1
|
Rueda Huélamo MA, Martínez Perlado A, Consoli V, García-Tejedor A, Haros CM, Laparra Llopis JM. Improvement of hepatic innate immunity in chemically-injured livers to develop hepatocarcinoma by a serine type-protease inhibitors enriched extract from Chenopodium quinoa. Food Funct 2024; 15:3600-3614. [PMID: 38469889 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo03083k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Food ingredients have critical effects on the maturation and development of the immune system, which innate - lymphoid (ILCs) and myeloid - cells play key roles as important regulators of energy storage and hepatic fat accumulation. Therefore, the objective of this study is to define potential links between a dietary immunonutritional induction of the selective functional differentiation of monocytes-derived macrophages, ILCs and lipid homeostasis in hepatocarcinoma (HCC)-developing mice. Hepatic chemically injured (diethylnitrosamine/thiacetamide) Rag2-/- and Rag2-/-Il2-/- mice were administered with serine-type protease inhibitors (SETIs) obtained from Chenopodium quinoa. Early HCC-driven immunometabolic imbalances (infiltrated macrophages, glucose homeostasis, hepatic lipid profile, ILCs expansion, inflammatory conditions, microbiota) in animals put under a high-fat diet for 2 weeks were assessed. It was also approached the potential of SETIs to cause functional adaptations of the bioenergetics of human macrophage-like cells (hMLCs) in vitro conditioning their capacity to accumulate fat. It is showed that Rag2-/-Il2-/- mice, lacking ILCs, are resistant to the SETIs-induced hepatic macrophages (CD68+F4/80+) activation. Feeding SETIs to Rag2-/- mice, carrying ILCs, promoted the expansion towards ILC3s (CD117+Nkp46+CD56+) and reduced that of ILC2s (CD117+KLRG1+) into livers. In vitro studies demonstrate that hMLCs, challenged to SETIs, develop a similar phenotype of that found in mice and bioenergetic adaptations leading to increased lipolysis. It is concluded that SETIs promote liver macrophage activation and ILCs adaptations to ameliorate HCC-driven immunometabolic imbalances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alicia Rueda Huélamo
- Molecular Immunonutrition Group, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Food (IMDEA-Food), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alba Martínez Perlado
- Molecular Immunonutrition Group, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Food (IMDEA-Food), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Valeria Consoli
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Aurora García-Tejedor
- Bioactivity and Nutritional Immunology Group (BIOINUT), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Internacional de Valencia-VIU, Pintor Sorolla 21, 46002 Valencia, Spain
| | - Claudia Monika Haros
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - José Moisés Laparra Llopis
- Molecular Immunonutrition Group, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Food (IMDEA-Food), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shah DS, McNeilly AD, McCrimmon RJ, Hundal HS. The C5aR1 complement receptor: A novel immunomodulator of insulin action in skeletal muscle. Cell Signal 2024; 113:110944. [PMID: 37890688 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The complement system constitutes an integral component of the innate immune system and plays a critical role in adaptive immunity. Activation of this system engenders the production of complement peptide fragments, including C5a, which engage G-protein coupled receptors predominantly expressed in immune-associated cells, such as neutrophils, initiating pro-inflammatory responses. Intriguingly, our investigation has unveiled the presence of C5a receptor 1 (C5aR1) expression within skeletal muscle, a key metabolic tissue and primary target of insulin. Herein, we demonstrate that C5aR1 activation by C5a in differentiated human skeletal muscle cells elicits acute suppression of insulin signalling. This suppression manifests as impaired insulin-dependent association between IRS1 and the p85 subunit of PI3-kinase, a 50% reduction in Akt phosphorylation, and a 60% decline in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. This impairment in insulin signalling is associated with a three-fold elevation in intramyocellular diacylglycerol (DAG) levels and a two-fold increase in cytosolic calcium content, which promote PKC-mediated IRS1 inhibition via enhanced phosphorylation at IRS1 Ser1101. Significantly, our findings demonstrate that structurally diverse C5aR1 antagonists, along with genetic deletion or stable silencing of C5aR1 by 80% using short-hairpin RNA, effectively attenuate repression of insulin signalling by C5a in LHCN-M2 human skeletal myotubes. These results underscore the potential of heightened C5aR1 activation, characteristic of obesity and chronic inflammatory conditions, to detrimentally impact insulin function within skeletal muscle cells. Additionally, the study suggests that agents targeting the C5a-C5aR axis, originally devised for mitigating complement-dependent inflammatory conditions, may offer therapeutic avenues to ameliorate immune-driven insulin resistance in key peripheral metabolic tissues, including skeletal muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh S Shah
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Alison D McNeilly
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Rory J McCrimmon
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Harinder S Hundal
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Park JE, Han JS. A bioactive component of Portulaca Oleracea L., HM-chromanone, improves palmitate-induced insulin resistance by inhibiting mTOR/S6K1 through activation of the AMPK pathway in L6 skeletal muscle cells. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2022; 11:774-783. [PMID: 36337245 PMCID: PMC9618117 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfac055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased free fatty acid levels in the blood are common in obesity and cause insulin resistance associated with type 2 diabetes in the muscles. Previous studies have confirmed the antidiabetic and anti-obesity potential of (E)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-(2-hydroxybenzyl)-4-chromanone (HM-chromanone). However, it is unknown how HM-chromanone alleviates obesity-related insulin resistance in L6 skeletal muscle cells. Palmitate induced insulin resistance and reduced glucose uptake, whereas HM-chromanone significantly increased glucose uptake. In palmitate-treated L6 skeletal muscle cells, HM-chromanone stimulated liver kinase B1 (LKB1) and 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation. The AMPK inhibitor compound C, and the LKB1 inhibitor radicicol blocked the effects of HM-chromanone. Furthermore, HM-chromanone significantly inhibited mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) activation, but there was no change in protein kinase C θ (PKC θ) expression. When pAMPK was inhibited with compound C, the effect of HM-chromanone on the inhibition of mTOR and S6K1 was significantly diminished. This indicates that HM-chromanone inhibits mTOR and S6K1 activation through pAMPK activation. Inhibition of mTOR and S6K1 by HM-chromanone significantly reduced IRS-1Ser307 and IRS-1Ser632 phosphorylation, leading to insulin resistance. This resulted in an increase in PM-GLUT4 (glucose transporter 4) expression, thereby stimulating glucose uptake in insulin-resistant muscle cells. HM-chromanone can improve palmitate-induced insulin resistance by inhibiting mTOR and S6K1 through activation of the AMPK pathway in L6 skeletal muscle cells. These results show the therapeutic potential of HM-chromanone for improving insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Eun Park
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumgeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of South Korea
| | - Ji Sook Han
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumgeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lipke K, Kubis-Kubiak A, Piwowar A. Molecular Mechanism of Lipotoxicity as an Interesting Aspect in the Development of Pathological States-Current View of Knowledge. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050844. [PMID: 35269467 PMCID: PMC8909283 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Free fatty acids (FFAs) play numerous vital roles in the organism, such as contribution to energy generation and reserve, serving as an essential component of the cell membrane, or as ligands for nuclear receptors. However, the disturbance in fatty acid homeostasis, such as inefficient metabolism or intensified release from the site of storage, may result in increased serum FFA levels and eventually result in ectopic fat deposition, which is unfavorable for the organism. The cells are adjusted for the accumulation of FFA to a limited extent and so prolonged exposure to elevated FFA levels results in deleterious effects referred to as lipotoxicity. Lipotoxicity contributes to the development of diseases such as insulin resistance, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, and inflammation. The nonobvious organs recognized as the main lipotoxic goal of action are the pancreas, liver, skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle, and kidneys. However, lipotoxic effects to a significant extent are not organ-specific but affect fundamental cellular processes occurring in most cells. Therefore, the wider perception of cellular lipotoxic mechanisms and their interrelation may be beneficial for a better understanding of various diseases’ pathogenesis and seeking new pharmacological treatment approaches.
