1
|
Zyoud S. Global Mapping and Visualization Analysis of One Health Knowledge in the COVID-19 Context. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2024; 18:11786302241236017. [PMID: 38449589 PMCID: PMC10916474 DOI: 10.1177/11786302241236017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on the health, social, and economic systems, triggering lasting damage and exposing the complexity of the problem beyond just being a health emergency. This crisis has highlighted the need for a comprehensive and collaborative strategy to successfully counter infectious diseases and other global challenges. With the COVID-19 pandemic pushing One Health to the forefront of global health and sustainable development agendas, this concept has emerged as a potential approach for addressing these challenges. In the context of COVID-19, this study investigates global knowledge about One Health by examining its state, significant contributions, and future directions. It seeks to offer an integrated framework of insights guiding the development of well-informed decisions. A comprehensive search using the Scopus database was conducted, employing specific terms related to One Health and COVID-19. VOSviewer 1.6.19 software was used to generate network visualization maps. Countries' research output was adjusted based on their gross domestic product (GDP) and population size. The study identified a total of 527 publications. The United States led with 134 documents (25.4%), but India topped the adjusted ranking. One Health journal stood as the most common outlet for disseminating knowledge (49 documents; 9.3%), while Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the United States emerged as the most prolific institution (13 documents; 2.5%). Key topics were related to the virus transmission mechanisms, climate change impacts, antimicrobial resistance, ecosystem health, preparedness, collaboration, community engagement, and developing of efficient surveillance systems. The study emphasizes how critical it is to capitalize on the present momentum of COVID-19 to advance One Health concepts. Integrating social and environmental sciences, and a variety of professions for better interaction and collaboration is crucial. Additionally, increased funding for developing countries, and legislative empowerment are vital to advance One Health and boost disease prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaher Zyoud
- Department of Building Engineering & Environment,Palestine Technical University (Kadoorie), Tulkarem, Palestine
- Department of Civil Engineering & Sustainable Structures,Palestine Technical University (Kadoorie), Tulkarem, Palestine
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Corrêa JS, Zago LF, Da Silva-Brandão RR, de Oliveira SM, Fracolli LA, Padoveze MC, Cordoba G. The governance of antimicrobial resistance in Brazil: Challenges for developing and implementing a one health agenda. Glob Public Health 2023; 18:2190381. [PMID: 36934430 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2023.2190381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2023]
Abstract
This article explores stakeholders' perceptions of the challenges for developing a One Health agenda to tackle antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Brazil, including the development and implementation of the Brazilian National Action Plan (BR-NAP). The data originate from 27 interviews conducted with human, environmental, and animal health stakeholders, including academics, managers, and policymakers involved in developing the BR-NAP. Through thematic analysis, we identified three interconnected themes: governance, the health system, and technical and scientific challenges. The findings draw particular attention to failures in the agenda-setting process, revealed by interviewees strongly emphasising that AMR is not considered a policy priority in Brazil. The lack of political will and awareness of the clinical, social, and economic impacts of AMR are considered the main impediments to the agenda's progress. The joint work across disciplines and ministries must be reinforced through policymaker engagement and better environmental sector integration. The agenda must include sustainable governance structures less affected by political winds. Policies should be designed jointly with state and local governments to create strategies to engage communities and improve their translation into effective implementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sandi Michele de Oliveira
- Section of General Practice, Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Gloria Cordoba
- Section of General Practice, Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, School of Health Sciences University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Elimination of human rabies in Goa, India through an integrated One Health approach. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2788. [PMID: 35589709 PMCID: PMC9120018 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30371-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Dog-mediated rabies kills tens of thousands of people each year in India, representing one third of the estimated global rabies burden. Whilst the World Health Organization (WHO), World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) have set a target for global dog-mediated human rabies elimination by 2030, examples of large-scale dog vaccination programs demonstrating elimination remain limited in Africa and Asia. We describe the development of a data-driven rabies elimination program from 2013 to 2019 in Goa State, India, culminating in human rabies elimination and a 92% reduction in monthly canine rabies cases. Smartphone technology enabled systematic spatial direction of remote teams to vaccinate over 95,000 dogs at 70% vaccination coverage, and rabies education teams to reach 150,000 children annually. An estimated 2249 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were averted over the program period at 526 USD per DALY, making the intervention 'very cost-effective' by WHO definitions. This One Health program demonstrates that human rabies elimination is achievable at the state level in India.
