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Fendler A, Stephan C, Ralla B, Jung K. Discordant Health Implications and Molecular Mechanisms of Vitamin D in Clinical and Preclinical Studies of Prostate Cancer: A Critical Appraisal of the Literature Data. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5286. [PMID: 38791324 PMCID: PMC11120741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Clinical and preclinical studies have provided conflicting data on the postulated beneficial effects of vitamin D in patients with prostate cancer. In this opinion piece, we discuss reasons for discrepancies between preclinical and clinical vitamin D studies. Different criteria have been used as evidence for the key roles of vitamin D. Clinical studies report integrative cancer outcome criteria such as incidence and mortality in relation to vitamin D status over time. In contrast, preclinical vitamin D studies report molecular and cellular changes resulting from treatment with the biologically active vitamin D metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) in tissues. However, these reported changes in preclinical in vitro studies are often the result of treatment with biologically irrelevant high calcitriol concentrations. In typical experiments, the used calcitriol concentrations exceed the calcitriol concentrations in normal and malignant prostate tissue by 100 to 1000 times. This raises reasonable concerns regarding the postulated biological effects and mechanisms of these preclinical vitamin D approaches in relation to clinical relevance. This is not restricted to prostate cancer, as detailed data regarding the tissue-specific concentrations of vitamin D metabolites are currently lacking. The application of unnaturally high concentrations of calcitriol in preclinical studies appears to be a major reason why the results of preclinical in vitro studies hardly match up with outcomes of vitamin D-related clinical studies. Regarding future studies addressing these concerns, we suggest establishing reference ranges of tissue-specific vitamin D metabolites within various cancer entities, carrying out model studies on human cancer cells and patient-derived organoids with biologically relevant calcitriol concentrations, and lastly improving the design of vitamin D clinical trials where results from preclinical studies guide the protocols and endpoints within these trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Fendler
- Department of Urology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.F.); (B.R.)
- Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Stephan
- Department of Urology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.F.); (B.R.)
- Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Ralla
- Department of Urology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.F.); (B.R.)
| | - Klaus Jung
- Department of Urology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.F.); (B.R.)
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Voutilainen A, Virtanen JK, Hantunen S, Nurmi T, Kokko P, Tuomainen TP. Multiplicative, additive, and interactive associations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with lung and prostate cancer. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2024; 94:133-142. [PMID: 36755523 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Results regarding the epidemiological association of vitamin D with lung (LCA) and prostate cancer (PCA) are controversial. This study tested whether serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations have interactive epidemiological associations with smoking, the number-one risk factor for LCA, and age, the number-one risk factor for PCA. Also, this study investigated whether the associations of 25(OH)D, smoking, age, alcohol consumption, body mass index, diet (the healthy Nordic diet score), and physical activity with incident LCA and PCA are multiplicative or additive. The study of association types makes it easier to select appropriate statistical methods. The Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study provided the data of 2578 men with 112 LCA and 300 PCA cases over 35 years by the end of 2019. Serum 25(OH)D did not associate with LCA and PCA or interact with smoking and age. The association of smoking with LCA was additive; 13 extra cases per 1000 men every 10 years. Age and alcohol consumption multiplicatively increased the hazard of LCA (hazard ratio, 95% confidence interval for age >50: 3.56, 1.82-6.17; drink per week: 1.01, 1.00-1.03), whereas adherence to healthy Nordic diet decreased it (per score point: 0.95, 0.89-1.00). The association of age >50 with PCA was additive; 2.5 extra cases per 1000 men every 10 years. To conclude, there was no epidemiological relationship of pre-diagnostic 25(OH)D concentrations with the incidence of LCA and PCA. The respective associations of smoking and age >50 with LCA and PCA were additive rather than multiplicative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Voutilainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jyrki K Virtanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sari Hantunen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tarja Nurmi
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petra Kokko
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Cui F, Qiu Y, Xu W, Zou C, Fan Y. Association Between Pretreatment Blood 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Level and Survival Outcomes in Patients With Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer: An Updated Meta-Analysis. Nutr Cancer 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38477679 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2024.2328378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Studies on the prognostic value of the blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D level have yielded controversial results in prostate cancer (PCa) patients. This updated meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the association between pretreatment 25-hydroxyvitamin D level with survival outcomes among patients with clinically localized PCa. PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases were searched to identify studies evaluating the association of pretreatment 25-hydroxyvitamin D level with PCSM and all-cause mortality among clinically localized PCa patients. Ten cohort studies with 10,394 patients were identified. The meta-analysis revealed that PCa patients with the lowest 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels had an increased risk of PCSM (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.52; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.26-1.83; p < 0.001) and all-cause mortality (adjusted HR 1.31; 95% CI 1.00-1.90; p = 0.047) compared to those with higher reference 25-hydroxyvitamin D level. Subgroup analyses based on different sample sizes, follow-up duration, and adjusted times of blood draw also exhibited a significant association of vitamin D deficiency with the risk of PCSM. Lower pretreatment level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D may be an independent predictor of reduced survival in patients with clinically localized PCa. Measuring the pretreatment blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D level can provide valuable information for risk stratification of survival outcomes in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feilun Cui
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Taizhou Second People's Hospital of Yangzhou University, Taizhou, China
- Department of Urology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yue Qiu
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chen Zou
- Department of General Surgery, Suzhou Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School Nanjing University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Ahmad AS, Juber NF, Al-Naseri H, Heumann C, Ali R, Oliver T. Association between Average Vitamin D Levels and COVID-19 Mortality in 19 European Countries-A Population-Based Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:4818. [PMID: 38004213 PMCID: PMC10680994 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Early epidemic reports have linked low average 25(OH) vitamin D levels with increased COVID-19 mortality. However, there has been limited updated research on 25(OH) vitamin D and its impact on COVID-19 mortality. This study aimed to update the initial report studying the link between vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 mortality by using multi-country data in 19 European countries up to the middle of June 2023. COVID-19 data for 19 European countries included in this study were downloaded from Our World in Data from 1 March 2020, to 14 June 2023, and were included in the statistical analysis. The 25(OH) vitamin D average data were collected by conducting a literature review. A generalized estimation equation model was used to model the data. Compared to European countries with 25(OH) vitamin D levels of ≤50 nmol/L, European countries with 25(OH) vitamin D average levels greater than 50 nmol/L had lower COVID-19 mortality rates (RR = 0.794, 95% CI: 0.662-0.953). A statistically significant negative Spearman rank correlation was observed between 25(OH) vitamin D average levels and COVID-19 mortality. We also found significantly lower COVID-19 mortality rates in countries with high average 25(OH) vitamin D levels. Randomized trials on vitamin D supplementation are needed. In the meantime, the issue of vitamin D use should be debated in relation to the ongoing discussions of national post-COVID-19 resilience against future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar S. Ahmad
- Cancer Intelligence, Cancer Research UK, London E20 1JQ, UK
| | - Nirmin F. Juber
- Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Heba Al-Naseri
- Academic Unit of Medical Education, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK;
| | - Christian Heumann
- Department of Statistics, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80539 München, Germany;
| | - Raghib Ali
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SL, UK;
| | - Tim Oliver
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6AU, UK;
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Sultana S, Bouyahya A, Rebezov M, Shariati MA, Balahbib A, Khouchlaa A, El Yaagoubi OM, Khaliq A, Omari NE, Bakrim S, Zengin G, Akram M, Khayrullin M, Bogonosova I, Mahmud S, Simal-Gandara J. Impacts of nutritive and bioactive compounds on cancer development and therapy. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:9187-9216. [PMID: 35416738 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2062699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
For persons who survive with progressive cancer, nutritional therapy and exercise may be significant factors to improve the health condition and life quality of cancer patients. Nutritional therapy and medications are essential to managing progressive cancer. Cancer survivors, as well as cancer patients, are mostly extremely encouraged to search for knowledge about the selection of diet, exercise, and dietary supplements to recover as well as maintain their treatment consequences, living quality, and survival of patients. A healthy diet plays an important role in cancer treatment. Different articles are studied to collect information and knowledge about the use of nutrients in cancer treatment as well as cancer prevention. The report deliberates nutrition and exercise strategies during the range of cancer care, emphasizing significant concerns during treatment of cancer and for patients of advanced cancer, but concentrating mostly on the requirements of the population of persons who are healthy or who have constant disease following their repossession from management. It also deliberates choice nutrition and exercise problems such as dietary supplements, food care, food selections, and weight; problems interrelated to designated cancer sites, and common questions about diet, and cancer survival. Decrease the side effects of medicines both during and after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabira Sultana
- Department of Eastern Medicine, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathology Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and Genomic Center of Human Pathology, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Maksim Rebezov
- V M Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
- K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (The First Cossack University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Mohammad Ali Shariati
- K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (The First Cossack University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Abdelaali Balahbib
- Laboratory of Biodiversity, Ecology, and Genome, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Aya Khouchlaa
- Laboratory of Human Pathology Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and Genomic Center of Human Pathology, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ouadie Mohamed El Yaagoubi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Environment and Agri-Food (URAC 36) - Faculty of Sciences and Techniques - Mohammedia, Hassan II University Casablanca - Morocco
| | - Adnan Khaliq
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Pakistan
| | - Nasreddine El Omari
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology, and Cytogenetic, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Saad Bakrim
- Molecular Engineering, Valorization and Environment Team, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Department of Eastern Medicine, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mars Khayrullin
- K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (The First Cossack University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Irina Bogonosova
- K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (The First Cossack University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Shafi Mahmud
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Ourense, Spain
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Vitamin D Metabolites in Nonmetastatic High-Risk Prostate Cancer Patients with and without Zoledronic Acid Treatment after Prostatectomy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061560. [PMID: 35326710 PMCID: PMC8946001 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Recent research on prostate cancer and vitamin D is controversial. We measured three vitamin D3 metabolites in 32 selected prostate cancer patients after surgery at four time points over four years. Within a large European study, half of the patients were prophylactically treated with zoledronic acid (ZA); the others received a placebo. After the study start, all the patients daily took calcium and vitamin D3. The development of metastasis was not affected by ZA treatment. While two vitamin D metabolites had higher values after the study’s start, with constant follow-up values, the 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 concentrations remained unchanged. The latter form was the only metabolite that was higher in the patients with metastasis as compared to those without bone metastasis. This result is surprising. However, it is too premature to discuss possible prognostic value yet. Our results should be confirmed in larger cohorts. Abstract There are limited and discrepant data on prostate cancer (PCa) and vitamin D. We investigated changes in three vitamin D3 metabolites in PCa patients after prostatectomy with zoledronic acid (ZA) treatment regarding their metastasis statuses over four years. In 32 patients from the ZEUS trial, 25(OH)D3, 24,25(OH)2D3, and 1,25(OH)2D3 were measured with liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry at four time points. All the patients received daily calcium and vitamin D3. Bone metastases were detected in 7 of the 17 ZA-treated patients and in 5 of the 15 controls (without ZA), without differences between the groups (p = 0.725). While 25(OH)D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3 increased significantly after the study’s start, with following constant values, the 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations remained unchanged. ZA treatment did not change the levels of the three metabolites. 25(OH)D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3 were not associated with the development of bone metastases. In contrast, 1,25(OH)2D3 was also higher in patients with bone metastasis before the study’s start. Thus, in high-risk PCa patients after prostatectomy, 25(OH)D3, 24,25(OH)2D3, and 1,25(OH)2D3 were not affected by supportive ZA treatment or by the development of metastasis over four years, with the exception of 1,25(OH)2D3, which was constantly higher in metastatic patients. There might be potential prognostic value if the results can be confirmed.
