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Funa NS, Mjoseng HK, de Lichtenberg KH, Raineri S, Esen D, Egeskov-Madsen ALR, Quaranta R, Jørgensen MC, Hansen MS, van Cuyl Kuylenstierna J, Jensen KB, Miao Y, Garcia KC, Seymour PA, Serup P. TGF-β modulates cell fate in human ES cell-derived foregut endoderm by inhibiting Wnt and BMP signaling. Stem Cell Reports 2024; 19:973-992. [PMID: 38942030 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2024.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Genetic differences between pluripotent stem cell lines cause variable activity of extracellular signaling pathways, limiting reproducibility of directed differentiation protocols. Here we used human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to interrogate how exogenous factors modulate endogenous signaling events during specification of foregut endoderm lineages. We find that transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) activates a putative human OTX2/LHX1 gene regulatory network which promotes anterior fate by antagonizing endogenous Wnt signaling. In contrast to Porcupine inhibition, TGF-β1 effects cannot be reversed by exogenous Wnt ligands, suggesting that induction of SHISA proteins and intracellular accumulation of Fzd receptors render TGF-β1-treated cells refractory to Wnt signaling. Subsequently, TGF-β1-mediated inhibition of BMP and Wnt signaling suppresses liver fate and promotes pancreas fate. Furthermore, combined TGF-β1 treatment and Wnt inhibition during pancreatic specification reproducibly and robustly enhance INSULIN+ cell yield across hESC lines. This modification of widely used differentiation protocols will enhance pancreatic β cell yield for cell-based therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Sofi Funa
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Heidi Katharina Mjoseng
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine, reNEW, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Honnens de Lichtenberg
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Silvia Raineri
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine, reNEW, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Deniz Esen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine, reNEW, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anuska la Rosa Egeskov-Madsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine, reNEW, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roberto Quaranta
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine, reNEW, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Christine Jørgensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine, reNEW, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Skjøtt Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas van Cuyl Kuylenstierna
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Bak Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine, reNEW, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; BRIC - Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yi Miao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Philip A Seymour
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine, reNEW, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Palle Serup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine, reNEW, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Kondoh H. Reciprocal Interactions Between the Epithelium and Mesenchyme in Organogenesis. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 72:119-126. [PMID: 38509255 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-39027-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Many organs are composed of epithelial and mesenchymal tissue components. These two tissue component types develop via reciprocal interactions. However, for historical and technical reasons, the effects of the mesenchymal components on the epithelium have been emphasized. Well-documented examples are the regionally specific differentiation of the endoderm-derived primitive gut tube under the influence of surrounding mesenchyme. In contrast to a pile of reports on mesenchyme-derived signaling mechanisms, few studies have depicted the epithelial action in depth. This chapter highlights an example of an opposite action from the epithelial side, which was found in esophagus development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisato Kondoh
- Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Biohistory Research Hall, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
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3
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Oikonomou P, Cirne HC, Nerurkar NL. A chemo-mechanical model of endoderm movements driving elongation of the amniote hindgut. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.18.541363. [PMID: 37292966 PMCID: PMC10245718 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.18.541363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
While mechanical and biochemical descriptions of development are each essential, integration of upstream morphogenic cues with downstream tissue mechanics remains understudied in many contexts during vertebrate morphogenesis. A posterior gradient of Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) ligands generates a contractile force gradient in the definitive endoderm, driving collective cell movements to form the hindgut. Here, we developed a two-dimensional chemo-mechanical model to investigate how mechanical properties of the endoderm and transport properties of FGF coordinately regulate this process. We began by formulating a 2-D reaction-diffusion-advection model that describes the formation of an FGF protein gradient due to posterior displacement of cells transcribing unstable Fgf8 mRNA during axis elongation, coupled with translation, diffusion, and degradation of FGF protein. This was used together with experimental measurements of FGF activity in the chick endoderm to inform a continuum model of definitive endoderm as an active viscous fluid that generates contractile stresses in proportion to FGF concentration. The model replicated key aspects of hindgut morphogenesis, confirms that heterogeneous - but isotropic - contraction is sufficient to generate large anisotropic cell movements, and provides new insight into how chemo-mechanical coupling across the mesoderm and endoderm coordinates hindgut elongation with outgrowth of the tailbud.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helena C. Cirne
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York NY 10027
| | - Nandan L. Nerurkar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York NY 10027
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4
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Dumasia NP, Khanna AP, Pethe PS. Retinoic acid signaling is critical for generation of pancreatic progenitors from human embryonic stem cells. Growth Factors 2023; 41:8-19. [PMID: 36373834 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2022.2144284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is essential for gut endoderm development and has been extensively used for in vitro pancreatic differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells. However, the gene regulatory network triggered by RA signaling remains poorly addressed. Also, whether RA signals control histone modifiers such as the Polycomb group proteins during pancreatic specification remains to be explored. Here, we assess the role of RA on pancreas-specific genes during the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). We demonstrate that RA helps cells exit the definitive endoderm stage and proceed toward a pancreatic fate. Inhibition of the RA pathway using the pharmacological inhibitor LE135 impairs the induction of pancreatic endoderm (PE) markers FOXA2, HNF4α, HNF1β, HHEX, and PDX1. We further determine that RA signals alter the expression of epigenetic-associated genes BMI1 and RING1B in the hESC-derived pancreatic progenitors. These findings broaden our understanding of the mechanisms that drive early PE specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufer P Dumasia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to-be) University, Mumbai, India
| | - Aparna P Khanna
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to-be) University, Mumbai, India
- Centre for Computational Biology & Translational Research, Amity Institute of Biotechnology (AIB), Amity University, Mumbai, India
| | - Prasad S Pethe
- Symbiosis Centre for Stem Cell Research (SCSCR), Symbiosis International University, Lavale, Pune, India
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5
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Guertin TM, Palaria A, Mager J, Sandell LL, Trainor PA, Tremblay KD. Deciphering the role of retinoic acid in hepatic patterning and induction in the mouse. Dev Biol 2022; 491:31-42. [PMID: 36028102 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), a metabolite of vitamin A, is a small molecule and morphogen that is required for embryonic development. While normal RA signals are required for hepatic development in a variety of vertebrates, a role for RA during mammalian hepatic specification has yet to be defined. To examine the requirement for RA in murine liver induction, we performed whole embryo culture with the small molecule RA inhibitor, BMS493, to attenuate RA signaling immediately prior to hepatic induction and through liver bud formation. BMS493 treated embryos demonstrated a significant loss of hepatic specification that was confined to the prospective dorsal anterior liver bud. Examination of RA attenuated embryos demonstrates that while the liver bud displays normal expression of foregut endoderm markers and the hepato-pancreatobiliary domain marker, PROX1, the dorsal/anterior liver bud excludes the critical hepatic marker, HNF4α, indicating that RA signals are required for dorsal/anterior hepatic induction. These results were confirmed and extended by careful examination of Rdh10<sup>trex/trex</sup> embryos, which carry a genetic perturbation in RA synthesis. At E9.5 Rdh10<sup>trex/trex</sup> embryos display a similar yet more significant loss of the anterior/dorsal liver bud. Notably the anterior/dorsal liver bud loss correlates with the known dorsal-ventral gradient of the RA synthesis enzyme, Aldh1a2. In addition to altered hepatic specification, the mesoderm surrounding the liver bud is disorganized in RA abrogated embryos. Analysis of E10.5 Rdh10<sup>trex/trex</sup> embryos reveals small livers that appear to lack the dorsal/caudal lobes. Finally, addition of exogenous RA prior to hepatic induction results in a liver bud that has failed to thicken and is largely unspecified. Taken together our ex vivo and in vivo evidence demonstrate that the generation of normal RA gradients is required for hepatic patterning, specification, and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor M Guertin
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Amrita Palaria
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Jesse Mager
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Lisa L Sandell
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Kimberly D Tremblay
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
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6
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Retinoic Acid Promotes the In Vitro Growth, Patterning and Improves the Cellular Composition of Human Pluripotent Stem-Cell-Derived Intestinal Organoids. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158624. [PMID: 35955755 PMCID: PMC9368900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human intestinal organoids (HIOs) generated from human pluripotent stem cells hold great promise for modeling human development and as a possible source of tissue for transplantation. HIOs generate all of the main epithelial and mesenchymal cell types found in the developing human intestine and mature into intestinal tissue with crypts and villi following transplantation into immunocompromised mice. However, incomplete in vitro patterning and the presence of contaminating neurons could hinder their use for regenerative medicine in humans. Based on studies in model organisms, we hypothesized that the treatment of HIOs with all trans retinoic acid (ATRA) would improve their in vitro growth and patterning. We found that ATRA not only improved the patterning of HIOs, ATRA also increased organoid forming efficiency, improved epithelial growth, enriched intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts (ISEMFs) and reduced neuronal contamination in HIOs. Taken together, our studies demonstrate how the manipulation of a single developmental signaling pathway can be used to improve the survival, patterning and cellular composition of HIOs.