Collapse
|
4
|
Hasan RB, Ferdous J, Luna M, Zannat MM. Evidence mapping of current status, impact, prevention and control measures from rabies research in Bangladesh (2010-2021): a scoping review protocol. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e056024. [PMID: 35354624 PMCID: PMC8968536 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rabies is one of the priority zoonotic diseases in Bangladesh. Though the rabies cases have been reduced over the years due to the mass dog vaccination programme since 2011 throughout the country, it is still a major health problem in Bangladesh with an annual estimated 200 000 animal bite cases and over 2000 human deaths. This article presented a scoping review protocol for published literature on rabies in Bangladesh and believes to create impact in Bangladesh by identifying the research gap and guiding the evidence-informed policy adaptation from its findings in the future which will strongly underscore the elimination of Rabies and reduce preventable mortalities. We will attempt to synthesise evidence descriptively on burden and impact of rabies in human population as well as the awareness level and effective control and preventive measures from the available studies on rabies from 2010 to 2021 in Bangladesh. METHODS The scoping review is planned following the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and the major guiding steps are: defining the research questions, determining the eligibility criteria with population, concept and context strategy, stating the plan for evidence searching, selection and data collection, searching for evidence and selection of literature by the inclusion criteria, data collection, descriptive analysis and presentation of the data and reporting of the findings. Search will be conducted for both published and grey literature in English language. Blinded screening processes will be adapted to prevent bias among reviewers. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION A scoping review synthesises existing knowledge and does not necessitate ethical approval. Results of this scoping review will be submitted to a journal for publication, presented in relevant conferences and disseminated on social media platforms (eg, Twitter) among the global health stakeholders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rubyath Binte Hasan
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Science University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Jinnat Ferdous
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Dhaka District, Bangladesh
| | - Mahfuja Luna
- Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mosammat Moonkiratul Zannat
- Department of Physiology Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Science University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Evans MJ, Gibson A, Fielding H, Ohal P, Pandey P, Kumar A, Singh SK, Airikkala-Otter I, Abela-Ridder B, Gamble L, Handel I, Bronsvoort BMDC, Mellanby RJ, Mazeri S. Free-roaming dog population dynamics in Ranchi, India. Res Vet Sci 2022; 143:115-123. [PMID: 35007799 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Rabies causes approximately 20,000 human deaths in India each year. Nearly all of these occur following dog bites. Large-scale, high-coverage dog rabies vaccination campaigns are the cornerstone of rabies elimination strategies in both human and dog populations, although this is particularly challenging to achieve in India as a large proportion of the dog population are free-roaming and unowned. Further, little is known about free-roaming dog ecology in India which makes defining optimum vaccination strategies difficult. In this study, data collected using a mobile phone application during three annual mass vaccination and neutering (surgical sterilisation of both males and females) campaigns of free-roaming dogs in Ranchi, India (during which a total of 43,847 vaccinations, 26,213 neuter surgeries and 28,172 re-sight observations were made) were interrogated, using two novel approaches to estimate the proportion of neutered dogs that were lost from the city (assumed due to mortality or migration) between campaign years. Analysis revealed high losses of neutered dogs each year, ranging from 25.3% (28.2-22.8) to 55.8% (57.0-54.6). We also estimated that the total population declined by 12.58% (9.89-15.03) over the three-year period. This demonstrates that there is a high turnover of free-roaming dogs and that despite neutering a large number of dogs in an annual sterilisation campaign, the decline in population size was modest over a three-year time period. These findings have significant implications for the planning of rabies vaccination campaigns and population management programmes as well as highlighting the need for further research into the demographics of free-roaming, unowned dogs in India.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Evans
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK.