Collapse
|
5
|
Metformin treatment reverses high fat diet- induced non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases and dyslipidemia by stimulating multiple antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 28:101168. [PMID: 34825068 PMCID: PMC8605070 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This current study investigated the effect of metformin treatment on hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NADLD) in high fat diet (HFD) fed rats. Method Wistar rats were fed with a HFD or laboratory chow diet for 8 weeks. Metformin was administered orally at a dose of 200 mg/kg. Body weight, food and water intake were recorded on daily basis. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), biochemical analysis and histological examinations were conducted on plasma and tissue samples. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mRNA expression was analyzed using reverse transcription polymeric chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results Metformin treatment for 8 weeks prevented HFD-induced weight gain and decreased fat deposition in HFD fed rats. Biochemical analysis revealed that metformin treatment significantly attenuated nitro-oxidative stress markers malondialdehyde (MDA), advanced protein oxidation product (APOP), and excessive nitric oxide (NO) levels in the liver of HFD fed rats. Gene expression analysis demonestrated that metformin treatment was associated with an enhanced expression of antioxidant genes such as Nrf-2, HO-1, SOD and catalase in liver of HFD fed rats. Metformin treatment also found to modulate the expression of fat metabolizing and anti-inflammatory genes including PPAR--γ, C/EBP-α, SREBP1c, FAS, AMPK and GLUT-4. Consistent with the biochemical and gene expression data, the histopathological examination unveiled that metformin treatment attenuated inflammatory cells infiltration, steatosis, hepatocyte necrosis, collagen deposition, and fibrosis in the liver of HFD fed rats. Conclusion In conclusion, this study suggests that metformin might be effective in the prevention and treatment of HFD-induced steatosis by reducing hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation in the liver.
Collapse
Key Words
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- APOP, advanced protein oxidation product
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- ATP, Adinosine triphosphate
- AUC, area under the curve
- CAT, catalase
- FAS, Fatty acid synthase
- HDL, high density lipoprotein
- HF, High fat
- HSCs, Hepatic stellate cells
- IACUC, Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
- IL-6, interleukin-6
- Inflammation
- LDL, low density lipoprotein
- Lipid peroxidation
- MDA, Malondialdehyde
- MPO, Myeloperoxidase
- Met, Metformin
- Metformin
- NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- NO, nitric oxide
- Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- OGTT, Oral glucose tolerance test
- Obesity
- PBS, Phosphate buffer saline
- PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1
- PPAR-γ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOD, Superoxide dismutase
- SREBP1c, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c
- TBA, Thiobarbituric acid
- TBARS, Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
Collapse
|
6
|
Pahk K, Kim EJ, Kwon HW, Joung C, Seo HS, Kim S. Association of Inflammatory Metabolic Activity of Psoas Muscle and Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Preliminary Observational Study with 18F-FDG PET/CT. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11030511. [PMID: 33805700 PMCID: PMC7999462 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11030511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflamed skeletal muscle promotes chronic inflammation in atherosclerotic plaques, thereby contributing to the increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). In this study, we evaluated the metabolic activity of psoas muscle, using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), and its association with carotid artery inflammation and acute myocardial infarction (AMI). In total, 90 participants (32 AMI, 33 chronic stable angina (CSA), and 25 control) were enrolled in this prospective study. Metabolic activity of skeletal muscle (SM) was measured by using maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of psoas muscle, and corresponding psoas muscle area (SM area) was also measured. Carotid artery inflammation was evaluated by using the target-to background ratio (TBR) of carotid artery. SM SUVmax was highest in AMI, intermediate in CSA, and lowest in control group. SM SUVmax was significantly correlated with carotid artery TBR and systemic inflammatory surrogate markers. Furthermore, SM SUVmax was independently associated with carotid artery TBR and showed better predictability than SM area for the prediction of AMI. Metabolic activity of psoas muscle assessed by 18F-FDG PET/CT was associated with coronary plaque vulnerability and synchronized with the carotid artery inflammation in the participants with CAD. Furthermore, it may also be useful to predict AMI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kisoo Pahk
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Korea; (K.P.); (H.W.K.)
| | - Eung Ju Kim
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea;
| | - Hyun Woo Kwon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Korea; (K.P.); (H.W.K.)
| | - Chanmin Joung
- Institute for Inflammation Control, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea;
| | - Hong Seog Seo
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea;
- Correspondence: (H.S.S.); (S.K.); Tel.:+82-2-2626-3018 (H.S.S.); +82-2-920-5540 (S.K.)
| | - Sungeun Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Korea; (K.P.); (H.W.K.)
- Correspondence: (H.S.S.); (S.K.); Tel.:+82-2-2626-3018 (H.S.S.); +82-2-920-5540 (S.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Effect of Exercise on Inflamed Psoas Muscle in Women with Obesity: A Pilot Prospective 18F-FDG PET/CT Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11020164. [PMID: 33498898 PMCID: PMC7912214 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity increases inflammation in skeletal muscle thereby promoting systemic inflammation which leads to increased risk of cardiometabolic disease. This prospective study aimed to evaluate whether the metabolic activity of psoas muscle (PM) was associated with systemic inflammation, and whether physical exercise could reduce the PM metabolic activity evaluated by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in women with obesity. A total of 23 women with obesity who participated in a 3-month physical exercise program were enrolled. 18F-FDG PET/CT was performed before the start of the program (baseline) and after completion of the program. The maximum standardized uptake value of psoas muscle (PM SUVmax) was used for the PM metabolic activity. The SUVmax of spleen and bone marrow, and the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were used to evaluate the systemic inflammation. At baseline, PM SUVmax was strongly correlated with the systemic inflammation. The exercise program significantly reduced the PM SUVmax, in addition to adiposity and systemic inflammation. Furthermore, we found that the association between PM SUVmax and the systemic inflammation disappeared after completion of the exercise program. In women with obesity, PM SUVmax, assessed by 18F-FDG PET/CT, was associated with obesity-induced systemic inflammation and exercise reduced the PM SUVmax and eliminated its association with systemic inflammation.
Collapse
|
8
|
Bitsi S. The chemokine CXCL16 can rescue the defects in insulin signaling and sensitivity caused by palmitate in C2C12 myotubes. Cytokine 2020; 133:155154. [PMID: 32535333 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In obesity, macrophages infiltrate peripheral tissues and secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines that impact local insulin sensitivity. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the saturated fatty acid (FA) palmitate polarise macrophages towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype in vitro and indirectly cause insulin resistance (IR) in myotubes. In contrast, unsaturated FAs confer an anti-inflammatory phenotype and counteract the actions of palmitate. To explore paracrine mechanisms of interest, J774 macrophages were exposed to palmitate ± palmitoleate or control medium and the conditioned media generated were screened using a cytokine array. Of the 62 cytokines examined, 8 were significantly differentially expressed following FA treatments. Notably, CXCL16 secretion was downregulated by palmitate. In follow-up experiments using ELISAs, this downregulation was confirmed and reversed by simultaneous addition of palmitoleate or oleate, while LPS also diminished CXCL16 secretion. To dissect potential effects of CXCL16, C2C12 myotubes were treated with palmitate to induce IR, recombinant soluble CXCL16 (sCXCL16), combined treatment, or control medium. Palmitate caused the expected reduction of insulin-stimulated Akt activation and glycogen synthesis, whereas simultaneous treatment with sCXCL16 attenuated these effects. These data indicate a putative role for CXCL16 in preservation of Akt activation and insulin signaling in the context of chronic low-grade inflammation in skeletal muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula Bitsi
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Department, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tam TH, Chan KL, Boroumand P, Liu Z, Brozinick JT, Bui HH, Roth K, Wakefield CB, Penuela S, Bilan PJ, Klip A. Nucleotides released from palmitate-activated murine macrophages attract neutrophils. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:4902-4911. [PMID: 32132172 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and elevation of circulating free fatty acids are associated with an accumulation and proinflammatory polarization of macrophages within metabolically active tissues, such as adipose tissue, muscle, liver, and pancreas. Beyond macrophages, neutrophils also accumulate in adipose and muscle tissues during high-fat diets and contribute to a state of local inflammation and insulin resistance. However, the mechanisms by which neutrophils are recruited to these tissues are largely unknown. Here we used a cell culture system as proof of concept to show that, upon exposure to a saturated fatty acid, palmitate, macrophages release nucleotides that attract neutrophils. Moreover, we found that palmitate up-regulates pannexin-1 channels in macrophages that mediate the attraction of neutrophils, shown previously to allow transfer of nucleotides across membranes. These findings suggest that proinflammatory macrophages release nucleotides through pannexin-1, a process that may facilitate neutrophil recruitment into metabolic tissues during obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa H Tam
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kenny L Chan
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Parastoo Boroumand
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Zhi Liu
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | | | | | - Kenneth Roth
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - C Brent Wakefield
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Silvia Penuela
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Philip J Bilan
