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Ferrer I, Sanyal C, Moutin MJ, Lorenzo DN. Putting the brakes on axonal branching. Trends Neurosci 2024; 47:475-477. [PMID: 38760194 PMCID: PMC11236494 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
In a recent study, Ziak et al. employed precise sparse labeling and spatiotemporally controlled genetic manipulations to uncover novel regulators of axon branching of layer 2/3 mouse callosal projection neurons. The authors elucidated a cell-autonomous signaling pathway wherein glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP1B) restricts interstitial axon branching by modulating microtubule (MT) tyrosination status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Ferrer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chadni Sanyal
- Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, University of Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1216, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Jo Moutin
- Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, University of Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1216, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Grenoble, France
| | - Damaris N Lorenzo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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2
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Ziak J, Dorskind JM, Trigg B, Sudarsanam S, Jin XO, Hand RA, Kolodkin AL. Microtubule-binding protein MAP1B regulates interstitial axon branching of cortical neurons via the tubulin tyrosination cycle. EMBO J 2024; 43:1214-1243. [PMID: 38388748 PMCID: PMC10987652 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00050-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulation of directed axon guidance and branching during development is essential for the generation of neuronal networks. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie interstitial (or collateral) axon branching in the mammalian brain remain unresolved. Here, we investigate interstitial axon branching in vivo using an approach for precise labeling of layer 2/3 callosal projection neurons (CPNs). This method allows for quantitative analysis of axonal morphology at high acuity and also manipulation of gene expression in well-defined temporal windows. We find that the GSK3β serine/threonine kinase promotes interstitial axon branching in layer 2/3 CPNs by releasing MAP1B-mediated inhibition of axon branching. Further, we find that the tubulin tyrosination cycle is a key downstream component of GSK3β/MAP1B signaling. These data suggest a cell-autonomous molecular regulation of cortical neuron axon morphology, in which GSK3β can release a MAP1B-mediated brake on interstitial axon branching upstream of the posttranslational tubulin code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Ziak
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Joelle M Dorskind
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian Trigg
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Sriram Sudarsanam
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Xinyu O Jin
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Randal A Hand
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Prilenia Therapeutics, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alex L Kolodkin
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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3
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Deurloo MHS, Eide S, Turlova E, Li Q, Spijker S, Sun HS, Groffen AJA, Feng ZP. Rasal1 regulates calcium dependent neuronal maturation by modifying microtubule dynamics. Cell Biosci 2024; 14:13. [PMID: 38246997 PMCID: PMC10800070 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-024-01193-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rasal1 is a Ras GTPase-activating protein which contains C2 domains necessary for dynamic membrane association following intracellular calcium elevation. Membrane-bound Rasal1 inactivates Ras signaling through its RasGAP activity, and through such mechanisms has been implicated in regulating various cellular functions in the context of tumors. Although highly expressed in the brain, the contribution of Rasal1 to neuronal development and function has yet to be explored. RESULTS We examined the contributions of Rasal1 to neuronal development in primary culture of hippocampal neurons through modulation of Rasal1 expression using molecular tools. Fixed and live cell imaging demonstrate diffuse expression of Rasal1 throughout the cell soma, dendrites and axon which localizes to the neuronal plasma membrane in response to intracellular calcium fluctuation. Pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation demonstrate direct interaction of Rasal1 with PKC, tubulin, and CaMKII. Consequently, Rasal1 is found to stabilize microtubules, through post-translational modification of tubulin, and accordingly inhibit dendritic outgrowth and branching. Through imaging, molecular, and electrophysiological techniques Rasal1 is shown to promote NMDA-mediated synaptic activity and CaMKII phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Rasal1 functions in two separate roles in neuronal development; calcium regulated neurite outgrowth and the promotion of NMDA receptor-mediated postsynaptic events which may be mediated both by interaction with direct binding partners or calcium-dependent regulation of down-stream pathways. Importantly, the outlined molecular mechanisms of Rasal1 may contribute notably to normal neuronal development and synapse formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H S Deurloo
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - S Eide
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - E Turlova
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Q Li
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - S Spijker
- Department Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Neurogenomics and Cognition Research, VU University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H-S Sun
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - A J A Groffen
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognition Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Z-P Feng
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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4
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Ma C, Wang J, Tu Q, Bo W, Hu Z, Zhuo R, Wu R, Dong Z, Qiang L, Liu Y, Liu M. Fidgetin interacting with microtubule end binding protein EB3 affects axonal regrowth in spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:2727-2732. [PMID: 37449637 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.373716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fidgetin, a microtubule-severing enzyme, regulates neurite outgrowth, axonal regeneration, and cell migration by trimming off the labile domain of microtubule polymers. Because maintenance of the microtubule labile domain is essential for axon initiation, elongation, and navigation, it is of interest to determine whether augmenting the microtubule labile domain via depletion of fidgetin serves as a therapeutic approach to promote axonal regrowth in spinal cord injury. In this study, we constructed rat models of spinal cord injury and sciatic nerve injury. Compared with spinal cord injury, we found that expression level of tyrosinated microtubules in the labile portion of microtubules continuously increased, whereas fidgetin decreased after peripheral nerve injury. Depletion of fidgetin enhanced axon regeneration after spinal cord injury, whereas expression level of end binding protein 3 (EB3) markedly increased. Next, we performed RNA interference to knockdown EB3 or fidgetin. We found that deletion of EB3 did not change fidgetin expression. Conversely, deletion of fidgetin markedly increased expression of tyrosinated microtubules and EB3. Deletion of fidgetin increased the amount of EB3 at the end of neurites and thereby increased the level of tyrosinated microtubules. Finally, we deleted EB3 and overexpressed fidgetin. We found that fidgetin trimmed tyrosinated tubulins by interacting with EB3. When fidgetin was deleted, the labile portion of microtubules was elongated, and as a result the length of axons and number of axon branches were increased. These findings suggest that fidgetin can be used as a novel therapeutic target to promote axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury. Furthermore, they reveal an innovative mechanism by which fidgetin preferentially severs labile microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University; Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Junpei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qifeng Tu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weijuan Bo
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zunlu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Run Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ronghua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhangji Dong
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Liang Qiang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
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5
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Ziak J, Dorskind J, Trigg B, Sudarsanam S, Hand R, Kolodkin AL. MAP1B Regulates Cortical Neuron Interstitial Axon Branching Through the Tubulin Tyrosination Cycle. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.02.560024. [PMID: 37873083 PMCID: PMC10592918 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.02.560024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of directed axon guidance and branching during development is essential for the generation of neuronal networks. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie interstitial axon branching in the mammalian brain remain unresolved. Here, we investigate interstitial axon branching in vivo using an approach for precise labeling of layer 2/3 callosal projection neurons (CPNs), allowing for quantitative analysis of axonal morphology at high acuity and also manipulation of gene expression in well-defined temporal windows. We find that the GSK3β serine/threonine kinase promotes interstitial axon branching in layer 2/3 CPNs by releasing MAP1B-mediated inhibition of axon branching. Further, we find that the tubulin tyrosination cycle is a key downstream component of GSK3β/MAP1B signaling. We propose that MAP1B functions as a brake on axon branching that can be released by GSK3β activation, regulating the tubulin code and thereby playing an integral role in sculpting cortical neuron axon morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Ziak
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Joelle Dorskind
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Boston, MA
| | - Brian Trigg
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Sriram Sudarsanam
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Randal Hand
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205
- Prilenia Therapeutics, Boston, MA
| | - Alex L. Kolodkin
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205
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6
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Lavrsen K, Rajendraprasad G, Leda M, Eibes S, Vitiello E, Katopodis V, Goryachev AB, Barisic M. Microtubule detyrosination drives symmetry breaking to polarize cells for directed cell migration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2300322120. [PMID: 37216553 PMCID: PMC10235987 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300322120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
To initiate directed movement, cells must become polarized, establishing a protrusive leading edge and a contractile trailing edge. This symmetry-breaking process involves reorganization of cytoskeleton and asymmetric distribution of regulatory molecules. However, what triggers and maintains this asymmetry during cell migration remains largely elusive. Here, we established a micropatterning-based 1D motility assay to investigate the molecular basis of symmetry breaking required for directed cell migration. We show that microtubule (MT) detyrosination drives cell polarization by directing kinesin-1-based transport of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) protein to cortical sites. This is essential for the formation of cell's leading edge during 1D and 3D cell migration. These data, combined with biophysical modeling, unveil a key role for MT detyrosination in the generation of a positive feedback loop linking MT dynamics and kinesin-1-based transport. Thus, symmetry breaking during cell polarization relies on a feedback loop driven by MT detyrosination that supports directed cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstine Lavrsen
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Girish Rajendraprasad
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marcin Leda
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, University of Edinburgh, EdinburghEH9 3BF, United Kingdom
| | - Susana Eibes
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elisa Vitiello
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vasileios Katopodis
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrew B. Goryachev
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, University of Edinburgh, EdinburghEH9 3BF, United Kingdom
| | - Marin Barisic
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Atkins M, Nicol X, Fassier C. Microtubule remodelling as a driving force of axon guidance and pruning. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 140:35-53. [PMID: 35710759 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of neuronal connectivity relies on the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton, which provides mechanical support, roads for axonal transport and mediates signalling events. Fine-tuned spatiotemporal regulation of MT functions by tubulin post-translational modifications and MT-associated proteins is critical for the coarse wiring and subsequent refinement of neuronal connectivity. The defective regulation of these processes causes a wide range of neurodevelopmental disorders associated with connectivity defects. This review focuses on recent studies unravelling how MT composition, post-translational modifications and associated proteins influence MT functions in axon guidance and/or pruning to build functional neuronal circuits. We here summarise experimental evidence supporting the key role of this network as a driving force for growth cone steering and branch-specific axon elimination. We further provide a global overview of the MT-interactors that tune developing axon behaviours, with a special emphasis on their emerging versatility in the regulation of MT dynamics/structure. Recent studies establishing the key and highly selective role of the tubulin code in the regulation of MT functions in axon pathfinding are also reported. Finally, our review highlights the emerging molecular links between these MT regulation processes and guidance signals that wire the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Atkins
- INSERM, UMR-S 1270, Institut du Fer à Moulin, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Xavier Nicol
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Coralie Fassier
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, F-75012 Paris, France.