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7
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López-Pérez AR, Balwierz PJ, Lenhard B, Muller F, Wardle FC, Manfroid I, Voz ML, Peers B. Identification of downstream effectors of retinoic acid specifying the zebrafish pancreas by integrative genomics. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22717. [PMID: 34811400 PMCID: PMC8608873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is a key signal for the specification of the pancreas. Still, the gene regulatory cascade triggered by RA in the endoderm remains poorly characterized. In this study, we investigated this regulatory network in zebrafish by combining RNA-seq, RAR ChIP-seq and ATAC-seq assays. By analysing the effect of RA and of the RA receptor (RAR) inverse-agonist BMS493 on the transcriptome and on the chromatin accessibility of endodermal cells, we identified a large set of genes and regulatory regions regulated by RA signalling. RAR ChIP-seq further defined the direct RAR target genes in zebrafish, including hox genes as well as several pancreatic regulators like mnx1, insm1b, hnf1ba and gata6. Comparison of zebrafish and murine RAR ChIP-seq data highlighted the conserved direct target genes and revealed that some RAR sites are under strong evolutionary constraints. Among them, a novel highly conserved RAR-induced enhancer was identified downstream of the HoxB locus and driving expression in the nervous system and in the gut in a RA-dependent manner. Finally, ATAC-seq data unveiled the role of the RAR-direct targets Hnf1ba and Gata6 in opening chromatin at many regulatory loci upon RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R López-Pérez
- Laboratory of Zebrafish Development and Disease Models (ZDDM), GIGA-R, SART TILMAN, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, B34, 4000, Liège, Belgium.,Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine (UCMM), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Piotr J Balwierz
- Institute of Clinical Sciences and MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Boris Lenhard
- Institute of Clinical Sciences and MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ferenc Muller
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Fiona C Wardle
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Isabelle Manfroid
- Laboratory of Zebrafish Development and Disease Models (ZDDM), GIGA-R, SART TILMAN, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, B34, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marianne L Voz
- Laboratory of Zebrafish Development and Disease Models (ZDDM), GIGA-R, SART TILMAN, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, B34, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bernard Peers
- Laboratory of Zebrafish Development and Disease Models (ZDDM), GIGA-R, SART TILMAN, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, B34, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
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8
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Cho K, Lee SM, Heo J, Kwon YM, Chung D, Yu WJ, Bae SS, Choi G, Lee DS, Kim Y. Retinaldehyde Dehydrogenase Inhibition-Related Adverse Outcome Pathway: Potential Risk of Retinoic Acid Synthesis Inhibition during Embryogenesis. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13110739. [PMID: 34822523 PMCID: PMC8623920 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is one of the factors crucial for cell growth, differentiation, and embryogenesis; it interacts with the retinoic acid receptor and retinoic acid X receptor to eventually regulate target gene expression in chordates. RA is transformed from retinaldehyde via oxidization by retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (RALDH), which belongs to the family of oxidoreductases. Several chemicals, including disulphiram, diethylaminobenzaldehyde, and SB-210661, can effectively inhibit RALDH activity, potentially causing reproductive and developmental toxicity. The modes of action can be sequentially explained based on the molecular initiating event toward key events, and finally the adverse outcomes. Adverse outcome pathway (AOP) is a conceptual and theoretical framework that describes the sequential chain of casually liked events at different biological levels from molecular events to adverse effects. In the present review, we discussed a recently registered AOP (AOP297; inhibition of retinaldehyde dehydrogenase leads to population decline) to explain and support the weight of evidence for RALDH inhibition-related developmental toxicity using the existing knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kichul Cho
- Department of Genetic Resources Research, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea (MABIK), Seocheon 33662, Korea; (K.C.); (Y.M.K.); (D.C.); (W.-J.Y.); (S.S.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Sang-Moo Lee
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea;
| | - Jina Heo
- Department of Growth Engine Research, Chungbuk Research Institute (CRI), Chungju 28517, Korea;
| | - Yong Min Kwon
- Department of Genetic Resources Research, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea (MABIK), Seocheon 33662, Korea; (K.C.); (Y.M.K.); (D.C.); (W.-J.Y.); (S.S.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Dawoon Chung
- Department of Genetic Resources Research, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea (MABIK), Seocheon 33662, Korea; (K.C.); (Y.M.K.); (D.C.); (W.-J.Y.); (S.S.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Woon-Jong Yu
- Department of Genetic Resources Research, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea (MABIK), Seocheon 33662, Korea; (K.C.); (Y.M.K.); (D.C.); (W.-J.Y.); (S.S.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Seung Seob Bae
- Department of Genetic Resources Research, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea (MABIK), Seocheon 33662, Korea; (K.C.); (Y.M.K.); (D.C.); (W.-J.Y.); (S.S.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Grace Choi
- Department of Genetic Resources Research, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea (MABIK), Seocheon 33662, Korea; (K.C.); (Y.M.K.); (D.C.); (W.-J.Y.); (S.S.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Dae-Sung Lee
- Department of Genetic Resources Research, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea (MABIK), Seocheon 33662, Korea; (K.C.); (Y.M.K.); (D.C.); (W.-J.Y.); (S.S.B.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence: (D.-S.L.); (Y.K.)
| | - Youngjun Kim
- Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Europe, Campus E 7.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Correspondence: (D.-S.L.); (Y.K.)
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9
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Functional Roles of FGF Signaling in Early Development of Vertebrate Embryos. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082148. [PMID: 34440915 PMCID: PMC8391977 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) comprise a large family of growth factors, regulating diverse biological processes including cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Each FGF binds to a set of FGF receptors to initiate certain intracellular signaling molecules. Accumulated evidence suggests that in early development and adult state of vertebrates, FGFs also play exclusive and context dependent roles. Although FGFs have been the focus of research for therapeutic approaches in cancer, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome, in this review, we mainly focused on their role in germ layer specification and axis patterning during early vertebrate embryogenesis. We discussed the functional roles of FGFs and their interacting partners as part of the gene regulatory network for germ layer specification, dorsal-ventral (DV), and anterior-posterior (AP) patterning. Finally, we briefly reviewed the regulatory molecules and pharmacological agents discovered that may allow modulation of FGF signaling in research.
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10
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Pierreux CE. Shaping the thyroid: From peninsula to de novo lumen formation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 531:111313. [PMID: 33961919 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A challenging and stimulating question in biology deals with the formation of organs from groups of undifferentiated progenitor cells. Most epithelial organs indeed derive from the endodermal monolayer and evolve into various shape and tridimensional organization adapted to their specialized adult function. Thyroid organogenesis is no exception. In most mammals, it follows a complex and sequential process initiated from the endoderm and leading to the development of a multitude of independent closed spheres equipped and optimized for the synthesis, storage and production of thyroid hormones. The first sign of thyroid organogenesis is visible as a thickening of the anterior foregut endoderm. This group of thyroid progenitors then buds and detaches from the foregut to migrate caudally and then laterally. Upon reaching their final destination in the upper neck region on both sides of the trachea, thyroid progenitors mix with C cell progenitors and finally organize into hormone-producing thyroid follicles. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors controlling thyroid organogenesis have been identified in several species, but the fundamental cellular processes are not sufficiently considered. This review focuses on the cellular aspects of the key morphogenetic steps during thyroid organogenesis and highlights similarities and common mechanisms with developmental steps elucidated in other endoderm-derived organs, despite different final architecture and functions.