| | - A Gibson
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK; Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, UK
| | - H Fielding
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - P Ohal
- Hope & Animal Trust, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - P Pandey
- Department of Agriculture Animal Husbandry and Cooperative, (Animal Husbandry Division) Govt. of Jharkhand, India
| | - A Kumar
- Hope & Animal Trust, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - S K Singh
- Hope & Animal Trust, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - I Airikkala-Otter
- WVS India, Gramya Bhavan/RDO-Building Complex, Aruvankadu, 643202 Nilgiris District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B Abela-Ridder
- Department for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Genève, Switzerland
| | - L Gamble
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, UK
| | - I Handel
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - B M D C Bronsvoort
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK; The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - R J Mellanby
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK; The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - S Mazeri
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK; The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tiwari HK, Gogoi-Tiwari J, Robertson ID. Eliminating dog-mediated rabies: challenges and strategies. ANIMAL DISEASES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s44149-021-00023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractRabies is an acute encephalitis caused by a lyssavirus. It is primarily transmitted through bites of infected dogs which results in the worldwide death of an estimated 59000 humans every year. The disease is preventable through the application of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) and its elimination has been demonstrated in many countries by applying multiple interventions simultaneously. Nonetheless, rabies is still widespread in many developing countries, primarily due to the poor implementation of intervention strategies that include inadequate dog-bite wound management practices, unavailability/unaffordability of PEP by the communities, failure to control the disease in free-roaming dogs and wildlife, improper dog population management, weak surveillance and diagnostic facilities and a lack of a One Health approach to the disease. In this review, strategies to control dog-mediated rabies through a One Health approach were discussed. We recommend applying multiple interventions against the disease by involving all the concerned stakeholders in selected urban and rural areas of the countries where rabies is endemic. An empirical demonstration of disease freedom in the selected areas through a One Health approach is needed to convince policymakers to invest in rabies prevention and control on the national level. This multifaceted One Health control model will enhance the likelihood of achieving the goal of global rabies eradication by 2030.
Collapse
|
7
|
Yale G, Gibson AD, Mani RS, P K H, Costa NC, Corfmat J, Otter I, Otter N, Handel IG, Bronsvoort BM, Mellanby RJ, Desai S, Naik V, Gamble L, Mazeri S. Evaluation of an Immunochromatographic Assay as a Canine Rabies Surveillance Tool in Goa, India. Viruses 2019; 11:E649. [PMID: 31311178 PMCID: PMC6669590 DOI: 10.3390/v11070649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease transmitted by the bite of a rabid animal. More than 95% of the human rabies cases in India are attributed to exposure to rabid dogs. This study evaluated the utility of a lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (LFA) (Anigen Rapid Rabies Ag Test Kit, Bionote, Hwaseong-si, Korea) for rapid post mortem diagnosis of rabies in dogs. Brain tissue was collected from 202 animals that were screened through the Government of Goa rabies surveillance system. The brain tissue samples were obtained from 188 dogs, nine cats, three bovines, one jackal and one monkey. In addition, 10 dogs that died due to trauma from road accidents were included as negative controls for the study. The diagnostic performance of LFA was evaluated using results from direct fluorescence antibody test (dFT); the current gold standard post mortem test for rabies infection. Three samples were removed from the analysis as they were autolysed and not fit for testing by dFT. Of the 209 samples tested, 117 tested positive by LFA and 92 tested negative, while 121 tested positive by dFT and 88 tested negative. Estimates of LFA sensitivity and specificity were 0.96 (95% CI 0.91-0.99) and 0.99 (95% CI 0.94-1.00), respectively. The LFA is a simple and low-cost assay that aids in the rapid diagnosis of rabies in the field without the need for expensive laboratory equipment or technical expertise. This study found that Bionote LFA has potential as a screening tool in rabies endemic countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gowri Yale
- Mission Rabies, Tonca, Panjim, Goa 403002, India.
| | - Andrew D Gibson
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Genetics and Genomics, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset BH21 5PZ, UK
| | - Reeta S Mani
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Harsha P K
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Niceta Cunha Costa
- Directorate of Animal Health and Veterinary Services, Patto, Panjim, Goa 403001, India
| | | | - Ilona Otter
- Worldwide Veterinary Service, Hicks ITC, Goa 403507, India
| | - Nigel Otter
- Worldwide Veterinary Service, Hicks ITC, Goa 403507, India
| | - Ian G Handel
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Genetics and Genomics, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Barend Mark Bronsvoort
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Genetics and Genomics, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Richard J Mellanby
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Santosh Desai
- Directorate of Animal Health and Veterinary Services, Patto, Panjim, Goa 403001, India
| | - Vilas Naik
- Directorate of Animal Health and Veterinary Services, Patto, Panjim, Goa 403001, India
| | - Luke Gamble
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset BH21 5PZ, UK
| | - Stella Mazeri
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Genetics and Genomics, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kundu BK, Meshram GG, Bhargava S, Meena O. Cost Savings of Using Updated Thai Red Cross Intradermal Regimen in a High-Throughput Anti-Rabies Clinic in New Delhi, India. Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4:tropicalmed4010050. [PMID: 30909481 PMCID: PMC6473397 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Replacement of the Essen intramuscular (EIM) by the updated Thai Red Cross intradermal (UTRCID) regimen for rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), in high-throughput hospitals of India, has been advocated since 2006 thanks to its cost-effectiveness. However, several anti-rabies clinics in India and other parts of the world have not initiated this switchover of regimens because of the paucity of financial literature, generated in realistic settings, regarding the same. We calculated the procurement costs of various items required for providing rabies vaccinations via the EIM regimen and UTRCID regimen, on an annual basis, a year before and after the switchover. From a healthcare provider’s perspective, the cost of vaccination per patient was calculated to be 5.60 USD for the EIM regimen and 2.40 USD for the UTRCID regimen. The switchover to the UTRCID regimen from the EIM regimen reduced the financial burden of the rabies vaccination by almost 60%. Procurement of vaccine vials contributed to the majority of the cost (>94%) in both of the regimens. Procurement of syringes with fixed needles contributed negligibly (<6%) to the financial burden in both the regimens. A policy to progressively switch over to the UTRCID regimen from the EIM in all high-throughput anti-rabies centers of India would dramatically reduce the economic burden of running a successful anti-rabies program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bijit Kumar Kundu
- Department of Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi 110001, India.
