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Kim SQ, Spann RA, Khan MSH, Berthoud HR, Münzberg H, Albaugh VL, He Y, McDougal DH, Soto P, Yu S, Morrison CD. FGF21 as a mediator of adaptive changes in food intake and macronutrient preference in response to protein restriction. Neuropharmacology 2024; 255:110010. [PMID: 38797244 PMCID: PMC11156534 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Free-feeding animals navigate complex nutritional landscapes in which food availability, cost, and nutritional value can vary markedly. Animals have thus developed neural mechanisms that enable the detection of nutrient restriction, and these mechanisms engage adaptive physiological and behavioral responses that limit or reverse this nutrient restriction. This review focuses specifically on dietary protein as an essential and independently defended nutrient. Adequate protein intake is required for life, and ample evidence exists to support an active defense of protein that involves behavioral changes in food intake, food preference, and food motivation, likely mediated by neural changes that increase the reward value of protein foods. Available evidence also suggests that the circulating hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) acts in the brain to coordinate these adaptive changes in food intake, making it a unique endocrine signal that drives changes in macronutrient preference in the context of protein restriction. This article is part of the Special Issue on "Food intake and feeding states".
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Affiliation(s)
- Sora Q Kim
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Redin A Spann
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | | | | | - Heike Münzberg
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Vance L Albaugh
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA; Department of Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Yanlin He
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - David H McDougal
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Paul Soto
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70810, USA
| | - Sangho Yu
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
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Zaman K, Mun HC, Solon-Biet SM, Senior AM, Raubenheimer D, Simpson SJ, Conigrave AD. Mice Regulate Dietary Amino Acid Balance and Energy Intake by Selecting between Complementary Protein Sources. J Nutr 2024; 154:1766-1780. [PMID: 38583524 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A balanced intake of protein and constituent amino acids (AAs) requires adjustments to total food intake (protein leverage [PL]) and food selection to balance deficits and excesses (complementary feeding). We provided mice with choices of casein and whey, 2 protein sources that are complementary in AA balance, across a range of protein concentrations (P%) of digestible energy (DE). OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine if: 1) PL operates similarly for casein and whey; 2) one protein source is preferred at control P%; 3) the preference changes as P% falls; and 4) AA intakes under control and low P% levels identify AAs that drive changes in protein selection. METHODS Food intake and plasma fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) concentrations were measured in mice at various P% (P7.5%-P33%). For direct comparisons, defined diets were used in which the protein source was either casein or whey. In food choice studies, mice had access to foods in which both casein and whey were provided at the same P% level at the same time. RESULTS PL operated at different P% thresholds in casein (13%)- and whey (10%)-based diets, and the magnitude of PL was greater for casein. Although mice preferred casein under control conditions (P23%), a pronounced preference shift to whey occurred as P% fell to P13% and P10%. At low P%, increases in food intake were accompanied by increases in plasma FGF21, a protein hunger signal. Among AAs deficient in casein and enriched in whey, the intake of Cys was the most invariant as P% changed between P23% and P10%, appearing to drive the switch in protein preference. CONCLUSIONS Mice selected between complementary protein sources, casein and whey, achieving stable total energy intake and regulated intake of AAs as P% varied. Supplementation of low P% casein diets with one whey-enriched AA, Cys, suppressed plasma FGF21 and total food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamrul Zaman
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hee-Chang Mun
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Samantha M Solon-Biet
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alistair M Senior
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen J Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Arthur D Conigrave
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Honfo SH, Senior AM, Legault V, Presse N, Turcot V, Gaudreau P, Simpson SJ, Raubenheimer D, Cohen AA. Evidence for protein leverage on total energy intake, but not body mass index, in a large cohort of older adults. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024; 48:654-661. [PMID: 38145994 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-023-01455-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein leverage (PL) is the phenomenon of consuming food until absolute intake of protein approaches a 'target value', such that total energy intake (TEI) varies passively with the ratio of protein: non-protein energy (fat + carbohydrate) in the diet. The PL hypothesis (PLH) suggests that the dilution of protein in energy-dense foods, particularly those rich in carbohydrates and fats, combines with protein leverage to contribute to the global obesity epidemic. Evidence for PL has been reported in younger adults, children and adolescents. This study aimed to test for PL and the protein leverage hypothesis (PLH) in a cohort of older adults. METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis of dietary intake in a cohort of 1699 community-dwelling older adults aged 67-84 years from the NuAge cohort. We computed TEI and the energy contribution (EC) from each macronutrient. The strength of leverage of macronutrients was assessed through power functions ( TEI = μ * EC L ). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated, and mixture models were fitted to predict TEI and BMI from macronutrients' ECs. RESULTS In this cohort of older adults, 53% of individuals had obesity and 1.5% had severe cases. The mean TEI was 7673 kJ and macronutrients' ECs were 50.4%, 33.2% and 16.4%, respectively for carbohydrates, fat, and protein. There was a strong negative association (L = -0.37; p < 0.001) between the protein EC and TEI. Each percent of energy intake from protein reduced TEI by 77 kJ on average, ceteris paribus. However, BMI was unassociated with TEI in this cohort. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate clear evidence for PL on TEI, but not on BMI, likely because of aging, body composition, sarcopenia, or protein wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sewanou H Honfo
- PRIMUS Research Group, Department of Family Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e Ave N, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Alistair M Senior
- University of Sydney, Charles Perkins Centre, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Science, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney Precision Data Science Centre, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Véronique Legault
- Research Center on Aging, CIUSSS-de-l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Nancy Presse
- Research Center on Aging, CIUSSS-de-l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Valérie Turcot
- Research Center on Aging, CIUSSS-de-l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Pierrette Gaudreau
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephen J Simpson
- University of Sydney, Charles Perkins Centre, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Science, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - David Raubenheimer
- University of Sydney, Charles Perkins Centre, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Science, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Alan A Cohen
- PRIMUS Research Group, Department of Family Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e Ave N, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada.
- Research Center on Aging, CIUSSS-de-l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Butler Columbia Aging Center, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Solon-Biet SM, Clark X, Bell-Anderson K, Rusu PM, Perks R, Freire T, Pulpitel T, Senior AM, Hoy AJ, Aung O, Le Couteur DG, Raubenheimer D, Rose AJ, Conigrave AD, Simpson SJ. Toward reconciling the roles of FGF21 in protein appetite, sweet preference, and energy expenditure. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113536. [PMID: 38060447 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), an endocrine signal robustly increased by protein restriction independently of an animal's energy status, exerts profound effects on feeding behavior and metabolism. Here, we demonstrate that considering the nutritional contexts within which FGF21 is elevated can help reconcile current controversies over its roles in mediating macronutrient preference, food intake, and energy expenditure. We show that FGF21 is primarily a driver of increased protein intake in mice and that the effect of FGF21 on sweet preference depends on the carbohydrate balance of the animal. Under no-choice feeding, FGF21 infusion either increased or decreased energy expenditure depending on whether the animal was fed a high- or low-energy diet, respectively. We show that while the role of FGF21 in mediating feeding behavior is complex, its role in promoting protein appetite is robust and that the effects on sweet preference and energy expenditure are macronutrient-state-dependent effects of FGF21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Solon-Biet
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Medicine, The University of Notre Dame, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Ximonie Clark
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Kim Bell-Anderson
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Patricia M Rusu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ruth Perks
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Therese Freire
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Tamara Pulpitel
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Alistair M Senior
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Andrew J Hoy
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Okka Aung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - David G Le Couteur
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Ageing and Alzheimer's Institute and Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Hospital, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Adam J Rose
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Arthur D Conigrave
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050 Australia
| | - Stephen J Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Das SK, Silver RE, Senior A, Gilhooly CH, Bhapkar M, Le Couteur D. Diet composition, adherence to calorie restriction, and cardiometabolic disease risk modification. Aging Cell 2023; 22:e14018. [PMID: 37873687 PMCID: PMC10726801 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) is a promising approach for attenuating the risk of age-related disease. However, the role of diet composition on adherence to CR and the effects of CR on cardiometabolic markers of healthspan remains unknown. We used the Geometric Framework for Nutrition approach to examine the association between macronutrient composition and CR adherence during the 2-year CALERIE trial. Adult participants without obesity were randomized to a 25% CR intervention or an ad libitum intake control. Correlations of cardiometabolic risk factors with macronutrient composition and standard dietary pattern indices [Alternate Mediterranean Diet Index (aMED), Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII), and Healthy Eating Index (HEI)] were also evaluated by Spearman's correlation at each time point. The mean age was 38.1 ± 7.2 years at baseline and the mean BMI was 25.1 ± 1.7. The study population was 70% female. The CR group, but not the control, consumed a higher percentage reported energy intake from protein and carbohydrate and lower fat at 12 months compared to baseline; comparable results were observed at 24 months. Protein in the background of higher carbohydrate intake was associated with greater adherence at 24 months. There was no correlation between macronutrient composition and cardiometabolic risk factors in the CR group. However, statistically significant correlations were observed for the DII and HEI. These findings suggest that individual self-selected macronutrients have an interactive but not independent role in CR adherence. Additional research is required to examine the impact of varying macronutrient compositions on adherence to CR and resultant modification to cardiometabolic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Krupa Das
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Rachel E. Silver
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Alistair Senior
- Charles Perkins CentreUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Sydney Precision Data Science CentreUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Cheryl H. Gilhooly
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Manjushri Bhapkar
- Duke Clinical Research InstituteDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - David Le Couteur
- Charles Perkins CentreUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Centre for Education and Research on AgeingConcord RG HospitalConcordNew South WalesAustralia