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11
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Zheng J, Su G, Wang W, Zhao X, Liu M, Bi J, Zhao Z, Shi J, Lu W, Zhang L. Two Enhancers Regulate HoxB Genes Expression During Retinoic Acid-Induced Early Embryonic Stem Cells Differentiation Through Long-Range Chromatin Interactions. Stem Cells Dev 2021; 30:683-695. [PMID: 34030475 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2021.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeobox B cluster (HoxB) genes play important roles in retinoic acid (RA)-induced early embryonic stem cells (ESCs) differentiation. Knowledge of regulation network of HoxB is important to further unveil the mechanism of ESCs differentiation. In this study, we identified two enhancers that were activated by RA treatment and 4C data showed long-range interactions between HoxB genes and the two enhancers. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated individual or compound deletion of the two enhancers significantly inhibits HoxB gene expression, and transcriptome analysis revealed that RA-induced early ESCs differentiation was blocked in the enhancer KO cells. We propose new mechanism by which two enhancers regulate HoxB gene expression by different regulation modes during RA-induced early ESCs differentiation through long-range chromatin interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangsong Su
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenbin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xueyuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Man Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinfang Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhongfang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiandang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wange Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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12
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Goliusova DV, Klementieva NV, Panova AV, Mokrysheva NG, Kiselev SL. The Role of Genetic Factors in Endocrine Tissues Development and Its Regulation In Vivo and In Vitro. RUSS J GENET+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s102279542103008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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13
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Wu N, Li Y, He X, Lin J, Long D, Cheng X, Brand-Saberi B, Wang G, Yang X. Retinoic Acid Signaling Plays a Crucial Role in Excessive Caffeine Intake-Disturbed Apoptosis and Differentiation of Myogenic Progenitors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:586767. [PMID: 33791291 PMCID: PMC8006404 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.586767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether or not the process of somitogenesis and myogenesis is affected by excessive caffeine intake still remains ambiguous. In this study, we first showed that caffeine treatment results in chest wall deformities and simultaneously reduced mRNA expressions of genes involved in myogenesis in the developing chicken embryos. We then used embryo cultures to assess in further detail how caffeine exposure affects the earliest steps of myogenesis, and we demonstrated that the caffeine treatment suppressed somitogenesis of chicken embryos by interfering with the expressions of crucial genes modulating apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation of myogenic progenitors in differentiating somites. These phenotypes were abrogated by a retinoic acid (RA) antagonist in embryo cultures, even at low caffeine doses in C2C12 cells, implying that excess RA levels are responsible for these phenotypes in cells and possibly in vivo. These findings highlight that excessive caffeine exposure is negatively involved in regulating the development of myogenic progenitors through interfering with RA signaling. The RA somitogenesis/myogenesis pathway might be directly impacted by caffeine signaling rather than reflecting an indirect effect of the toxicity of excess caffeine dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Wu
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development and Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingshi Li
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development and Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangyue He
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development and Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Medical School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayi Lin
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development and Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Denglu Long
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development and Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development and Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Beate Brand-Saberi
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Guang Wang
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development and Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuesong Yang
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development and Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Wang G, Lu JQ, Ding Y, Zhang T, Song JH, Long D, Liang J, Cheng X, Si Z, Qi G, Jiang X, Yang X. Baicalin rescues hyperglycemia-induced neural tube defects via targeting on retinoic acid signaling. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:3311-3328. [PMID: 32774702 PMCID: PMC7407732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We, in this study, studied whether or not antioxidant activities of Baicalin could reduce the incidence of neural tube defects (NTDs) in the presence of hyperglycemia. Using early chick embryos, we demonstrated that Baicalin at 6 μM dramatically reduced NTDs rate and impaired neurogenesis in E4.5-day and HH10 chick embryo neural tubes induced by high glucose (HG). Likewise, immunofluorescent staining showed that Baicalin mitigated the HG-induced regression of Pax7 expression in neural tubes of both HH10 and E4.5-day chick embryos. Additionally, PHIS3 immunofluorescent staining in neural tubes of both HH10 and E4.5-day chick embryos manifested that cell proliferation inhibited by HG was significantly reversed by the administration of Baicalin, and similar result could also be observed in neurosphere assay in vitro. c-Caspase3 or γH2AX immunofluorescent staining and quantitative PCR showed that Baicalin administration alleviated HG-induced cell apoptosis and DNA damage. Bioinformatics results indicated that retinoic acid (RA) was likely to be the signaling pathway that Baicalin targeted on, and this was confirmed by whole-mount RALDH2 in situ hybridization and quantitative PCR of HH10 chick embryos in the absence/presence of Baicalin. In addition, blocking RA with an inhibitor abolished Baicalin's protective role in HG-induced NTDs, suppression of neurogenesis and cell proliferation, and induction of apoptosis, which further verified the centrality of RA in the process of Baicalin confronting HG-induced abnormal neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Wang
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jia-Qi Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityGuangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yong Ding
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityGuangzhou 510632, China
| | - Tonghua Zhang
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jin-Huan Song
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou 510632, China
| | - Denglu Long
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jianxin Liang
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhenpeng Si
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Institute of Fetal-Preterm Labor Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou 510630, China
| | - Guolong Qi
- Division of Medical Information, Medical College, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of The Ministry of Education of China, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xuesong Yang
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou 510632, China
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of The Ministry of Education, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou 510632, China
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15
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Kostouros A, Koliarakis I, Natsis K, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis A, Tsiaoussis J. Large intestine embryogenesis: Molecular pathways and related disorders (Review). Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:27-57. [PMID: 32319546 PMCID: PMC7255481 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The large intestine, part of the gastrointestinal tract (GI), is composed of all three germ layers, namely the endoderm, the mesoderm and the ectoderm, forming the epithelium, the smooth muscle layers and the enteric nervous system, respectively. Since gastrulation, these layers develop simultaneously during embryogenesis, signaling to each other continuously until adult age. Two invaginations, the anterior intestinal portal (AIP) and the caudal/posterior intestinal portal (CIP), elongate and fuse, creating the primitive gut tube, which is then patterned along the antero‑posterior (AP) axis and the radial (RAD) axis in the context of left‑right (LR) asymmetry. These events lead to the formation of three distinct regions, the foregut, midgut and hindgut. All the above‑mentioned phenomena are under strict control from various molecular pathways, which are critical for the normal intestinal development and function. Specifically, the intestinal epithelium constitutes a constantly developing tissue, deriving from the progenitor stem cells at the bottom of the intestinal crypt. Epithelial differentiation strongly depends on the crosstalk with the adjacent mesoderm. Major molecular pathways that are implicated in the embryogenesis of the large intestine include the canonical and non‑canonical wingless‑related integration site (Wnt), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), Notch and hedgehog systems. The aberrant regulation of these pathways inevitably leads to several intestinal malformation syndromes, such as atresia, stenosis, or agangliosis. Novel theories, involving the regulation and homeostasis of intestinal stem cells, suggest an embryological basis for the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Thus, the present review article summarizes the diverse roles of these molecular factors in intestinal embryogenesis and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Kostouros
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion
| | - Ioannis Koliarakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion
| | - Konstantinos Natsis
- Department of Anatomy and Surgical Anatomy, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki
| | | | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Greece
| | - John Tsiaoussis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion
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16
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Retinoids and developmental neurotoxicity: Utilizing toxicogenomics to enhance adverse outcome pathways and testing strategies. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 96:102-113. [PMID: 32544423 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of genomic approaches in toxicological studies has greatly increased our ability to define the molecular profiles of environmental chemicals associated with developmental neurotoxicity (DNT). Integration of these approaches with adverse outcome pathways (AOPs), a framework that translates environmental exposures to adverse developmental phenotypes, can potentially inform DNT testing strategies. Here, using retinoic acid (RA) as a case example, we demonstrate that the integration of toxicogenomic profiles into the AOP framework can be used to establish a paradigm for chemical testing. RA is a critical regulatory signaling molecule involved in multiple aspects of mammalian central nervous system (CNS) development, including hindbrain formation/patterning and neuronal differentiation, and imbalances in RA signaling pathways are linked with DNT. While the mechanisms remain unresolved, environmental chemicals can cause DNT by disrupting the RA signaling pathway. First, we reviewed literature evidence of RA and other retinoid exposures and DNT to define a provisional AOP related to imbalances in RA embryonic bioavailability and hindbrain development. Next, by integrating toxicogenomic datasets, we defined a relevant transcriptomic signature associated with RA-induced developmental neurotoxicity (RA-DNT) in human and rodent models that was tested against zebrafish model data, demonstrating potential for integration into an AOP framework. Finally, we demonstrated how these approaches may be systematically utilized to identify chemical hazards by testing the RA-DNT signature against azoles, a proposed class of compounds that alters RA-signaling. The provisional AOP from this study can be expanded in the future to better define DNT biomarkers relevant to RA signaling and toxicity.
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17
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Song J, Wang C, Long D, Li Z, You L, Brand-Saberi B, Wang G, Yang X. Dysbacteriosis-induced LPS elevation disturbs the development of muscle progenitor cells by interfering with retinoic acid signaling. FASEB J 2020; 34:6837-6853. [PMID: 32223025 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902965r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Whether myogenesis is affected by the maternal gut dysbacteriosis still remains ambiguous. In this study, first we show the elevated level of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in a gut microbiota dysbiosis mouse model. Second, we demonstrate that the diameter of muscle fibers, limb development, and somitogenesis were inhibited in both the gut microbiota dysbiosis and LPS exposed mice and chicken embryos. These might be due to LPS disturbed the cell survival and key genes which regulate the somitogenesis and myogenesis. RNA sequencing and subsequent validation experiments verified that retinoic acid (RA) signaling perturbation was mainly responsible for the aberrant somite formation and differentiation. Subsequently, we found that LPS-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS generation and antioxidant genes such as Nrf2, AKR1B10) contributed to the above -mentioned interference with RA signaling. These findings highlight that the gut microbiota homeostasis is also involved in regulating the development of muscle progenitor cells during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhuan Song
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaojie Wang
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Denglu Long
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziguang Li
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingsen You
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Beate Brand-Saberi
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Guang Wang
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuesong Yang
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Teramoto M, Sugawara R, Minegishi K, Uchikawa M, Takemoto T, Kuroiwa A, Ishii Y, Kondoh H. The absence of SOX2 in the anterior foregut alters the esophagus into trachea and bronchi in both epithelial and mesenchymal components. Biol Open 2020; 9:bio048728. [PMID: 31988094 PMCID: PMC7044460 DOI: 10.1242/bio.048728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the anterior foregut (AFG) of mouse embryos, the transcription factor SOX2 is expressed in the epithelia of the esophagus and proximal branches of respiratory organs comprising the trachea and bronchi, whereas NKX2.1 is expressed only in the epithelia of respiratory organs. Previous studies using hypomorphic Sox2 alleles have indicated that reduced SOX2 expression causes the esophageal epithelium to display some respiratory organ characteristics. In the present study, we produced mouse embryos with AFG-specific SOX2 deficiency. In the absence of SOX2 expression, a single NKX2.1-expressing epithelial tube connected the pharynx and the stomach, and a pair of bronchi developed in the middle of the tube. Expression patterns of NKX2.1 and SOX9 revealed that the anterior and posterior halves of SOX2-deficient AFG epithelial tubes assumed the characteristics of the trachea and bronchus, respectively. In addition, we found that mesenchymal tissues surrounding the SOX2-deficient NKX2.1-expressing epithelial tube changed to those surrounding the trachea and bronchi in the anterior and posterior halves, as indicated by the arrangement of smooth muscle cells and SOX9-expressing cells and by the expression of Wnt4 (esophagus specific), Tbx4 (respiratory organ specific), and Hoxb6 (distal bronchus specific). The impact of mesenchyme-derived signaling on the early stage of AFG epithelial specification has been indicated. Our study demonstrated an opposite trend where epithelial tissue specification causes concordant changes in mesenchymal tissues, indicating a reciprocity of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machiko Teramoto