| | - Girish Gulab Meshram
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi 110001, India.
| | - Shrinath Bhargava
- Department of Dermatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi 110001, India.
| | - Omprakash Meena
- Department of Orthopedics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi 110001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tiwari HK, O’Dea M, Robertson ID, Vanak AT. Knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) towards rabies and free-roaming dogs (FRD) in Shirsuphal village in western India: A community based cross-sectional study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007120. [PMID: 30682015 PMCID: PMC6364945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of awareness about dog-bite related rabies in the rural population of developing countries, including India, is a major impediment to controlling the incidence of disease in humans. A survey of 127 rural residents was undertaken in Shirsuphal village in western India using a structured questionnaire to assess the influence of demographic and pet/livestock owning characteristics on the knowledge, attitudes and practices of the respondents towards rabies and free roaming dogs (FRD). Multivariable logistic regression models were constructed and the knowledge of the rural residents of Shirsuphal village was found to be significantly influenced by family size (OR 2.1, 95%CI 1.0-4.6, p = 0.04) and poultry ownership (OR 2.3, 95%CI 1.1-4.9, p = 0.03), while their attitudes towards FRD was significantly influenced by age of the respondents (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.2-5.8) and ownership of cattle/buffalo (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.1-5.5). Although the knowledge score about rabies was high, a comprehensive understanding of the disease was lacking. Concerted efforts to widen the knowledge about rabies and promote healthier practices towards FRD are recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harish Kumar Tiwari
- College of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Ashoka Trust for Research on Ecology and Environment (ATREE), Bangalore, India
- Ausvet, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mark O’Dea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ian Duncan Robertson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- China-Australia Joint Research and Training Center for Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Abi Tamim Vanak
- Ashoka Trust for Research on Ecology and Environment (ATREE), Bangalore, India
- Wellcome Trust/DBT India-Alliance Fellow, Hyderabad, India
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
The small densely populated country of Nepal rises from just above sea level to more than 8800 m and encompasses many agro-ecological zones. Rich in both nature and culture, livestock are integral to household and national economies. Most Nepalese consider the cow sacred, and slaughter is forbidden. Other nonhuman animals are less esteemed, slaughter is not proscribed, and many are sacrificed during religious festivals. Limited financial and material resources, inadequate feed supplies, poor access to veterinary services, absence of appropriate legislation, and ignoring the needs of livestock as sentient beings can compromise welfare and lead to inhumane treatment. This article reviews the welfare status of various groups (food-producing stock, work animals, street dogs, experimental animals, and elephants in captivity). Several animal welfare charities are represented. Suggestions for improved welfare are discussed, but the prognosis is not encouraging especially in view of the widespread struggle and people's own struggle for survival.
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Over 20,000 rabies deaths occur annually in India, representing one-third of global human rabies. The Indian state of Tamil Nadu has pioneered a "One Health" committee to address the challenge of rabies in dogs and humans. Currently, rabies control in Tamil Nadu involves postexposure vaccination of humans after dog bites, whereas potential supplemental approaches include canine vaccination and sterilization. We developed a data-driven rabies transmission model fit to human rabies autopsy data and human rabies surveillance data from Tamil Nadu. Integrating local estimates for canine demography and costs, we predicted the impact of canine vaccination and sterilization on human health outcomes and evaluated cost-effectiveness according to the WHO criteria for India, which correspond to thresholds of $1,582 and $4,746 per disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for very cost-effective and cost-effective strategies, respectively. We found that highly feasible strategies focused on stray dogs, vaccinating as few as 7% of dogs annually, could very cost-effectively reduce human rabies deaths by 70% within 5 y, and a modest expansion to vaccinating 13% of stray dogs could cost-effectively reduce human rabies by almost 90%. Through integration over parameter uncertainty, we find that, for a cost-effectiveness threshold above $1,400 per DALY, canine interventions are at least 95% likely to be optimal. If owners are willing to bring dogs to central point campaigns at double the rate that campaign teams can capture strays, expanded annual targets become cost-effective. This case study of cost-effective canine interventions in Tamil Nadu may have applicability to other settings in India and beyond.