- ANZAC Research InstituteSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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Zhang H, Senior AM, Saner C, Olsen NJ, Larsen SC, Simpson SJ, Raubenheimer D, Heitmann BL. Evidence for the protein leverage hypothesis in preschool children prone to obesity. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:2249-2257. [PMID: 37820518 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The protein leverage hypothesis (PLH) proposed that strict regulation of protein intake drives energy overconsumption and obesity when diets are diluted by fat and/or carbohydrates. Evidence about the PLH has been found in adults, while studies in children are limited. Thus, we aimed to test the PLH by assessing the role of dietary protein on macronutrients, energy intake, and obesity risk using data from preschool children followed for 1.3 years. METHODS 553 preschool children aged 2-6 years from the 'Healthy Start' project were included. EXPOSURES The proportion of energy intake from protein, fat, and carbohydrates collected from a 4-day dietary record. OUTCOMES Energy intake, BMI z-score, fat mass (FM) %, waist- (WHtR) and hip-height ratio (HHtR). Power function analysis was used to test the leverage of protein on energy intake. Mixture models were used to explore interactive associations of macronutrient composition on all these outcomes, with results visualized as response surfaces on the nutritional geometry. RESULTS Evidence for the PLH was confirmed in preschool children. The distribution of protein intake (% of MJ, IQR: 3.2) varied substantially less than for carbohydrate (IQR: 5.7) or fat (IQR: 6.3) intakes, suggesting protein intake is most tightly regulated. Absolute energy intake varied inversely with dietary percentage energy from protein (L = -0.14, 95% CI: -0.25, -0.04). Compared to children with high fat or carbohydrate intakes, children with high dietary protein intake (>20% of MJ) had a greater decrease in WHtR and HHtR over the 1.3-year follow-up, offering evidence for the PLH in prospective analysis. But no association was observed between macronutrient distribution and changes in BMI z-score or FM%. CONCLUSIONS In this study in preschool children, protein intake was the most tightly regulated macronutrient, and energy intake was an inverse function of dietary protein concentration, indicating the evidence for protein leverage. Increases in WHtR and HHtR were principally associated with the dietary protein dilution, supporting the PLH. These findings highlight the importance of protein in children's diets, which seems to have significant implications for childhood obesity risk and overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyue Zhang
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, DK 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Section for General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, 1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Alistair M Senior
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006 New South Wales, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006 New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christoph Saner
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3052 Australia
| | - Nanna J Olsen
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, DK 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Sofus C Larsen
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, DK 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Stephen J Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006 New South Wales, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006 New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006 New South Wales, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006 New South Wales, Australia
| | - Berit L Heitmann
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, DK 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006 New South Wales, Australia; Section for General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, 1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
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Raubenheimer D, Simpson SJ. Protein appetite as an integrator in the obesity system: the protein leverage hypothesis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220212. [PMID: 37661737 PMCID: PMC10475875 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the large volume and extensive range of obesity research, there is substantial disagreement on the causes and effective preventative strategies. We suggest the field will benefit from greater emphasis on integrative approaches that examine how various potential contributors interact, rather than regarding them as competing explanations. We demonstrate the application of nutritional geometry, a multi-nutrient integrative framework developed in the ecological sciences, to obesity research. Such studies have shown that humans, like many other species, regulate protein intake more strongly than other dietary components, and consequently if dietary protein is diluted there is a compensatory increase in food intake-a process called protein leverage. The protein leverage hypothesis (PLH) proposes that the dilution of protein in modern food supplies by fat and carbohydrate-rich highly processed foods has resulted in increased energy intake through protein leverage. We present evidence for the PLH from a variety of sources (mechanistic, experimental and observational), and show that this mechanism is compatible with many other findings and theories in obesity research. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Causes of obesity: theories, conjectures and evidence (Part II)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Rodriguez-Murguia N, Malacara JM, Kusnir D, Siniego A, Melendez-Rios D, Raubenheimer D, Simpson S, Martinez-Cordero C. Testing for Protein Leverage in Patients with Gastric Bypass: A Pilot Study. ANNALS OF NUTRITION & METABOLISM 2023; 79:355-360. [PMID: 37536296 PMCID: PMC10614273 DOI: 10.1159/000532125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protein leverage (PL) is the phenomenon whereby a dominant appetite for protein drives overconsumption of energy with a decline in the ratio of protein to fat and carbohydrate in the diet. PL has been independently verified in several randomized control trials, and its predictions are supported by diet surveillance data. Our aim in the present study was to test whether surgical intervention through gastric bypass will ameliorate the PL effect. METHODS Ten patients with gastric bypass (2-5 years postsurgical time) were given ad libitum access to study food comprising 10%, 15%, or 25% protein and no access to other foods for 3 days while controlling food palatability and variety. Food intake was measured, and energy and nutrient intakes were calculated. Body weight, blood chemistry, lipid profile, hormones (insulin, leptin, and ghrelin), and creatinine were determined before and after each experimental period. RESULTS The gastric bypass patients in our study did not show evidence for protein intake regulation as predicted under PL but ate to constant total energy intake on the 10%, 15%, and 25% protein diets with protein intake varying significantly. Patients lost weight in the three study periods, but significant weight loss was observed only on the 15% protein diet. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that gastric bypass might disengage the PL mechanism, thus ameliorating an appetite-specific mechanism that drives energy overconsumption in modern food environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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Kebbe M, Most J, Altazan AD, Redman LM. No strong evidence of the protein leverage hypothesis in pregnant women with obesity and their infants. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31:2057-2064. [PMID: 37387452 PMCID: PMC10524422 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to investigate the role of dietary protein on macronutrient and energy intake, maternal adiposity during pregnancy, and infant adiposity at birth. METHODS In 41 women with obesity, early-pregnancy (13-16 weeks) protein intake was assessed with food photography and expressed as a ratio of Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) in pregnancy for protein (0.88 g/kg/d), herein "protein balance." Energy intake was measured by the intake-balance method, gestational weight gain as grams per week, and fat mass by a three-compartment model. Spearman correlations and linear models were computed using R version 4.1.1 (p < 0.05 considered significant). RESULTS Women had a mean (SD) age of 27.5 (4.8) years and a pregravid BMI of 34.4 (2.9), kg/m2 , and the majority were non-White (n = 23, 56.1%). Protein balance in early pregnancy was not significantly associated with energy intake across mid and mid/late pregnancy (β = 328.7, p = 0.30 and β = 286.2, p = 0.26, respectively) or gestational weight gain (β = 117.0, p = 0.41). Protein balance was inversely associated with fat mass in early, mid, and late pregnancy (β = -10.6, p = 0.01, β = -10.4, p = 0.03, β = -10.3, p = 0.03, respectively). Protein balance did not predict infant adiposity at birth (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Low protein intake may have been present before pregnancy, explaining early relationships with adiposity in this cohort. The protein leverage hypothesis is likely not implicated in the intergenerational transmission of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Kebbe
- Reproductive Endocrinology & Women’s Health Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808
| | - Jasper Most
- Zuyderland Medical Center, Limburg, Netherlands
| | - Abby D. Altazan
- Reproductive Endocrinology & Women’s Health Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808
| | - Leanne M. Redman
- Reproductive Endocrinology & Women’s Health Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808
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Munoz MD, Zamudio A, McCann M, Gil V, Xu P, Liew CW. Activation of brown adipose tissue by a low-protein diet ameliorates hyperglycemia in a diabetic lipodystrophy mouse model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11808. [PMID: 37479751 PMCID: PMC10362023 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37482-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term ad libitum dietary restrictions, such as low-protein diets (LPDs), improve metabolic health and extend the life span of mice and humans. However, most studies conducted thus far have focused on the preventive effects of LPDs on metabolic syndromes. To test the therapeutic potential of LPD, we treated a lipodystrophy mouse model IRFKO (adipose-specific insulin receptor knockout) in this study. We have previously shown that IRFKO mice have profound insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and whitening of interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT), closely mimicking the phenotypes in lipoatrophic diabetic patients. Here, we demonstrate that 14-day of LPD (5.1% kcal from protein) feeding is sufficient to reduce postprandial blood glucose, improve insulin resistance, and normalize glucose tolerance in the IRFKO mice. This profound metabolic improvement is associated with BAT activation and increase in whole body energy expenditure. To confirm, we showed that surgical denervation of BAT attenuated the beneficial metabolic effects of LPD feeding in IRFKO mice, including the 'browning' effects on BAT and the glucose-ameliorating results. However, BAT denervation failed to affect the body weight-lowering effects of LPD. Together, our results imply a therapeutic potential to use LPD for the treatment of lipoatrophic diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos David Munoz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S Wolcott Ave, RM 2099, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Alexa Zamudio
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S Wolcott Ave, RM 2099, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Maximilian McCann
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S Wolcott Ave, RM 2099, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Victoria Gil
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S Wolcott Ave, RM 2099, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Pingwen Xu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S Wolcott Ave, RM 2099, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Chong Wee Liew
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S Wolcott Ave, RM 2099, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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11
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Valicente VM, Peng CH, Pacheco KN, Lin L, Kielb EI, Dawoodani E, Abdollahi A, Mattes RD. Ultraprocessed Foods and Obesity Risk: A Critical Review of Reported Mechanisms. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:718-738. [PMID: 37080461 PMCID: PMC10334162 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic evidence supports a positive association between ultraprocessed food (UPF) consumption and body mass index. This has led to recommendations to avoid UPFs despite very limited evidence establishing causality. Many mechanisms have been proposed, and this review critically aimed to evaluate selected possibilities for specificity, clarity, and consistency related to food choice (i.e., low cost, shelf-life, food packaging, hyperpalatability, and stimulation of hunger/suppression of fullness); food composition (i.e., macronutrients, food texture, added sugar, fat and salt, energy density, low-calorie sweeteners, and additives); and digestive processes (i.e., oral processing/eating rate, gastric emptying time, gastrointestinal transit time, and microbiome). For some purported mechanisms (e.g., fiber content, texture, gastric emptying, and intestinal transit time), data directly contrasting the effects of UPF and non-UPF intake on the indices of appetite, food intake, and adiposity are available and do not support a unique contribution of UPFs. In other instances, data are not available (e.g., microbiome and food additives) or are insufficient (e.g., packaging, food cost, shelf-life, macronutrient intake, and appetite stimulation) to judge the benefits versus the risks of UPF avoidance. There are yet other evoked mechanisms in which the preponderance of evidence indicates ingredients in UPFs actually moderate body weight (e.g., low-calorie sweetener use for weight management; beverage consumption as it dilutes energy density; and higher fat content because it reduces glycemic responses). Because avoidance of UPFs holds potential adverse effects (e.g., reduced diet quality, increased risk of food poisoning, and food wastage), it is imprudent to make recommendations regarding their role in diets before causality and plausible mechanisms have been verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius M Valicente