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Voutilainen A, Virtanen JK, Hantunen S, Nurmi T, Kokko P, Tuomainen TP. How competing risks affect the epidemiological relationship between vitamin D and prostate cancer incidence? A population-based study. Andrologia 2022; 54:e14410. [PMID: 35229338 PMCID: PMC9540471 DOI: 10.1111/and.14410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that controversial results regarding the epidemiological relationship between circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 25(OH)D, and risk of prostate cancer (PCA) incidence are partly due to competing risks. To test the hypothesis, we studied associations across 25(OH)D, PCA and death in 2578 middle-aged men belonging to the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. The men were free of cancer at baseline, and the mean (SD) follow-up time was 23.3 (9.1) years. During this period, 296 men had a PCA diagnosis, and 1448 men died without the PCA diagnosis. The absolute risk of developing PCA was highest in the highest 25(OH)D tertile (15%), whereas that of death was highest in the lowest 25(OH)D tertile (67%). A competing risk analysis showed that belonging to the highest 25(OH)D tertile increased the risk of PCA incidence and improved survival with the respective hazard ratios (HR) of 1.35 (95% CI = 1.07-1.70) and 0.79 (95% CI = 0.71-0.89). Adjusting for 10 covariates together with 25(OH)D did not significantly change the results, but the respective adjusted HRs for PCA and death were 1.20 and 0.87. To conclude, the competing risk analysis did not eliminate the direct relationship between 25(OH)D and PCA but rather strengthened it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Voutilainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jyrki K Virtanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sari Hantunen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tarja Nurmi
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petra Kokko
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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McGrowder D, Tulloch-Reid MK, Coard KCM, McCaw-Binns AM, Ferguson TS, Aiken W, Harrison L, Anderson SG, Jackson MD. Vitamin D Deficiency at Diagnosis Increases All-Cause and Prostate Cancer-specific Mortality in Jamaican Men. Cancer Control 2022; 29:10732748221131225. [PMID: 36180132 PMCID: PMC9527998 DOI: 10.1177/10732748221131225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 25 hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and serum calcium have been associated with incident prostate cancer (PCa). However, there is limited data on whether these metabolites predict survival in men of African descent, a population disproportionately affected by PCa. We studied the relationship of 25(OH)D at PCa diagnosis with all-cause and cancer-specific mortality among Jamaican men and examined whether serum calcium modified any associations. Methods Serum 25(OH)D from 152 Jamaican men with incident PCa within the Prostate Cancer Risk Evaluation (PROSCARE) study were re-evaluated approximately 11 years after enrollment. 25(OH)D analyses were stratified using the using Holick criteria. PCa-specific and all-cause mortality were examined in Kaplan–Meier survival curves and Cox regression models adjusted for age, body mass index (BMI), smoking and Gleason score. Restricted cubic splines evaluated nonlinear associations. Serum calcium was assessed as an effect modifier of the association between 25(OH)D and mortality. Results Of cases with available 25(OH)D, 64 men with PCa survived, 38 deaths were PCa specific and 36 died of other causes. At baseline, 9.9% of cases were vitamin D deficient and 61.2% were vitamin D sufficient. Compared to 25(OH)D sufficient men, those with 25(OH)D <20.0 ng/mL concentrations were associated with higher PCa-specific mortality (adjusted HR, 4.95; 95% CI, 1.68, 14.63, P = .004) and all-cause mortality (adjusted HR, 2.40; 95%CI, 1.33, 4. 32, P = .003). Serum calcium was not associated with survival and did not modify any associations with 25(OH)D. Conclusions 25(OH)D deficiency at PCa diagnosis predicted decreased survival for overall and PCa-specific cancer in Caribbean men of African ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donovan McGrowder
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, 462834The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
| | - Marshall K Tulloch-Reid
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Caribbean Institute for Health Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
| | - Kathleen C M Coard
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, 462834The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
| | - Afette M McCaw-Binns
- Department of Community Health & Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
| | - Trevor S Ferguson
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Caribbean Institute for Health Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
| | - William Aiken
- Department of Surgery, Radiology, Anaesthesia, & Intensive Care, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
| | | | - Simon G Anderson
- George Alleyne Chronic Disease Research Centre, Caribbean Institute of Health Research, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, Barbados
| | - Maria D Jackson
- Department of Community Health & Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
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Johnson JR, Woods-Burnham L, Hooker SE, Batai K, Kittles RA. Genetic Contributions to Prostate Cancer Disparities in Men of West African Descent. Front Oncol 2021; 11:770500. [PMID: 34820334 PMCID: PMC8606679 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.770500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most frequently diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of death in men worldwide, after adjusting for age. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer, continents such as North America and Europe report higher incidence of PCa; however, mortality rates are highest among men of African ancestry in the western, southern, and central regions of Africa and the Caribbean. The American Cancer Society reports, African Americans (AAs), in the United States, have a 1.7 increased incidence and 2.4 times higher mortality rate, compared to European American's (EAs). Hence, early population history in west Africa and the subsequent African Diaspora may play an important role in understanding the global disproportionate burden of PCa shared among Africans and other men of African descent. Nonetheless, disparities involved in diagnosis, treatment, and survival of PCa patients has also been correlated to socioeconomic status, education and access to healthcare. Although recent studies suggest equal PCa treatments yield equal outcomes among patients, data illuminates an unsettling reality of disparities in treatment and care in both, developed and developing countries, especially for men of African descent. Yet, even after adjusting for the effects of the aforementioned factors; racial disparities in mortality rates remain significant. This suggests that molecular and genomic factors may account for much of PCa disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jabril R. Johnson
- Division of Health Equities, Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Leanne Woods-Burnham
- Division of Health Equities, Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Stanley E. Hooker
- Division of Health Equities, Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Ken Batai
- Department of Urology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Rick A. Kittles
- Division of Health Equities, Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
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Stroomberg HV, Vojdeman FJ, Madsen CM, Helgstrand JT, Schwarz P, Heegaard AM, Olsen A, Tjønneland A, Struer Lind B, Brasso K, Jørgensen HL, Røder MA. Vitamin D levels and the risk of prostate cancer and prostate cancer mortality. Acta Oncol 2021; 60:316-322. [PMID: 33103532 DOI: 10.1080/0284186x.2020.1837391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D has a role in bone turnover and potentially bone-metastatic spread of prostate cancer (PCa). The aim of this observational study was to address the association between levels of serum vitamin D, diagnosis of PCa and subsequent mortality in men who underwent a biopsy of the prostate. METHODS All men who underwent prostatic biopsy in the Danish PCa Registry (DaPCaR) and who had a serum vitamin D measurement during the period 2004 to 2010 (n = 4,065) were identified. Men were categorized by clinical cut-offs based on seasonally adjusted serum vitamin D levels in <25 (deficient), 25-50 (insufficient), 50-75 (sufficient) and >75 nmol/L (high) serum vitamin D. Logistic regression model for association between vitamin D and risk of PCa diagnosis and multivariate survival analyses were applied. RESULTS No association between serum vitamin D and risk of PCa was found. Overall survival was lowest for serum vitamin D deficiency and a significantly higher PCa specific mortality (HR: 2.37, 95%CI: 1.45-3.90, p < .001) and other cause mortality (HR: 2.08, 95%CI: 1.33-3.24, p = .001) was found for PCa patients with serum vitamin D deficiency compared to serum vitamin D sufficiency. CONCLUSION No association was found between serum vitamin D categories and risk of PCa in men who underwent biopsy of the prostate. Men with PCa and serum vitamin D deficiency had a higher overall and PCa specific mortality compared to men with a sufficient level of serum vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hein Vincent Stroomberg
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Fie Juhl Vojdeman
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - John Thomas Helgstrand
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Peter Schwarz
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Heegaard
- Deptartment of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anja Olsen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bent Struer Lind
- Deptartment of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Klaus Brasso
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Henrik Løvendahl Jørgensen
- Deptartment of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Martin Andreas Røder
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
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McCray T, Pacheco JV, Loitz CC, Garcia J, Baumann B, Schlicht MJ, Valyi-Nagy K, Abern MR, Nonn L. Vitamin D sufficiency enhances differentiation of patient-derived prostate epithelial organoids. iScience 2021; 24:101974. [PMID: 33458620 PMCID: PMC7797919 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is an essential steroid hormone that regulates systemic calcium homeostasis and cell fate decisions. The prostate gland is hormonally regulated, requiring steroids for proliferation and differentiation of secretory luminal cells. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased risk of lethal prostate cancer, which exhibits a dedifferentiated pathology, linking vitamin D sufficiency to epithelial differentiation. To determine vitamin D regulation of prostatic epithelial differentiation, patient-derived benign prostate epithelial organoids were grown in vitamin D-deficient or -sufficient conditions. Organoids were assessed by phenotype and single-cell RNA sequencing. Mechanistic validation demonstrated that vitamin D sufficiency promoted organoid growth and accelerated differentiation by inhibiting canonical Wnt activity and suppressing Wnt family member DKK3. Wnt and DKK3 were also reduced by vitamin D in prostate tissue explants by spatial transcriptomics. Wnt dysregulation is a known contributor to aggressive prostate cancer, thus findings further link vitamin D deficiency to lethal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara McCray
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Julian V. Pacheco
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Candice C. Loitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jason Garcia
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Bethany Baumann
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Michael J. Schlicht
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Klara Valyi-Nagy
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Michael R. Abern
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Larisa Nonn
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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12
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Post-treatment levels of plasma 25- and 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D and mortality in men with aggressive prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7736. [PMID: 32385370 PMCID: PMC7210996 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62182-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D may reduce mortality from prostate cancer (PC). We examined the associations of post-treatment plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations with PC mortality. Participants were PC cases from the New South Wales Prostate Cancer Care. All contactable and consenting participants, at 4.9 to 8.6 years after diagnosis, were interviewed and had plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) measured in blood specimens. Cox regression allowing for left-truncation was used to calculate adjusted mortality hazards ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for all-cause and PC-specific mortality in relation to vitamin D levels and other potentially-predictive variables. Of the participants (n = 111; 75·9% response rate), there were 198 deaths from any cause and 41 from PC in the study period. Plasma 25(OH)D was not associated with all-cause or PC-specific mortality (p-values > 0·10). Plasma 1,25(OH)2D was inversely associated with all-cause mortality (HR for highest relative to lowest quartile = 0·45; 95% CI: 0·29-0·69), and PC-specific mortality (HR = 0·40; 95% CI: 0·14-1·19). These associations were apparent only in men with aggressive PC: all-cause mortality HR = 0·28 (95% CI·0·15-0·52; p-interaction = 0·07) and PC-specific mortality HR = 0·26 (95% CI: 0·07-1.00). Time spent outdoors was also associated with lower all-cause (HR for 4th relative to 1st exposure quartile = 0·42; 95% CI: 0·24-0·75) and PC-specific (HR = 0·48; 95% CI: 0·14-1·64) mortality, although the 95% CI for the latter was wide. The inverse association between post-treatment plasma 1,25(OH)2D levels and all-cause and PC-specific mortality in men with aggressive PC, suggest a possible beneficial effect of vitamin D supplementation in these men.