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8
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Hotta T, Plemmons A, Gebbie M, Ziehm TA, Blasius TL, Johnson C, Verhey KJ, Pearring JN, Ohi R. Mechanistic Analysis of CCP1 in Generating ΔC2 α-Tubulin in Mammalian Cells and Photoreceptor Neurons. Biomolecules 2023; 13:357. [PMID: 36830726 PMCID: PMC9952995 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
An important post-translational modification (PTM) of α-tubulin is the removal of amino acids from its C-terminus. Removal of the C-terminal tyrosine residue yields detyrosinated α-tubulin, and subsequent removal of the penultimate glutamate residue produces ΔC2-α-tubulin. These PTMs alter the ability of the α-tubulin C-terminal tail to interact with effector proteins and are thereby thought to change microtubule dynamics, stability, and organization. The peptidase(s) that produces ΔC2-α-tubulin in a physiological context remains unclear. Here, we take advantage of the observation that ΔC2-α-tubulin accumulates to high levels in cells lacking tubulin tyrosine ligase (TTL) to screen for cytosolic carboxypeptidases (CCPs) that generate ΔC2-α-tubulin. We identify CCP1 as the sole peptidase that produces ΔC2-α-tubulin in TTLΔ HeLa cells. Interestingly, we find that the levels of ΔC2-α-tubulin are only modestly reduced in photoreceptors of ccp1-/- mice, indicating that other peptidases act synergistically with CCP1 to produce ΔC2-α-tubulin in post-mitotic cells. Moreover, the production of ΔC2-α-tubulin appears to be under tight spatial control in the photoreceptor cilium: ΔC2-α-tubulin persists in the connecting cilium of ccp1-/- but is depleted in the distal portion of the photoreceptor. This work establishes the groundwork to pinpoint the function of ΔC2-α-tubulin in proliferating and post-mitotic mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hotta
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alexandra Plemmons
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Margo Gebbie
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Trevor A. Ziehm
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Teresa Lynne Blasius
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Craig Johnson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kristen J. Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jillian N. Pearring
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ryoma Ohi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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9
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Zocchi R, Compagnucci C, Bertini E, Sferra A. Deciphering the Tubulin Language: Molecular Determinants and Readout Mechanisms of the Tubulin Code in Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032781. [PMID: 36769099 PMCID: PMC9917122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are dynamic components of the cell cytoskeleton involved in several cellular functions, such as structural support, migration and intracellular trafficking. Despite their high similarity, MTs have functional heterogeneity that is generated by the incorporation into the MT lattice of different tubulin gene products and by their post-translational modifications (PTMs). Such regulations, besides modulating the tubulin composition of MTs, create on their surface a "biochemical code" that is translated, through the action of protein effectors, into specific MT-based functions. This code, known as "tubulin code", plays an important role in neuronal cells, whose highly specialized morphologies and activities depend on the correct functioning of the MT cytoskeleton and on its interplay with a myriad of MT-interacting proteins. In recent years, a growing number of mutations in genes encoding for tubulins, MT-interacting proteins and enzymes that post-translationally modify MTs, which are the main players of the tubulin code, have been linked to neurodegenerative processes or abnormalities in neural migration, differentiation and connectivity. Nevertheless, the exact molecular mechanisms through which the cell writes and, downstream, MT-interacting proteins decipher the tubulin code are still largely uncharted. The purpose of this review is to describe the molecular determinants and the readout mechanisms of the tubulin code, and briefly elucidate how they coordinate MT behavior during critical neuronal events, such as neuron migration, maturation and axonal transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Zocchi
- Unit of Neuromuscular Disorders, Translational Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Compagnucci
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Research Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Unit of Neuromuscular Disorders, Translational Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.B.); or (A.S.); Tel.: +39-06-6859-2104 (E.B. & A.S.)
| | - Antonella Sferra
- Unit of Neuromuscular Disorders, Translational Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.B.); or (A.S.); Tel.: +39-06-6859-2104 (E.B. & A.S.)
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10
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Pero ME, Chowdhury F, Bartolini F. Role of tubulin post-translational modifications in peripheral neuropathy. Exp Neurol 2023; 360:114274. [PMID: 36379274 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy is a common disorder that results from nerve damage in the periphery. The degeneration of sensory axon terminals leads to changes or loss of sensory functions, often manifesting as debilitating pain, weakness, numbness, tingling, and disability. The pathogenesis of most peripheral neuropathies remains to be fully elucidated. Cumulative evidence from both early and recent studies indicates that tubulin damage may provide a common underlying mechanism of axonal injury in various peripheral neuropathies. In particular, tubulin post-translational modifications have been recently implicated in both toxic and inherited forms of peripheral neuropathy through regulation of axonal transport and mitochondria dynamics. This knowledge forms a new area of investigation with the potential for developing therapeutic strategies to prevent or delay peripheral neuropathy by restoring tubulin homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Pero
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, USA; Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Farihah Chowdhury
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Francesca Bartolini
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, USA.
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11
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Hosseini S, van Ham M, Erck C, Korte M, Michaelsen-Preusse K. The role of α-tubulin tyrosination in controlling the structure and function of hippocampal neurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:931859. [PMCID: PMC9627282 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.931859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are central components of the neuronal cytoskeleton and play a critical role in CNS integrity, function, and plasticity. Neuronal MTs are diverse due to extensive post-translational modifications (PTMs), particularly detyrosination/tyrosination, in which the C-terminal tyrosine of α-tubulin is cyclically removed by a carboxypeptidase and reattached by a tubulin-tyrosine ligase (TTL). The detyrosination/tyrosination cycle of MTs has been shown to be an important regulator of MT dynamics in neurons. TTL-null mice exhibit impaired neuronal organization and die immediately after birth, indicating TTL function is vital to the CNS. However, the detailed cellular role of TTL during development and in the adult brain remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that conditional deletion of TTL in the neocortex and hippocampus during network development results in a pathophysiological phenotype defined by incomplete development of the corpus callosum and anterior commissures due to axonal growth arrest. TTL loss was also associated with a deficit in spatial learning, impaired synaptic plasticity, and reduced number of spines in hippocampal neurons, suggesting that TTL also plays a critical role in hippocampal network development. TTL deletion after postnatal development, specifically in the hippocampus and in cultured hippocampal neurons, led to a loss of spines and impaired spine structural plasticity. This indicates a novel and important function of TTL for synaptic plasticity in the adult brain. In conclusion, this study reveals the importance of α-tubulin tyrosination, which defines the dynamics of MTs, in controlling proper network formation and suggests TTL-mediated tyrosination as a new key determinant of synaptic plasticity in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Hosseini
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Research Group Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marco van Ham
- Research Group Cellular Proteome Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christian Erck
- Research Group Cellular Proteome Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Martin Korte
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Research Group Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kristin Michaelsen-Preusse
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Kristin Michaelsen-Preusse,
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12
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Lafanechère L. The microtubule cytoskeleton: An old validated target for novel therapeutic drugs. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:969183. [PMID: 36188585 PMCID: PMC9521402 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.969183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Compounds targeting microtubules are widely used in cancer therapy with a proven efficacy. However, because they also target non-cancerous cells, their administration leads to numerous adverse effects. With the advancement of knowledge on the structure of tubulin, the regulation of microtubule dynamics and their deregulation in pathological processes, new therapeutic strategies are emerging, both for the treatment of cancer and for other diseases, such as neuronal or even heart diseases and parasite infections. In addition, a better understanding of the mechanism of action of well-known drugs such as colchicine or certain kinase inhibitors contributes to the development of these new therapeutic approaches. Nowadays, chemists and biologists are working jointly to select drugs which target the microtubule cytoskeleton and have improved properties. On the basis of a few examples this review attempts to depict the panorama of these recent advances.