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Ching-Hsuan Peng
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Kathryn N Pacheco
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Luotao Lin
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Elizabeth I Kielb
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Elina Dawoodani
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Afsoun Abdollahi
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Richard D Mattes
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
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12
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Weaver KJ, Raju S, Rucker RA, Chakraborty T, Holt RA, Pletcher SD. Behavioral dissection of hunger states in Drosophila. eLife 2023; 12:RP84537. [PMID: 37326496 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hunger is a motivational drive that promotes feeding, and it can be generated by the physiological need to consume nutrients as well as the hedonic properties of food. Brain circuits and mechanisms that regulate feeding have been described, but which of these contribute to the generation of motive forces that drive feeding is unclear. Here, we describe our first efforts at behaviorally and neuronally distinguishing hedonic from homeostatic hunger states in Drosophila melanogaster and propose that this system can be used as a model to dissect the molecular mechanisms that underlie feeding motivation. We visually identify and quantify behaviors exhibited by hungry flies and find that increased feeding duration is a behavioral signature of hedonic feeding motivation. Using a genetically encoded marker of neuronal activity, we find that the mushroom body (MB) lobes are activated by hedonic food environments, and we use optogenetic inhibition to implicate a dopaminergic neuron cluster (protocerebral anterior medial [PAM]) to α'/β' MB circuit in hedonic feeding motivation. The identification of discrete hunger states in flies and the development of behavioral assays to measure them offers a framework to begin dissecting the molecular and circuit mechanisms that generate motivational states in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina J Weaver
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Geriatrics Center, Biomedical Sciences and Research Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Sonakshi Raju
- College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, Biomedical Sciences and Research Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Rachel A Rucker
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Tuhin Chakraborty
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Geriatrics Center, Biomedical Sciences and Research Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Robert A Holt
- College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, Biomedical Sciences and Research Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Scott D Pletcher
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Geriatrics Center, Biomedical Sciences and Research Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
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13
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Munoz M, Zamudio A, McCann M, Gil V, Xu P, Liew CW. Activation of brown adipose tissue by a low-protein diet ameliorates hyperglycemia in a diabetic lipodystrophy mouse model. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2701883. [PMID: 37034803 PMCID: PMC10081364 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2701883/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Long-term ad libitum dietary restrictions, such as low-protein diets (LPDs), improve metabolic health and extend the life span of mice and humans. However, most studies conducted thus far have focused on the preventive effects of LPDs on metabolic syndromes. To test the therapeutic potential of LPD, we treated a lipodystrophy mouse model IR FKO (adipose-specific insulin receptor knockout) in this study. We have previously shown that IR FKO mice have profound insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and whitenng of interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT), closely mimicking the phenotypes in lipoatrophic diabetic patients. Here, we demonstrate that 14-day of LPD (5.1% kcal from protein) feeding is sufficient to reduce postprandial blood glucose, improve insulin resistance, and normalize glucose tolerance in the IR FKO mice. This profound metabolic improvement is associated with BAT activation and increase in whole body energy expenditure. To confirm, we showed that surgical denervation of BAT attenuated the beneficial metabolic effects of LPD feeding in IR FKO mice, including the 'browning' effects on BAT and the glucose-ameliorating results. However, BAT denervation failed to affect the body weight-lowering effects of LPD. Together, our results imply a therapeutic potential to use LPD for the treatment of lipoatrophic diabetes.
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14
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Rushby HJ, Andrews ZB, Piper MD, Mirth CK. Ageing impairs protein leveraging in a sex-specific manner in Drosophila melanogaster. Anim Behav 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Famished Frugivores or Choosy Consumers: A Generalist Frugivore (Wild Bornean Orangutans, Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) Leaves Available Fruit for Nonfruit Foods. INT J PRIMATOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-022-00347-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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16
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Grech A, Sui Z, Rangan A, Simpson SJ, Coogan SCP, Raubenheimer D. Macronutrient (im)balance drives energy intake in an obesogenic food environment: An ecological analysis. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2022; 30:2156-2166. [PMID: 36321270 PMCID: PMC9828743 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The protein leverage hypothesis (PLH) postulates that strong regulation of protein intake drives energy overconsumption and obesity when human diets are diluted by fat and carbohydrates. The two predictions of the PLH are that humans (i) regulate intake to maintain protein within a narrow range and that (ii) energy intake is an inverse function of percentage energy from protein because absolute protein intake is maintained within narrow limits. METHODS Multidimensional nutritional geometry was used to test the predictions of the PLH using dietary data from the Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey. RESULTS Both predictions of the PLH were confirmed in a population setting: the mean protein intake was 18.4%, and energy intake decreased with increasing energy from protein (L = -0.18, p < 0.0001). It was demonstrated that highly processed discretionary foods are a significant diluent of protein and associated with increased energy but not increased protein intake. CONCLUSIONS These results support an integrated ecological and mechanistic explanation for obesity, in which low-protein highly processed foods lead to higher energy intake because of the biological response to macronutrient imbalance driven by a dominant appetite for protein. This study supports a central role for protein in the obesity epidemic, with significant implications for global health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Grech
- Charles Perkins CentreUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- School of Life and Environmental ScienceUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Zhixian Sui
- Charles Perkins CentreUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- School of Life and Environmental ScienceUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Anna Rangan
- Charles Perkins CentreUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- School of Life and Environmental ScienceUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Stephen J. Simpson
- Charles Perkins CentreUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- School of Life and Environmental ScienceUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Sean C. P. Coogan
- Charles Perkins CentreUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- School of Life and Environmental ScienceUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins CentreUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- School of Life and Environmental ScienceUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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17
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Romero-Gómez M, Aller R, Martín-Bermudo F. Dietary Recommendations for the Management of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): A Nutritional Geometry Perspective. Semin Liver Dis 2022; 42:434-445. [PMID: 36307105 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1757711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Diet could be both culprit and solution of NAFLD. Dietary modifications have been associated with histological features improvement in NAFLD. The Western diet was related to a greater risk of disease progression while the Mediterranean diet (MD) could promote regression of histological lesions. Modifications in the nutrient composition seems to have lesser impact on NAFLD than dietary modifications. An intrinsic interaction between nutrients in the diet support a specific effect not seen when added separately. Dietary modifications should focus on promoting weight loss but also look for patterns that are able to promote histological improvement. Although several micronutrients' deficit has been related to NAFLD progression, prescribing these micronutrients' supplementation did not reach a positive impact. However, an enriching diet with specific nutrients could be useful, like olive oil supplemented in MD. Geometry of nutrition defines a framework to better understand the interaction between nutrients, foods, and dietetic pattern in the model of diseases and how we could approach taking into consideration the interaction between meals and disease features. After analyzing baseline diet and histological lesions, we could calculate the distance to optimal diet and to promote changes in lifestyle to reach all these goals. A standard MD menu would be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Romero-Gómez
- Digestive Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, SeLiver Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Sevilla (HUVR/CSIC/US), University of Seville, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Aller
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro de Investigación de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Centro de Investigación Biomédoca en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINF), Facultad de Medicina, University of Valladolid, Hospital Clínico de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Franz Martín-Bermudo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
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18
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Grech A, Rangan A, Allman-Farinelli M, Simpson SJ, Gill T, Raubenheimer D. A Comparison of the Australian Dietary Guidelines to the NOVA Classification System in Classifying Foods to Predict Energy Intakes and Body Mass Index. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14193942. [PMID: 36235595 PMCID: PMC9571644 DOI: 10.3390/nu14193942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
NOVA classification distinguishes foods by level of processing, with evidence suggesting that a high intake of ultra-processed foods (UPFs, NOVA category 4) leads to obesity. The Australian Dietary Guidelines, in contrast, discourage excess consumption of “discretionary foods” (DFs), defined according to their composition. Here, we (i) compare the classification of Australian foods under the two systems, (ii) evaluate their performance in predicting energy intakes and body mass index (BMI) in free-living Australians, and (iii) relate these outcomes to the protein leverage hypothesis of obesity. Secondary analysis of the Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey was conducted. Non-protein energy intake increased by 2.1 MJ (p < 0.001) between lowest and highest tertiles of DF intake, which was significantly higher than UPF (0.6 MJ, p < 0.001). This demonstrates that, for Australia, the DF classification better distinguishes foods associated with high energy intakes than does the NOVA system. BMI was positively associated with both DFs (−1. 0, p = 0.0001) and UPFs (−1.1, p = 0.0001) consumption, with no difference in strength of association. For both classifications, macronutrient and energy intakes conformed closely to the predictions of protein leverage. We account for the similarities and differences in performance of the two systems in an analysis of Australian foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Grech
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (D.R.)
| | - Anna Rangan
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Margaret Allman-Farinelli
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Tim Gill
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (D.R.)