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13
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-Alpha-Hydroxylase ( CYP27B1) Gene: The Risk of Malignant Tumors and Other Chronic Diseases. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030801. [PMID: 32197412 PMCID: PMC7146376 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
: Vitamin D is widely known for its roles in the promotion of apoptosis and differentiation, with simultaneous inhibition of proliferation, inflammation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Modern literature lacks complete information on polymorphisms in CYP27B1, the only enzyme capable of vitamin D activation. This review presents gathered data that relate to genetic variants in CYP27B1 gene in correlation to multiple diseases, mostly concerning colorectal, prostate, breast, lung, and pancreatic cancers, as well as on other pathologies, such as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, oral lichen planus, or multiple sclerosis.
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14
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Abstract
A variety of diet and lifestyle factors have been studied with respect to prostate cancer risk in large, prospective cohort studies. In spite of this work, and in contrast to other common cancers, few modifiable risk factors have been firmly established as playing a role in prostate cancer. There are several possible explanations for the lack of well-established risk factors. First, prostate cancer has among the highest heritability of all common cancers; second, early life exposures may play an important role in risk, rather than mid- and later-life exposures assessed in most epidemiological studies. Finally, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening plays a critical role in prostate cancer detection and incidence rates, which has important implications for epidemiological studies.Among modifiable risk factors, smoking and obesity are consistently associated with higher risk specifically of advanced prostate cancer. There is also considerable evidence for a positive association between dairy intake and overall prostate cancer risk, and an inverse association between cooked tomato/lycopene intake and risk of advanced disease. Several other dietary factors consistently associated with risk in observational studies, including selenium and vitamin E, have been cast into doubt by results from clinical trials. Results for other well-studied dietary factors, including fat intake, red meat, fish, vitamin D, soy and phytoestrogens are mixed.In practical terms, men concerned with prostate cancer risk should be encouraged to stop smoking, be as physically active as possible, and achieve or maintain a healthy weight. These recommendations also have the advantage of having a positive impact on risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other chronic diseases. Reducing dairy intake while increasing consumption of fish and tomato products is also reasonable advice.
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15
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Kim H, Giovannucci E. Vitamin D Status and Cancer Incidence, Survival, and Mortality. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1268:39-52. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-46227-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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16
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Loehrer E, Betensky RA, Giovannucci E, Su L, Shafer A, Hollis BW, Christiani DC. Serum Levels of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D at Diagnosis Are Not Associated with Overall Survival in Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2019; 28:1379-1387. [PMID: 31186263 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-18-1190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher levels of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] are associated with longer survival in several cancers, but the results have differed across cancer sites. The association between serum 25(OH)D levels and overall survival (OS) time in esophageal adenocarcinoma remains unclear. METHODS We utilized serum samples from 476 patients with primary esophageal adenocarcinoma, recruited from Massachusetts General Hospital (Boston, MA) between 1999 and 2015. We used log-rank tests to test the difference in survival curves across quartiles of 25(OH)D levels and extended Cox modeling to estimate adjusted HRs. We tested for interactions between clinical stage or BMI on the association between 25(OH)D and OS. We additionally performed sensitivity analyses to determine whether race or timing of blood draw (relative to treatment) affected these results. RESULTS We found no evidence that survival differed across quartiles of 25(OH)D (log rank P = 0.48). Adjusting for confounders, we found no evidence that the hazard of death among the highest quartile of 25(OH)D (quartile 1) differed from any other quartile [quartile 2 HR = 0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.67-1.23; quartile 3 HR = 1.03, 95% CI, 0.76-1.38; quartile 4 (lowest) HR = 0.98, 95% CI, 0.72-1.33]. Sensitivity analyses yielded consistent results when accounting for race or time between diagnosis and blood draw. Moreover, we did not find evidence of interaction between 25(OH)D and clinical stage or BMI on OS. CONCLUSIONS Serum level of 25(OH)D near time of diagnosis was not associated with OS in patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma. IMPACT Screening 25(OH)D levels among patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma at diagnosis is not clinically relevant to their cancer prognosis based on present evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Loehrer
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Rebecca A Betensky
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Li Su
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrea Shafer
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bruce W Hollis
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - David C Christiani
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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17
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Baumann B, Lugli G, Gao S, Zenner M, Nonn L. High levels of PIWI-interacting RNAs are present in the small RNA landscape of prostate epithelium from vitamin D clinical trial specimens. Prostate 2019; 79:840-855. [PMID: 30905091 PMCID: PMC6593815 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D, a hormone that acts through the nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR), upregulates antitumorigenic microRNA in prostate epithelium. This may contribute to the lower levels of aggressive prostate cancer (PCa) observed in patients with high serum vitamin D. The small noncoding RNA (ncRNA) landscape includes many other RNA species that remain uncharacterized in prostate epithelium and their potential regulation by vitamin D is unknown. METHODS Laser capture microdissection (LCM) followed by small-RNA sequencing was used to identify ncRNAs in the prostate epithelium of tissues from a vitamin D-supplementation trial. VDR chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing was performed to identify vitamin D genomic targets in primary prostate epithelial cells. RESULTS Isolation of epithelium by LCM increased sample homogeneity and captured more diversity in ncRNA species compared with publicly available small-RNA sequencing data from benign whole prostate. An abundance of PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) was detected in normal prostate epithelium. The obligate binding partners of piRNAs, PIWI-like (PIWIL) proteins, were also detected in prostate epithelium. High prostatic vitamin D levels were associated with increased expression of piRNAs. VDR binding sites were located near several ncRNA biogenesis genes and genes regulating translation and differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Benign prostate epithelium expresses both piRNA and PIWIL proteins, suggesting that these small ncRNA may serve an unknown function in the prostate. Vitamin D may increase the expression of prostatic piRNAs. VDR binding sites in primary prostate epithelial cells are consistent with its reported antitumorigenic functions and a role in ncRNA biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Baumann
- Department of Pathology, College of MedicineUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIllinois
| | - Giovanni Lugli
- Department of Pathology, College of MedicineUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIllinois
| | - Shang Gao
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIllinois
| | - Morgan Zenner
- Department of Pathology, College of MedicineUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIllinois
| | - Larisa Nonn
- Department of Pathology, College of MedicineUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIllinois
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18
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Torfadottir JE, Aspelund T, Valdimarsdottir UA, Cotch MF, Tryggvadottir L, Harris TB, Gudnason V, Adami HO, Mucci LA, Giovannucci EL, Stampfer MJ, Steingrimsdottir L. Pre-diagnostic 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and survival in cancer patients. Cancer Causes Control 2019; 30:333-342. [PMID: 30805814 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-019-01143-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our main aim was to explore whether pre-diagnostic circulating levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) among older individuals with cancer were associated with overall and cancer-specific survival after diagnosis. DESIGN We used data from the Reykjavik-AGES Study on participants (n = 4,619) without cancer at entry, when blood samples were taken for 25(OH)D standardized measurements. The association with cancer risk, all-cause- and cancer-specific mortality was assessed among those later diagnosed with cancer, comparing four 25(OH)D categories, using 50-69.9 nmol/L as the reference category. RESULTS Cancer was diagnosed in 919 participants on average 8.3 years after blood draw. No association was observed between the reference group and other 25(OH)D groups and total cancer incidence. Mean age at diagnosis was 80.9 (± 5.7) years. Of those diagnosed, 552 died during follow-up, 67% from cancer. Low pre-diagnostic levels of 25(OH)D < 30 nmol/L were significantly associated with increased total mortality (HR: 1.39, 95% CI 1.03, 1.88) and non-significantly with cancer-specific mortality (HR: 1.33, 95% CI 0.93, 1.90). Among patients surviving more than 2 years after diagnosis, higher pre-diagnostic 25(OH)D levels (≥ 70 nmol/L) were associated with lower risk of overall (HR: 0.68, 95% CI 0.46, 0.99) and cancer-specific mortality (HR: 0.47, 95% CI 0.26, 0.99). CONCLUSIONS Among elderly cancer patients, low pre-diagnostic serum 25(OH)D levels (< 30 nmol/L) were associated with increased overall mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna E Torfadottir
- Centre of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland. .,Unit for Nutrition Research, Faculty for Food Science and Nutrition, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Thor Aspelund
- Centre of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland.,The Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
| | - Unnur A Valdimarsdottir
- Centre of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mary Frances Cotch
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, Intramural Research Program, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laufey Tryggvadottir
- The Icelandic Cancer Registry, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- The Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Hans-Olov Adami
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Clinical Effectiveness Research Group, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lorelei A Mucci
- Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meir J Stampfer
- Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laufey Steingrimsdottir
- Unit for Nutrition Research, Faculty for Food Science and Nutrition, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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19
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is a major cause of disease and mortality among men, and each year 1.6 million men are diagnosed with and 366,000 men die of prostate cancer. In this review, we discuss the state of evidence for specific genetic, lifestyle, and dietary factors associated with prostate cancer risk. Given the biological heterogeneity of this cancer, we focus on risk factors for advanced or fatal prostate cancer. First, we provide descriptive epidemiology statistics and patterns for prostate cancer incidence and mortality around the world. This includes discussion of the impact of prostate-specific antigen screening on prostate cancer epidemiology. Next, we summarize evidence for selected risk factors for which there is strong or probable evidence of an association: genetics, obesity and weight change, physical activity, smoking, lycopene and tomatoes, fish, vitamin D and calcium, and statins. Finally, we highlight future directions for prostate cancer epidemiology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire H Pernar
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Ericka M Ebot
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Kathryn M Wilson
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Lorelei A Mucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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20