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Institutes for Protein Dynamics and Comprehensive Research, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Ryo Sugawara
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Institutes for Protein Dynamics and Comprehensive Research, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Katsura Minegishi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Masanori Uchikawa
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Takemoto
- Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kuroiwa
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yasuo Ishii
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Institutes for Protein Dynamics and Comprehensive Research, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Hisato Kondoh
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Institutes for Protein Dynamics and Comprehensive Research, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
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19
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Molecular characterization of a toxicological tipping point during human stem cell differentiation. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 91:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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20
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Koike H, Iwasawa K, Ouchi R, Maezawa M, Giesbrecht K, Saiki N, Ferguson A, Kimura M, Thompson WL, Wells JM, Zorn AM, Takebe T. Modelling human hepato-biliary-pancreatic organogenesis from the foregut-midgut boundary. Nature 2019; 574:112-116. [PMID: 31554966 PMCID: PMC7643931 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1598-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Organogenesis is a complex and interconnected process that is orchestrated by multiple boundary tissue interactions1-7. However, it remains unclear how individual, neighbouring components coordinate to establish an integral multi-organ structure. Here we report the continuous patterning and dynamic morphogenesis of hepatic, biliary and pancreatic structures, invaginating from a three-dimensional culture of human pluripotent stem cells. The boundary interactions between anterior and posterior gut spheroids differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells enables retinoic acid-dependent emergence of hepato-biliary-pancreatic organ domains specified at the foregut-midgut boundary organoids in the absence of extrinsic factors. Whereas transplant-derived tissues are dominated by midgut derivatives, long-term-cultured microdissected hepato-biliary-pancreatic organoids develop into segregated multi-organ anlages, which then recapitulate early morphogenetic events including the invagination and branching of three different and interconnected organ structures, reminiscent of tissues derived from mouse explanted foregut-midgut culture. Mis-segregation of multi-organ domains caused by a genetic mutation in HES1 abolishes the biliary specification potential in culture, as seen in vivo8,9. In sum, we demonstrate that the experimental multi-organ integrated model can be established by the juxtapositioning of foregut and midgut tissues, and potentially serves as a tractable, manipulatable and easily accessible model for the study of complex human endoderm organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Koike
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kentaro Iwasawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Rie Ouchi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mari Maezawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kirsten Giesbrecht
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Norikazu Saiki
- Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Autumn Ferguson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Masaki Kimura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Wendy L Thompson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - James M Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Aaron M Zorn
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Takanori Takebe
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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21
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Ang LT, Tan AKY, Autio MI, Goh SH, Choo SH, Lee KL, Tan J, Pan B, Lee JJH, Lum JJ, Lim CYY, Yeo IKX, Wong CJY, Liu M, Oh JLL, Chia CPL, Loh CH, Chen A, Chen Q, Weissman IL, Loh KM, Lim B. A Roadmap for Human Liver Differentiation from Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cell Rep 2019; 22:2190-2205. [PMID: 29466743 PMCID: PMC5854481 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
How are closely related lineages, including liver, pancreas, and intestines, diversified from a common endodermal origin? Here, we apply principles learned from developmental biology to rapidly reconstitute liver progenitors from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Mapping the formation of multiple endodermal lineages revealed how alternate endodermal fates (e.g., pancreas and intestines) are restricted during liver commitment. Human liver fate was encoded by combinations of inductive and repressive extracellular signals at different doses. However, these signaling combinations were temporally re-interpreted: cellular competence to respond to retinoid, WNT, TGF-β, and other signals sharply changed within 24 hr. Consequently, temporally dynamic manipulation of extracellular signals was imperative to suppress the production of unwanted cell fates across six consecutive developmental junctures. This efficiently generated 94.1% ± 7.35% TBX3+HNF4A+ human liver bud progenitors and 81.5% ± 3.2% FAH+ hepatocyte-like cells by days 6 and 18 of hPSC differentiation, respectively; the latter improved short-term survival in the Fah-/-Rag2-/-Il2rg-/- mouse model of liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lay Teng Ang
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore.
| | - Antson Kiat Yee Tan
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Matias I Autio
- Human Genetics Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Su Hua Goh
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Siew Hua Choo
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Kian Leong Lee
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Jianmin Tan
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Bangfen Pan
- Human Genetics Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Jane Jia Hui Lee
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Jen Jen Lum
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore; School of Engineering, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore 529757, Singapore
| | - Christina Ying Yan Lim
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Isabelle Kai Xin Yeo
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore; School of Engineering, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore 529757, Singapore
| | - Chloe Jin Yee Wong
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore; School of Engineering, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore 529757, Singapore
| | - Min Liu
- Humanized Mouse Unit, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Jueween Ling Li Oh
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore; School of Engineering, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore 529757, Singapore
| | - Cheryl Pei Lynn Chia
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore; School of Engineering, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore 529757, Singapore
| | - Chet Hong Loh
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Angela Chen
- Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford-UC Berkeley Siebel Stem Cell Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Qingfeng Chen
- Humanized Mouse Unit, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Microbiology, Yong Yoo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford-UC Berkeley Siebel Stem Cell Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kyle M Loh
- Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford-UC Berkeley Siebel Stem Cell Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bing Lim
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore.
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22
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Abstract
The human stomach contains two primary domains: the corpus, which contains the fundic epithelium, and the antrum. Each of these domains has distinct cell types and functions, and therefore each presents with unique disease pathologies. Here, we detail two protocols to differentiate human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into human gastric organoids (hGOs) that recapitulate both domains. Both protocols begin with the differentiation of hPSCs into definitive endoderm (DE) using activin A, followed by the generation of free-floating 3D posterior foregut spheroids using FGF4, Wnt pathway agonist CHIR99021 (CHIR), BMP pathway antagonist Noggin, and retinoic acid. Embedding spheroids in Matrigel and continuing 3D growth in epidermal growth factor (EGF)-containing medium for 4 weeks results in antral hGOs (hAGOs). To obtain fundic hGOs (hFGOs), spheroids are additionally treated with CHIR and FGF10. Induced differentiation of acid-secreting parietal cells in hFGOs requires temporal treatment of BMP4 and the MEK inhibitor PD0325901 for 48 h on protocol day 30. In total, it takes ~34 d to generate hGOs from hPSCs. To date, this is the only approach that generates functional human differentiated gastric cells de novo from hPSCs.
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23
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Trisno SL, Philo KED, McCracken KW, Catá EM, Ruiz-Torres S, Rankin SA, Han L, Nasr T, Chaturvedi P, Rothenberg ME, Mandegar MA, Wells SI, Zorn AM, Wells JM. Esophageal Organoids from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Delineate Sox2 Functions during Esophageal Specification. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 23:501-515.e7. [PMID: 30244869 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Tracheal and esophageal disorders are prevalent in humans and difficult to accurately model in mice. We therefore established a three-dimensional organoid model of esophageal development through directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells. Sequential manipulation of bone morphogenic protein (BMP), Wnt, and RA signaling pathways was required to pattern definitive endoderm into foregut, anterior foregut (AFG), and dorsal AFG spheroids. Dorsal AFG spheroids grown in a 3D matrix formed human esophageal organoids (HEOs), and HEO cells could be transitioned into two-dimensional cultures and grown as esophageal organotypic rafts. In both configurations, esophageal tissues had proliferative basal progenitors and a differentiated stratified squamous epithelium. Using HEO cultures to model human esophageal birth defects, we identified that Sox2 promotes esophageal specification in part through repressing Wnt signaling in dorsal AFG and promoting survival. Consistently, Sox2 ablation in mice causes esophageal agenesis. Thus, HEOs present a powerful platform for modeling human pathologies and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Trisno
- Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Katherine E D Philo
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kyle W McCracken
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Emily M Catá
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Sonya Ruiz-Torres
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Scott A Rankin
- Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Lu Han
- Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Talia Nasr
- Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Praneet Chaturvedi
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | | | - Susanne I Wells
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Aaron M Zorn
- Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - James M Wells
- Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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24
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Janesick A, Tang W, Shioda T, Blumberg B. RARγ is required for mesodermal gene expression prior to gastrulation in Xenopus. Development 2018; 145:dev147769. [PMID: 30111657 DOI: 10.1242/dev.147769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The developing vertebrate embryo is exquisitely sensitive to retinoic acid (RA) concentration, particularly during anteroposterior patterning. In contrast to Nodal and Wnt signaling, RA was not previously considered to be an instructive signal in mesoderm formation during gastrulation. Here, we show in Xenopus that RARγ is indispensable for the expression of early mesoderm markers and is, therefore, an obligatory factor in mesodermal competence and/or maintenance. We identified several novel targets upregulated by RA receptor signaling in the early gastrula that are expressed in the circumblastoporal ring and linked to mesodermal development. Despite overlapping expression patterns of the genes encoding the RA-synthesizing enzyme Aldh1a2 and the RA-degrading enzyme Cyp26a1, RARγ1 functions as a transcriptional activator in early mesoderm development, suggesting that RA ligand is available to the embryo earlier than previously appreciated. RARγ1 is required for cellular adhesion, as revealed by spontaneous dissociation and depletion of ncam1 mRNA in animal caps harvested from RARγ1 knockdown embryos. RARγ1 knockdown obliterates somite boundaries, and causes loss of Myod protein in the presomitic mesoderm, but ectopic, persistent expression of Myod protein in the trunk. Thus, RARγ1 is required for stabilizing the mesodermal fate, myogenic commitment, somite boundary formation, and terminal skeletal muscle differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Janesick
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, 2011 Biological Sciences 3, University of California, Irvine, 92697-2300, USA
| | - Weiyi Tang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, 2011 Biological Sciences 3, University of California, Irvine, 92697-2300, USA
| | - Toshi Shioda
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, 2011 Biological Sciences 3, University of California, Irvine, 92697-2300, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2300, USA
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25
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Mesodermal induction of pancreatic fate commitment. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 92:77-88. [PMID: 30142440 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The pancreas is a compound gland comprised of both exocrine acinar and duct cells as well as endocrine islet cells. Most notable amongst the latter are the insulin-synthesizing β-cells, loss or dysfunction of which manifests in diabetes mellitus. All exocrine and endocrine cells derive from multipotent pancreatic progenitor cells arising from the primitive gut epithelium via inductive interactions with adjacent mesodermal tissues. Research in the last two decades has revealed the identity of many of these extrinsic cues and they include signaling molecules used in many other developmental contexts such as retinoic acid, fibroblast growth factors, and members of the TGF-β superfamily. As important as these inductive cues is the absence of other signaling molecules such as hedgehog family members. Much has been learned about the interactions of extrinsic factors with fate regulators intrinsic to the pancreatic endoderm. This new knowledge has had tremendous impact on the development of directed differentiation protocols for converting pluripotent stem cells to β-cells in vitro.