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19
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Senior AM, Raubenheimer D, Simpson SJ. Testing the protein-leverage hypothesis using population surveillance data. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220756. [PMID: 36177194 PMCID: PMC9515627 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
It is hypothesized that humans exhibit 'protein leverage' (PL), whereby regulation of absolute protein intake results in the over-consumption of non-protein food on low percentage protein diets. Testing for PL using dietary surveillance data involves seeking evidence for a negative association between total energy intake and percentage energy from protein. However, it is unclear whether such an association might emerge without PL due to the structure of intake data (protein and non-protein intakes have different means and variances and covary). We derive a set of models that describe the association between the expected estimate of PL and the distributions of protein and non-protein intake. Models were validated via simulation. Patterns consistent with PL will not emerge simply because protein intake has a lower mean and/or variance than non-protein. Rather, evidence of PL is observed where protein has a lower index of dispersion (variance/mean) than non-protein intake. Reciprocally, the stronger PL is the lower the index of dispersion for protein intake becomes. Disentangling causality is ultimately beyond the power of observational data alone. However, we show that one can correct for confounders (e.g. age) in generating signals of PL, and describe independent measures that can anchor inferences around the role of PL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair M. Senior
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
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20
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Multiomics assessment of dietary protein titration reveals altered hepatic glucose utilization. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111187. [PMID: 35977507 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary protein restriction (PR) has rapid effects on metabolism including improved glucose and lipid homeostasis, via multiple mechanisms. Here, we investigate responses of fecal microbiome, hepatic transcriptome, and hepatic metabolome to six diets with protein from 18% to 0% of energy in mice. PR alters fecal microbial composition, but metabolic effects are not transferable via fecal transplantation. Hepatic transcriptome and metabolome are significantly altered in diets with lower than 10% energy from protein. Changes upon PR correlate with calorie restriction but with a larger magnitude and specific changes in amino acid (AA) metabolism. PR increases steady-state aspartate, serine, and glutamate and decreases glucose and gluconeogenic intermediates. 13C6 glucose and glycerol tracing reveal increased fractional enrichment in aspartate, serine, and glutamate. Changes remain intact in hepatic ATF4 knockout mice. Together, this demonstrates an ATF4-independent shift in gluconeogenic substrate utilization toward specific AAs, with compensation from glycerol to promote a protein-sparing response.
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21
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Raubenheimer D, Senior AM, Mirth C, Cui Z, Hou R, Le Couteur DG, Solon-Biet SM, Léopold P, Simpson SJ. An integrative approach to dietary balance across the life course. iScience 2022; 25:104315. [PMID: 35602946 PMCID: PMC9117877 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals require specific blends of nutrients that vary across the life course and with circumstances, e.g., health and activity levels. Underpinning and complicating these requirements is that individual traits may be optimized on different dietary compositions leading to nutrition-mediated trade-offs among outcomes. Additionally, the food environment may constrain which nutrient mixtures are achievable. Natural selection has equipped animals for solving such multi-dimensional, dynamic challenges of nutrition, but little is understood about the details and their theoretical and practical implications. We present an integrative framework, nutritional geometry, which models complex nutritional interactions in the context of multiple nutrients and across levels of biological organization (e.g., cellular, individual, and population) and levels of analysis (e.g., mechanistic, developmental, ecological, and evolutionary). The framework is generalizable across different situations and taxa. We illustrate this using examples spanning insects to primates and settings (laboratory, and the wild), and demonstrate its relevance for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Raubenheimer
- The University of Sydney, Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney, Australia
- Zhengzhou University, Centre for Nutritional Ecology and Centre for Sport Nutrition and Health, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Alistair M. Senior
- The University of Sydney, Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney, Australia
- The University of Sydney, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christen Mirth
- Monash University, School of Biological Science, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zhenwei Cui
- Zhengzhou University, Centre for Nutritional Ecology and Centre for Sport Nutrition and Health, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rong Hou
- Northwest University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Xi’an, China
| | - David G. Le Couteur
- The University of Sydney, Charles Perkins Centre and Faculty of Medicine and Health, Concord Clinical School, ANZAC Research Institute, Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Sydney, Australia
| | - Samantha M. Solon-Biet
- The University of Sydney, Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, Australia
| | - Pierre Léopold
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, UPMC Paris-Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Stephen J. Simpson
- The University of Sydney, Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney, Australia
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22
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Robinson E, Khuttan M, McFarland-Lesser I, Patel Z, Jones A. Calorie reformulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis examining the effect of manipulating food energy density on daily energy intake. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2022; 19:48. [PMID: 35459185 PMCID: PMC9026919 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-022-01287-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary energy density is thought to be a contributor to obesity, but the extent to which different magnitudes and types of reductions to food energy density decreases daily energy intake is unclear. The primary objective was to systematically review and meta-analyse experimental studies that have examined the effect that manipulating energy density of food has on total daily energy intake. Secondary objectives were to examine moderators of the effect that altering energy density has on daily energy intake and effects on body weight. METHODS A systematic review and multi-level meta-analysis of studies on human participants that used an experimental design to manipulate the energy density of foods served and measured energy intake for a minimum of 1 day. RESULTS Thirty-one eligible studies sampling both children (n = 4) and adults (n = 27) contributed 90 effects comparing the effect of higher vs. lower energy density of served food on daily energy intake to the primary meta-analysis. Lower energy density of food was associated with a large decrease in daily energy intake (SMD = - 1.002 [95% CI: - 0.745 to - 1.266]). Findings were consistent across studies that did vs. did not manipulate macronutrient content to vary energy density. The relation between decreasing energy density and daily energy intake tended to be strong and linear, whereby compensation for decreases to energy density of foods (i.e. by eating more at other meals) was minimal. Meta-analysis of (n = 5) studies indicated that serving lower energy dense food tended to be associated with greater weight loss than serving higher energy dense food, but this difference was not significant (- 0.7 kg difference in weight change, 95% CIs: - 1.34, 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Decreasing the energy density of food can substantially reduce daily energy intake and may therefore be an effective public health approach to reducing population level energy intake. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registered on PROSPERO ( CRD42020223973 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Robinson
- Department of Psychology, Eleanor Rathbone Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK.
| | - Mercedes Khuttan
- Department of Psychology, Eleanor Rathbone Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - India McFarland-Lesser
- Department of Psychology, Eleanor Rathbone Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Zina Patel
- Department of Psychology, Eleanor Rathbone Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Andrew Jones
- Department of Psychology, Eleanor Rathbone Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
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23
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Shu R, Uy L, Wong ACN. Nutritional phenotype underlines the performance trade-offs of Drosophila suzukii on different fruit diets. CURRENT RESEARCH IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 2:100026. [PMID: 36003272 PMCID: PMC9387456 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2021.100026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila suzukii exhibits contrasting performance trade-offs when confined to fruit diets of different protein-to-sugar ratios. These trade-offs can only be established when we examined performance parameters in both larvae and adults. The diet-specific nutritional phenotype readily explains the performance trade-offs.
Animals confined to different dietary conditions often exhibit distinct, sometimes contrasting, nutritional phenotypes and performance outcomes. This is especially true for many oviparous insects whose developmental diets can vary depending on the mother's egg-laying site selection. Much research on the relationship between preference and performance in insects has focused on larval success, which overlooks the complexities of dietary effects on diverse performance parameters across life stages and potential trade-offs between those parameters. Furthermore, the connection between diet-induced nutritional phenotype and performance trade-offs is not well understood. Here, using Drosophila suzukii, we quantify multiple performance indices of larvae and adults reared on five host fruits of different protein-to-sugar ratios (P:S) which have previously been shown to differ in attractiveness to fly foraging and oviposition. Our results demonstrate robust diet-specific performance trade-offs, with fly fecundity, larval development time, pupal size, and adult weight superior in flies reared on the high P:S raspberry diet, in contrast to the low P:S grape diet; but the reverse was found in terms of adult starvation resistance. Notably, the contrasting performance trade-offs are readily explained by the fly nutritional phenotype, reflected in the protein and energy (glucose and lipid) contents of flies reared on the two fruits. Together, our results provide experimental evidence for metabolic plasticity of D. suzukii reared on different fruits and the possibility of using adult nutritional phenotype as a marker for diet and performance outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhang Shu
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Laurice Uy
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Adam Chun-Nin Wong
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Corresponding author, Adam C.N. Wong, 1881 Natural Area Drive, Steinmetz Hall, Gainesville, Fl 32611-0620, Phone: 352-273-3977
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24
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Khan MS, Spann RA, Münzberg H, Yu S, Albaugh VL, He Y, Berthoud HR, Morrison CD. Protein Appetite at the Interface between Nutrient Sensing and Physiological Homeostasis. Nutrients 2021; 13:4103. [PMID: 34836357 PMCID: PMC8620426 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding behavior is guided by multiple competing physiological needs, as animals must sense their internal nutritional state and then identify and consume foods that meet nutritional needs. Dietary protein intake is necessary to provide essential amino acids and represents a specific, distinct nutritional need. Consistent with this importance, there is a relatively strong body of literature indicating that protein intake is defended, such that animals sense the restriction of protein and adaptively alter feeding behavior to increase protein intake. Here, we argue that this matching of food consumption with physiological need requires at least two concurrent mechanisms: the first being the detection of internal nutritional need (a protein need state) and the second being the discrimination between foods with differing nutritional compositions. In this review, we outline various mechanisms that could mediate the sensing of need state and the discrimination between protein-rich and protein-poor foods. Finally, we briefly describe how the interaction of these mechanisms might allow an animal to self-select between a complex array of foods to meet nutritional needs and adaptively respond to changes in either the external environment or internal physiological state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christopher D. Morrison
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA; (M.S.K.); (R.A.S.); (H.M.); (S.Y.); (V.L.A.); (Y.H.); (H.-R.B.)