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Amira Klip
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada .,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
DeVallance E, Li Y, Jurczak MJ, Cifuentes-Pagano E, Pagano PJ. The Role of NADPH Oxidases in the Etiology of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome: Contribution of Individual Isoforms and Cell Biology. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:687-709. [PMID: 31250671 PMCID: PMC6909742 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Highly prevalent in Western cultures, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes increase the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and cost health care systems billions of dollars annually. At the cellular level, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes are associated with increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Increased levels of ROS production in key organ systems such as adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and the vasculature cause disruption of tissue homeostasis, leading to increased morbidity and risk of mortality. More specifically, growing evidence implicates the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) enzymes in these pathologies through impairment of insulin signaling, inflammation, and vascular dysfunction. The NOX family of enzymes is a major driver of redox signaling through its production of superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and attendant downstream metabolites acting on redox-sensitive signaling molecules. Recent Advances: The primary goal of this review is to highlight recent advances and survey our present understanding of cell-specific NOX enzyme contributions to metabolic diseases. Critical Issues: However, due to the short half-lives of individual ROS and/or cellular defense systems, radii of ROS diffusion are commonly short, often restricting redox signaling and oxidant stress to localized events. Thus, special emphasis should be placed on cell type and subcellular location of NOX enzymes to better understand their role in the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases. Future Directions: We discuss the targeting of NOX enzymes as potential therapy and bring to light potential emerging areas of NOX research, microparticles and epigenetics, in the context of metabolic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evan DeVallance
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yao Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael J Jurczak
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Eugenia Cifuentes-Pagano
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick J Pagano
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Korbecki J, Bajdak-Rusinek K. The effect of palmitic acid on inflammatory response in macrophages: an overview of molecular mechanisms. Inflamm Res 2019; 68:915-932. [PMID: 31363792 PMCID: PMC6813288 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01273-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid whose blood concentration is elevated in obese patients. This causes inflammatory responses, where toll-like receptors (TLR), TLR2 and TLR4, play an important role. Nevertheless, palmitic acid is not only a TLR agonist. In the cell, this fatty acid is converted into phospholipids, diacylglycerol and ceramides. They trigger the activation of various signaling pathways that are common for LPS-mediated TLR4 activation. In particular, metabolic products of palmitic acid affect the activation of various PKCs, ER stress and cause an increase in ROS generation. Thanks to this, palmitic acid also strengthens the TLR4-induced signaling. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of inflammatory response induced by palmitic acid. In particular, we focus on describing its effect on ER stress and IRE1α, and the mechanisms of NF-κB activation. We also present the mechanisms of inflammasome NLRP3 activation and the effect of palmitic acid on enhanced inflammatory response by increasing the expression of FABP4/aP2. Finally, we focus on the consequences of inflammatory responses, in particular, the effect of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 on insulin resistance. Due to the high importance of macrophages and the production of proinflammatory cytokines by them, this work mainly focuses on these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korbecki
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18 St., 40-752, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Karolina Bajdak-Rusinek
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18 St., 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rached MT, Millership SJ, Pedroni SMA, Choudhury AI, Costa ASH, Hardy DG, Glegola JA, Irvine EE, Selman C, Woodberry MC, Yadav VK, Khadayate S, Vidal-Puig A, Virtue S, Frezza C, Withers DJ. Deletion of myeloid IRS2 enhances adipose tissue sympathetic nerve function and limits obesity. Mol Metab 2019; 20:38-50. [PMID: 30553769 PMCID: PMC6358539 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sympathetic nervous system and immune cell interactions play key roles in the regulation of metabolism. For example, recent convergent studies have shown that macrophages regulate obesity through brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation and beiging of white adipose tissue (WAT) via effects upon local catecholamine availability. However, these studies have raised issues about the underlying mechanisms involved including questions regarding the production of catecholamines by macrophages, the role of macrophage polarization state and the underlying intracellular signaling pathways in macrophages that might mediate these effects. METHODS To address such issues we generated mice lacking Irs2, which mediates the effects of insulin and interleukin 4, specifically in LyzM expressing cells (Irs2LyzM-/- mice). RESULTS These animals displayed obesity resistance and preservation of glucose homeostasis on high fat diet feeding due to increased energy expenditure via enhanced BAT activity and WAT beiging. Macrophages per se did not produce catecholamines but Irs2LyzM-/- mice displayed increased sympathetic nerve density and catecholamine availability in adipose tissue. Irs2-deficient macrophages displayed an anti-inflammatory transcriptional profile and alterations in genes involved in scavenging catecholamines and supporting increased sympathetic innervation. CONCLUSIONS Our studies identify a critical macrophage signaling pathway involved in the regulation of adipose tissue sympathetic nerve function that, in turn, mediates key neuroimmune effects upon systemic metabolism. The insights gained may open therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Therese Rached
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Steven J Millership
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Silvia M A Pedroni
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | | | - Ana S H Costa
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Darran G Hardy
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Justyna A Glegola
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Elaine E Irvine
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Colin Selman
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Megan C Woodberry
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Vijay K Yadav
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Sanjay Khadayate
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Samuel Virtue
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Christian Frezza
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Dominic J Withers
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Roura-Guiberna A, Hernandez-Aranda J, Ramirez-Flores CJ, Mondragon-Flores R, Garibay-Nieto N, Queipo-Garcia G, Laresgoiti-Servitje E, Soh JW, Olivares-Reyes JA. Isomers of conjugated linoleic acid induce insulin resistance through a mechanism involving activation of protein kinase Cε in liver cells. Cell Signal 2019; 53:281-293. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
14
|
Wang X, Zhao D, Cui Y, Lu S, Gao D, Liu J. Proinflammatory macrophages impair skeletal muscle differentiation in obesity through secretion of tumor necrosis factor‐α via sustained activation of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:2566-2580. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xueqiang Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and MedicineThe Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an China
| | - Daina Zhao
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and MedicineThe Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an China
| | - Yajuan Cui
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and MedicineThe Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an China
| | - Shemin Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySchool of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi’an China
| | - Dan Gao
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and MedicineThe Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an China
| | - Jiankang Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and MedicineThe Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu Y, Neumann D, Glatz JFC, Luiken JJFP. Molecular mechanism of lipid-induced cardiac insulin resistance and contractile dysfunction. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 136:131-141. [PMID: 27372802 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Long-chain fatty acids are the main cardiac substrates from which ATP is generated continually to serve the high energy demand and sustain the normal function of the heart. Under healthy conditions, fatty acid β-oxidation produces 50-70% of the energy demands with the remainder largely accounted for by glucose. Chronically increased dietary lipid supply often leads to excess lipid accumulation in the heart, which is linked to a variety of maladaptive phenomena, such as insulin resistance, cardiac hypertrophy and contractile dysfunction. CD36, the predominant cardiac fatty acid transporter, has a key role in setting the heart on a road to contractile dysfunction upon the onset of chronic lipid oversupply by translocating to the cell surface and opening the cellular 'doors' for fatty acids. The sequence of events after the CD36-mediated myocellular lipid accumulation is less understood, but in general it has been accepted that the excessively imported lipids cause insulin resistance, which in turn leads to contractile dysfunction. There are several gaps of knowledge in this proposed order of events which this review aims to discuss. First, the molecular mechanisms underlying lipid-induced insulin resistance are not yet completely disclosed. Specifically, several mediators have been proposed, such as diacylglycerols, ceramides, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR), inflammatory kinases and reactive oxygen species (ROS), but their relative contributions to the onset of insulin resistance and their putatively synergistic actions are topics of controversy. Second, there are also pieces of evidence that lipids can induce contractile dysfunction independently of insulin resistance. Perhaps, a more integrative view is needed, in which several lipid-induced pathways operate synergistically or in parallel to induce contractile dysfunction. Unraveling of these processes is expected to be important in designing effective therapeutic strategies to protect the lipid-overloaded heart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Liu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dietbert Neumann