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13
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Grignard J, Lamamy V, Vermersch E, Delagrange P, Stephan JP, Dorval T, Fages F. Mathematical modeling of the microtubule detyrosination/tyrosination cycle for cell-based drug screening design. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010236. [PMID: 35759459 PMCID: PMC9236252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules and their post-translational modifications are involved in major cellular processes. In severe diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders, tyrosinated tubulin and tyrosinated microtubules are in lower concentration. We present here a mechanistic mathematical model of the microtubule tyrosination cycle combining computational modeling and high-content image analyses to understand the key kinetic parameters governing the tyrosination status in different cellular models. That mathematical model is parameterized, firstly, for neuronal cells using kinetic values taken from the literature, and, secondly, for proliferative cells, by a change of two parameter values obtained, and shown minimal, by a continuous optimization procedure based on temporal logic constraints to formalize experimental high-content imaging data. In both cases, the mathematical models explain the inability to increase the tyrosination status by activating the Tubulin Tyrosine Ligase enzyme. The tyrosinated tubulin is indeed the product of a chain of two reactions in the cycle: the detyrosinated microtubule depolymerization followed by its tyrosination. The tyrosination status at equilibrium is thus limited by both reaction rates and activating the tyrosination reaction alone is not effective. Our computational model also predicts the effect of inhibiting the Tubulin Carboxy Peptidase enzyme which we have experimentally validated in MEF cellular model. Furthermore, the model predicts that the activation of two particular kinetic parameters, the tyrosination and detyrosinated microtubule depolymerization rate constants, in synergy, should suffice to enable an increase of the tyrosination status in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Grignard
- Pole of Activity Data Sciences and Data Management, Institut de Recherches Servier (IdRS), Croissy-sur-Seine, France
- * E-mail: (JG); (TD); (FF)
| | - Véronique Lamamy
- Pole of Activity Cellular Sciences, Institut de Recherches Servier (IdRS), Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Eva Vermersch
- Pole of Activity Cellular Sciences, Institut de Recherches Servier (IdRS), Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Philippe Delagrange
- Therapeutic Area Neuropsychiatry and Immunoinflammation, Institut de Recherches Servier (IdRS), Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Stephan
- In Vitro Pharmacology Unit, Institut de Recherches Servier (IdRS), Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Thierry Dorval
- Pole of Activity Data Sciences and Data Management, Institut de Recherches Servier (IdRS), Croissy-sur-Seine, France
- * E-mail: (JG); (TD); (FF)
| | - François Fages
- Team Project Lifeware, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et Automatique, Inria Saclay, Palaiseau, France
- * E-mail: (JG); (TD); (FF)
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14
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Peris L, Parato J, Qu X, Soleilhac JM, Lanté F, Kumar A, Pero ME, Martínez-Hernández J, Corrao C, Falivelli G, Payet F, Gory-Fauré S, Bosc C, Blanca Ramirez M, Sproul A, Brocard J, Di Cara B, Delagrange P, Buisson A, Goldberg Y, Moutin MJ, Bartolini F, Andrieux A. OUP accepted manuscript. Brain 2022; 145:2486-2506. [PMID: 35148384 PMCID: PMC9337816 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules play fundamental roles in the maintenance of neuronal processes and in synaptic function and plasticity. While dynamic microtubules are mainly composed of tyrosinated tubulin, long-lived microtubules contain detyrosinated tubulin, suggesting that the tubulin tyrosination/detyrosination cycle is a key player in the maintenance of microtubule dynamics and neuronal homeostasis, conditions that go awry in neurodegenerative diseases. In the tyrosination/detyrosination cycle, the C-terminal tyrosine of α-tubulin is removed by tubulin carboxypeptidases and re-added by tubulin tyrosine ligase (TTL). Here we show that TTL heterozygous mice exhibit decreased tyrosinated microtubules, reduced dendritic spine density and both synaptic plasticity and memory deficits. We further report decreased TTL expression in sporadic and familial Alzheimer’s disease, and reduced microtubule dynamics in human neurons harbouring the familial APP-V717I mutation. Finally, we show that synapses visited by dynamic microtubules are more resistant to oligomeric amyloid-β peptide toxicity and that expression of TTL, by restoring microtubule entry into spines, suppresses the loss of synapses induced by amyloid-β peptide. Together, our results demonstrate that a balanced tyrosination/detyrosination tubulin cycle is necessary for the maintenance of synaptic plasticity, is protective against amyloid-β peptide-induced synaptic damage and that this balance is lost in Alzheimer’s disease, providing evidence that defective tubulin retyrosination may contribute to circuit dysfunction during neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Peris
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Julie Parato
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Natural Sciences, SUNY ESC, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Qu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jean Marc Soleilhac
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Fabien Lanté
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Atul Kumar
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Maria Elena Pero
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - José Martínez-Hernández
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Charlotte Corrao
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Giulia Falivelli
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Floriane Payet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sylvie Gory-Fauré
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Bosc
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Marian Blanca Ramirez
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Andrew Sproul
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jacques Brocard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | | | - Alain Buisson
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Yves Goldberg
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Marie Jo Moutin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Francesca Bartolini
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Annie Andrieux
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
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15
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Sanyal C, Pietsch N, Ramirez Rios S, Peris L, Carrier L, Moutin MJ. The detyrosination/re-tyrosination cycle of tubulin and its role and dysfunction in neurons and cardiomyocytes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 137:46-62. [PMID: 34924330 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Among the variety of post-translational modifications to which microtubules are subjected, the detyrosination/re-tyrosination cycle is specific to tubulin. It is conserved by evolution and characterized by the enzymatic removal and re-addition of a gene-encoded tyrosine residue at the C-terminus of α-tubulin. Detyrosinated tubulin can be further converted to Δ2-tubulin by the removal of an additional C-terminal glutamate residue. Detyrosinated and Δ2-tubulin are carried by stable microtubules whereas tyrosinated microtubules are present on dynamic polymers. The cycle regulates trafficking of many cargo transporting molecular motors and is linked to the microtubule dynamics via regulation of microtubule interactions with specific cellular effectors such as kinesin-13. Here, we give an historical overview of the general features discovered for the cycle. We highlight the recent progress toward structure and functioning of the enzymes that keep the levels of tyrosinated and detyrosinated tubulin in cells, the long-known tubulin tyrosine ligase and the recently discovered vasohibin-SVBP complexes. We further describe how the cycle controls microtubule functions in healthy neurons and cardiomyocytes and how deregulations of the cycle are involved in dysfunctions of these highly differentiated cells, leading to neurodegeneration and heart failure in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadni Sanyal
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Niels Pietsch
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sacnicte Ramirez Rios
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Leticia Peris
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Lucie Carrier
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Marie-Jo Moutin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France.
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16
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Ghosh A, Singh S. Regulation Of Microtubule: Current Concepts And Relevance To Neurodegenerative Diseases. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 21:656-679. [PMID: 34323203 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210728144043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are abnormalities linked to neuronal structure and irregularities associated with the proliferation of cells, transportation, and differentiation. NDD also involves synaptic circuitry and neural network alterations known as synaptopathies. Microtubules (MTs) and MTs-associated proteins help to maintain neuronal health as well as their development. The microtubular dynamic structure plays a crucial role in the division of cells and forms mitotic spindles, thus take part in initiating stages of differentiation and polarization for various types of cells. The MTs also take part in the cellular death but MT-based cellular degenerations are not yet well excavated. In the last few years, studies have provided the protagonist activity of MTs in neuronal degeneration. In this review, we largely engrossed our discussion on the change of MT cytoskeleton structure, describing their organization, dynamics, transportation, and their failure causing NDDs. At end of this review, we are targeting the therapeutic neuroprotective strategies on clinical priority and also try to discuss the clues for the development of new MT-based therapy as a new pharmacological intervention. This will be a new potential site to block not only neurodegeneration but also promotes the regeneration of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Ghosh
- Neuroscience Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001 Punjab, India
| | - Shamsher Singh
- Neuroscience Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001 Punjab, India
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17
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Chen J, Kholina E, Szyk A, Fedorov VA, Kovalenko I, Gudimchuk N, Roll-Mecak A. α-tubulin tail modifications regulate microtubule stability through selective effector recruitment, not changes in intrinsic polymer dynamics. Dev Cell 2021; 56:2016-2028.e4. [PMID: 34022132 PMCID: PMC8476856 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules are non-covalent polymers of αβ-tubulin dimers. Posttranslational processing of the intrinsically disordered C-terminal α-tubulin tail produces detyrosinated and Δ2-tubulin. Although these are widely employed as proxies for stable cellular microtubules, their effect (and of the α-tail) on microtubule dynamics remains uncharacterized. Using recombinant, engineered human tubulins, we now find that neither detyrosinated nor Δ2-tubulin affect microtubule dynamics, while the α-tubulin tail is an inhibitor of microtubule growth. Consistent with the latter, molecular dynamics simulations show the α-tubulin tail transiently occluding the longitudinal microtubule polymerization interface. The marked differential in vivo stabilities of the modified microtubule subpopulations, therefore, must result exclusively from selective effector recruitment. We find that tyrosination quantitatively tunes CLIP-170 density at the growing plus end and that CLIP170 and EB1 synergize to selectively upregulate the dynamicity of tyrosinated microtubules. Modification-dependent recruitment of regulators thereby results in microtubule subpopulations with distinct dynamics, a tenet of the tubulin code hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Chen
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ekaterina Kholina
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Agnieszka Szyk
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vladimir A Fedorov
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya Kovalenko
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Astrakhan State University, Astrakhan 414056, Russia; Sechenov University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nikita Gudimchuk
- Department of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Antonina Roll-Mecak
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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18
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Xie X, Wang S, Li M, Diao L, Pan X, Chen J, Zou W, Zhang X, Feng W, Bao L. α-TubK40me3 is required for neuronal polarization and migration by promoting microtubule formation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4113. [PMID: 34226540 PMCID: PMC8257576 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24376-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tri-methylation on lysine 40 of α-tubulin (α-TubK40me3) is a recently identified post-translational modification involved in mitosis and cytokinesis. However, knowledge about α-TubK40me3 in microtubule function and post-mitotic cells remains largely incomplete. Here, we report that α-TubK40me3 is required for neuronal polarization and migration by promoting microtubule formation. α-TubK40me3 is enriched in mouse cerebral cortex during embryonic day (E)14 to E16. Knockdown of α-tubulin methyltransferase SETD2 at E14 leads to the defects in neuronal migration, which could be restored by overexpressing either a cytoplasm-localized SETD2 truncation or α-TubK40me3-mimicking mutant. Furthermore, α-TubK40me3 is preferably distributed on polymerized microtubules and potently promotes tubulin nucleation. Downregulation of α-TubK40me3 results in reduced microtubule abundance in neurites and disrupts neuronal polarization, which could be rescued by Taxol. Additionally, α-TubK40me3 is increased after losing α-tubulin K40 acetylation (α-TubK40ac) and largely rescues α-TubK40ac function. This study reveals a critical role of α-TubK40me3 in microtubule formation and neuronal development. Post-translational modifications of tubulins regulate microtubule properties and neural development. Here, the authors report that one such post-translational modification, α-TubK40me3, is required for neuronal polarization and migration by promoting microtubule formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shaogang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingyu Pan
- Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai, China
| | - Jijun Chen
- Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiguo Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Perceptive Network, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenfeng Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lan Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
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19
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Bodakuntla S, Janke C, Magiera MM. Tubulin polyglutamylation, a regulator of microtubule functions, can cause neurodegeneration. Neurosci Lett 2021; 746:135656. [PMID: 33482309 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases lead to a progressive demise of neuronal functions that ultimately results in neuronal death. Besides a large variety of molecular pathways that have been linked to the degeneration of neurons, dysfunctions of the microtubule cytoskeleton are common features of many human neurodegenerative disorders. Yet, it is unclear whether microtubule dysfunctions are causative, or mere bystanders in the disease progression. A so-far little explored regulatory mechanism of the microtubule cytoskeleton, the posttranslational modifications of tubulin, emerge as candidate mechanisms involved in neuronal dysfunction, and thus, degeneration. Here we review the role of tubulin polyglutamylation, a prominent modification of neuronal microtubules. We discuss the current understanding of how polyglutamylation controls microtubule functions in healthy neurons, and how deregulation of this modification leads to neurodegeneration in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Bodakuntla
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3348, F-91401 Orsay, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, F-91401 Orsay, France
| | - Carsten Janke
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3348, F-91401 Orsay, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, F-91401 Orsay, France.