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25
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Total protein, not amino acid composition, differs in plant-based versus omnivorous dietary patterns and determines metabolic health effects in mice. Cell Metab 2021; 33:1808-1819.e2. [PMID: 34270927 PMCID: PMC8478138 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant-based dietary patterns are associated with improved cardiometabolic health, but causal dietary components are unclear. Protein has been proposed to play a role, but the importance of protein quantity versus quality remains unknown. We investigated the contributions of total protein amount, amino acid (AA) composition, and plant versus animal source. Analysis of total protein and AA composition of food items and dietary patterns revealed differences between individual food items, but few differences between AA profiles of vegan versus omnivorous dietary patterns. Effects of protein quantity, but not quality, on cardiometabolic health markers were observed in mice using semi-purified diets with crystalline AAs in plant versus animal-based ratios and naturally sourced diets with whole-food ingredients. Our data show relatively little difference in protein quality between plant-based and omnivorous dietary patterns and that reduced total protein intake in plant-based dietary patterns may be a contributor to the benefits of plant-based diets.
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26
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Martin A, Ecklu-Mensah G, Ha CWY, Hendrick G, Layman DK, Gilbert J, Devkota S. Gut microbiota mediate the FGF21 adaptive stress response to chronic dietary protein-restriction in mice. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3838. [PMID: 34158480 PMCID: PMC8219803 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24074-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic dietary protein-restriction can create essential amino acid deficiencies and induce metabolic adaptation through the hepatic FGF21 pathway which serves to maintain host fitness during prolonged states of nutritional imbalance. Similarly, the gut microbiome undergoes metabolic adaptations when dietary nutrients are added or withdrawn. Here we confirm previous reports that dietary protein-restriction triggers the hepatic FGF21 adaptive metabolic pathway and further demonstrate that this response is mediated by the gut microbiome and can be tuned through dietary supplementation of fibers that alter the gut microbiome. In the absence of a gut microbiome, we discover that FGF21 is de-sensitized to the effect of protein-restriction. These data suggest that host-intrinsic adaptive pathways to chronic dietary protein-restriction, such as the hepatic FGF21 pathway, may in-fact be responding first to adaptive metabolic changes in the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Martin
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gertrude Ecklu-Mensah
- Department of Pediatrics and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Connie W Y Ha
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gustaf Hendrick
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Donald K Layman
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jack Gilbert
- Department of Pediatrics and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Suzanne Devkota
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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27
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Even PC, Gehring J, Tomé D. What does self-selection of dietary proteins in rats tell us about protein requirements and body weight control? Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13194. [PMID: 33403737 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Omnivores are able to correctly select adequate amounts of macronutrients from natural foods as well as purified macronutrients. In the rat model, the selected protein levels are often well above the requirements estimated from the nitrogen balance. These high intake levels were initially interpreted as reflecting poor control of protein intake, but the selected levels were later found to be precisely controlled for changes in dietary protein quality and adjusted for cold, exercise, pregnancy, lactation, age, etc. and therefore met physiological requirements. Several authors have also suggested that instead of a given level of protein intake, rodents regulate a ratio of protein to dietary carbohydrates in order to achieve metabolic benefits such as reduced insulin levels, improved blood glucose control, and, in the long term, reduced weight and fat gain. The objective of this review was to analyze the most significant results of studies carried out on rats and mice since the beginning of the 20th century, to consider what these results can bring us to interpret the current causes of the obesity pandemic and to anticipate the possible consequences of policies aimed at reducing the contribution of animal proteins in the human diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Even
- AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Joséphine Gehring
- AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Tomé
- AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
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28
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Pezeshki A, Chelikani PK. Low Protein Diets and Energy Balance: Mechanisms of Action on Energy Intake and Expenditure. Front Nutr 2021; 8:655833. [PMID: 34055853 PMCID: PMC8155302 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.655833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Low protein diets are associated with increased lifespan and improved cardiometabolic health primarily in rodents, and likely improve human health. There is strong evidence that moderate to severe reduction in dietary protein content markedly influences caloric intake and energy expenditure, which is often followed by a decrease in body weight and adiposity in animal models. While the neuroendocrine signals that trigger hyperphagic responses to protein restriction are better understood, there is accumulating evidence that increased sympathetic flux to brown adipose tissue, fibroblast growth factor-21 and serotonergic signaling are important for the thermogenic effects of low protein diets. This mini-review specifically focuses on the effect of low protein diets with variable carbohydrate and lipid content on energy intake and expenditure, and the underlying mechanisms of actions by these diets. Understanding the mechanisms by which protein restriction influences energy balance may unveil novel approaches for treating metabolic disorders in humans and improve production efficiency in domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Pezeshki
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Prasanth K Chelikani
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX, United States.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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29
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Wali JA, Solon-Biet SM, Freire T, Brandon AE. Macronutrient Determinants of Obesity, Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Health. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:336. [PMID: 33923531 PMCID: PMC8072595 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Obesity caused by the overconsumption of calories has increased to epidemic proportions. Insulin resistance is often associated with an increased adiposity and is a precipitating factor in the development of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and altered metabolic health. Of the various factors contributing to metabolic impairments, nutrition is the major modifiable factor that can be targeted to counter the rising prevalence of obesity and metabolic diseases. However, the macronutrient composition of a nutritionally balanced "healthy diet" are unclear, and so far, no tested dietary intervention has been successful in achieving long-term compliance and reductions in body weight and associated beneficial health outcomes. In the current review, we briefly describe the role of the three major macronutrients, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, and their role in metabolic health, and provide mechanistic insights. We also discuss how an integrated multi-dimensional approach to nutritional science could help in reconciling apparently conflicting findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibran A. Wali
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (J.A.W.); (S.M.S.-B.); (T.F.)
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Samantha M. Solon-Biet
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (J.A.W.); (S.M.S.-B.); (T.F.)
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Therese Freire
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (J.A.W.); (S.M.S.-B.); (T.F.)
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Amanda E. Brandon
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (J.A.W.); (S.M.S.-B.); (T.F.)
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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30
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Farkas GJ, Sneij A, Gater DR. Dietetics After Spinal Cord Injury: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2021; 27:100-108. [PMID: 33814888 DOI: 10.46292/sci20-00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Following spinal cord injury (SCI), individuals are at high risk for obesity and several chronic cardiometabolic disorders due to a deterioration in body composition, hypometabolic rate, and endometabolic dysregulation. Countermeasures to the consequences of an SCI include adopting a healthy diet that provides adequate nutrition to maintain good body habitus and cardiometabolic health. A proper diet for individuals with SCI should distribute carbohydrates, protein, and fat to optimize a lower energy intake requirement and should stress foods with low caloric yet high nutrient density. The purpose of this article is to present available evidence on how nutritional status after SCI should advance future research to further develop SCI-specific guidelines for total energy intake, as it relates to percent carbohydrates, protein, fat, and all vitamins and minerals, that take into consideration the adaptations after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary J Farkas
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Alicia Sneij
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - David R Gater
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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31
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Hou R, Chapman CA, Rothman JM, Zhang H, Huang K, Guo S, Li B, Raubenheimer D. The geometry of resource constraint: An empirical study of the golden snub-nosed monkey. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:751-765. [PMID: 33314075 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Apposite conceptualization and measurement of resource variation is critical for understanding many issues in ecology, including ecological niches, persistence and distribution of populations, the structure of communities and population resilience to perturbations. We apply the nutritional geometry framework to conceptualize and quantify the responses of a temperate-living primate, the golden snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus roxellana to variation in resource quality and quantity and in nutrient requirements associated with seasonal environments. We present a geometric model distinguishing qualitative constraint, quantitative constraint and 'pseudo-constraint' whereby nutrient intakes resemble response to qualitative resource constraint but are in fact driven by variation in nutrient requirements. The model is applied to analyse nutrient intakes recorded in 164 full-day observations of monkeys from two populations, one wild and the other captive, across seasons. Additionally, we recorded the diet of a single animal over 32 consecutive days in the wild. Despite considerable differences in available resources, the captive and wild populations showed marked similarities in nutrient intakes, including indistinguishable amounts and ratios of ingested macronutrients during summer and autumn and strong year-round maintenance of protein compared to seasonally variable fat and carbohydrate intakes. These similarities suggest homeostatically regulated nutritional targets and provide reference points to identify factors driving population differences in macronutrient intake in winter and spring. Our framework enabled us to distinguish examples of quantitative, qualitative and 'pseudo-constraint'. We suggest that this approach can increase the resolution at which resource constraint is conceptualized and measured in ecological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Hou
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Colin A Chapman
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.,School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - He Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kang Huang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Songtao Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Baoguo Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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32
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Klement RJ, Koebrunner PS, Krage K, Weigel MM, Sweeney RA. Short-term effects of a Paleolithic lifestyle intervention in breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy: a pilot and feasibility study. Med Oncol 2020; 38:1. [PMID: 33247817 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-020-01443-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary principles are rarely considered in clinical oncology. We here aimed to test the feasibility and effects of a dietary and physical activity intervention based on evolutionary considerations in an oncological setting. A total of 13 breast cancer patients referred to our clinic for curative radiotherapy were recruited for this pilot study. The women were supposed to undertake a "Paleolithic lifestyle" (PL) intervention consisting of a Paleolithic diet and daily outdoor activity of at least 30 min duration while undergoing radiotherapy. Body composition was measured weekly by bioimpedance analysis. Blood parameters were assessed before, during, and at the end of radiotherapy. A control group on an unspecified standard diet (SD) was assigned by propensity score matching. A total of eleven patients completed the study. The majority of patients (64%) reported feeling good or very good during the intervention. The intervention group experienced an average decrease of 0.4 kg body weight (p < 0.001) and 0.34 kg (p < 0.001) fat mass per week, but fat-free and skeletal muscle mass were not significantly affected. Vitamin D levels increased slightly from 23.8 (11-37.3) ng/ml to 25.1 (22.6-41.6) ng/ml (p = 0.053). β-hydroxybutyrate levels were significantly increased and triglycerides and free T3 hormone levels significantly reduced by the PL intervention. This pilot study shows that adoption of a PL intervention during curative radiotherapy of breast cancer patients is feasible and able to reduce fat mass. Daily outdoor activity could eliminate vitamin D deficiency (vitamin D < 20 ng/ml). Future studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer J Klement
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Leopoldina Hospital, Robert-Koch-Straße 10, 97422, Schweinfurt, Germany.