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Song ZY, Yao Q, Zhuo Z, Ma Z, Chen G. Circulating vitamin D level and mortality in prostate cancer patients: a dose-response meta-analysis. Endocr Connect 2018; 7:R294-R303. [PMID: 30352424 PMCID: PMC6240137 DOI: 10.1530/ec-18-0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies investigating the association of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D level with prognosis of prostate cancer yielded controversial results. We conducted a dose-response meta-analysis to elucidate the relationship. PubMed and EMBASE were searched for eligible studies up to July 15, 2018. We performed a dose-response meta-analysis using random-effect model to calculate the summary hazard ratio (HR) and 95% CI of mortality in patients with prostate cancer. Seven eligible cohort studies with 7808 participants were included. The results indicated that higher vitamin D level could reduce the risk of death among prostate cancer patients. The summary HR of prostate cancer-specific mortality correlated with an increment of every 20 nmol/L in circulating vitamin D level was 0.91, with 95% CI 0.87-0.97, P = 0.002. The HR for all-cause mortality with the increase of 20 nmol/L vitamin D was 0.91 (95% CI: 0.84-0.98, P = 0.01). Sensitivity analysis suggested the pooled HRs were stable and not obviously changed by any single study. No evidence of publications bias was observed. This meta-analysis suggested that higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D level was associated with a reduction of mortality in prostate cancer patients and vitamin D is an important protective factor in the progression and prognosis of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-yu Song
- Department of Urology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuming Yao
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhuo
- Department of Urology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Ma
- Department of Urology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Urology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to G Chen:
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21
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Mondul AM, Weinstein SJ, Layne TM, Albanes D. Vitamin D and Cancer Risk and Mortality: State of the Science, Gaps, and Challenges. Epidemiol Rev 2018; 39:28-48. [PMID: 28486651 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxx005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been substantial enthusiasm recently regarding the potential role of vitamin D in the primary and secondary prevention of cancer. Laboratory studies demonstrate a range of anticarcinogenic effects for vitamin D compounds, but human studies have yielded little consistent evidence supporting a protective association. Higher circulating levels of vitamin D (i.e., 25-hydroxyvitamin D or 25(OH)D) appear to be associated with reduced risk of colorectal and bladder malignancies, but higher risk of prostate and possibly pancreatic cancers, with no clear association for most other organ sites examined. Despite there being no official institutional recommendations regarding the use of vitamin D supplements for cancer prevention, screenings for vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D supplement use have increased substantially over the past decade. These widespread practices demonstrate that population sociobehavioral changes are often adopted before scientifically well-informed policies and recommendations are available. This review critically examines the currently available epidemiologic literature regarding the associations between circulating 25(OH)D, vitamin D supplementation, and vitamin D-related genetic variation and cancer risk and mortality, with a particular emphasis on prospective studies. We identify several important gaps in our scientific knowledge that should be addressed in order to provide sufficient reproducible data to inform evidence-based recommendations related to optimal 25(OH)D concentrations (and any role for vitamin D supplementation) for the primary and secondary prevention of cancer. With few exceptions, such recommendations cannot be made at this time.
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22
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Gao J, Wei W, Wang G, Zhou H, Fu Y, Liu N. Circulating vitamin D concentration and risk of prostate cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2018; 14:95-104. [PMID: 29386901 PMCID: PMC5767091 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s149325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Though many studies have been performed to elucidate the association between circulating vitamin D and prostate cancer, no conclusive result is available. We carried out a dose-response meta-analysis to quantitatively examine the association of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentration with prostate cancer. Methods Only prospective studies examining the associations of circulating 25[OH]D concentration with prostate cancer were eligible for the meta-analysis. A random-effect meta-analysis was done first, to calculate the summary relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) comparing the higher concentration with the lower concentration of 25[OH]D. A dose-response meta-analysis using random-effects model was then carried out to evaluate the nonlinearity and calculate the summary RR caused per 10 ng/mL increment. Results Nineteen prospective cohort or nested case-control studies were included. Higher 25[OH]D concentration was significantly correlated with elevated risk of prostate cancer (RR =1.15, 95% CI 1.06-1.24). No nonlinear relationship was found between 25[OH]D concentration and risk of prostate cancer (P=0.654). Dose-response meta-analysis showed that the summary RR caused per 10 ng/mL increment in circulating 25[OH]D concentration was 1.04 (95% CI 1.02-1.06). Subgroup analysis also found a modest dose-response relationship. Funnel plot and Egger's test did not detect publication bias. Conclusion The findings suggest that highest 25[OH]D concentration is correlated with elevated risk of prostate cancer and a modest dose-response effect exists in this association; however, more studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Gao
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglan Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaowen Fu
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Nian Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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23
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Vaughan-Shaw PG, O'Sullivan F, Farrington SM, Theodoratou E, Campbell H, Dunlop MG, Zgaga L. The impact of vitamin D pathway genetic variation and circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D on cancer outcome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 2017; 116:1092-1110. [PMID: 28301870 PMCID: PMC5396104 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D has been linked with improved cancer outcome. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigates the relationship between cancer outcomes and both vitamin D-related genetic variation and circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentration. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis of papers until November 2016 on PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science pertaining to association between circulating vitamin D level, functionally relevant vitamin D receptor genetic variants and variants within vitamin D pathway genes and cancer survival or disease progression was performed. RESULTS A total of 44 165 cases from 64 studies were included in meta-analyses. Higher 25OHD was associated with better overall survival (hazard ratio (HR=0.74, 95% CI: 0.66-0.82) and progression-free survival (HR=0.84, 95% CI: 0.77-0.91). The rs1544410 (BsmI) variant was associated with overall survival (HR=1.40, 95% CI: 1.05-1.75) and rs7975232 (ApaI) with progression-free survival (HR=1.29, 95% CI: 1.02-1.56). The rs2228570 (FokI) variant was associated with overall survival in lung cancer patients (HR=1.29, 95% CI: 1.0-1.57), with a suggestive association across all cancers (HR=1.26, 95% CI: 0.96-1.56). CONCLUSIONS Higher 25OHD concentration is associated with better cancer outcome, and the observed association of functional variants in vitamin D pathway genes with outcome supports a causal link. This analysis provides powerful background rationale to instigate clinical trials to investigate the potential beneficial effect of vitamin D in the context of stratification by genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Vaughan-Shaw
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH42XU, UK
| | - F O'Sullivan
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 24, Republic of Ireland
| | - S M Farrington
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH42XU, UK
| | - E Theodoratou
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH42XU, UK
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH164UX, UK
| | - H Campbell
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH42XU, UK
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH164UX, UK
| | - M G Dunlop
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH42XU, UK
| | - L Zgaga
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 24, Republic of Ireland
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24
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Bandera Merchan B, Morcillo S, Martin-Nuñez G, Tinahones FJ, Macías-González M. The role of vitamin D and VDR in carcinogenesis: Through epidemiology and basic sciences. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 167:203-218. [PMID: 27913313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the last two decades vitamin D (VD) research has demonstrated new extraskeletal actions of this pre-hormone, suggesting a protective role of this secosteroid in the onset, progression and prognosis of several chronic noncommunicable diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus or cancer. Regarding carcinogenesis, both preclinical and epidemiological evidence available show oncoprotective actions of VD and its receptor, the VDR. However, in late neoplastic stages the VD system (VDS) seems to be less functional, which appears to be due to an epigenetic silencing of the system. In preclinical experimental studies, VD presents oncoprotective actions through modulation of inflammation, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, angiogenesis, invasive and metastatic potential, apoptosis, miRNA expression regulation and modulation of the Hedgehog signalling pathway. Moreover, epidemiological evidence points towards an oncoprotective role of vitamin D and VDR in colorectal cancer. This association is more controversial with breast, ovarian and prostate cancers, although with a few adverse effects. Nonetheless, we should consider other factors to determine the benefit of increased serum concentration of VD. Much of the epidemiological evidence is still inconclusive, and we will have to wait for new, better-designed ongoing RCTs and their results to discern the real effect of vitamin D in cancer risk reduction and therapy. The objective of this literature review is to offer an up-to-date analysis of the role of the VD and VDR, in the onset, progression and prognosis of all types of cancer. We further discuss the available literature and suggest new hypotheses and future challenges in the field of VD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Bandera Merchan
- Unidad de Gestiòn Clìnica y Endocrinologìa y Nutriciòn, Instituto de Investigaciòn Biomèdica de Màlaga (IBIMA),Complejo Hospitalario de Màlaga (Virgen de la Victoria), Universidad de Màlaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Sonsoles Morcillo
- CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CB06/03),Instituto Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gracia Martin-Nuñez
- Unidad de Gestiòn Clìnica y Endocrinologìa y Nutriciòn, Instituto de Investigaciòn Biomèdica de Màlaga (IBIMA),Complejo Hospitalario de Màlaga (Virgen de la Victoria), Universidad de Màlaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Francisco José Tinahones
- Unidad de Gestiòn Clìnica y Endocrinologìa y Nutriciòn, Instituto de Investigaciòn Biomèdica de Màlaga (IBIMA),Complejo Hospitalario de Màlaga (Virgen de la Victoria), Universidad de Màlaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain; CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CB06/03),Instituto Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Macías-González
- Unidad de Gestiòn Clìnica y Endocrinologìa y Nutriciòn, Instituto de Investigaciòn Biomèdica de Màlaga (IBIMA),Complejo Hospitalario de Màlaga (Virgen de la Victoria), Universidad de Màlaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain; CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CB06/03),Instituto Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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25