| | - Maria M Magiera
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3348, F-91401 Orsay, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, F-91401 Orsay, France.
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20
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Wu D, Jin Y, Shapiro TM, Hinduja A, Baas PW, Tom VJ. Chronic neuronal activation increases dynamic microtubules to enhance functional axon regeneration after dorsal root crush injury. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6131. [PMID: 33257677 PMCID: PMC7705672 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19914-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
After a dorsal root crush injury, centrally-projecting sensory axons fail to regenerate across the dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) to extend into the spinal cord. We find that chemogenetic activation of adult dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons improves axon growth on an in vitro model of the inhibitory environment after injury. Moreover, repeated bouts of daily chemogenetic activation of adult DRG neurons for 12 weeks post-crush in vivo enhances axon regeneration across a chondroitinase-digested DREZ into spinal gray matter, where the regenerating axons form functional synapses and mediate behavioral recovery in a sensorimotor task. Neuronal activation-mediated axon extension is dependent upon changes in the status of tubulin post-translational modifications indicative of highly dynamic microtubules (as opposed to stable microtubules) within the distal axon, illuminating a novel mechanism underlying stimulation-mediated axon growth. We have identified an effective combinatory strategy to promote functionally-relevant axon regeneration of adult neurons into the CNS after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ying Jin
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tatiana M Shapiro
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Abhishek Hinduja
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter W Baas
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Veronica J Tom
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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21
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Moutin MJ, Bosc C, Peris L, Andrieux A. Tubulin post-translational modifications control neuronal development and functions. Dev Neurobiol 2020; 81:253-272. [PMID: 33325152 PMCID: PMC8246997 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are an essential component of the neuronal cytoskeleton; they are involved in various aspects of neuron development, maintenance, and functions including polarization, synaptic plasticity, and transport. Neuronal MTs are highly heterogeneous due to the presence of multiple tubulin isotypes and extensive post‐translational modifications (PTMs). These PTMs—most notably detyrosination, acetylation, and polyglutamylation—have emerged as important regulators of the neuronal microtubule cytoskeleton. With this review, we summarize what is currently known about the impact of tubulin PTMs on microtubule dynamics, neuronal differentiation, plasticity, and transport as well as on brain function in normal and pathological conditions, in particular during neuro‐degeneration. The main therapeutic approaches to neuro‐diseases based on the modulation of tubulin PTMs are also summarized. Overall, the review indicates how tubulin PTMs can generate a large number of functionally specialized microtubule sub‐networks, each of which is crucial to specific neuronal features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Jo Moutin
- Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Bosc
- Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Leticia Peris
- Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Annie Andrieux
- Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
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22
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Wolf KJ, Shukla P, Springer K, Lee S, Coombes JD, Choy CJ, Kenny SJ, Xu K, Kumar S. A mode of cell adhesion and migration facilitated by CD44-dependent microtentacles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:11432-11443. [PMID: 32381732 PMCID: PMC7261014 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1914294117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure and mechanics of many connective tissues are dictated by a collagen-rich extracellular matrix (ECM), where collagen fibers provide topological cues that direct cell migration. However, comparatively little is known about how cells navigate the hyaluronic acid (HA)-rich, nanoporous ECM of the brain, a problem with fundamental implications for development, inflammation, and tumor invasion. Here, we demonstrate that glioblastoma cells adhere to and invade HA-rich matrix using microtentacles (McTNs), which extend tens of micrometers from the cell body and are distinct from filopodia. We observe these structures in continuous culture models and primary patient-derived tumor cells, as well as in synthetic HA matrix and organotypic brain slices. High-magnification and superresolution imaging reveals McTNs are dynamic, CD44-coated tubular protrusions containing microtubules and actin filaments, which respectively drive McTN extension and retraction. Molecular mechanistic studies reveal that McTNs are stabilized by an interplay between microtubule-driven protrusion, actomyosin-driven retraction, and CD44-mediated adhesion, where adhesive and cytoskeletal components are mechanistically coupled by an IQGAP1-CLIP170 complex. McTNs represent a previously unappreciated mechanism through which cells engage nanoporous HA matrix and may represent an important molecular target in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla J Wolf
- University of California, Berkeley-University of California San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720
| | - Poojan Shukla
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720
| | - Kelsey Springer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720
| | - Stacey Lee
- University of California, Berkeley-University of California San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720
| | - Jason D Coombes
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720
- Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, SE5 9NU
| | - Caleb J Choy
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Samuel J Kenny
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Division of Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- University of California, Berkeley-University of California San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
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23
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The tubulin code and its role in controlling microtubule properties and functions. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:307-326. [PMID: 32107477 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-0214-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are core components of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton with essential roles in cell division, shaping, motility and intracellular transport. Despite their functional heterogeneity, microtubules have a highly conserved structure made from almost identical molecular building blocks: the tubulin proteins. Alternative tubulin isotypes and a variety of post-translational modifications control the properties and functions of the microtubule cytoskeleton, a concept known as the 'tubulin code'. Here we review the current understanding of the molecular components of the tubulin code and how they impact microtubule properties and functions. We discuss how tubulin isotypes and post-translational modifications control microtubule behaviour at the molecular level and how this translates into physiological functions at the cellular and organism levels. We then go on to show how fine-tuning of microtubule function by some tubulin modifications can affect homeostasis and how perturbation of this fine-tuning can lead to a range of dysfunctions, many of which are linked to human disease.
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24
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Bodakuntla S, Janke C, Magiera MM. Knocking Out Multiple Genes in Cultured Primary Neurons to Study Tubulin Posttranslational Modifications. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2101:327-351. [PMID: 31879912 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0219-5_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules, as integral part of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton, exert numerous essential functions in cells. A mechanism to control these diverse functions are the posttranslational modifications of tubulin. Despite being known for decades, relatively little insight into the cellular functions of these modifications has been gained so far. The discovery of tubulin-modifying enzymes and a growing number of available knockout mice now allow working with primary cells from those mouse models to address biological functions and molecular mechanisms behind those modifications. However, a number of those mouse models show either lethality or sterility, making it difficult to impossible to obtain a sufficient number of animals for a systematic study with primary cells. Moreover, many of those modifications are controlled by several redundant enzymes, and it is often necessary to knock out several enzymes in parallel to obtain a significant change in a given tubulin modification. Here we describe a method to generate primary cells with combinatorial knockout genotypes using conditional knockout mice. The conditional alleles are converted into knockout in the cultured primary cells by transduction with a lentivirus encoding cre-recombinase. This approach has allowed us to knock out the two main brain deglutamylases in mouse primary neurons, which leads to strongly increased polyglutamylation in these cells. Our method can be applied to measure different cellular processes, such as axonal transport, for which it can be combined with the expression of different fluorescent reporters to label intracellular proteins. Using a panel of conditional knockout mice, our method can further be applied to study the functions of a variety of tubulin modifications that require simultaneous knockout of multiple genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Bodakuntla
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3348, Centre Universitaire, Orsay, France
- Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France
| | - Carsten Janke
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3348, Centre Universitaire, Orsay, France.
- Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France.
| | - Maria M Magiera
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3348, Centre Universitaire, Orsay, France.
- Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France.