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26
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Rankin SA, McCracken KW, Luedeke DM, Han L, Wells JM, Shannon JM, Zorn AM. Timing is everything: Reiterative Wnt, BMP and RA signaling regulate developmental competence during endoderm organogenesis. Dev Biol 2017; 434:121-132. [PMID: 29217200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A small number of signaling pathways are used repeatedly during organogenesis, and they can have drastically different effects on the same population of cells depending on the embryonic stage. How cellular competence changes over developmental time is not well understood. Here we used Xenopus, mouse, and human pluripotent stem cells to investigate how the temporal sequence of Wnt, BMP, and retinoic acid (RA) signals regulates endoderm developmental competence and organ induction, focusing on respiratory fate. While Nkx2-1+ lung fate is not induced until late somitogenesis stages, here we show that lung competence is restricted by the gastrula stage as a result of Wnt and BMP-dependent anterior-posterior (A-P) patterning. These early Wnt and BMP signals make posterior endoderm refractory to subsequent RA/Wnt/BMP-dependent lung induction. We further mapped how RA modulates the response to Wnt and BMP in a temporal specific manner. In the gastrula RA promotes posterior identity, however in early somite stages of development RA regulates respiratory versus pharyngeal potential in anterior endoderm and midgut versus hindgut potential in posterior endoderm. Together our data suggest a dynamic and conserved response of vertebrate endoderm during organogenesis, wherein early Wnt/BMP/RA impacts how cells respond to later Wnt/BMP/RA signals, illustrating how reiterative combinatorial signaling can regulate both developmental competence and subsequent fate specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Rankin
- Center for Stem Cell&Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Perinatal Institute, Divisions of Developmental Biology the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kyle W McCracken
- Center for Stem Cell&Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Perinatal Institute, Divisions of Developmental Biology the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - David M Luedeke
- Center for Stem Cell&Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Perinatal Institute, Divisions of Developmental Biology the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Lu Han
- Center for Stem Cell&Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Perinatal Institute, Divisions of Developmental Biology the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - James M Wells
- Center for Stem Cell&Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Perinatal Institute, Divisions of Developmental Biology the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - John M Shannon
- Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, and the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| | - Aaron M Zorn
- Center for Stem Cell&Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Perinatal Institute, Divisions of Developmental Biology the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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27
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Fernandes-Silva H, Vaz-Cunha P, Barbosa VB, Silva-Gonçalves C, Correia-Pinto J, Moura RS. Retinoic acid regulates avian lung branching through a molecular network. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:4599-4619. [PMID: 28735443 PMCID: PMC11107646 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2600-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is of major importance during vertebrate embryonic development and its levels need to be strictly regulated otherwise congenital malformations will develop. Through the action of specific nuclear receptors, named RAR/RXR, RA regulates the expression of genes that eventually influence proliferation and tissue patterning. RA has been described as crucial for different stages of mammalian lung morphogenesis, and as part of a complex molecular network that contributes to precise organogenesis; nonetheless, nothing is known about its role in avian lung development. The current report characterizes, for the first time, the expression pattern of RA signaling members (stra6, raldh2, raldh3, cyp26a1, rarα, and rarβ) and potential RA downstream targets (sox2, sox9, meis1, meis2, tgfβ2, and id2) by in situ hybridization. In the attempt of unveiling the role of RA in chick lung branching, in vitro lung explants were performed. Supplementation studies revealed that RA stimulates lung branching in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the expression levels of cyp26a1, sox2, sox9, rarβ, meis2, hoxb5, tgfβ2, id2, fgf10, fgfr2, and shh were evaluated after RA treatment to disclose a putative molecular network underlying RA effect. In situ hybridization analysis showed that RA is able to alter cyp26a1, sox9, tgfβ2, and id2 spatial distribution; to increase rarβ, meis2, and hoxb5 expression levels; and has a very modest effect on sox2, fgf10, fgfr2, and shh expression levels. Overall, these findings support a role for RA in the proximal-distal patterning and branching morphogenesis of the avian lung and reveal intricate molecular interactions that ultimately orchestrate branching morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Fernandes-Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Vaz-Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Violina Baranauskaite Barbosa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Carla Silva-Gonçalves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Jorge Correia-Pinto
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hospital de Braga, 4710-243, Braga, Portugal
| | - Rute Silva Moura
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
- Biology Department, School of Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
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28
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Khedr S, Jazaerly T, Kostadinov S. Placental Teratoma, Omphalomesenteric Duct Remnant, or Intestinal Organoid (Enteroid) Differentiation: A Diagnostic Dilemma. J Pediatr Genet 2017; 6:252-257. [PMID: 29142770 PMCID: PMC5683956 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1603916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We report an unusual case of fully developed fetal intestinal segment(s) within a nodule on the chorionic plate of the placenta of a 27-year-old female patient at 37 weeks gestation with spontaneous vaginal delivery. Gross examination of the placenta revealed a chorionic plate nodule near the insertion of the umbilical cord, which, upon microscopic evaluation, raised the differential diagnostic possibilities of placental teratoma, vitelline/omphalomesenteric duct anomaly, and intestinal organoid differentiation. We discuss the distinguishing features, morphogenesis, and clinical significance of the aforementioned entities and review the pertinent medical literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salwa Khedr
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Tarek Jazaerly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Kent Hospital, Warwick, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Stefan Kostadinov
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
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29
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Abstract
Thyroid hormones are crucial for organismal development and homeostasis. In humans, untreated congenital hypothyroidism due to thyroid agenesis inevitably leads to cretinism, which comprises irreversible brain dysfunction and dwarfism. Elucidating how the thyroid gland - the only source of thyroid hormones in the body - develops is thus key for understanding and treating thyroid dysgenesis, and for generating thyroid cells in vitro that might be used for cell-based therapies. Here, we review the principal mechanisms involved in thyroid organogenesis and functional differentiation, highlighting how the thyroid forerunner evolved from the endostyle in protochordates to the endocrine gland found in vertebrates. New findings on the specification and fate decisions of thyroid progenitors, and the morphogenesis of precursor cells into hormone-producing follicular units, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Nilsson
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg SE-40530, Sweden
| | - Henrik Fagman
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg SE-40530, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg SE-41345, Sweden
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30
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Gnatenko DA, Kopantzev EP, Sverdlov ED. [Fibroblast growth factors and their effects in pancreas organogenesis]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2017; 63:211-218. [PMID: 28781254 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20176303211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) - growth factors that regulate many important biological processes, including proliferation and differentiation of embryonic cells during organogenesis. In this review, we will summarize current information about the involvement of FGFs in the pancreas organogenesis. Pancreas organogenesis is a complex process, which involves constant signaling from mesenchymal tissue. This orchestrates the activation of various regulator genes at specific stages, determining the specification of progenitor cells. Alterations in FGF/FGFR signaling pathway during this process lead to incorrect activation of the master genes, which leads to different pathologies during pancreas development. Understanding the full picture about role of FGF factors in pancreas development will make it possible to more accurately understand their role in other pathologies of this organ, including carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Gnatenko
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - E P Kopantzev
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - E D Sverdlov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
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31
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Janesick A, Tang W, Nguyen TTL, Blumberg B. RARβ2 is required for vertebrate somitogenesis. Development 2017; 144:1997-2008. [PMID: 28432217 DOI: 10.1242/dev.144345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
During vertebrate somitogenesis, retinoic acid is known to establish the position of the determination wavefront, controlling where new somites are permitted to form along the anteroposterior body axis. Less is understood about how RAR regulates somite patterning, rostral-caudal boundary setting, specialization of myotome subdivisions or the specific RAR subtype that is required for somite patterning. Characterizing the function of RARβ has been challenging due to the absence of embryonic phenotypes in murine loss-of-function studies. Using the Xenopus system, we show that RARβ2 plays a specific role in somite number and size, restriction of the presomitic mesoderm anterior border, somite chevron morphology and hypaxial myoblast migration. Rarβ2 is the RAR subtype whose expression is most upregulated in response to ligand and its localization in the trunk somites positions it at the right time and place to respond to embryonic retinoid levels during somitogenesis. RARβ2 positively regulates Tbx3 a marker of hypaxial muscle, and negatively regulates Tbx6 via Ripply2 to restrict the anterior boundaries of the presomitic mesoderm and caudal progenitor pool. These results demonstrate for the first time an early and essential role for RARβ2 in vertebrate somitogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Janesick
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, 2011 Biological Sciences 3, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2300, USA
| | - Weiyi Tang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, 2011 Biological Sciences 3, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2300, USA
| | - Tuyen T L Nguyen
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, 2011 Biological Sciences 3, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2300, USA
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, 2011 Biological Sciences 3, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2300, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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32