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Dambal S, Giangreco AA, Acosta AM, Fairchild A, Richards Z, Deaton R, Wagner D, Vieth R, Gann PH, Kajdacsy-Balla A, Van der Kwast T, Nonn L. microRNAs and DICER1 are regulated by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in prostate stroma. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 167:192-202. [PMID: 28089917 PMCID: PMC5304339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of lethal prostate adenocarcinomas (PCa) and the majority of older men are deficient. Although PCa arises from the epithelium, the surrounding stroma has hormonal regulatory control over the epithelium and contributes to carcinogenesis. Herein, we describe regulation of microRNAs (miRs) by the active hormone dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) in human prostate stroma. 1,25(OH)2D binds the vitamin D receptor (VDR) transcription factor to regulate gene expression, including miRs, which have emerged as potent regulators of protein expression. 1,25(OH)2D-regulated miRs were identified by profiling in primary human prostatic stromal cells (PrS) and three miRs, miR-126-3p, miR 154-5p and miR-21-5p were subsequently validated in laser-capture micro-dissected prostate stromal tissue from a vitamin D3 clinical trial (N=45). Regulation of these miRs by 1,25(OH)2D was VDR-dependent. Network analysis of known and putative mRNA targets of these miRs was enriched with cancer and inflammation pathways, consistent with known roles of stroma and of vitamin D in carcinogenesis. Expression of the miR processing ribonuclease, DICER1, positively correlated with vitamin D metabolite levels in the clinical trial specimens. High epithelial/stromal ratios of DICER1 were significantly associated biochemical recurrence (OR 3.1, p=0.03) in a tissue microarray of 170 matched PCa patients. In summary, these results underscore the role of the prostate stroma in regulating responses to the hormone 1,25(OH)2D and identified miRs and DICER1 as being regulated in human prostate stroma. Regulation of stromal DICER1 by 1,25(OH)2D may also have clinical relevance in protection against aggressive PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Dambal
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Angeline A Giangreco
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Andres M Acosta
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Andrew Fairchild
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Zachary Richards
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ryan Deaton
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Dennis Wagner
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Reinhold Vieth
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter H Gann
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Andre Kajdacsy-Balla
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Larisa Nonn
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, United States.
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26
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Batai K, Kittles RA. Can vitamin D supplementation reduce prostate cancer disparities? Pharmacogenomics 2016; 17:1117-1120. [PMID: 27380910 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2016-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Batai
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Rick A Kittles
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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27
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Vitamin D, PTH, and calcium in relation to survival following prostate cancer. Cancer Causes Control 2016; 27:669-77. [PMID: 27023469 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-016-0740-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Epidemiological studies suggest that low levels of vitamin D constitute a risk factor for prostate cancer. However, the results are conflicting, perhaps because prostate cancer is a very heterogeneous disease. More recent studies have focused on cancer progression and mortality. Vitamin D is closely related to both calcium metabolism and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, and all three factors have been implicated in prostate cancer. METHODS We examined the associations between pre-diagnostic serum levels of vitamin D (25OHD), PTH, and calcium and mortality among 943 participants within the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, who were diagnosed with prostate cancer. The mean time from diagnosis until the end of followup was 9.1 years (SD 4.5), and the mean time from inclusion until end of follow-up was 16.6 years (SD 4.9). The analytes were divided into quartiles, and the risk of death from prostate cancer was analyzed using Cox proportional hazard analysis, yielding hazards ratios (HR) with 95 % confidence intervals. The models were adjusted for season and year of inclusion, age at baseline, age at diagnosis, body mass index (BMI), and tumor characteristics (TNM and Gleason score). RESULTS We observed a trend toward a lower prostate-specific mortality with 25OHD >85 nmol/L in the unadjusted analysis. This became statistically significantly in the third quartile of 25OHD (85-102 nmol/L) compared to the first (<68 nmol/L), HR 0.54 (0.34-0.85) when adjusting for age, time of inclusion, and BMI. The association was further strengthened when adjusted for age at diagnosis, Gleason score, and TNM classification with a HR in Q3 0.36 (0.22-0.60). p for trend was 0.03. Regarding calcium, there was a significantly lower HR for the second quartile (2.35-2.39 mmol/L) compared to the first (≤2.34 mmol/L) with a HR of 0.54 (0.32-0.86) in the unadjusted analysis. However, this association disappeared when adjusting for tumor characteristics. There were no associations between levels of PTH and prostate cancer mortality. CONCLUSION This study shows that levels of pre-diagnostic vitamin D above 85 nmol/L may improve survival in men with prostate cancer.
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28
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Batai K, Murphy AB, Nonn L, Kittles RA. Vitamin D and Immune Response: Implications for Prostate Cancer in African Americans. Front Immunol 2016; 7:53. [PMID: 26941739 PMCID: PMC4761841 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer among men in the U.S. African American (AA) men have a higher incidence and mortality rate compared to European American (EA) men, but the cause of PCa disparities is still unclear. Epidemiologic studies have shown that vitamin D deficiency is associated with advanced stage and higher tumor grade and mortality, while its association with overall PCa risk is inconsistent. Vitamin D deficiency is also more common in AAs than EAs, and the difference in serum vitamin D levels may help explain the PCa disparities. However, the role of vitamin D in aggressive PCa in AAs is not well explored. Studies demonstrated that the active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, has anti-inflammatory effects by mediating immune-related gene expression in prostate tissue. Inflammation also plays an important role in PCa pathogenesis and progression, and expression of immune-related genes in PCa tissues differs significantly between AAs and EAs. Unfortunately, the evidence linking vitamin D and immune response in relation to PCa is still scarce. This relationship should be further explored at a genomic level in AA populations that are at high risk for vitamin D deficiency and fatal PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Batai
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ , USA
| | - Adam B Murphy
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Larisa Nonn
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Rick A Kittles
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ , USA
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29
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Jacobs ET, Kohler LN, Kunihiro AG, Jurutka PW. Vitamin D and Colorectal, Breast, and Prostate Cancers: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence. J Cancer 2016; 7:232-40. [PMID: 26918035 PMCID: PMC4747876 DOI: 10.7150/jca.13403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the question of whether vitamin D has a role in cancer incidence, progression, and mortality has been studied in detail. Colorectal, breast, and prostate cancers have been a particular area of focus; together, these three malignancies account for approximately 35% of cancer cases and 20% of cancer deaths in the United States, and as such are a major public health concern. Herein, we review and synthesize the epidemiological research regarding vitamin D, as measured by the biomarker 25-hydroxycholecalciferol [25(OH)D], and the incidence, progression, and mortality of these cancers. Overall, the results of observational studies of the relationship between 25(OH)D and colorectal cancer have revealed a consistent inverse association for incidence and mortality; while for breast cancer, results have generally demonstrated a relationship between higher 25(OH)D and lower risk for progression and mortality. In contrast, randomized, double-blind clinical trials conducted to date have generally failed to support these findings. For prostate cancer, there is no convincing evidence of an association between 25(OH)D and incidence, and inconsistent data for progression and mortality, though results of one open label clinical trial suggest that supplementation with 4000 IU/d of vitamin D3 may inhibit progression of the disease. Nonetheless, until the results of additional ongoing randomized, double-blind clinical trials are reported, it will be difficult to ascertain if vitamin D itself is related to a reduction in risk for some cancer endpoints, or whether high concentrations of the vitamin D biomarker 25(OH)D may instead serve as a marker for an overall beneficial risk factor profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T Jacobs
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona (ETJ); Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (ETJ, LNK); Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (ETJ, AGK); School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona (PWJ); Department of Basic Medical Sciences, The University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ (PWJ)
| | - Lindsay N Kohler
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona (ETJ); Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (ETJ, LNK); Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (ETJ, AGK); School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona (PWJ); Department of Basic Medical Sciences, The University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ (PWJ)
| | - Andrew G Kunihiro
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona (ETJ); Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (ETJ, LNK); Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (ETJ, AGK); School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona (PWJ); Department of Basic Medical Sciences, The University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ (PWJ)
| | - Peter W Jurutka
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona (ETJ); Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (ETJ, LNK); Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (ETJ, AGK); School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona (PWJ); Department of Basic Medical Sciences, The University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ (PWJ)
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30
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Vashi PG, Edwin P, Popiel B, Gupta D. The relationship between circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D and survival in newly diagnosed advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:1012. [PMID: 26704811 PMCID: PMC4691020 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-2043-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], the major circulating form of vitamin D used for evaluating the vitamin D status of patients, has been associated with survival in a variety of cancers with conflicting evidence. We aimed to investigate this association in newly diagnosed advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. METHODS This was a consecutive cohort of 359 newly diagnosed stages III-IV NSCLC patients who underwent a baseline serum 25(OH)D evaluation prior to receiving any treatment at our institution between January 2008 and December 2010. We used the vitamin D categories of "deficient (<20 ng/ml)" and "not deficient (> = 20 ng/ml)". Cox regression was used to evaluate the prognostic significance of serum 25(OH)D after adjusting for relevant confounders. RESULTS Mean age at diagnosis was 57.4 years. Of the 359 patients, 151 (42.1 %) were deficient in vitamin D at the time of diagnosis. The median survival in deficient and not deficient cohorts was 11.7 and 12.8 months respectively (p = 0.06). Season of diagnosis, performance status, smoking status and hospital location significantly predicted vitamin D status. On univariate Cox analysis, gender, stage of disease, hospital location, histologic subtype, subjective global assessment (SGA), performance status, smoking status, body mass index and serum albumin were significantly associated with survival (p <0.05 for all). On multivariate Cox analysis, six variables demonstrated statistically significant associations with survival: stage of disease, hospital location, histologic subtype, SGA, smoking status and serum albumin (p <0.05 for all). Serum vitamin D, which was borderline significant in univariate analysis, lost its significance in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS We found season of diagnosis, performance status and smoking history to be predictive of vitamin D status. Consistent with previously published research in advanced NSCLC, we did not find any significant association between pre-treatment serum 25(OH)D and survival in our patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj G Vashi
- Cancer Treatment Centers of America® (CTCA) at Midwestern Regional Medical Center, 2520 Elisha Ave, Zion, IL, 60099, USA.