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25
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Pagnamenta AT, Heemeryck P, Martin HC, Bosc C, Peris L, Uszynski I, Gory-Fauré S, Couly S, Deshpande C, Siddiqui A, Elmonairy AA, Jayawant S, Murthy S, Walker I, Loong L, Bauer P, Vossier F, Denarier E, Maurice T, Barbier EL, Deloulme JC, Taylor JC, Blair EM, Andrieux A, Moutin MJ. Defective tubulin detyrosination causes structural brain abnormalities with cognitive deficiency in humans and mice. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:3391-3405. [PMID: 31363758 PMCID: PMC6891070 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversible detyrosination of tubulin, the building block of microtubules, is crucial for neuronal physiology. Enzymes responsible for detyrosination were recently identified as complexes of vasohibins (VASHs) one or two with small VASH-binding protein (SVBP). Here we report three consanguineous families, each containing multiple individuals with biallelic inactivation of SVBP caused by truncating variants (p.Q28* and p.K13Nfs*18). Affected individuals show brain abnormalities with microcephaly, intellectual disability and delayed gross motor and speech development. Immunoblot testing in cells with pathogenic SVBP variants demonstrated that the encoded proteins were unstable and non-functional, resulting in a complete loss of VASH detyrosination activity. Svbp knockout mice exhibit drastic accumulation of tyrosinated tubulin and a reduction of detyrosinated tubulin in brain tissue. Similar alterations in tubulin tyrosination levels were observed in cultured neurons and associated with defects in axonal differentiation and architecture. Morphological analysis of the Svbp knockout mouse brains by anatomical magnetic resonance imaging showed a broad impact of SVBP loss, with a 7% brain volume decrease, numerous structural defects and a 30% reduction of some white matter tracts. Svbp knockout mice display behavioural defects, including mild hyperactivity, lower anxiety and impaired social behaviour. They do not, however, show prominent memory defects. Thus, SVBP-deficient mice recapitulate several features observed in human patients. Altogether, our data demonstrate that deleterious variants in SVBP cause this neurodevelopmental pathology, by leading to a major change in brain tubulin tyrosination and alteration of microtubule dynamics and neuron physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair T Pagnamenta
- NIHR Oxford BRC, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pierre Heemeryck
- Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Hilary C Martin
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Christophe Bosc
- Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Leticia Peris
- Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ivy Uszynski
- Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sylvie Gory-Fauré
- Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Simon Couly
- MMDN, Université de Montpellier, INSERM, EPHE, UMR_S1198, Montpellier, France
| | - Charu Deshpande
- South East Thames Regional Genetics Unit, Guys and St Thomas NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Ata Siddiqui
- Department of Neuroradiology, Kings College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Alaa A Elmonairy
- Ministry of Health, Kuwait Medical Genetics Center, Sulaibikhat 80901, Kuwait
| | | | | | - Sandeep Jayawant
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Ian Walker
- Clinical Biochemistry, Wexham Park Hospital, Slough, UK
| | - Lucy Loong
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Frédérique Vossier
- Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Denarier
- Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Tangui Maurice
- MMDN, Université de Montpellier, INSERM, EPHE, UMR_S1198, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuel L Barbier
- Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Deloulme
- Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jenny C Taylor
- NIHR Oxford BRC, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Edward M Blair
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Annie Andrieux
- Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Jo Moutin
- Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, 38000 Grenoble, France
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26
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Structural basis of tubulin detyrosination by the vasohibin–SVBP enzyme complex. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2019; 26:571-582. [DOI: 10.1038/s41594-019-0241-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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27
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Tubulin heterogeneity regulates functions and dynamics of microtubules and plays a role in the development of drug resistance in cancer. Biochem J 2019; 476:1359-1376. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Microtubules, composed of αβ-tubulin heterodimers, exhibit diverse structural and functional properties in different cell types. The diversity in the microtubule structure originates from tubulin heterogeneities, namely tubulin isotypes and their post-translational modifications (PTMs). These heterogeneities confer differential stability to microtubules and provide spatial cues for the functioning of the cell. Furthermore, the altered expressions of tubulin isotypes and PTMs are prominent factors for the development of resistance against some cancer drugs. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the tubulin isotypes and PTMs and how, together, they control the cellular functions of the microtubules. We also describe how cancer cells use this tubulin heterogeneity to acquire resistance against clinical agents and discuss existing attempts to counter the developed resistance.
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28
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Sadoul K, Joubert C, Michallet S, Nolte E, Peronne L, Ramirez-Rios S, Ribba AS, Lafanechère L. [On the road to deciphering the tubulin code: focus on acetylation and detyrosination]. Med Sci (Paris) 2019; 34:1047-1055. [PMID: 30623774 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2018295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are cytoskeletal fibers formed by the assembly of α- and β-tubulin heterodimers. They contribute to cell morphology, mobility and polarity, as well as to cellular transport processes and cell division. The microtubular network constantly adapts to cellular needs and may be composed of very dynamic or more stable microtubules. To regulate their diverse functions in a spatio-temporal manner, microtubules are subjected to numerous reversible post-translational modifications, which generate the "tubulin code". This review focuses on two modifications characteristic of stable microtubules - acetylation and detyrosination of α-tubulin - and their deregulation in certain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Sadoul
- Régulation et pharmacologie du cytosquelette, Institut pour l'avancée des biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes ; Inserm U 1209 ; CNRS 5309, Allée des Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Clotilde Joubert
- Régulation et pharmacologie du cytosquelette, Institut pour l'avancée des biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes ; Inserm U 1209 ; CNRS 5309, Allée des Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Sophie Michallet
- Régulation et pharmacologie du cytosquelette, Institut pour l'avancée des biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes ; Inserm U 1209 ; CNRS 5309, Allée des Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Elsie Nolte
- Régulation et pharmacologie du cytosquelette, Institut pour l'avancée des biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes ; Inserm U 1209 ; CNRS 5309, Allée des Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Lauralie Peronne
- Régulation et pharmacologie du cytosquelette, Institut pour l'avancée des biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes ; Inserm U 1209 ; CNRS 5309, Allée des Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Sacnicté Ramirez-Rios
- Régulation et pharmacologie du cytosquelette, Institut pour l'avancée des biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes ; Inserm U 1209 ; CNRS 5309, Allée des Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Ribba
- Régulation et pharmacologie du cytosquelette, Institut pour l'avancée des biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes ; Inserm U 1209 ; CNRS 5309, Allée des Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Laurence Lafanechère
- Régulation et pharmacologie du cytosquelette, Institut pour l'avancée des biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes ; Inserm U 1209 ; CNRS 5309, Allée des Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France
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29
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Gadau SD. Tubulin post-translational modifications in developing dog primary neurons obtained with methods according to the 3Rs principles. Res Vet Sci 2018; 122:56-63. [PMID: 30458355 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules play a crucial role during neuronal morphogenesis regulating many functions. In the study of these phenomena in vitro cellular models have been employed, mainly resorting to housed experimental animals. Among alternative models in neurobiological study, recently dog caught particular attention. In fact, the complexity of the canine brain, the life long span and the neurodegenerative pathologies render the dog a species more close to humans than rodents. Lately, growing interest in the limitation of the use of experimental animals, has stimulated the search for alternative experimental protocols. Starting from fetal dog brain, obtained by alternative way of sampling, we set neuronal primary cultures. Through immunofluorescence, we examined the presence and the cellular distribution of tubulin post-translational modifications as tyrosinated and acetylated α-tubulin, as markers of dynamic and stable microtubule respectively. In addition, we evaluated the pattern of two associated proteins which may slide on these two tubulin modifications, i.e. CLIP-170 and Kinesin-1. A clear positivity for tyrosinated and acetylated α-tubulin, was found. As far as the motor proteins are concerned, we detected a prevalence of CLIP-170 compared to kinesin-1 with a better overlapping between tyrosinated α-tubulin and CLIP-170. Our findings highlighted some original data about the role of the microtubular network during early phases of canine neuronal morphogenesis. In addition, the experimental protocol underlined the utility of this alternative model that allows to bypass both the scarcity of commercial canine neuronal cell lines and the need to resort to experimental dogs, respecting the 3Rs principles (reduction, refinement, and replacement).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Domenico Gadau
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Italy.