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Larsen HL, Grapin-Botton A. The molecular and morphogenetic basis of pancreas organogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 66:51-68. [PMID: 28089869 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The pancreas is an essential endoderm-derived organ that ensures nutrient metabolism via its endocrine and exocrine functions. Here we review the essential processes governing the embryonic and early postnatal development of the pancreas discussing both the mechanisms and molecules controlling progenitor specification, expansion and differentiation. We elaborate on how these processes are orchestrated in space and coordinated with morphogenesis. We draw mainly from experiments conducted in the mouse model but also from investigations in other model organisms, complementing a recent comprehensive review of human pancreas development (Jennings et al., 2015) [1]. The understanding of pancreas development in model organisms provides a framework to interpret how human mutations lead to neonatal diabetes and may contribute to other forms of diabetes and to guide the production of desired pancreatic cell types from pluripotent stem cells for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hjalte List Larsen
- DanStem, University of Copenhagen, 3 B Blegdamsvej, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Anne Grapin-Botton
- DanStem, University of Copenhagen, 3 B Blegdamsvej, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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33
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Perin S, McCann CJ, Borrelli O, De Coppi P, Thapar N. Update on Foregut Molecular Embryology and Role of Regenerative Medicine Therapies. Front Pediatr 2017; 5:91. [PMID: 28503544 PMCID: PMC5408018 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal atresia (OA) represents one of the commonest and most severe developmental disorders of the foregut, the most proximal segment of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (esophagus and stomach) in embryological terms. Of intrigue is the common origin from this foregut of two very diverse functional entities, the digestive and respiratory systems. OA appears to result from incomplete separation of the ventral and dorsal parts of the foregut during development, resulting in disruption of esophageal anatomy and frequent association with tracheo-oesophageal fistula. Not surprisingly, and likely inherent to OA, are associated abnormalities in components of the enteric neuromusculature and ultimately loss of esophageal functional integrity. An appreciation of such developmental processes and associated defects has not only enhanced our understanding of the etiopathogenesis underlying such devastating defects but also highlighted the potential of novel corrective therapies. There has been considerable progress in the identification and propagation of neural crest stem cells from the GI tract itself or derived from pluripotent cells. Such cells have been successfully transplanted into models of enteric neuropathy confirming their ability to functionally integrate and replenish missing or defective enteric nerves. Combinatorial approaches in tissue engineering hold significant promise for the generation of organ-specific scaffolds such as the esophagus with current initiatives directed toward their cellularization to facilitate optimal function. This chapter outlines the most current understanding of the molecular embryology underlying foregut development and OA, and also explores the promise of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Perin
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Conor J McCann
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Osvaldo Borrelli
- Neurogastroenterology and Motility Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Paolo De Coppi
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Specialist Neonatal and Paediatric Surgery (SNAPS) Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Nikhil Thapar
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Neurogastroenterology and Motility Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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34
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Arregi I, Climent M, Iliev D, Strasser J, Gouignard N, Johansson JK, Singh T, Mazur M, Semb H, Artner I, Minichiello L, Pera EM. Retinol Dehydrogenase-10 Regulates Pancreas Organogenesis and Endocrine Cell Differentiation via Paracrine Retinoic Acid Signaling. Endocrinology 2016; 157:4615-4631. [PMID: 27740873 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A-derived retinoic acid (RA) signals are critical for the development of several organs, including the pancreas. However, the tissue-specific control of RA synthesis in organ and cell lineage development has only poorly been addressed in vivo. Here, we show that retinol dehydrogenase-10 (Rdh10), a key enzyme in embryonic RA production, has important functions in pancreas organogenesis and endocrine cell differentiation. Rdh10 was expressed in the developing pancreas epithelium and surrounding mesenchyme. Rdh10 null mutant mouse embryos exhibited dorsal pancreas agenesis and a hypoplastic ventral pancreas with retarded tubulogenesis and branching. Conditional disruption of Rdh10 from the endoderm caused increased mortality, reduced body weight, and lowered blood glucose levels after birth. Endodermal Rdh10 deficiency led to a smaller dorsal pancreas with a reduced density of early glucagon+ and insulin+ cells. During the secondary transition, the reduction of Neurogenin3+ endocrine progenitors in the mutant dorsal pancreas accounted for fewer α- and β-cells. Changes in the expression of α- and β-cell-specific transcription factors indicated that Rdh10 might also participate in the terminal differentiation of endocrine cells. Together, our results highlight the importance of both mesenchymal and epithelial Rdh10 for pancreogenesis and the first wave of endocrine cell differentiation. We further propose a model in which the Rdh10-expressing exocrine tissue acts as an essential source of RA signals in the second wave of endocrine cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Arregi
- Lund Stem Cell Center (I.Arr., M.C., D.I., J.S., N.G., J.K.J., T.S., M.M., I.Art., E.M.P.), Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden; The Danish Stem Cell Center (H.S.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Pharmacology (L.M.), University of Oxford, OX1 3QT Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Climent
- Lund Stem Cell Center (I.Arr., M.C., D.I., J.S., N.G., J.K.J., T.S., M.M., I.Art., E.M.P.), Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden; The Danish Stem Cell Center (H.S.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Pharmacology (L.M.), University of Oxford, OX1 3QT Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dobromir Iliev
- Lund Stem Cell Center (I.Arr., M.C., D.I., J.S., N.G., J.K.J., T.S., M.M., I.Art., E.M.P.), Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden; The Danish Stem Cell Center (H.S.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Pharmacology (L.M.), University of Oxford, OX1 3QT Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jürgen Strasser
- Lund Stem Cell Center (I.Arr., M.C., D.I., J.S., N.G., J.K.J., T.S., M.M., I.Art., E.M.P.), Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden; The Danish Stem Cell Center (H.S.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Pharmacology (L.M.), University of Oxford, OX1 3QT Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nadège Gouignard
- Lund Stem Cell Center (I.Arr., M.C., D.I., J.S., N.G., J.K.J., T.S., M.M., I.Art., E.M.P.), Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden; The Danish Stem Cell Center (H.S.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Pharmacology (L.M.), University of Oxford, OX1 3QT Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny K Johansson
- Lund Stem Cell Center (I.Arr., M.C., D.I., J.S., N.G., J.K.J., T.S., M.M., I.Art., E.M.P.), Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden; The Danish Stem Cell Center (H.S.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Pharmacology (L.M.), University of Oxford, OX1 3QT Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tania Singh
- Lund Stem Cell Center (I.Arr., M.C., D.I., J.S., N.G., J.K.J., T.S., M.M., I.Art., E.M.P.), Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden; The Danish Stem Cell Center (H.S.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Pharmacology (L.M.), University of Oxford, OX1 3QT Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena Mazur
- Lund Stem Cell Center (I.Arr., M.C., D.I., J.S., N.G., J.K.J., T.S., M.M., I.Art., E.M.P.), Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden; The Danish Stem Cell Center (H.S.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Pharmacology (L.M.), University of Oxford, OX1 3QT Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Semb
- Lund Stem Cell Center (I.Arr., M.C., D.I., J.S., N.G., J.K.J., T.S., M.M., I.Art., E.M.P.), Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden; The Danish Stem Cell Center (H.S.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Pharmacology (L.M.), University of Oxford, OX1 3QT Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Isabella Artner
- Lund Stem Cell Center (I.Arr., M.C., D.I., J.S., N.G., J.K.J., T.S., M.M., I.Art., E.M.P.), Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden; The Danish Stem Cell Center (H.S.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Pharmacology (L.M.), University of Oxford, OX1 3QT Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Liliana Minichiello
- Lund Stem Cell Center (I.Arr., M.C., D.I., J.S., N.G., J.K.J., T.S., M.M., I.Art., E.M.P.), Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden; The Danish Stem Cell Center (H.S.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Pharmacology (L.M.), University of Oxford, OX1 3QT Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Edgar M Pera
- Lund Stem Cell Center (I.Arr., M.C., D.I., J.S., N.G., J.K.J., T.S., M.M., I.Art., E.M.P.), Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden; The Danish Stem Cell Center (H.S.), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Pharmacology (L.M.), University of Oxford, OX1 3QT Oxford, United Kingdom
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Davenport C, Diekmann U, Budde I, Detering N, Naujok O. Anterior-Posterior Patterning of Definitive Endoderm Generated from Human Embryonic Stem Cells Depends on the Differential Signaling of Retinoic Acid, Wnt-, and BMP-Signaling. Stem Cells 2016; 34:2635-2647. [PMID: 27299363 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
As known from model organisms, such as frog, fish, mouse, and chicken, the anterior-posterior patterning of the definitive endoderm (DE) into distinct domains is controlled by a variety of signaling interactions between the DE and its surrounding mesoderm. This includes Wnt/FGFs and BMPs in the posterior half and all-trans-retinoic acid, TGF-β-ligands, Wnt-, and BMP-inhibitors in the anterior half of the DE sheet. However, it is currently unclear how these embryonic tissue interactions can be translated into a defined differentiation protocol for human embryonic stem cells. Activin A has been proposed to direct DE into a SOX2-positive foregut-like cell type. Due to the pleiotropic nature of SOX2 in pluripotency and developing cells of the foregut, we purified DE-cells by magnetic cell sorting and tested the effects of anteriorizing and posteriorizing factors on pure endoderm. We show in contrast to previous studies that the generation of the foregut marked by SOX2/FOXA2 double-positive cells does not depend on activin A/TGF-β-signaling but is mediated by the inhibition of Wnt- and BMP-signaling. Retinoic acid can posteriorize and at the same time dorsalize the foregut toward a PDX1-positive pancreatic duodenal cell type whereas active Wnt/beta-catenin signaling synergistically with FGF-2, BMP-4, and RA induces the formation of CDX2-positive posterior endoderm. Thus, these results provide new insights into the mechanisms behind cell specification of human DE derived from pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells 2016;34:2635-2647.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Davenport
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulf Diekmann
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Insa Budde
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nora Detering
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ortwin Naujok
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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36
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Rankin SA, Han L, McCracken KW, Kenny AP, Anglin CT, Grigg EA, Crawford CM, Wells JM, Shannon JM, Zorn AM. A Retinoic Acid-Hedgehog Cascade Coordinates Mesoderm-Inducing Signals and Endoderm Competence during Lung Specification. Cell Rep 2016; 16:66-78. [PMID: 27320915 PMCID: PMC5314425 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Organogenesis of the trachea and lungs requires a complex series of mesoderm-endoderm interactions mediated by WNT, BMP, retinoic acid (RA), and hedgehog (Hh), but how these pathways interact in a gene regulatory network is less clear. Using Xenopus embryology, mouse genetics, and human ES cell cultures, we identified a conserved signaling cascade that initiates respiratory lineage specification. We show that RA has multiple roles; first RA pre-patterns the lateral plate mesoderm and then it promotes Hh ligand expression in the foregut endoderm. Hh subsequently signals back to the pre-patterned mesoderm to promote expression of the lung-inducing ligands Wnt2/2b and Bmp4. Finally, RA regulates the competence of the endoderm to activate the Nkx2-1+ respiratory program in response to these mesodermal WNT and BMP signals. These data provide insights into early lung development and a paradigm for how mesenchymal signals are coordinated with epithelial competence during organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Rankin