| | - Persis Edwin
- Cancer Treatment Centers of America® (CTCA) at Midwestern Regional Medical Center, 2520 Elisha Ave, Zion, IL, 60099, USA.
| | - Brenten Popiel
- Cancer Treatment Centers of America® (CTCA) at Midwestern Regional Medical Center, 2520 Elisha Ave, Zion, IL, 60099, USA.
| | - Digant Gupta
- Cancer Treatment Centers of America® (CTCA) at Midwestern Regional Medical Center, 2520 Elisha Ave, Zion, IL, 60099, USA.
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Abstract
There is growing evidence that risk factors for cancer occurrence and for cancer death are not necessarily the same. Knowledge of cancer aggressiveness risk factors (CARF) may help in identifying subjects at high risk of developing a potentially deadly cancer (and not just any cancer). The availability of CARFs may have positive consequences for health policies, medical practice, and the search for biomarkers. For instance, cancer chemoprevention and cancer screening of subjects with CARFs would probably be more ethical and cost-effective than recommending chemoprevention and screening to entire segments of the population. Also, the harmful consequences of chemoprevention and of screening would be reduced while effectiveness would be optimised. We present examples of CARF already in use (e.g. mutations of the breast cancer (BRCA) gene), of promising avenues for the discovery of biomarkers thanks to the investigation of CARFs (e.g. breast radiological density and systemic inflammation), and of biomarkers commonly used that are not real CARFs (e.g. certain mammography images, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration, nevus number).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Autier
- University of Strathclyde Institute of Global Public Health at iPRI, International Prevention Research Institute (iPRI, www.i-pri.org ), Espace Européen d'Ecully, Bâtiment G, Allée Claude Debussy, Ecully ouest Lyon 69130, France
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32
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Orlow I, Reiner AS, Thomas NE, Roy P, Kanetsky PA, Luo L, Paine S, Armstrong BK, Kricker A, Marrett LD, Rosso S, Zanetti R, Gruber SB, Anton-Culver H, Gallagher RP, Dwyer T, Busam K, Begg CB, Berwick M. Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and survival in patients with cutaneous melanoma: a population-based study. Carcinogenesis 2015; 37:30-8. [PMID: 26521212 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Factors known to affect melanoma survival include age at presentation, sex and tumor characteristics. Polymorphisms also appear to modulate survival following diagnosis. Result from other studies suggest that vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms (SNPs) impact survival in patients with glioma, renal cell carcinoma, lung, breast, prostate and other cancers; however, a comprehensive study of VDR polymorphisms and melanoma-specific survival is lacking. We aimed to investigate whether VDR genetic variation influences survival in patients with cutaneous melanoma. The analysis involved 3566 incident single and multiple primary melanoma cases enrolled in the international population-based Genes, Environment, and Melanoma Study. Melanoma-specific survival outcomes were calculated for each of 38 VDR SNPs using a competing risk analysis after adjustment for covariates. There were 254 (7.1%) deaths due to melanoma during the median 7.6 years follow-up period. VDR SNPs rs7299460, rs3782905, rs2239182, rs12370156, rs2238140, rs7305032, rs1544410 (BsmI) and rs731236 (TaqI) each had a statistically significant (trend P values < 0.05) association with melanoma-specific survival in multivariate analysis. One functional SNP (rs2239182) remained significant after adjustment for multiple testing using the Monte Carlo method. None of the SNPs associated with survival were significantly associated with Breslow thickness, ulceration or mitosis. These results suggest that the VDR gene may influence survival from melanoma, although the mechanism by which VDR exerts its effect does not seem driven by tumor aggressiveness. Further investigations are needed to confirm our results and to understand the relationship between VDR and survival in the combined context of tumor and host characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nancy E Thomas
- Department of Dermatology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | | | - Peter A Kanetsky
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Li Luo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Epidemiology and Cancer Prevention, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Susan Paine
- Department of Internal Medicine, Epidemiology and Cancer Prevention, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Bruce K Armstrong
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Anne Kricker
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Loraine D Marrett
- Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2L7, Canada
| | - Stefano Rosso
- Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Roberto Zanetti
- Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Stephen B Gruber
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Hoda Anton-Culver
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Richard P Gallagher
- Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Terence Dwyer
- The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3BD, UK and
| | - Klaus Busam
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Marianne Berwick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Epidemiology and Cancer Prevention, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Brändstedt J, Almquist M, Ulmert D, Manjer J, Malm J. Vitamin D, PTH, and calcium and tumor aggressiveness in prostate cancer: a prospective nested case-control study. Cancer Causes Control 2015; 27:69-80. [PMID: 26518197 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-015-0684-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Epidemiological studies suggest that low levels of vitamin D (25OHD) constitute a risk factor for more aggressive prostate cancer. We examined the relationship between pre-diagnostic serum levels of vitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and calcium and risk of prostate cancer according to tumor aggressiveness. METHODS We performed a nested case-control study within the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study on 943 incident prostate cancer cases. Tumor aggressiveness was defined by Gleason score, TNM stage, and serum levels of total prostate-specific antigen. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated for different quartiles of serum levels of 25OHD, PTH, and calcium, and for interactions between them. RESULTS We found no significant association when comparing aggressive to non-aggressive disease regarding vitamin D, PTH, or calcium. There was a trend toward an increased risk in low-grade tumors, i.e., Gleason score ≤6, and a significant association regarding Gleason score 7 tumors with OR 1.70 (1.09-2.65) in the highest quartile of vitamin D. Stratifying the analysis yielded several significant findings demonstrating a nonspecific interaction between the metabolites. In men with PTH above median, the risk of aggressive prostate cancer was double in the highest vitamin D quartile, OR 2.01 (1.24-3.25), and for non-aggressive cancer 1.82 (1.25-2.66). There was an inverse effect on risk of prostate cancer in men with PTH above median and vitamin D ≤50 nmol/L, OR 0.25 (0.09-0.71) and calcium ≤2.37 mmol/L, OR 0.53 (0.34-0.82) for aggressive cancer. CONCLUSIONS This study showed no significant association when comparing aggressive to non-aggressive disease. There was a possible relationship between vitamin D and low-risk tumors. There were both positive and negative interactions between PTH, calcium, and vitamin D and risk of prostate cancer. These results were similar for low-risk and aggressive cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Brändstedt
- Department of Urology, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Martin Almquist
- Department of Surgery, Skåne University Hospital Lund, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Surgery, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - David Ulmert
- Department of Urology, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Translational Medicine in Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jonas Manjer
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Surgery, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Johan Malm
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Section for Clinical Chemistry, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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34
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Murphy AB, Nyame Y, Martin IK, Catalona WJ, Hollowell CMP, Nadler RB, Kozlowski JM, Perry KT, Kajdacsy-Balla A, Kittles R. Vitamin D deficiency predicts prostate biopsy outcomes. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 20:2289-99. [PMID: 24789033 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-3085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The association between vitamin D and prostate biopsy outcomes has not been evaluated. We examine serum vitamin D levels with prostate biopsy results in men with an abnormal prostate-specific antigen and/or digital rectal examination. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH D) was obtained from 667 men, ages 40 to 79 years, prospectively enrolled from Chicago urology clinics undergoing first prostate biopsy. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the associations between 25-OH D status and incident prostate cancer, Gleason score, and tumor stage. RESULTS Among European American (EA) men, there was an association of 25-OH D <12 ng/mL with higher Gleason score ≥ 4+4 [OR, 3.66; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.41-9.50; P = 0.008] and tumor stage [stage ≥ cT2b vs. ≤ cT2a, OR, 2.42 (1.14-5.10); P = 0.008]. In African American (AA) men, we find increased odds of prostate cancer diagnosis on biopsy with 25-OH D < 20 ng/mL [OR, 2.43 (1.20-4.94); P = 0.01]. AA men demonstrated an association between 25-OH D < 12 ng/mL and Gleason ≥ 4+4 [OR, 4.89 (1.59-15.07); P = 0.006]. There was an association with tumor stage ≥ cT2b vs. ≤ cT2a [OR, 4.22 (1.52-11.74); P = 0.003]. CONCLUSIONS In AA men, vitamin D deficiency was associated with increased odds of prostate cancer diagnosis on biopsy. In both EA and AA men, severe deficiency was positively associated with higher Gleason grade and tumor stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam B Murphy
- Authors' Affiliations: Northwestern University; University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago; Cook County Health and Hospitals System, Chicago, Illinois; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; and University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Tagliabue E, Raimondi S, Gandini S. Vitamin D, Cancer Risk, and Mortality. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2015; 75:1-52. [PMID: 26319903 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Antiproliferative effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, the biologically active form of vitamin D, are well established in various cell types by influencing cell differentiation and decreasing cell proliferation, growth, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Several meta-analyses showed that low serum levels of 25(OH)D was associated with colorectal cancer and overall mortality, while the association with cancer mortality was less consistent. VDR is a crucial mediator for the cellular effects of vitamin D and conflicting data have been reported for most malignancies. Beyond VDR, the biological effects of vitamin D are mediated by the vitamin D-binding protein. The GC (group-specific component) gene, encoding DBP, is highly polymorphic and several polymorphisms were investigated in association with cancer development with controversial results. Vitamin D supplementation was found to be associated with a reduced risk of overall mortality, reviewing all published trials on healthy subjects, whereas the evidence of an effect on cancer risk and mortality is less clear. Furthermore, long-term health effects of high doses of vitamin D, extended duration of supplementation, and the association with different baseline vitamin D levels remain to be investigated. In summary, epidemiological and preclinical studies support the development of vitamin D as preventative and therapeutic anticancer agents, with significant associations especially found for low vitamin D status with overall mortality and cancer outcome, more than cancer incidence. However, a definitive conclusion cannot be drawn and only large randomized clinical trials, both in healthy subjects and in cancer patients, will allow to draw definitive conclusions on the effect of vitamin D supplementation on cancer risk, prognosis, and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tagliabue
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Raimondi
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Gandini
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy.