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan F C Glatz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Joost J F P Luiken
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sun B, Zhong Z, Wang F, Xu J, Xu F, Kong W, Ling Z, Shu N, Li Y, Wu T, Zhang M, Zhu L, Liu X, Liu L. Atorvastatin impaired glucose metabolism in C2C12 cells partly via inhibiting cholesterol-dependent glucose transporter 4 translocation. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 150:108-119. [PMID: 29338971 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle accounts for approximately 75% of glucose disposal in body and statins impair glucose metabolism. We aimed to investigate the effect of atorvastatin on glucose metabolism in C2C12 cells. Glucose metabolism and expression of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and hexokinase II (HXKII) were measured following incubation with atorvastatin or pravastatin. Roles of cholesterol in atorvastatin-induced glucose metabolism impairment were investigated via adding cholesterol or mevalonic acid and confirmed by cholesterol depletion with methyl-β-cyclodextrin. Hypercholesterolemia mice induced by high fat diet (HFD) feeding, orally received atorvastatin (6 and 12 mg/kg) or pravastatin (12 mg/kg) for 22 days. Results showed that atorvastatin not pravastatin concentration-dependently impaired glucose consumption, glucose uptake and GLUT4 membrane translocation in C2C12 cells without affecting expression of HXKII or total GLUT4 protein. The atorvastatin-induced alterations were reversed by cholesterol or mevalonic acid. Cholesterol depletion exerted similar impact to atorvastatin, which could be alleviated by cholesterol supplement. Glucose consumption or GLUT4 translocation was positively associated with cellular cholesterol levels. In HFD mice, atorvastatin not pravastatin significantly increased blood glucose levels following glucose or insulin dose and decreased expression of membrane not total GLUT4 protein in muscle. Glucose exposure following glucose or insulin dose was negatively correlated to muscular free cholesterol concentration. Expression of membrane GLUT4 protein was positively related to free cholesterol in muscle. In conclusion, atorvastatin impaired glucose utilization in muscle cells partly via inhibiting GLUT4 membrane translocation due to inhibition of cholesterol synthesis by atorvastatin, at least, partly contributing to glucose intolerance in HFD mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Sun
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zeyu Zhong
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jiong Xu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Weimin Kong
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhaoli Ling
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Nan Shu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ying Li
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Mian Zhang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Li Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Souza CO, Teixeira AA, Biondo LA, Silveira LS, Calder PC, Rosa Neto JC. Palmitoleic acid reduces the inflammation in LPS-stimulated macrophages by inhibition of NFκB, independently of PPARs. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 44:566-575. [PMID: 28135761 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Palmitoleic acid (PM, 16:1n-7) has anti-inflammatory properties that could be linked to higher expression of PPARα, an inhibitor of NFκB. Macrophages play a major role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation, however, the effects of PM on macrophages are underexplored. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effects of PM in activated macrophages as well the role of PPARα. Primary macrophages were isolated from C57BL/6 wild type (WT) and PPARα knockout (KO) mice, cultured under standard conditions and exposed to lipopolysaccharides LPS (2.5 μg/ml) and PM 600 μmol/L conjugated with albumin for 24 hours. The stimulation with LPS increased the production of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β while PM decreased the production of IL-6 in WT macrophages. In KO macrophages, LPS increased the production of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-6 and PM decreased the production of TNFα. The expression of inflammatory markers such NFκB and IL1β were increased by LPS and decreased by PM in both WT and KO macrophages. PM reduced the expression of MyD88 and caspase-1 in KO macrophages, and the expression of TLR4 and HIF-1α in both WT and KO macrophages, although LPS had no effect. CD86, an inflammatory macrophage marker, was reduced by PM independently of genotype. PM increased PPARγ and reduced PPARβ gene expression in macrophages of both genotypes, and increased ACOX-1 expression in KO macrophages. In conclusion, PM promotes anti-inflammatory effects in macrophages exposed to LPS through inhibition of inflammasome pathway, which was independent of PPARα, PPARϒ and AMPK, thus the molecular mechanisms of anti-inflammatory response caused by PM is still unclear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila O Souza
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre As Teixeira
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luana A Biondo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Loreana S Silveira
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, State University of São Paulo, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Philip C Calder
- Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - José C Rosa Neto
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tarabra E, An Lee TW, Zammit VA, Vatish M, Yamada E, Pessin JE, Bastie CC. Differential activation of Fyn kinase distinguishes saturated and unsaturated fats in mouse macrophages. Oncotarget 2017; 8:86634-86645. [PMID: 29156823 PMCID: PMC5689713 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diet-induced obesity is associated with increased adipose tissue activated macrophages. Yet, how macrophages integrate fatty acid (FA) signals remains unclear. We previously demonstrated that Fyn deficiency (fynKO) protects against high fat diet-induced adipose tissue macrophage accumulation. Herein, we show that inflammatory markers and reactive oxygen species are not induced in fynKO bone marrow-derived macrophages exposed to the saturated FA palmitate, suggesting that Fyn regulates macrophage function in response to FA signals. Palmitate activates Fyn and re-localizes Fyn into the nucleus of RAW264.7, J774 and wild-type bone marrow-derived macrophages. Similarly, Fyn activity is increased in cells of adipose tissue stromal vascular fraction of high fat-fed control mice, with Fyn protein being located in the nucleus of these cells. We demonstrate that Fyn modulates palmitate-dependent oxidative stress in macrophages. Moreover, Fyn catalytic activity is necessary for its nuclear re-localization and downstream effects, as Fyn pharmacological inhibition abolishes palmitate-induced Fyn nuclear redistribution and palmitate-dependent increase of oxidative stress markers. Importantly, mono-or polyunsaturated FAs do not activate Fyn, and fail to re-localize Fyn to the nucleus. Together these data demonstrate that macrophages integrate nutritional FA signals via a differential activation of Fyn that distinguishes, at least partly, the effects of saturated versus unsaturated fats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tarabra
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ting-Wen An Lee
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, The Valley Hospital, Ridgewood, NJ, USA
| | - Victor A Zammit
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Manu Vatish
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eijiro Yamada
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Jeffrey E Pessin
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Claire C Bastie
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gabriel TL, Mirzaian M, Hooibrink B, Ottenhoff R, van Roomen C, Aerts JMFG, van Eijk M. Induction of Sphk1 activity in obese adipose tissue macrophages promotes survival. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182075. [PMID: 28753653 PMCID: PMC5533446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During obesity, adipose tissue macrophages (ATM) are increased in concert with local inflammation and insulin resistance. Since the levels of sphingolipid (SLs) in adipose tissue (AT) are altered during obesity we investigated the potential impact of SLs on ATMs. For this, we first analyzed expression of SL metabolizing genes in ATMs isolated from obese mice. A marked induction of sphingosine kinase 1 (Sphk1) expression was observed in obese ATM when compared to lean ATM. This induction was observed in both MGL-ve (M1) and MGL1+ve (M2) macrophages from obese WAT. Next, RAW264.7 cells were exposed to excessive palmitate, resulting in a similar induction of Sphk1. This Sphk1 induction was also observed when cells were treated with chloroquine, a lysosomotropic amine impacting lysosome function. Simultaneous incubation of RAW cells with palmitate and the Sphk1 inhibitor SK1-I promoted cell death, suggesting a protective role of Sphk1 during lipotoxic conditions. Interestingly, a reduction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress related genes was detected in obese ATM and was found to be associated with elevated Sphk1 expression. Altogether, our data suggest that lipid overload in ATM induces Sphk1, which promotes cell viability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanit L. Gabriel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mina Mirzaian
- Department of Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Berend Hooibrink
- Department of Cell Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Roelof Ottenhoff
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cindy van Roomen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes M. F. G. Aerts
- Department of Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marco van Eijk
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Inflammation, metaflammation and immunometabolic disorders. Nature 2017; 542:177-185. [PMID: 28179656 DOI: 10.1038/nature21363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1342] [Impact Index Per Article: 191.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Proper regulation and management of energy, substrate diversity and quantity, as well as macromolecular synthesis and breakdown processes, are fundamental to cellular and organismal survival and are paramount to health. Cellular and multicellular organization are defended by the immune response, a robust and critical system through which self is distinguished from non-self, pathogenic signals are recognized and eliminated, and tissue homeostasis is safeguarded. Many layers of evolutionarily conserved interactions occur between immune response and metabolism. Proper maintenance of this delicate balance is crucial for health and has important implications for many pathological states such as obesity, diabetes, and other chronic non-communicable diseases.
