fine scale of detail reveal micro-geographies of concern. Spatial video is a useful tool for visualizing and analyzing the challenges of water collection. It also allows for data generated along the walk to become part of both a household and local area risk assessment.
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50
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Fiorito G, Affuso A, Basil J, Cole A, de Girolamo P, D'Angelo L, Dickel L, Gestal C, Grasso F, Kuba M, Mark F, Melillo D, Osorio D, Perkins K, Ponte G, Shashar N, Smith D, Smith J, Andrews PLR. Guidelines for the Care and Welfare of Cephalopods in Research -A consensus based on an initiative by CephRes, FELASA and the Boyd Group. Lab Anim 2016; 49:1-90. [PMID: 26354955 DOI: 10.1177/0023677215580006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper is the result of an international initiative and is a first attempt to develop guidelines for the care and welfare of cephalopods (i.e. nautilus, cuttlefish, squid and octopus) following the inclusion of this Class of ∼700 known living invertebrate species in Directive 2010/63/EU. It aims to provide information for investigators, animal care committees, facility managers and animal care staff which will assist in improving both the care given to cephalopods, and the manner in which experimental procedures are carried out. Topics covered include: implications of the Directive for cephalopod research; project application requirements and the authorisation process; the application of the 3Rs principles; the need for harm-benefit assessment and severity classification. Guidelines and species-specific requirements are provided on: i. supply, capture and transport; ii. environmental characteristics and design of facilities (e.g. water quality control, lighting requirements, vibration/noise sensitivity); iii. accommodation and care (including tank design), animal handling, feeding and environmental enrichment; iv. assessment of health and welfare (e.g. monitoring biomarkers, physical and behavioural signs); v. approaches to severity assessment; vi. disease (causes, prevention and treatment); vii. scientific procedures, general anaesthesia and analgesia, methods of humane killing and confirmation of death. Sections covering risk assessment for operators and education and training requirements for carers, researchers and veterinarians are also included. Detailed aspects of care and welfare requirements for the main laboratory species currently used are summarised in Appendices. Knowledge gaps are highlighted to prompt research to enhance the evidence base for future revision of these guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziano Fiorito
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy Association for Cephalopod Research 'CephRes', Italy
| | - Andrea Affuso
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy Animal Model Facility - BIOGEM S.C.A.R.L., Ariano Irpino (AV), Italy
| | - Jennifer Basil
- Biology Department, Brooklyn College - CUNY Graduate Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Alison Cole
- Association for Cephalopod Research 'CephRes', Italy
| | - Paolo de Girolamo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions - University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy AISAL - Associazione Italiana per le Scienze degli Animali da Laboratorio, Milano, Italy
| | - Livia D'Angelo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions - University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy AISAL - Associazione Italiana per le Scienze degli Animali da Laboratorio, Milano, Italy
| | - Ludovic Dickel
- Groupe mémoire et Plasticité comportementale, University of Caen Basse-Normandy, Caen, France
| | - Camino Gestal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Frank Grasso
- BioMimetic and Cognitive Robotics, Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College - CUNY, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Michael Kuba
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Felix Mark
- Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Daniela Melillo
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniel Osorio
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Sussex, UK
| | - Kerry Perkins
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Sussex, UK
| | | | - Nadav Shashar
- Department of Life Sciences, Eilat Campus, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer, Sheva, Israel
| | - David Smith
- FELASA, Federation for Laboratory Animal Science Associations
| | | | - Paul L R Andrews
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, UK Association for Cephalopod Research 'CephRes', Italy
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