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Shui IM, Mondul AM, Lindström S, Tsilidis KK, Travis RC, Gerke T, Albanes D, Mucci LA, Giovannucci E, Kraft P. Circulating vitamin D, vitamin D-related genetic variation, and risk of fatal prostate cancer in the National Cancer Institute Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium. Cancer 2015; 121:1949-56. [PMID: 25731953 PMCID: PMC4457645 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.29320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence from experimental animal and cell line studies supports a beneficial role for vitamin D in prostate cancer (PCa). Although the results from human studies have been mainly null for overall PCa risk, there may be a benefit for survival. This study assessed the associations of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and common variations in key vitamin D-related genes with fatal PCa. METHODS In a large cohort consortium, 518 fatal cases and 2986 controls with 25(OH)D data were identified. Genotyping information for 91 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 7 vitamin D-related genes (vitamin D receptor, group-specific component, cytochrome P450 27A1 [CYP27A1], CYP27B1, CYP24A1, CYP2R1, and retinoid X receptor α) was available for 496 fatal cases and 3577 controls. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations of 25(OH)D and SNPs with fatal PCa. The study also tested for 25(OH)D-SNP interactions among 264 fatal cases and 1169 controls. RESULTS No statistically significant relationship was observed between 25(OH)D and fatal PCa (OR for extreme quartiles, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.65-1.14; P for trend = .22) or the main effects of the SNPs and fatal PCa. There was evidence suggesting that associations of several SNPs, including 5 related to circulating 25(OH)D, with fatal PCa were modified by 25(OH)D. Individually, these associations did not remain significant after multiple testing; however, the P value for the set-based test for CYP2R1 was .002. CONCLUSIONS Statistically significant associations were not observed for either 25(OH)D or vitamin D-related SNPs with fatal PCa. The effect modification of 25(OH)D associations by biologically plausible genetic variation may deserve further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene M Shui
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Alison M Mondul
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sara Lindström
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Konstantinos K Tsilidis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ruth C Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Travis Gerke
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lorelei A Mucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Gupta D, Trukova K, Popiel B, Lammersfeld C, Vashi PG. The association between pre-treatment serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and survival in newly diagnosed stage IV prostate cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119690. [PMID: 25774530 PMCID: PMC4361634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Emerging evidence in the literature suggests a positive association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], a standard indicator of vitamin D status, and survival in certain types of cancer. We investigated this relationship in newly diagnosed stage IV prostate cancer patients. Methods A consecutive cohort of 125 newly diagnosed stage IV prostate cancer patients underwent a baseline serum 25(OH)D evaluation prior to receiving any treatment at our institution between January 2008 and December 2011. We used the vitamin D categories of “deficient (<20 ng/ml)”, “insufficient (20 to 32 ng/ml)”, and “sufficient (>32 ng/ml)”. Cox regression was used to evaluate the prognostic significance of serum 25(OH)D after adjusting for relevant confounders. Results Mean age at diagnosis was 60 years. Of the 125 patients, 32 (25.6%) were deficient, 49 (39.2%) were insufficient and 44 (35.2%) were sufficient in vitamin D at the time of diagnosis. The median survival in deficient, insufficient and sufficient cohorts was 47.8, 44.0 and 52.6 months respectively (p = 0.60). On univariate analysis, four variables demonstrated a statistically significant association with survival: nutritional status, bone metastasis, corrected serum calcium and serum albumin (p<0.05 for all). On multivariate analysis, five variables demonstrated statistically significant associations with survival: hospital location, age, bone metastasis, serum albumin and corrected serum calcium (p<0.05 for all). Serum vitamin D status was not significant on either univariate or multivariate analysis. Conclusion Contrary to previously published research, we found no significant association between pre-treatment serum 25(OH)D and survival in newly diagnosed stage IV prostate cancer patients. The lack of a significant association between serum vitamin D and survival in our study could perhaps be due to the fact that the disease was far too advanced in our patients for vitamin D levels to have any impact on prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Digant Gupta
- Cancer Treatment Centers of America (CTCA) at Midwestern Regional Medical Center, Zion, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kristen Trukova
- Cancer Treatment Centers of America (CTCA) at Midwestern Regional Medical Center, Zion, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Brenten Popiel
- Cancer Treatment Centers of America (CTCA) at Midwestern Regional Medical Center, Zion, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Carolyn Lammersfeld
- Cancer Treatment Centers of America (CTCA) at Midwestern Regional Medical Center, Zion, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Pankaj G. Vashi
- Cancer Treatment Centers of America (CTCA) at Midwestern Regional Medical Center, Zion, Illinois, United States of America
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Lipids and Health. Lipids 2014. [DOI: 10.1201/b17656-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kristal AR, Till C, Song X, Tangen CM, Goodman PJ, Neuhauser ML, Schenk JM, Thompson IM, Meyskens FL, Goodman GE, Minasian LM, Parnes HL, Klein EA. Plasma vitamin D and prostate cancer risk: results from the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23:1494-504. [PMID: 24732629 PMCID: PMC4119495 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro, animal, and ecological studies suggest that inadequate vitamin D intake could increase prostate cancer risk, but results of biomarker-based longitudinal studies are inconsistent. METHODS Data for this case (n = 1,731) and cohort (n = 3,203) analysis are from the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial. Cox proportional hazard models were used to test whether baseline plasma vitamin D (25-hydroxy) concentration, adjusted for season of blood collection, was associated with the risk of total and Gleason score 2-6, 7-10, and 8-10 prostate cancer. RESULTS There were U-shaped associations of vitamin D with total cancer risk: compared with the first quintile, HRs were 0.83 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.66-1.03; P = 0.092], 0.74 (95% CI, 0.59-0.92; P = 0.008), 0.86 (95% CI, 0.69-1.07; P = 0.181), and 0.98 (95% CI, 0.78-1.21; P = 0.823), for the second through fifth quintiles, respectively. For Gleason 7-10 cancer, corresponding HRs were 0.63 (95% CI, 0.45-0.90; P = 0.010), 0.66 (95% CI, 0.47-0.92; P = 0.016), 0.79 (95% CI, 0.56-1.10; P = 0.165), and 0.88 (95% CI, 0.63-1.22; P = 0.436). Among African American men (n = 250 cases), higher vitamin D was associated with reduced risk of Gleason 7-10 cancer only: in the a posteriori contrast of quintiles 1-2 versus 3-5, the HR was 0.55 (95% CI, 0.31-0.97; P = 0.037), with no evidence of dose-response or a U-shaped association. CONCLUSIONS Both low and high vitamin D concentrations were associated with increased risk of prostate cancer, and more strongly for high-grade disease. IMPACT The optimal range of circulating vitamin D for prostate cancer prevention may be narrow. Supplementation of men with adequate levels may be harmful. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(8); 1494-504. ©2014 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Kristal
- Cancer Prevention Program; Departments of Epidemiology and
| | - Cathee Till
- SWOG Statistical Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | | | - Catherine M Tangen
- Cancer Prevention Program; SWOG Statistical Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | | | | | | | - Ian M Thompson
- Department of Urology, University of Texas-San Antonio Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Frank L Meyskens
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Gary E Goodman
- Departments of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lori M Minasian
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Howard L Parnes
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Eric A Klein
- Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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Li M, Chen P, Li J, Chu R, Xie D, Wang H. Review: the impacts of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels on cancer patient outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:2327-36. [PMID: 24780061 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-4320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Circulating levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] may affect the prognosis of cancer patients; however, the epidemiological results are not consistent. OBJECTIVE To perform a meta-analysis of all published studies to assess the associations of circulating 25(OH)D levels measured at or near the time of diagnosis and outcomes for cancer patients. DATA SOURCES Searches of the PubMed and MEDLINE databases were performed and updated to December 2013. STUDY SELECTION Studies reporting an association between circulating 25(OH)D levels at or near the time of diagnosis and outcomes for the patients were included. DATA EXTRACTION Data extraction was performed independently by two authors, and conflicts were resolved by a third investigator. DATA SYNTHESIS Included in the meta-analysis were 25 studies with 17 332 cases. Significant associations between circulating 25(OH)D levels at or near the time of diagnosis and the outcomes for cancer patients were found. The pooled hazard ratio for the highest vs the lowest quartile of circulating 25(OH)D levels was 0.55 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.33-0.91) for overall survival of colorectal cancer patients, 0.63 (95% CI = 0.51-0.77) for breast cancer patients, and 0.48 (95% CI = 0.36-0.64) for lymphoma patients. Higher 25(OH)D levels were significantly associated with reduced cancer-specific mortality for patients with colorectal cancer (P = .005) and lymphoma (P < .001) and improved disease-free survival for patients with breast cancer (P < .001) or lymphoma (P < .05). A 10-nmol/L increment in circulating 25(OH)D levels conferred a hazard ratio of 0.96 (95% CI = 0.95-0.97) for overall survival of the cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that cancer patients with higher circulating 25(OH)D levels at or near the time of diagnosis have better outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research (M.L., P.C., J.L., R.C., D.X., H.W.), Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment (D.X., H.W.), Ministry of Health, Beijing 100021, China; and School of Life Science and Technology (D.X., H.W.), Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 200031, China
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Vitamin D supplements and cancer incidence and mortality: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:976-80. [PMID: 24918818 PMCID: PMC4150260 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Observational studies suggest that effects of vitamin D may be stronger for cancer mortality than for incidence. Yet, existing randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of vitamin D supplementation have limited power to examine the relationships as their primary end points are not cancer incidence or mortality. Methods: Meta-analyses of RCTs of vitamin D supplementation and total cancer incidence and mortality were conducted. Results: Over 2–7 years of duration, vitamin D supplementations had little effect on total cancer incidence (400–1100 IU per day, summary relative risk (RR)=1.00, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.94–1.06, I2=0% four RCTs with combined 4333 cases), but significantly reduced total cancer mortality (400–833 IU per day, summary RR=0.88, 95% CI=0.78–0.98, I2=0%, three RCTs with combined 1190 deaths). Conclusions: Over 2–7 years of duration, the benefit of vitamin D supplementation may be limited to cancer mortality.