| | - Petra S Koebrunner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Leopoldina Hospital, Robert-Koch-Straße 10, 97422, Schweinfurt, Germany
| | - Kelley Krage
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Leopoldina Hospital, Robert-Koch-Straße 10, 97422, Schweinfurt, Germany
| | - Michael M Weigel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Leopoldina Hospital, Schweinfurt, Germany.,Breast Cancer Centre, Leopoldina Hospital, Schweinfurt, Germany
| | - Reinhart A Sweeney
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Leopoldina Hospital, Robert-Koch-Straße 10, 97422, Schweinfurt, Germany.,Breast Cancer Centre, Leopoldina Hospital, Schweinfurt, Germany
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33
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Henriques SF, Dhakan DB, Serra L, Francisco AP, Carvalho-Santos Z, Baltazar C, Elias AP, Anjos M, Zhang T, Maddocks ODK, Ribeiro C. Metabolic cross-feeding in imbalanced diets allows gut microbes to improve reproduction and alter host behaviour. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4236. [PMID: 32843654 PMCID: PMC7447780 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18049-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of commensal bacteria on the host arises from complex microbial-diet-host interactions. Mapping metabolic interactions in gut microbial communities is therefore key to understand how the microbiome influences the host. Here we use an interdisciplinary approach including isotope-resolved metabolomics to show that in Drosophila melanogaster, Acetobacter pomorum (Ap) and Lactobacillus plantarum (Lp) a syntrophic relationship is established to overcome detrimental host diets and identify Ap as the bacterium altering the host's feeding decisions. Specifically, we show that Ap uses the lactate produced by Lp to supply amino acids that are essential to Lp, allowing it to grow in imbalanced diets. Lactate is also necessary and sufficient for Ap to alter the fly's protein appetite. Our data show that gut bacterial communities use metabolic interactions to become resilient to detrimental host diets. These interactions also ensure the constant flow of metabolites used by the microbiome to alter reproduction and host behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia F Henriques
- Behavior and Metabolism Laboratory, Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, 1400-038, Portugal
| | - Darshan B Dhakan
- Behavior and Metabolism Laboratory, Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, 1400-038, Portugal
| | - Lúcia Serra
- Behavior and Metabolism Laboratory, Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, 1400-038, Portugal
| | - Ana Patrícia Francisco
- Behavior and Metabolism Laboratory, Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, 1400-038, Portugal
| | - Zita Carvalho-Santos
- Behavior and Metabolism Laboratory, Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, 1400-038, Portugal
| | - Célia Baltazar
- Behavior and Metabolism Laboratory, Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, 1400-038, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Elias
- Behavior and Metabolism Laboratory, Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, 1400-038, Portugal
| | - Margarida Anjos
- Behavior and Metabolism Laboratory, Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, 1400-038, Portugal
| | - Tong Zhang
- University of Glasgow Institute of Cancer Sciences, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Oliver D K Maddocks
- University of Glasgow Institute of Cancer Sciences, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Carlos Ribeiro
- Behavior and Metabolism Laboratory, Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, 1400-038, Portugal.
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34
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Camilleri-Carter TL, Dowling DK, L Robker R, Piper MDW. Transgenerational Obesity and Healthy Aging in Drosophila. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 74:1582-1589. [PMID: 31231757 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence suggests that individuals born to overweight and obese parents suffer detrimental health consequences that dramatically decrease healthy aging. The number of obese individuals worldwide now exceeds the number of under- and malnourished individuals. This obesity epidemic is responsible for approximately 4 million deaths worldwide each year, and predisposes sufferers to a range of age-related diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic syndrome. Additionally, obesity is associated with an accelerated onset of age-related ailments, such as cancers and inflammation. The importance of dietary interventions to reduce the incidence of obesity is magnified by emerging evidence that parental physiology can predispose future generations to poor health outcomes. Characterizing and understanding these effects, and how they are mediated, is important if we are to continue to drive improvements to population health. In this article, we synthesize evidence for the intergenerational and transgenerational phenotypic effects of parental obesity. We concentrate on how the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster can be used as a model to study these effects. Fruit flies are highly tractable, and their conserved nutrient signaling and metabolic pathways make them an ideal model for studying nutritional effects on metabolic, reproductive, and aging phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Damian K Dowling
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca L Robker
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew D W Piper
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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35
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Wali JA, Jarzebska N, Raubenheimer D, Simpson SJ, Rodionov RN, O’Sullivan JF. Cardio-Metabolic Effects of High-Fat Diets and Their Underlying Mechanisms-A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1505. [PMID: 32455838 PMCID: PMC7284903 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of the epidemiological evidence over the past few decades has linked high intake of fats, especially saturated fats, to increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. However, findings of some recent studies (e.g., the PURE study) have contested this association. High saturated fat diets (HFD) have been widely used in rodent research to study the mechanism of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Two separate but somewhat overlapping models-the diacylglycerol (DAG) model and the ceramide model-have emerged to explain the development of insulin resistance. Studies have shown that lipid deposition in tissues such as muscle and liver inhibit insulin signaling via the toxic molecules DAG and ceramide. DAGs activate protein kinase C that inhibit insulin-PI3K-Akt signaling by phosphorylating serine residues on insulin receptor substrate (IRS). Ceramides are sphingolipids with variable acyl group chain length and activate protein phosphatase 2A that dephosphorylates Akt to block insulin signaling. In adipose tissue, obesity leads to infiltration of macrophages that secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines that inhibit insulin signaling by phosphorylating serine residues of IRS proteins. For cardiovascular disease, studies in humans in the 1950s and 1960s linked high saturated fat intake with atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. More recently, trials involving Mediterranean diet (e.g., PREDIMED study) have indicated that healthy monounsaturated fats are more effective in preventing cardiovascular mortality and coronary artery disease than are low-fat, low-cholesterol diets. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Mediterranean diets are potential mediators of these benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibran A. Wali
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (D.R.); (S.J.S.)
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Natalia Jarzebska
- University Center for Vascular Medicine Department of Medicine III—Section Angiology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (N.J.); (R.N.R.)
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (D.R.); (S.J.S.)
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (D.R.); (S.J.S.)
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Roman N. Rodionov
- University Center for Vascular Medicine Department of Medicine III—Section Angiology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (N.J.); (R.N.R.)
| | - John F. O’Sullivan
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (D.R.); (S.J.S.)
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
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36
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Wali JA, Raubenheimer D, Senior AM, Le Couteur DG, Simpson SJ. Cardio-metabolic consequences of dietary carbohydrates: reconciling contradictions using nutritional geometry. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 117:386-401. [PMID: 32386289 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates are the major source of dietary energy, but their role in health and disease remains controversial. Recent epidemiological evidence suggests that the increased consumption of carbohydrates is associated with obesity and increased risk of mortality and dietary trials show that carbohydrate restriction leads to weight loss and improved glycaemic status in obese and diabetic subjects. In contrast, the diets of populations with long and healthy lifespans (e.g. traditional Okinawans from Japan) are high in carbohydrate and low in protein, and several clinical and preclinical studies have linked low-carbohydrate-high-protein diets with increased mortality risk. In this paper we attempt to reconcile these contradictory findings by moving beyond traditional single-nutrient analyses to consider the interactions between nutrients on health outcomes. We do so using the Geometric Framework (GF), a nutritional modelling platform that explicitly considers the main and interactive effects of multiple nutrients on phenotypic characteristics. Analysis of human data by GF shows that weight loss and improved cardio-metabolic outcomes under carbohydrate restriction derive at least in part from reduced caloric intake due to the concomitantly increased proportion of protein in the diet. This is because, as in many animals, a specific appetite for protein is a major driver of food intake in humans. Conversely, dilution of protein in the diet leverages excess food intake through compensatory feeding for protein ('protein leverage'). When protein is diluted in the diet by readily digestible carbohydrates and fats, as is the case in modern ultra-processed foods, protein leverage results in excess calorie intake, leading to rising levels of obesity and metabolic disease. However, when protein is diluted in the diet by increased quantities of less readily digestible forms of carbohydrate and fibre, energy balance is maintained and health benefits accrue, especially during middle age and early late-life. We argue that other controversies in carbohydrate research can be resolved using the GF methodology in dietary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibran A Wali
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Alistair M Senior
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - David G Le Couteur
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Concord, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia
| | - Stephen J Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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37
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Hill CM, Qualls-Creekmore E, Berthoud HR, Soto P, Yu S, McDougal DH, Münzberg H, Morrison CD. FGF21 and the Physiological Regulation of Macronutrient Preference. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5734531. [PMID: 32047920 PMCID: PMC7053867 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ability to respond to variations in nutritional status depends on regulatory systems that monitor nutrient intake and adaptively alter metabolism and feeding behavior during nutrient restriction. There is ample evidence that the restriction of water, sodium, or energy intake triggers adaptive responses that conserve existing nutrient stores and promote the ingestion of the missing nutrient, and that these homeostatic responses are mediated, at least in part, by nutritionally regulated hormones acting within the brain. This review highlights recent research that suggests that the metabolic hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) acts on the brain to homeostatically alter macronutrient preference. Circulating FGF21 levels are robustly increased by diets that are high in carbohydrate but low in protein, and exogenous FGF21 treatment reduces the consumption of sweet foods and alcohol while alternatively increasing the consumption of protein. In addition, while control mice adaptively shift macronutrient preference and increase protein intake in response to dietary protein restriction, mice that lack either FGF21 or FGF21 signaling in the brain fail to exhibit this homeostatic response. FGF21 therefore mediates a unique physiological niche, coordinating adaptive shifts in macronutrient preference that serve to maintain protein intake in the face of dietary protein restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paul Soto
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Sangho Yu
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | | | | | - Christopher D Morrison
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
- Correspondence: Christopher D. Morrison, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808. E-mail:
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38
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Ruedenauer FA, Raubenheimer D, Kessner-Beierlein D, Grund-Mueller N, Noack L, Spaethe J, Leonhardt SD. Best be(e) on low fat: linking nutrient perception, regulation and fitness. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:545-554. [PMID: 31943632 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Preventing malnutrition through consuming nutritionally appropriate resources represents a challenge for foraging animals. This is due to often high variation in the nutritional quality of available resources. Foragers consequently need to evaluate different food sources. However, even the same food source can provide a plethora of nutritional and non-nutritional cues, which could serve for quality assessment. We show that bumblebees, Bombus terrestris, overcome this challenge by relying on lipids as nutritional cue when selecting pollen. The bees 'prioritised' lipid perception in learning experiments and avoided lipid consumption in feeding experiments, which supported survival and reproduction. In contrast, survival and reproduction were severely reduced by increased lipid contents. Our study highlights the importance of fat regulation for pollen foraging bumblebees. It also reveals that nutrient perception, nutrient regulation and reproductive fitness can be linked, which represents an effective strategy enabling quick foraging decisions that prevent malnutrition and maximise fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian A Ruedenauer
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - David Raubenheimer
- The Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniela Kessner-Beierlein
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nils Grund-Mueller
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Noack
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Spaethe
- Department of Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sara D Leonhardt
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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39
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Sánchez-Sánchez AS, Rodríguez-Murguía N, Martinez-Cordero C, Chávez-Cerda S. Protein Diet in Bariatric Patients Could Modify Tear Film. Obes Surg 2019; 30:2053-2055. [PMID: 31853863 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-019-04310-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bariatric surgery patients have deficiencies of macro- and micronutrients that may be related to ophthalmic complications, for example consequences on tear film layers (lipid, aqueous, and mucosa). In this work, we associated protein diet and tear film layers in bariatric patients of a Mexican hospital. We measured characteristics of tear film by the Schirmer and tear break up time (TBUT) tests under three different protein percentage diets: 10, 15, and 25%. TBUT values were low in our study, and therefore, bariatric patients may have high possibilities to suffer dry eye or modifications in lipid tear layer. Bariatric patients, additional to the routine control, periodically should have an extensive eye examination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudia Martinez-Cordero
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad del Bajío, Blvd. Milenio, C.P. 37000, Guanajuato, Mexico.