Collapse
|
12
|
Neglected Tropical Diseases: Epidemiology and Global Burden. Trop Med Infect Dis 2017; 2:tropicalmed2030036. [PMID: 30270893 PMCID: PMC6082091 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed2030036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
More than a billion people—one-sixth of the world’s population, mostly in developing countries—are infected with one or more of the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Several national and international programs (e.g., the World Health Organization’s Global NTD Programs, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Global NTD Program, the United States Global Health Initiative, the United States Agency for International Development’s NTD Program, and others) are focusing on NTDs, and fighting to control or eliminate them. This review identifies the risk factors of major NTDs, and describes the global burden of the diseases in terms of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs).
Collapse
|
13
|
Nel LH, Taylor LH, Balaram D, Doyle KA. Global partnerships are critical to advance the control of Neglected Zoonotic Diseases: The case of the Global Alliance for Rabies Control. Acta Trop 2017; 165:274-279. [PMID: 26519885 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for innovation to improve control of all Neglected Zoonotic Diseases (NZDs). The Global Alliance for Rabies Control was formed to prevent human deaths from rabies and relieve the burden of rabies in other animal populations, especially dogs. It aims to identify reasons for the neglect of rabies in developing countries and to develop strategies to improve rabies control. Through initiatives such as World Rabies Day and the Partners for Rabies Prevention, progress has been made towards increased awareness of the burden of rabies transmitted by dogs at scales from local to international. An evidence base of the feasibility of canine rabies elimination has been built up and now easier access to information and tools enables countries to design and implement rabies elimination strategies in a logical way, utilizing the structures of regional networks for rabies control. The body of evidence has built consensus amongst international stakeholders in rabies control and is now being used to encourage international policy change, attract investment and increase delivery of effective rabies control programmes in canine rabies endemic countries.
Collapse
|
14
|
Chatterjee P, Kakkar M, Chaturvedi S. Integrating one health in national health policies of developing countries: India's lost opportunities. Infect Dis Poverty 2016; 5:87. [PMID: 27716352 PMCID: PMC5047123 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-016-0181-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, the threat of infectious diseases, particularly emerging infectious diseases, originating at the human-animal-environment interface, has caught health systems off guard. With forecasts that future pathogen emergence will be centred in hotspots in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, the need to prepare policy frameworks that can combat this threat is urgent. DISCUSSION Emergence of diseases such as avian influenza and Ebola virus disease, which threatened social disruption, have established the need for intersectoral coordination/collaboration. These events led to the initiation of establishing institutionalised collaborative frameworks in India to adopt a One Health approach to disease prevention and control. However, the gains made in influenza control could not be adapted to other infectious diseases. Intersectoral coordination was briefly carried out, more as a reactive response to threats. The systemic failure to sustain such efforts have therefore, only undermined a coordinated response. The recent draft National Health Policy, 2015, has also failed to establish the need for intersectoral coordination in disease control approaches. Neglecting the need to endorse linkages between human health, animal health and husbandry, agriculture, and environmental sectors, has led to duplicative and weak response systems. The absence of health impact assessment with respect to the development agenda in policies, has cast negative effects on the health and wellbeing of man, animal, and the environment. Lack of attention to building core capacity in these critical sectors has further raised challenges in designing and deploying mitigation strategies. With developing countries like India being home to a major portion of the world's poorest livestock farmers, the absence of a policy discourse that endorses the One Health approach in development and health policies is a major hurdle in eliminating poverty and poverty-related diseases. CONCLUSIONS The adoption of One Health approaches in health and related sectoral policies is a critical policy requirement for India and other developing countries. The goal should be to not just establish preparedness plans, but also to encourage a policy environment where assessment and mitigation of downstream impacts of different agenda are incorporated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pranab Chatterjee
- Public Health Foundation of India, Plot no 47, Sector 44, Institutional Area, Gurgaon, 122 002 India
| | - Manish Kakkar
- Public Health Foundation of India, Plot no 47, Sector 44, Institutional Area, Gurgaon, 122 002 India
| | - Sanjay Chaturvedi