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30
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Santander VS, Campetelli AN, Monesterolo NE, Rivelli JF, Nigra AD, Arce CA, Casale CH. Tubulin-Na + , K + -ATPase interaction: Involvement in enzymatic regulation and cellular function. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:7752-7763. [PMID: 30378111 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A new function for tubulin was described by our laboratory: acetylated tubulin forms a complex with Na+ ,K + -ATPase (NKA) and inhibits its activity. This process was shown to be a regulatory factor of physiological importance in cultured cells, human erythrocytes, and several rat tissues. Formation of the acetylated tubulin-NKA complex is reversible. We demonstrated that in cultured cells, high concentrations of glucose induce translocation of acetylated tubulin from cytoplasm to plasma membrane with a consequent inhibition of NKA activity. This effect is reversed by adding glutamate, which is coctransported to the cell with Na + . Another posttranslational modification of tubulin, detyrosinated tubulin, is also involved in the regulation of NKA activity: it enhances the NKA inhibition induced by acetylated tubulin. Manipulation of the content of these modifications of tubulin could work as a new strategy to maintain homeostasis of Na + and K + , and to regulate a variety of functions in which NKA is involved, such as osmotic fragility and deformability of human erythrocytes. The results summarized in this review show that the interaction between tubulin and NKA plays an important role in cellular physiology, both in the regulation of Na + /K + homeostasis and in the rheological properties of the cells, which is mechanically different from other roles reported up to now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica S Santander
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alexis N Campetelli
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Noelia E Monesterolo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Juan F Rivelli
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ayelen D Nigra
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carlos A Arce
- entro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), UNC-CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - César H Casale
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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31
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Kath C, Goni-Oliver P, Müller R, Schultz C, Haucke V, Eickholt B, Schmoranzer J. PTEN suppresses axon outgrowth by down-regulating the level of detyrosinated microtubules. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193257. [PMID: 29617365 PMCID: PMC5884485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the phospholipid phosphatase and tumor suppressor PTEN leads to excessive polarized cell growth during directed cell migration and neurite outgrowth. These processes require the precise regulation of both the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. While PTEN is known to regulate actin dynamics through phospholipid modulation, whether and how PTEN regulates microtubule dynamics is unknown. Here, we show that depletion of PTEN leads to elevated levels of stable and post-translationally modified (detyrosinated) microtubules in fibroblasts and developing neurons. Further, PTEN depletion enhanced axon outgrowth, which was rescued by reducing the level of detyrosinated microtubules. These data demonstrate a novel role of PTEN in regulating the microtubule cytoskeleton. They further show a novel function of detyrosinated microtubules in axon outgrowth. Specifically, PTEN suppresses axon outgrowth by down-regulating the level of detyrosinated microtubules. Our results suggest that PTEN's role in preventing excessive cell growth in cancerous and neurodevelopmental phenotypes is partially exerted by stabilization and detyrosination of the microtubule cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kath
- Charité –Universtiätsmedizin, Virchowweg 6, Berlin, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Robert-Roessle-Strasse 10, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Rainer Müller
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraße 1, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Schultz
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraße 1, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volker Haucke
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Robert-Roessle-Strasse 10, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jan Schmoranzer
- Charité –Universtiätsmedizin, Virchowweg 6, Berlin, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Robert-Roessle-Strasse 10, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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32
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Alonso N, Estrada K, Albagha OME, Herrera L, Reppe S, Olstad OK, Gautvik KM, Ryan NM, Evans KL, Nielson CM, Hsu YH, Kiel DP, Markozannes G, Ntzani EE, Evangelou E, Feenstra B, Liu X, Melbye M, Masi L, Brandi ML, Riches P, Daroszewska A, Olmos JM, Valero C, Castillo J, Riancho JA, Husted LB, Langdahl BL, Brown MA, Duncan EL, Kaptoge S, Khaw KT, Usategui-Martín R, Del Pino-Montes J, González-Sarmiento R, Lewis JR, Prince RL, D’Amelio P, García-Giralt N, NoguéS X, Mencej-Bedrac S, Marc J, Wolstein O, Eisman JA, Oei L, Medina-Gómez C, Schraut KE, Navarro P, Wilson JF, Davies G, Starr J, Deary I, Tanaka T, Ferrucci L, Gianfrancesco F, Gennari L, Lucas G, Elosua R, Uitterlinden AG, Rivadeneira F, Ralston SH. Identification of a novel locus on chromosome 2q13, which predisposes to clinical vertebral fractures independently of bone density. Ann Rheum Dis 2018; 77:378-385. [PMID: 29170203 PMCID: PMC5912156 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-212469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify genetic determinants of susceptibility to clinical vertebral fractures, which is an important complication of osteoporosis. METHODS Here we conduct a genome-wide association study in 1553 postmenopausal women with clinical vertebral fractures and 4340 controls, with a two-stage replication involving 1028 cases and 3762 controls. Potentially causal variants were identified using expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) data from transiliac bone biopsies and bioinformatic studies. RESULTS A locus tagged by rs10190845 was identified on chromosome 2q13, which was significantly associated with clinical vertebral fracture (P=1.04×10-9) with a large effect size (OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.06 to 2.6). Bioinformatic analysis of this locus identified several potentially functional SNPs that are associated with expression of the positional candidate genes TTL (tubulin tyrosine ligase) and SLC20A1 (solute carrier family 20 member 1). Three other suggestive loci were identified on chromosomes 1p31, 11q12 and 15q11. All these loci were novel and had not previously been associated with bone mineral density or clinical fractures. CONCLUSION We have identified a novel genetic variant that is associated with clinical vertebral fractures by mechanisms that are independent of BMD. Further studies are now in progress to validate this association and evaluate the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Alonso
- Rheumatology and Bone disease Unit, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karol Estrada
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Omar M E Albagha
- Rheumatology and Bone disease Unit, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Lizbeth Herrera
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sjur Reppe
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole K Olstad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kaare M Gautvik
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Niamh M Ryan
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kathryn L Evans
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Carrie M Nielson
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Yi-Hsiang Hsu
- Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- BROAD Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Douglas P Kiel
- BROAD Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - George Markozannes
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Evangelia E Ntzani
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
- Centre for Evidence Synthesis in Health, Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, School of Public Health, Brown University, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Evangelos Evangelou
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xueping Liu
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Laura Masi
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Philip Riches
- Rheumatology and Bone disease Unit, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anna Daroszewska
- Rheumatology and Bone disease Unit, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, The MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - José Manuel Olmos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital UM Valdecilla, University of Cantabria, IDIVAL, RETICEF, Santander, Spain
| | - Carmen Valero
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital UM Valdecilla, University of Cantabria, IDIVAL, RETICEF, Santander, Spain
| | - Jesús Castillo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital UM Valdecilla, University of Cantabria, IDIVAL, RETICEF, Santander, Spain
| | - José A Riancho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital UM Valdecilla, University of Cantabria, IDIVAL, RETICEF, Santander, Spain
| | - Lise B Husted
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine THG, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bente L Langdahl
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine THG, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Matthew A Brown
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Emma L Duncan
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen Kaptoge
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, School of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ricardo Usategui-Martín
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University Hospital of Salamanca, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Javier Del Pino-Montes
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University Hospital of Salamanca, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rogelio González-Sarmiento
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University Hospital of Salamanca, University of Salamanca – CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Joshua R Lewis
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Kidney Research, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Richard L Prince
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Patrizia D’Amelio
- Gerontology and Bone Metabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Medical Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Natalia García-Giralt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, RETICEF, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier NoguéS
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, RETICEF, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Simona Mencej-Bedrac
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janja Marc
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Orit Wolstein
- Osteoporosis and Bone Biology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John A Eisman
- Osteoporosis and Bone Biology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ling Oei
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carolina Medina-Gómez
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katharina E Schraut
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, QMRI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pau Navarro
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James F Wilson
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gail Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Fernando Gianfrancesco
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso", National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Gennari
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Gavin Lucas
- Grup de Recerca en Genètica i Epidemiologia Cardiovascular, IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roberto Elosua
- Grup de Recerca en Genètica i Epidemiologia Cardiovascular, IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stuart H Ralston
- Rheumatology and Bone disease Unit, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Aillaud C, Bosc C, Peris L, Bosson A, Heemeryck P, Van Dijk J, Le Friec J, Boulan B, Vossier F, Sanman LE, Syed S, Amara N, Couté Y, Lafanechère L, Denarier E, Delphin C, Pelletier L, Humbert S, Bogyo M, Andrieux A, Rogowski K, Moutin MJ. Vasohibins/SVBP are tubulin carboxypeptidases (TCPs) that regulate neuron differentiation. Science 2017; 358:1448-1453. [PMID: 29146868 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao4165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Reversible detyrosination of α-tubulin is crucial to microtubule dynamics and functions, and defects have been implicated in cancer, brain disorganization, and cardiomyopathies. The identity of the tubulin tyrosine carboxypeptidase (TCP) responsible for detyrosination has remained unclear. We used chemical proteomics with a potent irreversible inhibitor to show that the major brain TCP is a complex of vasohibin-1 (VASH1) with the small vasohibin binding protein (SVBP). VASH1 and its homolog VASH2, when complexed with SVBP, exhibited robust and specific Tyr/Phe carboxypeptidase activity on microtubules. Knockdown of vasohibins or SVBP and/or inhibitor addition in cultured neurons reduced detyrosinated α-tubulin levels and caused severe differentiation defects. Furthermore, knockdown of vasohibins disrupted neuronal migration in developing mouse neocortex. Thus, vasohibin/SVBP complexes represent long-sought TCP enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystelle Aillaud
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN), Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Bosc
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN), Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Leticia Peris
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN), Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Anouk Bosson
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN), Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Heemeryck
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN), Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Juliette Van Dijk
- Institut de Génétique Humaine (IGH), Université Montpellier, CNRS UMR9002, 34000 Montpellier, France.,Centre de Recherche en Biochimie Macromoléculaire (CRBM), Université Montpellier, CNRS UMR5237, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Julien Le Friec
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN), Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Benoit Boulan
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN), Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Frédérique Vossier
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN), Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Laura E Sanman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Salahuddin Syed
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Neri Amara
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yohann Couté
- Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble (BIG)-Laboratoire Biologie à Grande Échelle, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Laurence Lafanechère
- Team Regulation and Pharmacology of the Cytoskeleton, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Denarier
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN), Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,BIG-Physiopathologie du Cytosquelette, CEA, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Christian Delphin
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN), Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Laurent Pelletier
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN), Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sandrine Humbert
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN), Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Annie Andrieux
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN), Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France. .,Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,BIG-Physiopathologie du Cytosquelette, CEA, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Krzysztof Rogowski
- Institut de Génétique Humaine (IGH), Université Montpellier, CNRS UMR9002, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Jo Moutin
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN), Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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34
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Breuss MW, Leca I, Gstrein T, Hansen AH, Keays DA. Tubulins and brain development - The origins of functional specification. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 84:58-67. [PMID: 28347630 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the vertebrate central nervous system is reliant on a complex cascade of biological processes that include mitotic division, relocation of migrating neurons, and the extension of dendritic and axonal processes. Each of these cellular events requires the diverse functional repertoire of the microtubule cytoskeleton for the generation of forces, assembly of macromolecular complexes and transport of molecules and organelles. The tubulins are a multi-gene family that encode for the constituents of microtubules, and have been implicated in a spectrum of neurological disorders. Evidence is building that different tubulins tune the functional properties of the microtubule cytoskeleton dependent on the cell type, developmental profile and subcellular localisation. Here we review of the origins of the functional specification of the tubulin gene family in the developing brain at a transcriptional, translational, and post-transcriptional level. We remind the reader that tubulins are not just loading controls for your average Western blot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin W Breuss
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ines Leca
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr-Gasse 7, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Thomas Gstrein
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr-Gasse 7, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Andi H Hansen
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr-Gasse 7, Vienna 1030, Austria; Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | - David A Keays
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr-Gasse 7, Vienna 1030, Austria.