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40
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Gibson MJ, Dawson JA, Wijayatunga NN, Ironuma B, Chatindiara I, Ovalle F, Allison DB, Dhurandhar EJ. A randomized cross-over trial to determine the effect of a protein vs. carbohydrate preload on energy balance in ad libitum settings. Nutr J 2019; 18:69. [PMID: 31706311 PMCID: PMC6842484 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-019-0497-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although high protein diets have been tested in controlled environments for applications to weight management, it is not understood if adding high protein foods to the diet would impact ad libitum energy balance in the absence of other lifestyle changes. METHODS This double-blinded randomized crossover trial compared the effects of a protein shake (PS) to a carbohydrate shake (CS), consumed prior to each major meal to equate to 20% of total energy needs over the course of the day, on energy balance over two 5-day treatment periods in healthy adults with BMI 20-30 kg/m2. Tri-axial accelerometers estimated physical activity energy expenditure. Ad libitum energy intake was measured in a laboratory kitchen. RESULTS Energy balance was positive during both treatment periods but was not different between periods. There were no interactions between treatment and preload caloric dose or treatment and BMI status on energy balance. Satiety ratings did not differ for any pairwise comparisons between treatment and caloric dose. Controlling for gender and basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food was greater for PS than CS. CONCLUSIONS Preload periods significantly altered the macronutrient composition of the overall diet. This study found limited evidence that carbohydrate or protein preloads have differential effects on energy balance in short-term ad libitum settings. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial was pre-registered on clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02613065 on 11/30/2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline J Gibson
- School of Public Health Dean's Office, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - John A Dawson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Nadeeja N Wijayatunga
- Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.,University of Mississippi, Department of Nutrition & Hospitality Management, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Bridget Ironuma
- Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Idah Chatindiara
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University College of Health, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Fernando Ovalle
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - David B Allison
- School of Public Health Dean's Office, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Emily J Dhurandhar
- Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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41
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Buckley CM, Austin S, Corfe BM, Green MA, Johnstone AM, Stevenson EJ, Williams EA, Brunstrom JM. Protein Valuation in Food Choice Is Positively Associated with Lean Mass in Older Adults. J Nutr 2019; 149:2056-2064. [PMID: 31198945 PMCID: PMC6825819 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calorie for calorie, protein is more satiating than carbohydrate or fat. However, it remains unclear whether humans perceive calories derived from these macronutrients equally and whether lean mass is associated with a tendency to "value" protein when dietary decisions are made. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the test-retest reliability of a novel method for quantifying macronutrient valuations in human volunteers and to determine whether "protein valuation" is associated with a higher fat-free mass index (FFMI) in older adults. METHODS A 2-alternative, forced-choice task in which 25 foods were compared in 300 trials was undertaken in 2 studies. In study 1, participants (age range 19-71 y, n = 92) attended 2 test sessions, spaced 1 wk apart. In study 2, older adults (age range 40-85 y; n = 91) completed the food-choice task and assessed the test foods for liking, expected satiety, and perceived healthiness. Body composition and habitual protein intake were assessed in both studies. Data were analyzed through the use of individual binomial logistic regressions and multilevel binomial logistic regressions. RESULTS In study 1, measures of macronutrient valuation showed excellent test-retest reliability; responses in the forced-choice task were highly correlated (week 1 compared with week 2; protein, r = 0.83, P < 0.001; carbohydrate, r = 0.90, P < 0.001; fat, r = 0.90, P < 0.001). Calorie for calorie, protein and carbohydrate were stronger predictors of choice than fat (P < 0.001). In study 2, protein was a stronger predictor than both carbohydrate (P = 0.039) and fat (P = 0.003), and a positive interaction was observed between protein valuation and FFMI (OR = 1.64; 95% CI: 1.38, 1.95; P < 0.001). This was the case after controlling for age, gender, liking for foods, and habitual protein consumption. CONCLUSIONS Together, these findings demonstrate that adult humans value calories derived from protein, carbohydrate, and fat differently, and that the tendency to value protein is associated with greater lean mass in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M Buckley
- Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom,Address correspondence to CMB (e-mail: )
| | - Sophie Austin
- Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Bernard M Corfe
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Green
- Department of Geography and Planning, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra M Johnstone
- Rowett Institute, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Emma J Stevenson
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A Williams
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey M Brunstrom
- Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom,National Institute for Health Research, Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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42
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Raubenheimer D, Simpson SJ. Protein Leverage: Theoretical Foundations and Ten Points of Clarification. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2019; 27:1225-1238. [PMID: 31339001 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Much attention has been focused on fats and carbohydrates as the nutritional causes of energy overconsumption and obesity. In 2003, a model of intake regulation was proposed in which the third macronutrient, protein, is not only involved but is a primary driver of calorie intake via its interactions with carbohydrates and fats. This model, called protein leverage, posits that the strong regulation of protein intake causes the overconsumption of fats and carbohydrates (hence total energy) on diets with a low proportion of energy from protein and their underconsumption on diets with a high proportion of protein. Protein leverage has since been demonstrated in a range of animal studies and in several studies of human macronutrient regulation, and its potential role in contributing to the obesity epidemic is increasingly attracting discussion. Over recent years, however, several misconceptions about protein leverage have arisen. Our aim in this paper is to briefly outline some key aspects of the underlying theory and clarify 10 points of misunderstanding that have the potential to divert attention from the substantive issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen J Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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43
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Hall KD. The Potential Role of Protein Leverage in the US Obesity Epidemic. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2019; 27:1222-1224. [PMID: 31095898 PMCID: PMC7147114 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The protein leverage model of obesity posits that decreasing the protein fraction of the diet leads to compensatory increases in total energy intake in an attempt to maintain a target amount of absolute protein consumed. The resulting increased energy intake thereby causes weight gain. According to food balance sheets published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, while the absolute protein content of the US food supply has increased since the early 1970s, the fraction of available calories from protein has decreased by ~1% because of greater increases in available carbohydrate and fat. Counterintuitively, even such a small decrease in the protein fraction of the food supply has the potential to result in relatively large increases in energy intake according to the protein leverage model. Therefore, while the protein leverage effect is unlikely to fully explain the obesity epidemic, its potential contribution should not be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Hall
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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44
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Grannell A, De Vito G, Murphy JC, le Roux CW. The influence of skeletal muscle on appetite regulation. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2019; 14:267-282. [PMID: 31106601 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2019.1618185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fat-free mass, of which skeletal muscle is amajor component, correlates positively with energy intake at energy balance. This is due to the effects of metabolically active tissue on energy expenditure which in itself appears to signal to the brain adrive to eat to ensure cellular energy homeostasis. The mechanisms responsible for this drive to eat are unknown but are likely to be related to energy utilization. Here muscle imparts an indirect influence on hunger. The drive to eat is also enhanced after muscle loss secondary to intentional weight loss. The evidence suggests loss of both fat mass and skeletal muscle mass directly influences the trajectory and magnitude of weight regain highlighting their potential role in long-termappetite control. The mechanisms responsible for the potential direct drive to eat stemming from muscle loss are unknown. AREAS COVERED The literature pertaining to muscle and appetite at energy balance and after weight loss was examined. Aliterature search was conducted to identify studies related to appetite, muscle, exercise, and weight loss. EXPERT OPINION Understanding the mechanisms which link energy expenditure and muscle loss to hunger has the potential to positively impact both the prevention and the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Grannell
- a Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
- b MedFit Proactive Healthcare, Blackrock , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Giuseppe De Vito
- c School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - John C Murphy
- b MedFit Proactive Healthcare, Blackrock , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Carel W le Roux
- a Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
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45
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Allman BR, Andres A, Børsheim E. The Association of Maternal Protein Intake during Pregnancy in Humans with Maternal and Offspring Insulin Sensitivity Measures. Curr Dev Nutr 2019; 3:nzz055. [PMID: 31139768 PMCID: PMC6533362 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzz055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to critically evaluate the studies assessing the relations between protein intake during human pregnancy and insulin sensitivity measures in the mother and offspring, and to get a better understanding of the knowledge gaps that still exist. Overall, there is insufficient evidence to conclude about implications of higher amounts of protein intake during pregnancy on maternal or offspring insulin sensitivity. However, studies show a relation between protein quality and insulin sensitivity, such that animal protein may be associated with negative outcomes and plant protein may be associated with positive insulin sensitivity outcomes. There is an urgent need for standardized studies using comparable terminology to evaluate any potential relations between insulin sensitivity in mothers and offspring and truly low and high maternal protein intake while maintaining eucaloric balance to better inform about optimal protein dosage and quality during this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany R Allman