- Department of Community Medicine, University College of Medical Sciences, Academic, Block, 4th Floor, Dilshad Garden, Delhi 110 095 India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Massei G, Fooks AR, Horton DL, Callaby R, Sharma K, Dhakal IP, Dahal U. Free-Roaming Dogs in Nepal: Demographics, Health and Public Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices. Zoonoses Public Health 2016; 64:29-40. [PMID: 27334892 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In Nepal, most dogs are free to roam and may transmit diseases to humans and animals. These dogs often suffer from malnutrition and lack basic health care. Minimal information is available about their demographics and about public attitudes concerning dogs and diseases. We carried out a study in Chitwan District (central Nepal), to collect baseline data on free-roaming owned dog demographics, assess knowledge, attitudes and practices of dog owners concerning dogs and rabies, evaluate rabies vaccination coverage and anthelmintic treatment of dogs, measure dogs' response to rabies vaccination and assess dog health through body condition scores and parasites. We conducted household interviews with owners of free-roaming female dogs (n = 60) and administered dogs with rabies vaccination and anthelmintics. Dog owners regularly fed free-roaming dogs but provided minimal health care; 42% of respondents did not claim ownership of the dog for which they provided care. We collected skin, faecal and blood samples for parasite identification and for measuring rabies virus-specific antibodies. Ninety-two per cent of dog owners were aware of the routes of rabies virus transmission, but only 35% described the correct post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) following a dog bite. Twenty-seven per cent of the dogs had measurable rabies virus-specific antibody titres and 14% had received anthelmintics in the previous year. Following rabies vaccination, 97% of dogs maintained an adequate antibody titre for ≥6 months. Most dogs appeared healthy, although haemoprotozoans, endoparasites and ectoparasites were identified in 12%, 73% and 40% of the dogs, respectively. Poor skin condition and parasite load were associated. Seventy-four per cent of the females had litters in 1 year (mean litter size = 4.5). Births occurred between September and February; we estimated 60% mortality in puppies. We concluded that vaccination coverage, PEP awareness and anthelmintic treatment should be emphasized in educational programmes focussed on animal welfare, veterinary and public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Massei
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, National Wildlife Management Centre, York, UK
| | - A R Fooks
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Disease Research Group, Weybridge, UK.,Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - D L Horton
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Disease Research Group, Weybridge, UK.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - R Callaby
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, National Wildlife Management Centre, York, UK
| | - K Sharma
- Himalayan Animal Rescue Trust, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - I P Dhakal
- Faculty of Animal Science, Veterinary Science and Fisheries, Agricultural and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur Chitwan, Nepal
| | - U Dahal
- Directorate of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Services, Kathmandu, Nepal
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Devleesschauwer B, Aryal A, Sharma BK, Ale A, Declercq A, Depraz S, Gaire TN, Gongal G, Karki S, Pandey BD, Pun SB, Duchateau L, Dorny P, Speybroeck N. Epidemiology, Impact and Control of Rabies in Nepal: A Systematic Review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004461. [PMID: 26871689 PMCID: PMC4752342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rabies is a vaccine-preventable viral zoonosis belonging to the group of neglected tropical diseases. Exposure to a rabid animal may result in a fatal acute encephalitis if effective post-exposure prophylaxis is not provided. Rabies occurs worldwide, but its burden is disproportionately high in developing countries, including Nepal. We aimed to summarize current knowledge on the epidemiology, impact and control of rabies in Nepal. Methods We performed a systematic review of international and national scientific literature and searched grey literature through the World Health Organization Digital Library and the library of the National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Centre, Nepal, and through searching Google and Google Scholar. Further data on animal and human rabies were obtained from the relevant Nepalese government agencies. Finally, we surveyed the archives of a Nepalese daily to obtain qualitative information on rabies in Nepal. Findings So far, only little original research has been conducted on the epidemiology and impact of rabies in Nepal. Per year, rabies is reported to kill about 100 livestock and 10–100 humans, while about 1,000 livestock and 35,000 humans are reported to receive rabies post-exposure prophylaxis. However, these estimates are very likely to be serious underestimations of the true rabies burden. Significant progress has been made in the production of cell culture-based anti-rabies vaccine and rabies immunoglobulin, but availability and supply remain a matter of concern, especially in remote areas. Different state and non-state actors have initiated rabies control activities over the years, but efforts typically remained focalized, of short duration and not harmonized. Communication and coordination between veterinary and human health authorities is limited at present, further complicating rabies control in Nepal. Important research gaps include the reporting biases for both human and animal rabies, the ecology of stray dog populations and the true contribution of the sylvatic cycle. Interpretation Better data are needed to unravel the true burden of animal and human rabies. More collaboration, both within the country and within the