Collapse
|
21
|
Zou R, Xue J, Huang Q, Dai Z, Xu Y. Involvement of receptor-interacting protein 140 in palmitate-stimulated macrophage infiltration of pancreatic beta cells. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:483-494. [PMID: 28672957 PMCID: PMC5488400 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein 140 (RIP140) in macrophages stimulates the nuclear factor-κB subunit RelA to activate tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 transcription. However, under lipotoxic conditions, the involvement of RIP140 in the infiltration of beta cells by macrophages remains unknown. In the present study, murine RAW264.7 macrophages were transfected with a RIP140 overexpression plasmid or siRNA prior to macrophage activation with 500 µM palmitate. Palmitate-free conditioned media was then collected and added to murine insulinoma MIN6 cells. Significant decreases were observed in cell viability (P<0.01), glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (P<0.01) and levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (P<0.05), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and proliferating cell nuclear antigen mRNA (P<0.01) in MIN6 cells. In addition, conditioned media from palmitate-treated and RIP140-upregulated macrophages significantly increased the levels of uncoupling protein-2 (P<0.01), inducible nitric oxide synthase 1 (P<0.01) and pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (P<0.05) mRNA and levels of activated Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) (P<0.01) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 (P<0.01). In turn, the conditioned media was found to be significantly enriched in TNF-α and IL-6 (both P<0.05). These results were the opposite of those obtained from MIN6 cells treated with conditioned media from palmitate-treated and RIP140-knockdown macrophages. MIN6 cells were transfected with RIP140 overexpression plasmid or siRNA prior to treatment with 500 µM palmitate and supernatant was collected for use in macrophage chemotaxis assays. In the palmitate-activated and RIP140-overexpressing MIN6 cells, TNF-α and IL-6 secretion increased significantly (both P<0.05) and macrophage chemotaxis towards MIN6 cells was enhanced. By contrast, downregulating RIP140 in MIN6 cells had the opposite effect. These data suggest that RIP140 in macrophages mediates the transcription of inflammatory cytokines when concentration of palmitate is high. Macrophage RIP140 may also impair beta cell function by activating the JNK and ERK1/2 signaling pathways and promoting specific gene transcription. Furthermore, expression of RIP140 in pancreatic beta cells may stimulate macrophage chemotaxis, thus triggering local low-grade inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runmei Zou
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Junli Xue
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Qi Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Dai
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yancheng Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Messaoudi I, Handu M, Rais M, Sureshchandra S, Park BS, Fei SS, Wright H, White AE, Jain R, Cameron JL, Winters-Stone KM, Varlamov O. Long-lasting effect of obesity on skeletal muscle transcriptome. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:411. [PMID: 28545403 PMCID: PMC5445270 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3799-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced physical activity and increased intake of calorically-dense diets are the main risk factors for obesity, glucose intolerance, and type 2 diabetes. Chronic overnutrition and hyperglycemia can alter gene expression, contributing to long-term obesity complications. While caloric restriction can reduce obesity and glucose intolerance, it is currently unknown whether it can effectively reprogram transcriptome to a pre-obesity level. The present study addressed this question by the preliminary examination of the transcriptional dynamics in skeletal muscle after exposure to overnutrition and following caloric restriction. RESULTS Six male rhesus macaques of 12-13 years of age consumed a high-fat western-style diet for 6 months and then were calorically restricted for 4 months without exercise. Skeletal muscle biopsies were subjected to longitudinal gene expression analysis using next-generation whole-genome RNA sequencing. In spite of significant weight loss and normalized insulin sensitivity, the majority of WSD-induced (n = 457) and WSD-suppressed (n = 47) genes remained significantly dysregulated after caloric restriction (FDR ≤0.05). The MetacoreTM pathway analysis reveals that western-style diet induced the sustained activation of the transforming growth factor-β gene network, associated with extracellular matrix remodeling, and the downregulation of genes involved in muscle structure development and nutritional processes. CONCLUSIONS Western-style diet, in the absence of exercise, induced skeletal muscle transcriptional programing, which persisted even after insulin resistance and glucose intolerance were completely reversed with caloric restriction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilhem Messaoudi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Mithila Handu
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, L584 505 NW 185th Ave., Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Maham Rais
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Suhas Sureshchandra
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Byung S Park
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Suzanne S Fei
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Hollis Wright
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Ashley E White
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, L584 505 NW 185th Ave., Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Ruhee Jain
- Department of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Judy L Cameron
- Department of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Kerri M Winters-Stone
- Department of School of Nursing, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Oleg Varlamov
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, L584 505 NW 185th Ave., Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chan KL, Boroumand P, Milanski M, Pillon NJ, Bilan PJ, Klip A. Deconstructing metabolic inflammation using cellular systems. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 312:E339-E347. [PMID: 28196858 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00039.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past years, we have embarked in a systematic analysis of the effect of obesity or fatty acids on circulating monocytes, microvascular endothelial cells, macrophages, and skeletal muscle cells. With the use of cell culture strategies, we have deconstructed complex physiological systems and then reconstructed "partial equations" to better understand cell-to-cell communication. Through these approaches, we identified that in high saturated fat environments, cell-autonomous proinflammatory pathways are activated in monocytes and endothelial cells, promoting monocyte adhesion and transmigration. We think of this as a paradigm of the conditions promoting immune cell infiltration into tissues during obesity. In concert, it is possible that muscle and adipose tissue secrete immune cell chemoattractants, and indeed, our tissue culture reconstructions reveal that myotubes treated with the saturated fatty acid palmitate, but not the unsaturated fatty acid palmitoleate, release nucleotides that attract monocytes and other compounds that promote proinflammatory classically activated "(M1)-like" polarization in macrophages. In addition, palmitate directly triggers an M1-like macrophage phenotype, and secretions from these activated macrophages confer insulin resistance to target muscle cells. Together, these studies suggest that in pathophysiological conditions of excess fat, the muscle, endothelial and immune cells engage in a synergistic crosstalk that exacerbates tissue inflammation, leukocyte infiltration, polarization, and consequent insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenny L Chan
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Parastoo Boroumand
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Marciane Milanski
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicolas J Pillon
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip J Bilan
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amira Klip
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario Canada
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pillon NJ, Krook A. Innate immune receptors in skeletal muscle metabolism. Exp Cell Res 2017; 360:47-54. [PMID: 28232117 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent decades have seen increasing evidence for a role for both innate and adaptive immunity in response to changes in and in the modulation of metabolic status. This new field of immunometabolism builds on evidence for activation of immune-derived signals in metabolically relevant tissues such as adipose tissue, liver, hypothalamus and skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle is the primary site of dietary glucose disposal and therefore a key player in the development of diabetes, but studies on the role of inflammation in modulating skeletal muscle metabolism and its possible impact on whole body insulin sensitivity are scarce. This review describes the baseline mRNA expression of innate immune receptors (Toll- and NOD-like receptors) in human skeletal muscle and summarizes studies on putative role of these receptors in skeletal muscle in the context of diabetes, obesity and whole body metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J Pillon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Anna Krook
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wu H, Ballantyne CM. Skeletal muscle inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:43-54. [PMID: 28045398 DOI: 10.1172/jci88880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with chronic inflammation, which contributes to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Under normal conditions, skeletal muscle is responsible for the majority of insulin-stimulated whole-body glucose disposal; thus, dysregulation of skeletal muscle metabolism can strongly influence whole-body glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Increasing evidence suggests that inflammation occurs in skeletal muscle in obesity and is mainly manifested by increased immune cell infiltration and proinflammatory activation in intermyocellular and perimuscular adipose tissue. By secreting proinflammatory molecules, immune cells may induce myocyte inflammation, adversely regulate myocyte metabolism, and contribute to insulin resistance via paracrine effects. Increased influx of fatty acids and inflammatory molecules from other tissues, particularly visceral adipose tissue, can also induce muscle inflammation and negatively regulate myocyte metabolism, leading to insulin resistance.
Collapse
|
26
|
Talari M, Nayak TKS, Kain V, Babu PP, Misra P, Parsa KVL. MicroRNA-712 restrains macrophage pro-inflammatory responses by targeting LRRK2 leading to restoration of insulin stimulated glucose uptake by myoblasts. Mol Immunol 2016; 82:1-9. [PMID: 27992764 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory diseases such as insulin resistance, Type 2 diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases etc., are shown to be caused due to imbalanced activation states of macrophages. MicroRNAs which are transcriptional/post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression drive several pathophysiological processes including macrophage polarization. However the functional role of microRNAs in regulating inflammation induced insulin resistance is ill defined. In our current study we observed that the expression of miR-712 was reduced in macrophages exposed to LPS and IFN-γ. Ectopic expression of miR-712 in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages impaired the expression of iNOS protein and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-β which in turn led to improved insulin stimulated glucose uptake in co-cultured L6 myoblasts. Mechanistically, we identified that miR-712 targets the 3'UTR of a potent inflammatory gene LRRK2 and dampens the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2 kinases. Taken together, our data underscore the regulatory role of miR-712 in restoring insulin stimulated glucose uptake by myoblasts through down-regulating macrophage mediated inflammatory responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malathi Talari
- Department of Biology, Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Tapan Kumar Singh Nayak
- Department of Biology, Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Vasundhara Kain
- Department of Biology, Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Phanithi Prakash Babu
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Parimal Misra
- Department of Biology, Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Kishore V L Parsa
- Department of Biology, Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Altered Myokine Secretion Is an Intrinsic Property of Skeletal Muscle in Type 2 Diabetes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158209. [PMID: 27453994 PMCID: PMC4959771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle secretes factors, termed myokines. We employed differentiated human skeletal muscle cells (hSMC) cultured from Type 2 diabetic (T2D) and non-diabetic (ND) subjects to investigate the impact of T2D on myokine secretion. Following 24 hours of culture concentrations of selected myokines were determined to range over 4 orders of magnitude. T2D hSMC released increased amounts of IL6, IL8, IL15, TNFa, Growth Related Oncogene (GRO)a, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, and follistatin compared to ND myotubes. T2D and ND hSMC secreted similar levels of IL1ß and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Treatment with the inflammatory agents lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or palmitate augmented the secretion of many myokines including: GROa, IL6, IL8, IL15, and TNFa, but did not consistently alter the protein content and/or phosphorylation of IkBa, p44/42 MAPK, p38 MAPK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and NF-kB, nor lead to consistent changes in basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake or free fatty acid oxidation. Conversely, treatment with pioglitazone or oleate resulted in modest reductions in the secretion of several myokines. Our results demonstrate that altered secretion of a number of myokines is an intrinsic property of skeletal muscle in T2D, suggesting a putative role of myokines in the response of skeletal muscle to T2D.