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35
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Abstract
Microtubules are key cytoskeletal elements of all eukaryotic cells and are assembled of evolutionarily conserved α-tubulin-β-tubulin heterodimers. Despite their uniform structure, microtubules fulfill a large diversity of functions. A regulatory mechanism to control the specialization of the microtubule cytoskeleton is the 'tubulin code', which is generated by (i) expression of different α- and β-tubulin isotypes, and by (ii) post-translational modifications of tubulin. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular components of the tubulin code, and discuss the mechanisms by which these components contribute to the generation of functionally specialized microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarshan Gadadhar
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay F-91405, France.,Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay F-91405, France
| | - Satish Bodakuntla
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay F-91405, France.,Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay F-91405, France
| | - Kathiresan Natarajan
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay F-91405, France.,Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay F-91405, France
| | - Carsten Janke
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay F-91405, France .,Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay F-91405, France
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36
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Andrieux A, Aubry L, Boscheron C. CAP-Gly proteins contribute to microtubule-dependent trafficking via interactions with the C-terminal aromatic residue of α-tubulin. Small GTPases 2017; 10:138-145. [PMID: 28103137 PMCID: PMC6380331 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1277002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the C-terminal tyrosine residue of α-tubulin is subjected to removal/re-addition cycles resulting in tyrosinated microtubules and detyrosinated Glu-microtubules. CLIP170 and its yeast ortholog (Bik1) interact weakly with Glu-microtubules. Recently, we described a Microtubule- Rho1- and Bik1-dependent mechanism involved in Snc1 routing. Here, we further show a contribution of the yeast p150Glued ortholog (Nip100) in Snc1 trafficking. Both CLIP170 and p150Glued are CAP-Gly-containing proteins that belong to the microtubule +end-tracking protein family (known as +Tips). We discuss the +Tips-dependent role of microtubules in trafficking, the role of CAP-Gly proteins as possible molecular links between microtubules and vesicles, as well as the contribution of the Rho1-GTPase to the regulation of the +Tips repertoire and the partners associated with microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Andrieux
- a Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble , France.,b Inserm , U1216 , Grenoble , France.,c CEA, BIG , Grenoble , France
| | - Laurence Aubry
- a Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble , France.,c CEA, BIG , Grenoble , France.,d Inserm , U1038 , Grenoble , France
| | - Cécile Boscheron
- a Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble , France.,b Inserm , U1216 , Grenoble , France.,c CEA, BIG , Grenoble , France
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37
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Microtubule Destabilization Paves the Way to Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6762-6774. [PMID: 27757833 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0188-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are dynamic structures normally associated to the cell division, during which they form the mitotic spindle, as well as to the initial phases of specification and polarization of various cell types, including neurons. Although microtubules could have a role in the death of many cells and tissues, the microtubule-based degenerative mechanisms have been poorly investigated; nevertheless, during the last two decades, many clues have been accumulated suggesting the importance of the microtubule system during neurodegeneration. Thus, the aim of this review is to analyse how the changes of the microtubule cytoskeleton, in terms of organization and dynamics, as well as the failure of the microtubule-dependent neuronal processes, as axonal transport, may play a pivotal role in the chain of events leading to Parkinson's disease. Last but not least, since disease-modifying or neuroprotective strategies are a clinical priority in Parkinson's disease, we will also present the hints about the concrete possibility of a microtubule-targeted therapy, which would have the potentiality to block the running degenerative events and to prompt the regeneration of the lost tissues.
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38
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Back to the tubule: microtubule dynamics in Parkinson's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 74:409-434. [PMID: 27600680 PMCID: PMC5241350 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2351-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytoskeletal homeostasis is essential for the development, survival and maintenance of an efficient nervous system. Microtubules are highly dynamic polymers important for neuronal growth, morphology, migration and polarity. In cooperation with several classes of binding proteins, microtubules regulate long-distance intracellular cargo trafficking along axons and dendrites. The importance of a delicate interplay between cytoskeletal components is reflected in several human neurodegenerative disorders linked to abnormal microtubule dynamics, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). Mounting evidence now suggests PD pathogenesis might be underlined by early cytoskeletal dysfunction. Advances in genetics have identified PD-associated mutations and variants in genes encoding various proteins affecting microtubule function including the microtubule-associated protein tau. In this review, we highlight the role of microtubules, their major posttranslational modifications and microtubule associated proteins in neuronal function. We then present key evidence on the contribution of microtubule dysfunction to PD. Finally, we discuss how regulation of microtubule dynamics with microtubule-targeting agents and deacetylase inhibitors represents a promising strategy for innovative therapeutic development.
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39
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Chakraborti S, Natarajan K, Curiel J, Janke C, Liu J. The emerging role of the tubulin code: From the tubulin molecule to neuronal function and disease. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2016; 73:521-550. [PMID: 26934450 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Across different cell types and tissues, microtubules are assembled from highly conserved dimers of α- and β-tubulin. Despite their highly similar structures, microtubules have functional heterogeneity, generated either by the expression of different tubulin genes, encoding distinct isotypes, or by posttranslational modifications of tubulin. This genetically encoded and posttranslational generated heterogeneity of tubulin-the "tubulin code"-has the potential to modulate microtubule structure, dynamics, and interactions with associated proteins. The tubulin code is therefore believed to regulate microtubule functions on a cellular and sub-cellular level. This review highlights the importance of the tubulin code for tubulin structure, as well as on microtubule dynamics and functions in neurons. It further summarizes recent developments in the understanding of mutations in tubulin genes, and how they are linked to neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. The current advances in the knowledge of the tubulin code on the molecular and the functional level will certainly lead to a better understanding of how complex signaling events control microtubule functions, especially in cells of the nervous system. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyananda Chakraborti
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, INSERM, UMR 3348, Orsay, F-91405, France.,Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, UMR 3348, Orsay, F-91405, France
| | - Kathiresan Natarajan
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, INSERM, UMR 3348, Orsay, F-91405, France.,Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, UMR 3348, Orsay, F-91405, France
| | - Julian Curiel
- Children's National Health System, Center for Neuroscience Research, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Carsten Janke
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, INSERM, UMR 3348, Orsay, F-91405, France. .,Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, UMR 3348, Orsay, F-91405, France.
| | - Judy Liu
- Children's National Health System, Center for Neuroscience Research, Washington, District of Columbia.
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40
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Barnat M, Benassy MN, Vincensini L, Soares S, Fassier C, Propst F, Andrieux A, von Boxberg Y, Nothias F. The GSK3–MAP1B pathway controls neurite branching and microtubule dynamics. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 72:9-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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41
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Michalski JP, Cummings SE, O'Meara RW, Kothary R. Integrin-linked kinase regulates oligodendrocyte cytoskeleton, growth cone, and adhesion dynamics. J Neurochem 2016; 136:536-49. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John-Paul Michalski
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Sarah E. Cummings
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Ryan W. O'Meara
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Rashmi Kothary
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Department of Medicine; University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- University of Ottawa Centre for Neuromuscular Disease; Ottawa Ontario Canada
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42
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Parésys L, Hoffmann K, Froger N, Bianchi M, Villey I, Baulieu EE, Fuchs E. Effects of the Synthetic Neurosteroid: 3β-Methoxypregnenolone (MAP4343) on Behavioral and Physiological Alterations Provoked by Chronic Psychosocial Stress in Tree Shrews. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 19:pyv119. [PMID: 26476437 PMCID: PMC4851265 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyv119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most currently available active antidepressant drugs are selective serotonin/noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors. However, as their clinical efficacy is not immediate, long-term administration is often accompanied by substantial side effects, and numerous patients remain non- or partial responders. We have recently found that the synthetic neurosteroid derivative 3β-methoxypregnenolone, which binds to the microtubule-associated protein-2, can provide a novel therapeutic approach in experimental model of depressive disorders in rats. To further validate the antidepressant-like efficacy of 3β-methoxypregnenolone, we investigated effects of a longer treatment (4-week oral administration; 50mg/kg/d) in a nonrodent species, the tree shrew, exposed to psychosocial stress that elicits close-to-human alterations observed in patients with depressive disorders. METHODS During the experimental period, physiological parameters were registered, including core body temperature and electroencephalogram, while animals were videotaped to analyze their avoidance behavior. Morning urine samples were collected for measurements of cortisol and noradrenaline levels. RESULTS We found that treatment with 3β-methoxypregnenolone abolished stress-triggered avoidance behavior and prevented hormone hypersecretion, hypothermia, and sleep disturbances, further suggesting its antidepressant-like efficacy. Comparative treatment with fluoxetine also prevented some of the physiological alterations, while the hypersecretion of cortisol and sleep disturbances were not or partially restored by fluoxetine, suggesting a better efficacy of 3β-methoxypregnenolone. Alpha-tubulin isoforms were measured in hippocampi: we found that 3β-methoxypregnenolone reversed the specific decrease in acetylation of α-tubulin induced by psychosocial stress, while it did not modify the psychosocial stress-elicited reduction of tyrosinated α-tubulin. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data strongly suggest a potent antidepressant-like effect of 3β-methoxypregnenolone on translational parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicolas Froger
- MAPREG SAS, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Drs Parésys, Froger, Bianchi, Villey, and Baulieu); German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany (Drs Hoffmann and Fuchs).