region, is needed to control rabies. To achieve these goals, high level political commitment is essential. We therefore propose to make rabies the model zoonosis for successful control in Nepal. Rabies has been known as a deadly disease in Nepal for decades, but information on epidemiology, impact and control remains scattered. We collected and summarized information from a variety of sources, including scientific literature and government agencies. Only little original research has been conducted on the epidemiology and impact of rabies in Nepal, leaving many questions unanswered. Official reports show that each year 100 livestock and 10–100 humans die of rabies, but these numbers very likely underestimate the true rabies burden. Availability and supply of anti-rabies vaccines have remained suboptimal and rabies control activities have been hampered by a lack of collaboration and comprehensiveness. High level political commitment is essential to overcome these problems and to reduce the burden of rabies. We therefore propose to make rabies the model zoonosis for successful control in Nepal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Emerging Pathogens Institute and Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Arjun Aryal
- Central Veterinary Hospital, Ministry of Agricultural Development, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Barun Kumar Sharma
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Agricultural Development, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Anita Ale
- National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Anne Declercq
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Depraz
- Unité Mixte de Recherche - Contrôle des Maladies Animales, Exotiques et Émergentes (UMR CMAEE), CIRAD, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Tara Nath Gaire
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Agricultural Development, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Gyanendra Gongal
- Disease Surveillance and Epidemiology, WHO Regional Office for South East Asia, New Delhi, India
| | - Surendra Karki
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Basu Dev Pandey
- Leprosy Control Division, Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sher Bahadur Pun
- Clinical Research Unit, Sukraraj Tropical & Infectious Disease Hospital, Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Niko Speybroeck
- Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gibson AD, Ohal P, Shervell K, Handel IG, Bronsvoort BM, Mellanby RJ, Gamble L. Vaccinate-assess-move method of mass canine rabies vaccination utilising mobile technology data collection in Ranchi, India. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:589. [PMID: 26715371 PMCID: PMC4696259 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1320-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over 20,000 people die from rabies each year in India. At least 95 % of people contract rabies from an infected dog. Annual vaccination of over 70 % of the dog population has eliminated both canine and human rabies in many countries. Despite having the highest burden of rabies in the world, there have been very few studies which have reported the successful, large scale vaccination of dogs in India. Furthermore, many Indian canine rabies vaccination programmes have not achieved high vaccine coverage. METHODS In this study, we utilised a catch-vaccinate-release approach in a canine rabies vaccination programme in 18 wards in Ranchi, India. Following vaccination, surveys of the number of marked, vaccinated and unmarked, unvaccinated dogs were undertaken. A bespoke smartphone 'Mission Rabies' application was developed to facilitate data entry and team management. This enabled GPS capture of the location of all vaccinated dogs and dogs sighted on post vaccination surveys. In areas where coverage was below 70 %, catching teams were re-deployed to vaccinate more dogs followed by repeat survey. RESULTS During the initial vaccination cycle, 6593 dogs were vaccinated. Vaccination coverage was over 70 % in 14 of the 18 wards. A second cycle of vaccination was performed in the 4 wards where initial vaccination coverage was below 70 %. Following this second round of vaccination, coverage was reassessed and found to be over 70 % in two wards and only just below 70 % in the final two wards (66.7 % and 68.2 %, respectively). CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that mobile technology enabled efficient team management and rapid data entry and analysis. The vaccination approach outlined in this study has the potential to facilitate the rapid vaccination of large numbers of dogs at a high coverage in free roaming dog populations in India.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Gibson
- Mission Rabies, 4 Castle Street, Cranborne, BH21 5PZ, Dorest, UK
| | - Praveen Ohal
- HOPE & Animal Trust, 21/1 Mandir Marg, Birsa Nagar, P O Hatia, Ranchi, 834003, Jharkhand, India
| | - Kate Shervell
- Mission Rabies, 4 Castle Street, Cranborne, BH21 5PZ, Dorest, UK
| | - Ian G Handel
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Barend M Bronsvoort
- The Roslin Institute at the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Genetics and Genomics, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Richard J Mellanby
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Luke Gamble
- Mission Rabies, 4 Castle Street, Cranborne, BH21 5PZ, Dorest, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sachithanantham S, Raja S. Scientometric analysis of rabies research literature in India: 1950–2014. Scientometrics 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11192-015-1694-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
19
|