Collapse
|
28
|
Kain V, Kapadia B, Misra P, Saxena U. Simvastatin may induce insulin resistance through a novel fatty acid mediated cholesterol independent mechanism. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13823. [PMID: 26345110 PMCID: PMC4561915 DOI: 10.1038/srep13823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are a class of oral drugs that are widely used for treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Recent clinical data suggest that chronic use of these drugs increases the frequency of new onset diabetes. Studies to define the risks of statin-induced diabetes and its underlying mechanisms are clearly necessary. We explored the possible mechanism of statin induced insulin resistance using a well-established cell based model and simvastatin as a prototype statin. Our data show that simvastatin induces insulin resistance in a cholesterol biosynthesis inhibition independent fashion but does so by a fatty acid mediated effect on insulin signaling pathway. These data may help design strategies for prevention of statin induced insulin resistance and diabetes in patients with hypercholesterolemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasundhara Kain
- Department of Biology, Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Bandish Kapadia
- Department of Biology, Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Parimal Misra
- Department of Biology, Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chan KL, Pillon NJ, Sivaloganathan DM, Costford SR, Liu Z, Théret M, Chazaud B, Klip A. Palmitoleate Reverses High Fat-induced Proinflammatory Macrophage Polarization via AMP-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK). J Biol Chem 2015; 290:16979-88. [PMID: 25987561 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.646992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A rise in tissue-embedded macrophages displaying "M1-like" proinflammatory polarization is a hallmark of metabolic inflammation during a high fat diet or obesity. Here we show that bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) from high fat-fed mice retain a memory of their dietary environment in vivo (displaying the elevated proinflammatory genes Cxcl1, Il6, Tnf, Nos2) despite 7-day differentiation and proliferation ex vivo. Notably, 6-h incubation with palmitoleate (PO) reversed the proinflammatory gene expression and cytokine secretion seen in BMDM from high fat-fed mice. BMDM from low fat-fed mice exposed to palmitate (PA) for 18 h ex vivo also showed elevated expression of proinflammatory genes (Cxcl1, Il6, Tnf, Nos2, and Il12b) associated with M1 polarization. Conversely, PO treatment increased anti-inflammatory genes (Mrc1, Tgfb1, Il10, Mgl2) and oxidative metabolism, characteristic of M2 macrophages. Therefore, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids bring about opposite macrophage polarization states. Coincubation of BMDM with both fatty acids counteracted the PA-induced Nos2 expression in a PO dose-dependent fashion. PO also prevented PA-induced IκBα degradation, RelA nuclear translocation, NO production, and cytokine secretion. Mechanistically, PO exerted its anti-inflammatory function through AMP-activated protein kinase as AMP kinase knockout or inhibition by Compound C offset the PO-dependent prevention of PA-induced inflammation. These results demonstrate a nutritional memory of BMDM ex vivo, highlight the plasticity of BMDM polarization in response to saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, and identify the potential to reverse diet- and saturated fat-induced M1-like polarization by administering palmitoleate. These findings could have applicability to reverse obesity-linked inflammation in metabolically relevant tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenny L Chan
- From the Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada, the Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada, and
| | - Nicolas J Pillon
- From the Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | | | - Sheila R Costford
- From the Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Zhi Liu
- From the Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Marine Théret
- the Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Benedicte Chazaud
- the Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Amira Klip
- From the Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada, the Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada, and
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Pardo V, González-Rodríguez Á, Guijas C, Balsinde J, Valverde ÁM. Opposite cross-talk by oleate and palmitate on insulin signaling in hepatocytes through macrophage activation. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:11663-77. [PMID: 25792746 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.649483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic low grade inflammation in adipose tissue during obesity is associated with an impairment of the insulin signaling cascade. In this study, we have evaluated the impact of palmitate or oleate overload of macrophage/Kupffer cells in triggering stress-mediated signaling pathways, in lipoapoptosis, and in the cross-talk with insulin signaling in hepatocytes. RAW 264.7 macrophages or Kupffer cells were stimulated with oleate or palmitate, and levels of M1/M2 polarization markers and the lipidomic profile of eicosanoids were analyzed. Whereas proinflammatory cytokines and total eicosanoids were elevated in macrophages/Kupffer cells stimulated with palmitate, enhanced arginase 1 and lower leukotriene B4 (LTB4) levels were detected in macrophages stimulated with oleate. When hepatocytes were pretreated with conditioned medium (CM) from RAW 264.7 or Kupffer cells loaded with palmitate (CM-P), phosphorylation of stress kinases and endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling was increased, insulin signaling was impaired, and lipoapoptosis was detected. Conversely, enhanced insulin receptor-mediated signaling and reduced levels of the phosphatases protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) were found in hepatocytes treated with CM from macrophages stimulated with oleate (CM-O). Supplementation of CM-O with LTB4 suppressed insulin sensitization and increased PTP1B and PTEN. Furthermore, LTB4 decreased insulin receptor tyrosine phosphorylation in hepatocytes, activated the NFκB pathway, and up-regulated PTP1B and PTEN, these effects being mediated by LTB4 receptor BTL1. In conclusion, oleate and palmitate elicit an opposite cross-talk between macrophages/Kupffer cells and hepatocytes. Whereas CM-P interferes at the early steps of insulin signaling, CM-O increases insulin sensitization, possibly by reducing LTB4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Pardo
- From the Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), 28029 Madrid, Spain, the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain, and
| | - Águeda González-Rodríguez
- From the Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), 28029 Madrid, Spain, the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain, and
| | - Carlos Guijas
- the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain, and the Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jesús Balsinde
- the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain, and the Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ángela M Valverde
- the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain, and the Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Jaishy B, Zhang Q, Chung HS, Riehle C, Soto J, Jenkins S, Abel P, Cowart LA, Van Eyk JE, Abel ED. Lipid-induced NOX2 activation inhibits autophagic flux by impairing lysosomal enzyme activity. J Lipid Res 2014; 56:546-561. [PMID: 25529920 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m055152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process involved in maintaining energy and organelle homeostasis. The relationship between obesity and the regulation of autophagy is cell type specific. Despite adverse consequences of obesity on cardiac structure and function, the contribution of altered cardiac autophagy in response to fatty acid overload is incompletely understood. Here, we report the suppression of autophagosome clearance and the activation of NADPH oxidase (Nox)2 in both high fat-fed murine hearts and palmitate-treated H9C2 cardiomyocytes (CMs). Defective autophagosome clearance is secondary to superoxide-dependent impairment of lysosomal acidification and enzyme activity in palmitate-treated CMs. Inhibition of Nox2 prevented superoxide overproduction, restored lysosome acidification and enzyme activity, and reduced autophagosome accumulation in palmitate-treated CMs. Palmitate-induced Nox2 activation was dependent on the activation of classical protein kinase Cs (PKCs), specifically PKCβII. These findings reveal a novel mechanism linking lipotoxicity with a PKCβ-Nox2-mediated impairment in pH-dependent lysosomal enzyme activity that diminishes autophagic turnover in CMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Jaishy
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112; Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Quanjiang Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Heaseung S Chung
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Christian Riehle
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Jamie Soto
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Stephen Jenkins
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Patrick Abel
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - L Ashley Cowart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403
| | - Jennifer E Van Eyk
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224; Bayview Proteomics Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - E Dale Abel
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112; Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
A polyphenol rescues lipid induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle cells and adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 452:382-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
33
|
Talbot NA, Wheeler-Jones CP, Cleasby ME. Palmitoleic acid prevents palmitic acid-induced macrophage activation and consequent p38 MAPK-mediated skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 393:129-42. [PMID: 24973767 PMCID: PMC4148479 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and saturated fatty acid (SFA) treatment are both associated with skeletal muscle insulin resistance (IR) and increased macrophage infiltration. However, the relative effects of SFA and unsaturated fatty acid (UFA)-activated macrophages on muscle are unknown. Here, macrophages were treated with palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid or both and the effects of the conditioned medium (CM) on C2C12 myotubes investigated. CM from palmitic acid-treated J774s (palm-mac-CM) impaired insulin signalling and insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis, reduced Inhibitor κBα and increased phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase in myotubes. p38 MAPK inhibition or siRNA partially ameliorated these defects, as did addition of tumour necrosis factor-α blocking antibody to the CM. Macrophages incubated with both FAs generated CM that did not induce IR, while palmitoleic acid-mac-CM alone was insulin sensitising. Thus UFAs may improve muscle insulin sensitivity and counteract SFA-mediated IR through an effect on macrophage activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola A Talbot
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Caroline P Wheeler-Jones
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Mark E Cleasby