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Abstract
Microtubules give rise to intracellular structures with diverse morphologies and dynamics that are crucial for cell division, motility, and differentiation. They are decorated with abundant and chemically diverse posttranslational modifications that modulate their stability and interactions with cellular regulators. These modifications are important for the biogenesis and maintenance of complex microtubule arrays such as those found in spindles, cilia, neuronal processes, and platelets. Here we discuss the nature and subcellular distribution of these posttranslational marks whose patterns have been proposed to constitute a tubulin code that is interpreted by cellular effectors. We review the enzymes responsible for writing the tubulin code, explore their functional consequences, and identify outstanding challenges in deciphering the tubulin code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Yu
- From the Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, NINDS, and
| | - Christopher P Garnham
- From the Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, NINDS, and
| | - Antonina Roll-Mecak
- From the Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, NINDS, and NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Song W, Cho Y, Watt D, Cavalli V. Tubulin-tyrosine Ligase (TTL)-mediated Increase in Tyrosinated α-Tubulin in Injured Axons Is Required for Retrograde Injury Signaling and Axon Regeneration. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:14765-75. [PMID: 25911101 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.622753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Injured peripheral neurons successfully activate a pro-regenerative program to enable axon regeneration and functional recovery. The microtubule-dependent retrograde transport of injury signals from the lesion site in the axon back to the cell soma stimulates the increased growth capacity of injured neurons. However, the mechanisms initiating this retrograde transport remain poorly understood. Here we show that tubulin-tyrosine ligase (TTL) is required to increase the levels of tyrosinated α-tubulin at the axon injury site and plays an important role in injury signaling. Preventing the injury-induced increase in tyrosinated α-tubulin by knocking down TTL impairs retrograde organelle transport and delays activation of the pro-regenerative transcription factor c-Jun. In the absence of TTL, axon regeneration is reduced severely. We propose a model in which TTL increases the levels of tyrosinated α-tubulin locally at the injury site to facilitate the retrograde transport of injury signals that are required to activate a pro-regenerative program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Song
- From the Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Yongcheol Cho
- From the Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Dana Watt
- From the Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Valeria Cavalli
- From the Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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45
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Jadhav S, Katina S, Kovac A, Kazmerova Z, Novak M, Zilka N. Truncated tau deregulates synaptic markers in rat model for human tauopathy. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:24. [PMID: 25755633 PMCID: PMC4337338 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic failure and neurofibrillary degeneration are two major neuropathological substrates of cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Only a few studies have demonstrated a direct relationship between these two AD hallmarks. To investigate tau mediated synaptic injury we used rat model of tauopathy that develops extensive neurofibrillary pathology in the cortex. Using fractionation of cortical synapses, we identified an increase in endogenous rat tau isoforms in presynaptic compartment, and their mis-sorting to the postsynaptic density (PSD). Truncated transgenic tau was distributed in both compartments exhibiting specific phospho-pattern that was characteristic for each synaptic compartment. In the presynaptic compartment, truncated tau was associated with impairment of dynamic stability of microtubules which could be responsible for reduction of synaptic vesicles. In the PSD, truncated tau lowered the levels of neurofilaments. Truncated tau also significantly decreased the synaptic levels of Aβ40 but not Aβ42. These data show that truncated tau differentially deregulates synaptic proteome in pre- and postsynaptic compartments. Importantly, we show that alteration of Aβ can arise downstream of truncated tau pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Jadhav
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Stanislav Katina
- Axon Neuroscience GmbH Bratislava, Slovak Republic ; Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrej Kovac
- Axon Neuroscience GmbH Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Kazmerova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Michal Novak
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava, Slovak Republic ; Axon Neuroscience GmbH Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Norbert Zilka
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava, Slovak Republic ; Axon Neuroscience GmbH Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Mukhitov AR, Nikolsky EE. The effect of electric stimulation of various frequencies and durations on microtubules in frog motor axon terminals. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2015; 459:334-7. [PMID: 25560209 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496614060076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A R Mukhitov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Lobachevskogo 2/31, Kazan, 420111, Tatarstan, Russia,
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47
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Song Y, Brady ST. Post-translational modifications of tubulin: pathways to functional diversity of microtubules. Trends Cell Biol 2014; 25:125-36. [PMID: 25468068 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tubulin and microtubules are subject to a remarkable number of post-translational modifications. Understanding the roles these modifications play in determining the functions and properties of microtubules has presented a major challenge that is only now being met. Many of these modifications are found concurrently, leading to considerable diversity in cellular microtubules, which varies with development, differentiation, cell compartment, and cell cycle. We now know that post-translational modifications of tubulin affect, not only the dynamics of the microtubules, but also their organization and interaction with other cellular components. Many early suggestions of how post-translational modifications affect microtubules have been replaced with new ideas and even new modifications as our understanding of cellular microtubule diversity comes into focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyu Song
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boyer Center, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 065105, USA
| | - Scott T Brady
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, 808 S. Wood St., Rm 578 (M/C 512), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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48
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Abstract
Microtubules are cytoskeletal filaments that are dynamically assembled from α/β-tubulin heterodimers. The primary sequence and structure of the tubulin proteins and, consequently, the properties and architecture of microtubules are highly conserved in eukaryotes. Despite this conservation, tubulin is subject to heterogeneity that is generated in two ways: by the expression of different tubulin isotypes and by posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Identifying the mechanisms that generate and control tubulin heterogeneity and how this heterogeneity affects microtubule function are long-standing goals in the field. Recent work on tubulin PTMs has shed light on how these modifications could contribute to a “tubulin code” that coordinates the complex functions of microtubules in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Janke
- Institut Curie, 91405 Orsay, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 3306, 91405 Orsay, France Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1005, 91405 Orsay, France Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France
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49
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Ohtani A, Kozono N, Senzaki K, Shiga T. Serotonin 2A receptor regulates microtubule assembly and induces dynamics of dendritic growth cones in rat cortical neurons in vitro. Neurosci Res 2014; 81-82:11-20. [PMID: 24698813 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) regulates the development of cerebral cortex, but 5-HT receptors mediating the effects are poorly understood. We investigated roles of 5-HT2A receptor in dendritic growth cones using dissociation culture of rat cerebral cortex. Neurons at embryonic day 16 were cultured for 4 days and treated with 5-HT2A/2C receptor agonist (DOI) for 4h. DOI increased the size of growth cone periphery which was actin-rich and microtubule-associated protein 2-negative at the dendritic tip. The length increase of the growth cone periphery may be mediated by 5-HT2A receptor, because the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist reversed the effects of DOI. Moreover, the time-lapse analysis demonstrated the increase of morphological dynamics in dendritic growth cones by DOI. Next, to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the actions of 5-HT2A receptor in dendritic growth cones, we examined the cytoskeletal proteins, tyrosinated α-tubulin (Tyr-T; dynamic tubulin) and acetylated α-tubulin (Ace-T; stable tubulin). DOI increased the fluorescence intensity of Tyr-T, while decreased that of Ace-T in the dendritic growth cone periphery. These effects were reversed by the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist, suggesting that 5-HT2A receptor promotes microtubule dynamics. In summary, it was suggested that 5-HT2A receptor induces morphological changes and dynamics of dendritic growth cones through regulation of microtubule assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Ohtani
- University of Tsukuba, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Naoki Kozono
- University of Tsukuba, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Kouji Senzaki
- University of Tsukuba, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Takashi Shiga
- University of Tsukuba, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan.
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50
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Atherton J, Houdusse A, Moores C. MAPping out distribution routes for kinesin couriers. Biol Cell 2013; 105:465-87. [PMID: 23796124 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201300012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the crowded environment of eukaryotic cells, diffusion is an inefficient distribution mechanism for cellular components. Long-distance active transport is required and is performed by molecular motors including kinesins. Furthermore, in highly polarised, compartmentalised and plastic cells such as neurons, regulatory mechanisms are required to ensure appropriate spatio-temporal delivery of neuronal components. The kinesin machinery has diversified into a large number of kinesin motor proteins as well as adaptor proteins that are associated with subsets of cargo. However, many mechanisms contribute to the correct delivery of these cargos to their target domains. One mechanism is through motor recognition of sub-domain-specific microtubule (MT) tracks, sign-posted by different tubulin isoforms, tubulin post-translational modifications, tubulin GTPase activity and MT-associated proteins (MAPs). With neurons as a model system, a critical review of these regulatory mechanisms is presented here, with a particular focus on the emerging contribution of compartmentalised MAPs. Overall, we conclude that - especially for axonal cargo - alterations to the MT track can influence transport, although in vivo, it is likely that multiple track-based effects act synergistically to ensure accurate cargo distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Atherton
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London, WC1E 7HX, UK
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