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Lu Han
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kyle W McCracken
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Alan P Kenny
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Christopher T Anglin
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Emily A Grigg
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Calyn M Crawford
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - James M Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - John M Shannon
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Aaron M Zorn
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal Institute and Cincinnati Children's Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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Abstract
Gastric diseases cause considerable worldwide burden. However, the stomach is still poorly understood in terms of the molecular-cellular processes that govern its development and homeostasis. In particular, the complex relationship between the differentiated cell types located within the stomach and the stem and progenitor cells that give rise to them is significantly understudied relative to other organs. In this review, we will highlight the current state of the literature relating to specification of gastric cell lineages from embryogenesis to adulthood. Special emphasis is placed on substantial gaps in knowledge about stomach specification that we think should be tackled to advance the field. For example, it has long been assumed that adult gastric units have a granule-free stem cell that gives rise to all differentiated lineages. Here we will point out that there are also other models that fit all extant data, such as long-lived lineage-committed progenitors that might serve as a source of new cells during homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer G. Willet
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jason C. Mills
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Jason C. Mills, MD, PhD, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8124, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110. fax: (314) 362-7487.Washington University School of MedicineBox 8124, 660 South Euclid AvenueSt. LouisMissouri 63110
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Dedhia PH, Bertaux-Skeirik N, Zavros Y, Spence JR. Organoid Models of Human Gastrointestinal Development and Disease. Gastroenterology 2016; 150:1098-1112. [PMID: 26774180 PMCID: PMC4842135 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We have greatly advanced our ability to grow a diverse range of tissue-derived and pluripotent stem cell-derived gastrointestinal (GI) tissues in vitro. These systems, broadly referred to as organoids, have allowed the field to move away from the often nonphysiological, transformed cell lines that have been used for decades in GI research. Organoids are derived from primary tissues and have the capacity for long-term growth. They contain varying levels of cellular complexity and physiological similarity to native organ systems. We review the latest discoveries from studies of tissue-derived and pluripotent stem cell-derived intestinal, gastric, esophageal, liver, and pancreatic organoids. These studies have provided important insights into GI development, tissue homeostasis, and disease and might be used to develop personalized medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya H. Dedhia
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nina Bertaux-Skeirik
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yana Zavros
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.
| | - Jason R. Spence
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Authors for Correspondence: Jason R. Spence – , Twitter: @TheSpenceLab, Yana Zavros –
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39
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Takahashi Y, Takebe T, Taniguchi H. Engineering pancreatic tissues from stem cells towards therapy. Regen Ther 2016; 3:15-23. [PMID: 31245468 PMCID: PMC6581807 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic islet transplantation is performed as a potential treatment for type 1 diabetes mellitus. However, this approach is significantly limited due to the critical shortage of islet sources. Recently, a number of publications have developed protocols for directed β-cell differentiation of pluripotent cells, such as embryonic stem (ES) or induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Decades of studies have led to the development of modified protocols that recapitulate molecular developmental cues by combining various growth factors and small molecules with improved efficiency. However, the later step of pancreatic differentiation into functional β-cells has yet to be satisfactory in vitro, highlighting alternative approach by recapitulating spatiotemporal multicellular interaction in three-dimensional (3D) culture. Here, we summarize recent progress in the directed differentiation into pancreatic β-cells with a focus on both two-dimensional (2D) and 3D differentiation settings. We also discuss the potential transplantation strategies in combination with current bioengineering approaches towards diabetes therapy. Transplantation of stem cell derived pancreatic progenitors is a possible approach for generating mature β-cell in vivo. Promise of 3-D (or 4-D) culture has started to be explored by reconstituting pancreatic tissue structures. Self-condensation culture is a basic technique of integrating multiple heterotypic lineages including vasculatures. Bioengineering approach has been combined for developing effective transplant strategies.
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Key Words
- 2D, two-dimensional
- 3D, three-dimensional
- BMP, bone morphogenic protein
- Diabetes
- ES, embryonic stem
- FGF, fibroblast growth factors
- Heterotypic cellular interaction
- IBMIR, instant blood-mediated reaction
- ILV, indolactam V
- Ngn3, neurogenin 3
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase
- PIPAAm, poly-N-isopropylacrylamide
- PVA, polyvinyl alcohol
- Pancreas
- Pdx1, pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1
- Ptf1a, pancreatic transcription factor 1a
- Regenerative medicine
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- Vascularization
- iPS, induced pluripotent stem
- iPS/ES cell
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinobu Takahashi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku 3-9, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Takanori Takebe
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku 3-9, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan.,Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Kanazawa-ku 3-9, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229- 3039, USA
| | - Hideki Taniguchi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku 3-9, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan.,Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Kanazawa-ku 3-9, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
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40
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Pax4 acts as a key player in pancreas development and plasticity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 44:107-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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41
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Tamminen K, Balboa D, Toivonen S, Pakarinen MP, Wiener Z, Alitalo K, Otonkoski T. Intestinal Commitment and Maturation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Is Independent of Exogenous FGF4 and R-spondin1. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134551. [PMID: 26230325 PMCID: PMC4521699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt/beta-catenin signaling plays a central role in guiding the differentiation of the posterior parts of the primitive gut tube into intestinal structures in vivo and some studies suggest that FGF4 is another crucial factor for intestinal development. The aim of this study was to define the effects of Wnt and FGF4 on intestinal commitment in vitro by establishing conditions for differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) into posterior endoderm (hindgut) and further to self-renewing intestinal-like organoids. The most prominent induction of the well-established intestinal marker gene CDX2 was achieved when hPSC-derived definitive endoderm cells were treated with Wnt agonist molecule CHIR99021 during differentiation to hindgut. FGF4 was found to be dispensable during intestinal commitment, but it had an early role in repressing development towards the hepatic lineage. When hindgut stage cells were further cultured in 3D, they formed self-renewing organoid structures containing all major intestinal cell types even without exogenous R-spondin1 (RSPO1), a crucial factor for the culture of epithelial organoids derived from adult intestine. This may be explained by the presence of a mesenchymal compartment in the hPSC-derived organoids. Addition of WNT3A increased the expression of the Paneth cell marker Lysozyme in hPSC-derived organoid cultures, whereas FGF4 inhibited both the formation and maturation of intestinal-like organoids. Similar hindgut and organoid cultures were established from human induced pluripotent stem cells, implying that this approach can be used to create patient-specific intestinal tissue models for disease modeling in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Tamminen
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Diego Balboa
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna Toivonen
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko P. Pakarinen
- Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zoltan Wiener
- Translational Cancer Biology Program and Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Translational Cancer Biology Program and Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
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42
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Jiang F, Chen J, Ma X, Huang C, Zhu S, Wang F, Li L, Luo L, Ruan H, Huang H. Analysis of mutants from a genetic screening reveals the control of intestine and liver development by many common genes in zebrafish. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 460:838-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.03.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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44
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Sinagoga KL, Wells JM. Generating human intestinal tissues from pluripotent stem cells to study development and disease. EMBO J 2015; 34:1149-63. [PMID: 25792515 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201490686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the largest and most functionally complex organs of the human body, the intestines are primarily responsible for the breakdown and uptake of macromolecules from the lumen and the subsequent excretion of waste from the body. However, the intestine is also an endocrine organ, regulating digestion, metabolism, and feeding behavior. Intricate neuronal, lymphatic, immune, and vascular systems are integrated into the intestine and are required for its digestive and endocrine functions. In addition, the gut houses an extensive population of microbes that play roles in digestion, global metabolism, barrier function, and host-parasite interactions. With such an extensive array of cell types working and performing in one essential organ, derivation of functional intestinal tissues from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) represents a significant challenge. Here we will discuss the intricate developmental processes and cell types that are required for assembly of this highly complex organ and how embryonic processes, particularly morphogenesis, have been harnessed to direct differentiation of PSCs into 3-dimensional human intestinal organoids (HIOs) in vitro. We will further describe current uses of HIOs in development and disease research and how additional tissue complexity might be engineered into HIOs for better functionality and disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Sinagoga
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - James M Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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45