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Incerpi S, Hsieh MT, Lin HY, Cheng GY, De Vito P, Fiore AM, Ahmed RG, Salvia R, Candelotti E, Leone S, Luly P, Pedersen JZ, Davis FB, Davis PJ. Thyroid hormone inhibition in L6 myoblasts of IGF-I-mediated glucose uptake and proliferation: new roles for integrin αvβ3. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 307:C150-61. [PMID: 24808494 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00308.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones L-thyroxine (T4) and 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) have been shown to initiate short- and long-term effects via a plasma membrane receptor site located on integrin αvβ3. Also insulin-like growth factor type I (IGF-I) activity is known to be subject to regulation by this integrin. To investigate the possible cross-talk between T4 and IGF-I in rat L6 myoblasts, we have examined integrin αvβ3-mediated modulatory actions of T4 on glucose uptake, measured through carrier-mediated 2-deoxy-[3H]-D-glucose uptake, and on cell proliferation stimulated by IGF-I, assessed by cell counting, [3H]-thymidine incorporation, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. IGF-I stimulated glucose transport and cell proliferation via the cell surface IGF-I receptor (IGFIR) and, downstream of the receptor, by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signal transduction pathway. Addition of 0.1 nM free T4 caused little or no cell proliferation but prevented both glucose uptake and proliferative actions of IGF-I. These actions of T4 were mediated by an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-sensitive pathway, suggesting the existence of crosstalk between IGFIR and the T4 receptor located near the RGD recognition site on the integrin. An RGD-sequence-containing integrin inhibitor, a monoclonal antibody to αvβ3, and the T4 metabolite tetraiodothyroacetic acid all blocked the inhibition by T4 of IGF-I-stimulated glucose uptake and cell proliferation. Western blotting confirmed roles for activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in the effects of IGF-I and also showed a role for ERK1/2 in the actions of T4 that modified the effects of IGF-I. We conclude that thyroid hormone inhibits IGF-I-stimulated glucose uptake and cell proliferation in L6 myoblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Incerpi
- Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy;
| | - Meng-Ti Hsieh
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yun Lin
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guei-Yun Cheng
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Paolo De Vito
- Department of Biology, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - R G Ahmed
- Department of Zoology, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Rosanna Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Leone
- Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Luly
- Department of Biology, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Faith B Davis
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York
| | - Paul J Davis
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York; Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Corzo C, Griffin PR. Targeting the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ to Counter the Inflammatory Milieu in Obesity. Diabetes Metab J 2013; 37:395-403. [PMID: 24404510 PMCID: PMC3881323 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2013.37.6.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue, which was once viewed as a simple organ for storage of triglycerides, is now considered an important endocrine organ. Abnormal adipose tissue mass is associated with defects in endocrine and metabolic functions which are the underlying causes of the metabolic syndrome. Many adipokines, hormones secreted by adipose tissue, regulate cells from the immune system. Interestingly, most of these adipokines are proinflammatory mediators, which increase dramatically in the obese state and are believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. Drugs that target peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory effects in animal models of diabetes. These findings, and the link between inflammation and the metabolic syndrome, will be reviewed here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Corzo
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Patrick R. Griffin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Macrae K, Stretton C, Lipina C, Blachnio-Zabielska A, Baranowski M, Gorski J, Marley A, Hundal HS. Defining the role of DAG, mitochondrial function, and lipid deposition in palmitate-induced proinflammatory signaling and its counter-modulation by palmitoleate. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2366-78. [PMID: 23833248 PMCID: PMC3735935 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m036996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure of skeletal muscle to saturated fatty acids, such as palmitate (C16:0), enhances proinflammatory IKK-NFκB signaling by a mechanism involving the MAP kinase (Raf-MEK-ERK) pathway. Raf activation can be induced by its dissociation from the Raf-kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) by diacylglycerol (DAG)-sensitive protein kinase C (PKC). However, whether these molecules mediate the proinflammatory action of palmitate, an important precursor for DAG synthesis, is currently unknown. Here, involvement of DAG-sensitive PKCs, RKIP, and the structurally related monounsaturated fatty acid palmitoleate (C16:1) on proinflammatory signaling are investigated. Palmitate, but not palmitoleate, induced phosphorylation/activation of the MEK-ERK-IKK axis and proinflammatory cytokine (IL-6, CINC-1) expression. Palmitate increased intramyocellular DAG and invoked PKC-dependent RKIP(Ser153) phosphorylation, resulting in RKIP-Raf1 dissociation and MEK-ERK signaling. These responses were mimicked by PMA, a DAG mimetic and PKC activator. However, while pharmacological inhibition of PKC suppressed PMA-induced activation of MEK-ERK-IKK signaling, activation by palmitate was upheld, suggesting that DAG-sensitive PKC and RKIP were dispensable for palmitate's proinflammatory action. Strikingly, the proinflammatory effect of palmitate was potently repressed by palmitoleate. This repression was not due to reduced palmitate uptake but linked to increased neutral lipid storage and enhanced cellular oxidative capacity brought about by palmitoleate's ability to restrain palmitate-induced mitochondrial dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Macrae
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, Sir James Black Centre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Stretton
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, Sir James Black Centre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Lipina
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, Sir James Black Centre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marcin Baranowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jan Gorski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Anna Marley
- Department of Physiology, AstraZeneca, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Harinder S. Hundal
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, Sir James Black Centre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Chiu TT, Sun Y, Koshkina A, Klip A. Rac-1 superactivation triggers insulin-independent glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation that bypasses signaling defects exerted by c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)- and ceramide-induced insulin resistance. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:17520-31. [PMID: 23640896 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.467647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin activates a cascade of signaling molecules, including Rac-1, Akt, and AS160, to promote the net gain of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) at the plasma membrane of muscle cells. Interestingly, constitutively active Rac-1 expression results in a hormone-independent increase in surface GLUT4; however, the molecular mechanism and significance behind this effect remain unresolved. Using L6 myoblasts stably expressing myc-tagged GLUT4, we found that overexpression of constitutively active but not wild-type Rac-1 sufficed to drive GLUT4 translocation to the membrane of comparable magnitude with that elicited by insulin. Stimulation of endogenous Rac-1 by Tiam1 overexpression elicited a similar hormone-independent gain in surface GLUT4. This effect on GLUT4 traffic could also be reproduced by acutely activating a Rac-1 construct via rapamycin-mediated heterodimerization. Strategies triggering Rac-1 "superactivation" (i.e. to levels above those attained by insulin alone) produced a modest gain in plasma membrane phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate, moderate Akt activation, and substantial AS160 phosphorylation, which translated into GLUT4 translocation and negated the requirement for IRS-1. This unique signaling capacity exerted by Rac-1 superactivation bypassed the defects imposed by JNK- and ceramide-induced insulin resistance and allowed full and partial restoration of the GLUT4 translocation response, respectively. We propose that potent elevation of Rac-1 activation alone suffices to drive insulin-independent GLUT4 translocation in muscle cells, and such a strategy might be exploited to bypass signaling defects during insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Ting Chiu
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Pillon NJ, Bilan PJ, Fink LN, Klip A. Cross-talk between skeletal muscle and immune cells: muscle-derived mediators and metabolic implications. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304:E453-65. [PMID: 23277185 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00553.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles contain resident immune cell populations and their abundance and type is altered in inflammatory myopathies, endotoxemia or different types of muscle injury/insult. Within tissues, monocytes differentiate into macrophages and polarize to acquire pro- or anti-inflammatory phenotypes. Skeletal muscle macrophages play a fundamental role in repair and pathogen clearance. These events require a precisely regulated cross-talk between myofibers and immune cells, involving paracrine/autocrine and contact interactions. Skeletal muscle also undergoes continuous repair as a result of contractile activity that involves participation of myokines and anti-inflammatory input. Finally, skeletal muscle is the major site of dietary glucose disposal; therefore, muscle insulin resistance is essential to the development of whole body insulin resistance. Notably, muscle inflammation is emerging as a potential contributor to insulin resistance. Recent reports show that inflammatory macrophage numbers within muscle are elevated during obesity and that muscle cells in vitro can mount autonomous inflammatory responses under metabolic challenge. Here, we review the nature of skeletal muscle inflammation associated with muscle exercise, damage, and regeneration, endotoxin presence, and myopathies, as well as the new evidence of local inflammation arising with obesity that potentially contributes to insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J Pillon
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Liu D, Gordon PM. Low macrophage content in diabetic and aging human skeletal muscle. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:2. [PMID: 23404935 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
40
|
Tam CS, Covington JD, Ravussin E. Response to Low macrophage content in diabetic and aging human skeletal muscle. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:4-5. [PMID: 23401144 PMCID: PMC3839625 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charmaine S. Tam
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
- The Charles Perkins Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Adaptive regulation maintains posttetanic potentiation at cerebellar granule cell synapses in the absence of calcium-dependent PKC. J Neurosci 2012; 32:13004-9. [PMID: 22993418 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0683-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttetanic potentiation (PTP) is a transient, calcium-dependent increase in the efficacy of synaptic transmission following elevated presynaptic activity. The calcium-dependent protein kinase C (PKC(Ca)) isoforms PKCα and PKCβ mediate PTP at the calyx of Held synapse, with PKCβ contributing significantly more than PKCα. It is not known whether PKC(Ca) isoforms play a conserved role in PTP at other synapses. We examined this question at the parallel fiber → Purkinje cell (PF→PC) synapse, where PKC inhibitors suppress PTP. We found that PTP is preserved when single PKC(Ca) isoforms are knocked out and in PKCα/β double knock-out (dko) mice, even though in the latter all PKC(Ca) isoforms are eliminated from granule cells. However, in contrast to wild-type and single knock-out animals, PTP in PKCα/β dko animals is not suppressed by PKC inhibitors. These results indicate that PKC(Ca) isoforms mediate PTP at the PF→PC synapse in wild-type and single knock-out animals. However, unlike the calyx of Held, at the PF→PC synapse either PKCα or PKCβ alone is sufficient to mediate PTP, and if both isoforms are eliminated a compensatory PKC-independent mechanism preserves the plasticity. These results suggest that a feedback mechanism allows granule cells to maintain the normal properties of short-term synaptic plasticity even when the mechanism that mediates PTP in wild-type mice is eliminated.