Abbas SS, Kakkar M. Rabies control in India: a need to close the gap between research and policy. Bull World Health Organ 2015; 93:131-2. [PMID: 25883407 PMCID: PMC4339964 DOI: 10.2471/blt.14.140723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Syed Shahid Abbas
- Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, England
| | - Manish Kakkar
- Public Health Foundation of India, ISID Campus, 4 Vasant Kunj Institutional Area, New Delhi, 110070, India
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abbas SS, Kakkar M, Rogawski ET. Costs analysis of a population level rabies control programme in Tamil Nadu, India. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2721. [PMID: 24587471 PMCID: PMC3937306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to determine costs to the state government of implementing different interventions for controlling rabies among the entire human and animal populations of Tamil Nadu. This built upon an earlier assessment of Tamil Nadu's efforts to control rabies. Anti-rabies vaccines were made available at all health facilities. Costs were estimated for five different combinations of animal and human interventions using an activity-based costing approach from the provider perspective. Disease and population data were sourced from the state surveillance data, human census and livestock census. Program costs were extrapolated from official documents. All capital costs were depreciated to estimate annualized costs. All costs were inflated to 2012 Rupees. Sensitivity analysis was conducted across all major cost centres to assess their relative impact on program costs. It was found that the annual costs of providing Anti-rabies vaccine alone and in combination with Immunoglobulins was $0.7 million (Rs 36 million) and $2.2 million (Rs 119 million), respectively. For animal sector interventions, the annualised costs of rolling out surgical sterilisation-immunization, injectable immunization and oral immunizations were estimated to be $ 44 million (Rs 2,350 million), $23 million (Rs 1,230 million) and $ 11 million (Rs 590 million), respectively. Dog bite incidence, health systems coverage and cost of rabies biologicals were found to be important drivers of costs for human interventions. For the animal sector interventions, the size of dog catching team, dog population and vaccine costs were found to be driving the costs. Rabies control in Tamil Nadu seems a costly proposition the way it is currently structured. Policy makers in Tamil Nadu and other similar settings should consider the long-term financial sustainability before embarking upon a state or nation-wide rabies control programme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syed Shahid Abbas
- Public Health Foundation of India, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Manish Kakkar
- Public Health Foundation of India, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Comparison of complete genome sequences of dog rabies viruses isolated from China and Mexico reveals key amino acid changes that may be associated with virus replication and virulence. Arch Virol 2014; 159:1593-601. [PMID: 24395077 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1966-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a global problem, but its impact and prevalence vary across different regions. In some areas, such as parts of Africa and Asia, the virus is prevalent in the domestic dog population, leading to epidemic waves and large numbers of human fatalities. In other regions, such as the Americas, the virus predominates in wildlife and bat populations, with sporadic spillover into domestic animals. In this work, we attempted to investigate whether these distinct environments led to selective pressures that result in measurable changes within the genome at the amino acid level. To this end, we collected and sequenced the full genome of two isolates from divergent environments. The first isolate (DRV-AH08) was from China, where the virus is present in the dog population and the country is experiencing a serious epidemic. The second isolate (DRV-Mexico) was taken from Mexico, where the virus is present in both wildlife and domestic dog populations, but at low levels as a consequence of an effective vaccination program. We then combined and compared these with other full genome sequences to identify distinct amino acid changes that might be associated with environment. Phylogenetic analysis identified strain DRV-AH08 as belonging to the China-I lineage, which has emerged to become the dominant lineage in the current epidemic. The Mexico strain was placed in the D11 Mexico lineage, associated with the West USA-Mexico border clade. Amino acid sequence analysis identified only 17 amino acid differences in the N, G and L proteins. These differences may be associated with virus replication and virulence-for example, the short incubation period observed in the current epidemic in China.
Collapse
|
22
|
Determinants of delay in initiating post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies prevention among animal bite cases: Hospital based study. Vaccine 2013; 32:74-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
23
|
Abbas SS, Kakkar M. Research & policy disconnect: the case of rabies research in India. Indian J Med Res 2013; 138:560-1. [PMID: 24434265 PMCID: PMC3868071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Syed Shahid Abbas
- On behalf of Roadmap to Combat Zoonoses in India (RCZI), initiative Public Health Foundation of India 4 Institutional Area, VasantKunj, New Delhi 110 070, India
| | - Manish Kakkar
- On behalf of Roadmap to Combat Zoonoses in India (RCZI), initiative Public Health Foundation of India 4 Institutional Area, VasantKunj, New Delhi 110 070, India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
|