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Ikonomou L, Kotton DN. Derivation of Endodermal Progenitors From Pluripotent Stem Cells. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:246-58. [PMID: 25160562 PMCID: PMC4344429 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Stem and progenitor cells play important roles in organogenesis during development and in tissue homeostasis and response to injury postnatally. As the regenerative capacity of many human tissues is limited, cell replacement therapies hold great promise for human disease management. Pluripotent stem cells such as embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are prime candidates for the derivation of unlimited quantities of clinically relevant cell types through development of directed differentiation protocols, that is, the recapitulation of developmental milestones in in vitro cell culture. Tissue-specific progenitors, including progenitors of endodermal origin, are important intermediates in such protocols since they give rise to all mature parenchymal cells. In this review, we focus on the in vivo biology of embryonic endodermal progenitors in terms of key transcription factors and signaling pathways. We critically review the emerging literature aiming to apply this basic knowledge to achieve the efficient and reproducible in vitro derivation of endodermal progenitors such as pancreas, liver and lung precursor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laertis Ikonomou
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston
Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston University Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Darrell N. Kotton
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston
Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston University Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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46
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Koop D, Chen J, Theodosiou M, Carvalho JE, Alvarez S, de Lera AR, Holland LZ, Schubert M. Roles of retinoic acid and Tbx1/10 in pharyngeal segmentation: amphioxus and the ancestral chordate condition. EvoDevo 2014; 5:36. [PMID: 25664163 PMCID: PMC4320481 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9139-5-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although chordates descend from a segmented ancestor, the evolution of head segmentation has been very controversial for over 150 years. Chordates generally possess a segmented pharynx, but even though anatomical evidence and gene expression analyses suggest homologies between the pharyngeal apparatus of invertebrate chordates, such as the cephalochordate amphioxus, and vertebrates, these homologies remain contested. We, therefore, decided to study the evolution of the chordate head by examining the molecular mechanisms underlying pharyngeal morphogenesis in amphioxus, an animal lacking definitive neural crest. Results Focusing on the role of retinoic acid (RA) in post-gastrulation pharyngeal morphogenesis, we found that during gastrulation, RA signaling in the endoderm is required for defining pharyngeal and non-pharyngeal domains and that this process involves active degradation of RA anteriorly in the embryo. Subsequent extension of the pharyngeal territory depends on the creation of a low RA environment and is coupled to body elongation. RA further functions in pharyngeal segmentation in a regulatory network involving the mutual inhibition of RA- and Tbx1/10-dependent signaling. Conclusions These results indicate that the involvement of RA signaling and its interactions with Tbx1/10 in head segmentation preceded the evolution of neural crest and were thus likely present in the ancestral chordate. Furthermore, developmental comparisons between different deuterostome models suggest that the genetic mechanisms for pharyngeal segmentation are evolutionary ancient and very likely predate the origin of chordates. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2041-9139-5-36) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demian Koop
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0202 USA
| | - Jie Chen
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (CNRS UMR 5242, UCBL, ENS, INRA 1288), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - Maria Theodosiou
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (CNRS UMR 5242, UCBL, ENS, INRA 1288), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - João E Carvalho
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7009, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Observatoire Océanologique de Villefranche-sur-Mer, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France ; CNRS, UMR 7009, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Observatoire Océanologique de Villefranche-sur-Mer, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Susana Alvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Vigo, 33610 Vigo, Spain
| | - Angel R de Lera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Vigo, 33610 Vigo, Spain
| | - Linda Z Holland
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0202 USA
| | - Michael Schubert
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7009, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Observatoire Océanologique de Villefranche-sur-Mer, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France ; CNRS, UMR 7009, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Observatoire Océanologique de Villefranche-sur-Mer, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
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47
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Hou J, Wei W, Saund RS, Xiang P, Cunningham TJ, Yi Y, Alder O, Lu DYD, Savory JGA, Krentz NAJ, Montpetit R, Cullum R, Hofs N, Lohnes D, Humphries RK, Yamanaka Y, Duester G, Saijoh Y, Hoodless PA. A regulatory network controls nephrocan expression and midgut patterning. Development 2014; 141:3772-81. [PMID: 25209250 DOI: 10.1242/dev.108274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although many regulatory networks involved in defining definitive endoderm have been identified, the mechanisms through which these networks interact to pattern the endoderm are less well understood. To explore the mechanisms involved in midgut patterning, we dissected the transcriptional regulatory elements of nephrocan (Nepn), the earliest known midgut specific gene in mice. We observed that Nepn expression is dramatically reduced in Sox17(-/-) and Raldh2(-/-) embryos compared with wild-type embryos. We further show that Nepn is directly regulated by Sox17 and the retinoic acid (RA) receptor via two enhancer elements located upstream of the gene. Moreover, Nepn expression is modulated by Activin signaling, with high levels inhibiting and low levels enhancing RA-dependent expression. In Foxh1(-/-) embryos in which Nodal signaling is reduced, the Nepn expression domain is expanded into the anterior gut region, confirming that Nodal signaling can modulate its expression in vivo. Together, Sox17 is required for Nepn expression in the definitive endoderm, while RA signaling restricts expression to the midgut region. A balance of Nodal/Activin signaling regulates the anterior boundary of the midgut expression domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Hou
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Wei Wei
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Ranajeet S Saund
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132-3401, USA
| | - Ping Xiang
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Thomas J Cunningham
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yuyin Yi
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada Cell and Developmental Biology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Olivia Alder
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Daphne Y D Lu
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Joanne G A Savory
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Nicole A J Krentz
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Rachel Montpetit
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Rebecca Cullum
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Nicole Hofs
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - David Lohnes
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - R Keith Humphries
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yojiro Yamanaka
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1S6, Canada
| | - Gregg Duester
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yukio Saijoh
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132-3401, USA
| | - Pamela A Hoodless
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada Cell and Developmental Biology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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48
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Herriges MJ, Swarr DT, Morley MP, Rathi KS, Peng T, Stewart KM, Morrisey EE. Long noncoding RNAs are spatially correlated with transcription factors and regulate lung development. Genes Dev 2014; 28:1363-79. [PMID: 24939938 PMCID: PMC4066405 DOI: 10.1101/gad.238782.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are thought to play important roles in regulating gene transcription, yet few have known biological functions. Using a conservative pipeline, Herriges et al. identify lncRNAs with key functions during mammalian development. Loss-of-function analyses show that two lncRNAs play distinct roles in endoderm development by controlling the expression of critical transcription factors and pathways, including retinoic acid signaling. The data demonstrate that lncRNAs regulate multiple aspects of gene transcription during foregut and lung endoderm development. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are thought to play important roles in regulating gene transcription, but few have well-defined expression patterns or known biological functions during mammalian development. Using a conservative pipeline to identify lncRNAs that have important biological functions, we identified 363 lncRNAs in the lung and foregut endoderm. Importantly, we show that these lncRNAs are spatially correlated with transcription factors across the genome. In-depth expression analyses of lncRNAs with genomic loci adjacent to the critical transcription factors Nkx2.1, Gata6, Foxa2 (forkhead box a2), and Foxf1 mimic the expression patterns of their protein-coding neighbor. Loss-of-function analysis demonstrates that two lncRNAs, LL18/NANCI (Nkx2.1-associated noncoding intergenic RNA) and LL34, play distinct roles in endoderm development by controlling expression of critical developmental transcription factors and pathways, including retinoic acid signaling. In particular, we show that LL18/NANCI acts upstream of Nkx2.1 and downstream from Wnt signaling to regulate lung endoderm gene expression. These studies reveal that lncRNAs play an important role in foregut and lung endoderm development by regulating multiple aspects of gene transcription, often through regulation of transcription factor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Herriges
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Daniel T Swarr
- Division of Neonatology, Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Edward E Morrisey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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49
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Clinical and etiological heterogeneity in patients with tracheo-esophageal malformations and associated anomalies. Eur J Med Genet 2014; 57:440-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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50
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Avolio F, Pfeifer A, Courtney M, Gjernes E, Ben-Othman N, Vieira A, Druelle N, Faurite B, Collombat P. From pancreas morphogenesis to β-cell regeneration. Curr Top Dev Biol 2014; 106:217-38. [PMID: 24290351 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416021-7.00006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a metabolic disease resulting in the selective loss of pancreatic insulin-producing β-cells and affecting millions of people worldwide. The side effects of diabetes are varied and include cardiovascular, neuropathologic, and kidney diseases. Despite the most recent advances in diabetes care, patients suffering from type 1 diabetes still display a shortened life expectancy compared to their healthy counterparts. In an effort to improve β-cell-replacement therapies, numerous approaches are currently being pursued, most of these aiming at finding ways to differentiate stem/progenitor cells into β-like cells by mimicking embryonic development. Unfortunately, these efforts have hitherto not allowed the generation of fully functional β-cells. This chapter summarizes recent findings, allowing a better insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the genesis of β-cells during the course of pancreatic morphogenesis. Furthermore, a focus is made on new research avenues concerning the conversion of pre-existing pancreatic cells into β-like cells, such approaches holding great promise for the development of type 1 diabetes therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Avolio
- Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, iBV, UMR 7277, Nice, France; Inserm, iBV, U1091, Nice, France; CNRS, iBV, UMR 7277, Nice, France
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