Collapse
|
42
|
TAK-242, a small-molecule inhibitor of Toll-like receptor 4 signalling, unveils similarities and differences in lipopolysaccharide- and lipid-induced inflammation and insulin resistance in muscle cells. Biosci Rep 2012; 33:37-47. [PMID: 23050932 PMCID: PMC3522475 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20120098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that TLR (Toll-like receptor) 4 and downstream pathways [MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases) and NF-κB (nuclear factor κB)] play an important role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. LPS (lipopolysaccharide) and saturated NEFA (non-esterified fatty acids) activate TLR4, and plasma concentrations of these TLR4 ligands are elevated in obesity and Type 2 diabetes. Our goals were to define the role of TLR4 on the insulin resistance caused by LPS and saturated NEFA, and to dissect the independent contribution of LPS and NEFA to the activation of TLR4-driven pathways by employing TAK-242, a specific inhibitor of TLR4. LPS caused robust activation of the MAPK and NF-κB pathways in L6 myotubes, along with impaired insulin signalling and glucose transport. TAK-242 completely prevented the inflammatory response (MAPK and NF-κB activation) caused by LPS, and, in turn, improved LPS-induced insulin resistance. Similar to LPS, stearate strongly activated MAPKs, although stimulation of the NF-κB axis was modest. As seen with LPS, the inflammatory response caused by stearate was accompanied by impaired insulin action. TAK-242 also blunted stearate-induced inflammation; yet, the protective effect conferred by TAK-242 was partial and observed only on MAPKs. Consequently, the insulin resistance caused by stearate was only partially improved by TAK-242. In summary, TAK-242 provides complete and partial protection against LPS- and NEFA-induced inflammation and insulin resistance, respectively. Thus, LPS-induced insulin resistance depends entirely on TLR4, whereas NEFA works through TLR4-dependent and -independent mechanisms to impair insulin action.
Collapse
|
43
|
Pillon NJ, Arane K, Bilan PJ, Chiu TT, Klip A. Muscle cells challenged with saturated fatty acids mount an autonomous inflammatory response that activates macrophages. Cell Commun Signal 2012; 10:30. [PMID: 23078640 PMCID: PMC3507850 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-10-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation. Within adipose tissue of mice fed a high fat diet, resident and infiltrating macrophages assume a pro-inflammatory phenotype characterized by the production of cytokines which in turn impact on the surrounding tissue. However, inflammation is not restricted to adipose tissue and high fat-feeding is responsible for a significant increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in muscle. Although skeletal muscle is the major disposer of dietary glucose and a major determinant of glycemia, the origin and consequence of muscle inflammation in the development of insulin resistance are poorly understood. We used a cell culture approach to investigate the vectorial crosstalk between muscle cells and macrophages upon exposure to physiological, low levels of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Inflammatory pathway activation and cytokine expression were analyzed in L6 muscle cells expressing myc-tagged GLUT4 (L6GLUT4myc) exposed to 0.2 mM palmitate or palmitoleate. Conditioned media thereof, free of fatty acids, were then tested for their ability to activate RAW264.7 macrophages. Palmitate -but not palmitoleate- induced IL-6, TNFα and CCL2 expression in muscle cells, through activation of the NF-κB pathway. Palmitate (0.2 mM) alone did not induce insulin resistance in muscle cells, yet conditioned media from palmitate-challenged muscle cells selectively activated macrophages towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype. These results demonstrate that low concentrations of palmitate activate autonomous inflammation in muscle cells to release factors that turn macrophages pro-inflammatory. We hypothesize that saturated fat-induced, low-grade muscle cell inflammation may trigger resident skeletal muscle macrophage polarization, possibly contributing to insulin resistance in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J Pillon
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children,Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Dziewulska A, Dobrzyn P, Jazurek M, Pyrkowska A, Ntambi JM, Dobrzyn A. Monounsaturated fatty acids are required for membrane translocation of protein kinase C-thetainduced by lipid overload in skeletal muscle. Mol Membr Biol 2012; 29:309-20. [DOI: 10.3109/09687688.2012.710340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
45
|
Tripathi YB, Pandey V. Obesity and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stresses. Front Immunol 2012; 3:240. [PMID: 22891067 PMCID: PMC3413011 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In obesity, the adipose cells behave as inflammatory source and result to low grade inflammation. This systemic inflammation along with oxidative stress is a silent killer and damages other vital organs also. High metabolic process, induced due to high nutritional intake, results to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial stress. This review describes the triggering factor and basic mechanism behind the obesity mediated these stresses in relation to inflammation. Efforts have been made to describe the effect-response cycle between adipocytes and non-adipocyte cells with reference to metabolic syndrome (MS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yamini B Tripathi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Papackova Z, Palenickova E, Dankova H, Zdychova J, Skop V, Kazdova L, Cahova M. Kupffer cells ameliorate hepatic insulin resistance induced by high-fat diet rich in monounsaturated fatty acids: the evidence for the involvement of alternatively activated macrophages. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012; 9:22. [PMID: 22439764 PMCID: PMC3348013 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-9-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resident macrophages (Kupffer cells, KCs) in the liver can undergo both pro- or anti-inflammatory activation pathway and exert either beneficiary or detrimental effects on liver metabolism. Until now, their role in the metabolically dysfunctional state of steatosis remains enigmatic. Aim of our study was to characterize the role of KCs in relation to the onset of hepatic insulin resistance induced by a high-fat (HF) diet rich in monounsaturated fatty acids. METHODS Male Wistar rats were fed either standard (SD) or high-fat (HF) diet for 4 weeks. Half of the animals were subjected to the acute GdCl3 treatment 24 and 72 hrs prior to the end of the experiment in order to induce the reduction of KCs population. We determined the effect of HF diet on activation status of liver macrophages and on the changes in hepatic insulin sensitivity and triacylglycerol metabolism imposed by acute KCs depletion by GdCl3. RESULTS We found that a HF diet rich in MUFA itself triggers an alternative but not the classical activation program in KCs. In a steatotic, but not in normal liver, a reduction of the KCs population was associated with a decrease of alternative activation and with a shift towards the expression of pro-inflammatory activation markers, with the increased autophagy, elevated lysosomal lipolysis, increased formation of DAG, PKCε activation and marked exacerbation of HF diet-induced hepatic insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS We propose that in the presence of a high MUFA content the population of alternatively activated resident liver macrophages may mediate beneficial effects on liver insulin sensitivity and alleviate the metabolic disturbances imposed by HF diet feeding and steatosis. Our data indicate that macrophage polarization towards an alternative state might be a useful strategy for treating type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Papackova
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1958/9, Prague 14021, Czech Republic
| | - Eliska Palenickova
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1958/9, Prague 14021, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Dankova
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1958/9, Prague 14021, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Zdychova
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1958/9, Prague 14021, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Skop
- Institute for Chemical Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Kazdova
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1958/9, Prague 14021, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Cahova
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1958/9, Prague 14021, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|