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Feldman D, Krishnan AV, Swami S, Giovannucci E, Feldman BJ. The role of vitamin D in reducing cancer risk and progression. Nat Rev Cancer 2014; 14:342-57. [PMID: 24705652 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 870] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D is not really a vitamin but the precursor to the potent steroid hormone calcitriol, which has widespread actions throughout the body. Calcitriol regulates numerous cellular pathways that could have a role in determining cancer risk and prognosis. Although epidemiological and early clinical trials are inconsistent, and randomized control trials in humans do not yet exist to conclusively support a beneficial role for vitamin D, accumulating results from preclinical and some clinical studies strongly suggest that vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of developing cancer and that avoiding deficiency and adding vitamin D supplements might be an economical and safe way to reduce cancer incidence and improve cancer prognosis and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Feldman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Aruna V Krishnan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Srilatha Swami
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Brian J Feldman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Toriola AT, Nguyen N, Scheitler-Ring K, Colditz GA. Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Prognosis among Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23:917-33. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Berg WT, Shapiro EY, Rothberg MB, Bergman A, Scarberry K, Wambi C, Patel T, Badani KK. Baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d levels in men undergoing radical prostatectomy: is there an association with adverse pathologic features? Clin Genitourin Cancer 2014; 12:330-4. [PMID: 24680790 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of vitamin D (VitD) deficiency in men undergoing radical prostatectomy and determine whether an association exists between preoperative VitD levels and adverse pathologic features. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients scheduled to undergo radical prostatectomy for clinically localized disease from January to August 2012 were prospectively followed and those with available preoperative serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were included. Men with a known diagnosis of VitD deficiency or taking VitD supplementation were excluded. Cox regression analysis was performed to determine whether preoperative VitD level is predictive of adverse pathologic outcomes. RESULTS One hundred consecutive men were included. Mean age was 62 (range, 42-79) years and mean VitD level was 26 (range, 6-57) ng/mL. Overall, 65 men (65%) had suboptimal levels of VitD (< 30 ng/mL), and 32 (32%) had deficiency (< 20 ng/mL). There was no significant correlation between VitD and age (P = .5). In logistic regression analysis, VitD level was not predictive of pathologic Gleason (P = .11), pathologic stage (P = .7), or positive margin status (P = .8). CONCLUSION The association between VitD and prostate cancer has been controversial and data suggesting an increased risk of aggressive cancer in men with low levels of VitD have been inconsistent. We found that baseline preoperative VitD level was not associated with any adverse pathologic features. However, VitD deficiency is a common finding in this population, although unrelated to patient age. These results represent the first time the correlation between VitD and prostate cancer has been evaluated in a cohort of men undergoing radical prostatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Berg
- Department of Urology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Edan Y Shapiro
- Department of Urology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Michael B Rothberg
- Department of Urology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Ari Bergman
- Department of Urology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Kyle Scarberry
- Department of Urology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Chris Wambi
- Department of Urology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Trushar Patel
- Department of Urology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Ketan K Badani
- Department of Urology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY.
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Robsahm TE, Schwartz GG, Tretli S. The Inverse Relationship between 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Cancer Survival: Discussion of Causation. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:1439-55. [PMID: 24202453 PMCID: PMC3875947 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5041439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer mortality rates vary inversely with geographic latitude and solar ultraviolet-B doses. This relationship may be due to an inhibitory role of vitamin D on cancer development. The relationship between vitamin D and cancer appears to be stronger for studies of cancer mortality than incidence. Because cancer mortality reflects both cancer incidence and survival, the difference may be due to effects of vitamin D on cancer survival. Here we review analytic epidemiologic studies investigating the relation between vitamin D, measured by circulating levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), and cancer survival. A relationship between low 25-OHD levels and poor survival is shown by most of the reviewed studies. This relationship is likely to be causal when viewed in light of most criteria for assessing causality (temporality, strength, exposure-response, biological plausibility and consistency). A serum level of 25-OHD around 50 nmol/L appears to be a threshold level. Conversely, there are several mechanisms whereby cancer could lower serum levels of 25-OHD. The severity of disease at the time of diagnosis and time of serum sampling are key factors to clarify the temporal aspect of these relationships. Evidence that vitamin D supplementation could retard the disease process or prolong survival time would be key evidence, but is difficult to generate. However, recent clinical trial results in prostate cancer support a role for vitamin D in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trude E Robsahm
- The Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-based Cancer Research, Oslo 0304, Norway.
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Associations of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and vitamin D pathway genes with prostate-specific antigen progression in men with localized prostate cancer undergoing active monitoring. Eur J Cancer Prev 2013; 22:121-5. [PMID: 22955340 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0b013e3283584954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Current diagnostic tests cannot differentiate the majority of prostate cancers with a low likelihood of progression from the minority with more aggressive potential. We examined whether the measures of vitamin D were associated with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) doubling time in men undergoing active monitoring. We examined the associations of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), and vitamin D pathway polymorphisms with PSA doubling time in 490 men undergoing active monitoring for localized prostate cancer within a UK population-based cohort study [mean follow-up 4.4 years (range: 0.3-7.6)]. Repeat PSA measurements were analyzed using multilevel models. There was no evidence that circulating 25(OH)D levels, 1,25(OH)2D levels, or vitamin D pathway polymorphisms were associated with postdiagnosis PSA doubling time. Stratifying the results by prostate cancer grade at diagnosis (high grade or low grade) did not alter the results. We found no evidence that either circulating 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)2D, or vitamin D pathway polymorphisms were associated with PSA doubling time in men undergoing active monitoring for localized prostate cancer. Future studies should examine the associations of variation in vitamin D with clinical outcomes (metastases and death).
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Espié M, Wassermann J, de Kermadec E, Lalloum M, Coussy F. Vitamine D et cancers. Presse Med 2013; 42:1405-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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The association of ultraviolet radiation-B (305 nm), season of diagnosis, and latitude on the survival outcome of prostate cancer in the high UV environment of Australia. Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24:2005-11. [PMID: 23974842 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-013-0277-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positive associations between sun exposure and cancer survival have been observed in regions of high latitudes, where ambient solar ultraviolet (SUV) radiation is generally low. PURPOSE We examined the effects of ambient ultraviolet-B radiation (UVB) at time of diagnosis, season of diagnosis and latitude of residence on survival outcome from prostate cancer. METHOD Regression models for relative survival were used to estimate relative excess risks (RER) of death after diagnosis of prostate cancer from cancer registries in Eastern Australia (Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania). RESULTS Relative excess risks was increased with diagnosis in summer (RER = 1.20; 95 % CI 1.14-1.26) relative to winter, high ambient UVB at the time of diagnosis (>60 mW/m(2); RER = 1.10; 95 % CI 1.05-1.15) relative to low SUV (<30 mW/m(2)), and with residence in high latitudes (35°S-43°S; RER = 1.20; 95 % CI 1.14-1.26) relative to low latitudes (9°S-29.9°S). RER was highest for summer diagnosis in all three latitude bands, after adjusting for age, follow-up period, and socioeconomic status. CONCLUSION The contradictory outcome from season and latitude suggests that their use as surrogates for UV warrants validation. Our data suggest that high ambient solar ultraviolet radiation at the time of diagnosis of prostate cancer increases the risk of dying from this cancer.
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Holt SK, Kolb S, Fu R, Horst R, Feng Z, Stanford JL. Circulating levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and prostate cancer prognosis. Cancer Epidemiol 2013; 37:666-70. [PMID: 23972671 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ecological, in vitro, and in vivo studies demonstrate a link between vitamin D and prostate tumor growth and aggressiveness. The goal of this study was to investigate whether plasma concentration of vitamin D is associated with survivorship and disease progression in men diagnosed with prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a population-based cohort study of 1476 prostate cancer patients to assess disease recurrence/progression and prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM) risks associated with serum levels of 25(OH) vitamin D [25(OH)D]. RESULTS There were 325 recurrence/progression and 95 PCSM events during an average of 10.8 years of follow-up. Serum levels of 25(OH)D were not associated with risk of recurrence/progression or mortality. Clinically deficient vitamin D levels were associated with an increased risk of death from other causes. CONCLUSIONS We did not find evidence that serum vitamin D levels measured after diagnosis affect prostate cancer prognosis. Lower levels of vitamin D were associated with risk of non-prostate cancer mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Holt
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, United States.
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Giangreco AA, Nonn L. The sum of many small changes: microRNAs are specifically and potentially globally altered by vitamin D3 metabolites. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 136:86-93. [PMID: 23333596 PMCID: PMC3686905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D3 deficiency is rampant which may contribute to increased risk of many diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disease and autoimmune disorders. Genomic activity of the active metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D) mediates most vitamin D3's actions and many gene targets of 1,25D have been characterized. As the importance of non-coding RNAs has emerged, the ability of vitamin D3via 1,25D to regulate microRNAs (miRNAs) has been demonstrated in several cancer cell lines, patient tissue and sera. In vitamin D3 intervention patient trials, significant differences in miRNAs are observed between treatment groups and/or between baseline and followup. In patient sera from population studies, specific miRNA differences associate with serum levels of 25D. The findings thus far indicate that dietary vitamin D3 in patients and 1,25D in vitro not only regulate specific miRNA(s), but may also globally upregulate miRNA levels. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Vitamin D Workshop'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Larisa Nonn
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Corresponding author at: Department of Pathology, 840 S. Wood St, Room 130 CSN, Chicago, IL60612, USA. Tel.: +1 312 996 0194; fax: +1 312 996 7586
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