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Aline Andres
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Elisabet Børsheim
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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46
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Solon-Biet SM, Cogger VC, Pulpitel T, Wahl D, Clark X, Bagley E, Gregoriou GC, Senior AM, Wang QP, Brandon AE, Perks R, O’Sullivan J, Koay YC, Bell-Anderson K, Kebede M, Yau B, Atkinson C, Svineng G, Dodgson T, Wali JA, Piper MDW, Juricic P, Partridge L, Rose AJ, Raubenheimer D, Cooney GJ, Le Couteur DG, Simpson SJ. Branched chain amino acids impact health and lifespan indirectly via amino acid balance and appetite control. Nat Metab 2019; 1:532-545. [PMID: 31656947 PMCID: PMC6814438 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-019-0059-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Elevated branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) are associated with obesity and insulin resistance. How long-term dietary BCAAs impact late-life health and lifespan is unknown. Here, we show that when dietary BCAAs are varied against a fixed, isocaloric macronutrient background, long-term exposure to high BCAA diets leads to hyperphagia, obesity and reduced lifespan. These effects are not due to elevated BCAA per se or hepatic mTOR activation, but rather due to a shift in the relative quantity of dietary BCAAs and other AAs, notably tryptophan and threonine. Increasing the ratio of BCAAs to these AAs resulted in hyperphagia and is associated with central serotonin depletion. Preventing hyperphagia by calorie restriction or pair-feeding averts the health costs of a high BCAA diet. Our data highlight a role for amino acid quality in energy balance and show that health costs of chronic high BCAA intakes need not be due to intrinsic toxicity but, rather, a consequence of hyperphagia driven by AA imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Solon-Biet
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney NSW, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Victoria C Cogger
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Sydney NSW, Australia
- Ageing and Alzheimers Institute and Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Hospital, Concord NSW, Australia
- ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Tamara Pulpitel
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Devin Wahl
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Sydney NSW, Australia
- Ageing and Alzheimers Institute and Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Hospital, Concord NSW, Australia
| | - Ximonie Clark
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney NSW, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Elena Bagley
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Gabrielle C Gregoriou
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Alistair M Senior
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney NSW, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Qiao-Ping Wang
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney NSW, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Amanda E Brandon
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Ruth Perks
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - John O’Sullivan
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney NSW, Australia
- Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yen Chin Koay
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney NSW, Australia
- Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kim Bell-Anderson
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney NSW, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Melkam Kebede
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney NSW, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Belinda Yau
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney NSW, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Clare Atkinson
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney NSW, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Timothy Dodgson
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney NSW, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jibran A Wali
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney NSW, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Paula Juricic
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Aging, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Adam J Rose
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University VIC, Australia
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney NSW, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gregory J Cooney
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - David G Le Couteur
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Sydney NSW, Australia
- Ageing and Alzheimers Institute and Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Hospital, Concord NSW, Australia
- ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen J Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney NSW, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Methionine Restriction Partly Recapitulates the Sympathetically Mediated Enhanced Energy Expenditure Induced by Total Amino Acid Restriction in Rats. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11030707. [PMID: 30917593 PMCID: PMC6470753 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Total amino acid (AA) restriction promotes hyperphagia and energy expenditure. We determined whether (i) methionine restriction mimics the effects of total AA restriction, (ii) methionine supplementation attenuates these responses, and iii) sympathetic signaling mediates such effects. Rats were injected with either vehicle (V) or 6-hydroxydopamine (S) to induce chemical sympathectomy, and then randomized to four diets: 16% AA (16AA), 5% AA (5AA), 16% AA-methionine (16AA-Met), and 5% AA+methionine (5AA+Met). Propranolol or ondansetron were injected to examine the role of sympathetic and serotonergic signaling, respectively. 5AA, 5AA+Met, and 16AA-Met increased the food conversion rate for 1–3 weeks in the V and S groups, and increased mean energy expenditure in V group,; the magnitude of these changes was attenuated in the S group. Propranolol decreased the energy expenditure of V16AA, V5AA, and V5AA+Met and of S5AA, S5AA+Met, and S16AA-Met, whereas ondansetron decreased the energy expenditure in only the S groups. Compared to 16AA, the other V groups had reduced body weights from days 7–11 onwards and decreased lean masses throughout the study and the other S groups had decreased body weights and lean masses from day 14 onwards. Total AA restriction enhanced the energy expenditure and reduced the weight and lean mass; these effects were partly recapitulated by methionine restriction and were sympathetically mediated.
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Zapata RC, Singh A, Pezeshki A, Chelikani PK. Tryptophan restriction partially recapitulates the age-dependent effects of total amino acid restriction on energy balance in diet-induced obese rats. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 65:115-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Dietary patterns as a red flag for higher risk of eating disorders among female teenagers with and without type I diabetes mellitus : Adolescents with type I diabetes mellitus are a risk factor for eating disorders: a case-control study. Eat Weight Disord 2019; 24:151-161. [PMID: 28913823 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-017-0442-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female adolescents with type I diabetes mellitus (TIDM) have an increased risk of developing eating disorders (ED) due to the dietary recommendations. OBJECTIVE Investigate the association between dietary intake and increased risk of ED. METHODS Case-control study with 50 T1DM female adolescents (11-16 years) and 100 healthy peers (CG). Measures included food frequency questionnaire (FFQ-PP), Child-EDE.12, economic and anthropometric data. RESULTS Comparing female adolescents with T1DM vs CG, the first had higher intake of: bread, cereal, rice, and pasta (29.7 vs 23.8%, p = 0.001), vegetables (6.5 vs 2.8%, p < 0.001), milk yogurt and cheese (9.9 vs 7.6%, p = 0.032), fat, and oils (8.2 vs 5.9%, p = 0.003), besides higher fiber intake (19.2 vs 14.7%, p = 0.006) and lower consumption of sweets (13.6 vs 30.7%, p < 0.001). No differences on ED psychopathology (Child-EDE subscales and global score) were found between groups. In unadjusted association between the ED psychopathology and dietary intake, a diet rich in fiber was significantly associated with both the global and eating concern scores. Among CG, increased intake of meat, poultry, fish, and eggs and decreased bread, cereal, rice, and pasta consumption were significantly associated with higher ED psychopathology. When BMI and age are adjusted, the association between fiber intake and ED psychopathology is no longer significant among diabetic participants; however, in the CG, this association remains. CONCLUSIONS The study suggests that an association between dietary intake and ED psychopathology might exist in female adolescents with and without TIDM and that careful evaluation of the dietary profile and risk of developing an ED should be considered in clinical practice. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, case-control study.
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Impact of dietary macronutrient profile on feline body weight is not consistent with the protein leverage hypothesis. Br J Nutr 2018; 120:1310-1318. [PMID: 30311593 DOI: 10.1017/s000711451800257x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The protein leverage hypothesis proposes that the need to prioritise protein intake drives excess energy intake (EI) when the dietary ratio of protein to fat and carbohydrate is reduced. We hypothesised that cats may become prone to overconsuming energy content when moderate protein diets were offered, and considered the potential influence of fat and carbohydrate on intake. To determine the effect of dietary protein and macronutrient profile (MNP) on EI, weight and body composition, cats (1-4 years) were offered food in excess of energy requirements (ER). A total of six diets were formulated, containing moderate (approximately 7 % w/w; approximately 22 % metabolisable energy (ME)) or high (approximately 10 % w/w; approximately 46 % ME) protein and varying levels of carbohydrate and fat. For 4 weeks, 120 cats were offered 100 % of their individual ER of a diet at the MNP selected by adult cats (50:40:10 protein energy ratio:fat energy ratio:carbohydrate energy ratio). EI, body weight (BW), body composition, activity and palatability were measured. Subsequently, cats were offered one of the six diets at 200 % of their individual ER for 4 weeks when measurements were repeated. Cats offered excess high protein diets had higher EI (kJ/kg) throughout, but at 4 weeks BW was not significantly different to baseline. Cats offered excess moderate protein diets reduced EI and gradually lost weight (average loss of 0·358 (99 % CI 0·388, 0·328) kg), irrespective of fat:carbohydrate and initial palatability. The data do not support the protein leverage hypothesis. Furthermore, cats were able to adapt intake of a wet diet with high protein in an overfeeding environment within 28 d.
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