1
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Mazel-Sanchez B, Niu C, Williams N, Bachmann M, Choltus H, Silva F, Serre-Beinier V, Karenovics W, Iwaszkiewicz J, Zoete V, Kaiser L, Hartley O, Wehrle-Haller B, Schmolke M. Influenza A virus exploits transferrin receptor recycling to enter host cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2214936120. [PMID: 37192162 PMCID: PMC10214170 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2214936120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) enters host cells mostly through clathrin-dependent receptor-mediated endocytosis. A single bona fide entry receptor protein supporting this entry mechanism remains elusive. Here we performed proximity ligation of biotin to host cell surface proteins in the vicinity of attached trimeric hemagglutinin-HRP and characterized biotinylated targets using mass spectrometry. This approach identified transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) as a candidate entry protein. Genetic gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments, as well as in vitro and in vivo chemical inhibition, confirmed the functional involvement of TfR1 in IAV entry. Recycling deficient mutants of TfR1 do not support entry, indicating that TfR1 recycling is essential for this function. The binding of virions to TfR1 via sialic acids confirmed its role as a directly acting entry factor, but unexpectedly even headless TfR1 promoted IAV particle uptake in trans. TIRF microscopy localized the entering virus-like particles in the vicinity of TfR1. Our data identify TfR1 recycling as a revolving door mechanism exploited by IAV to enter host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beryl Mazel-Sanchez
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chengyue Niu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nathalia Williams
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michael Bachmann
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hélèna Choltus
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Filo Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Justyna Iwaszkiewicz
- Molecular Modeling Group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Molecular Modeling Group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015Lausanne, Switzerland
- Computer-Aided Molecular Engineering Group, Department of Oncology (University of Lausanne and the Lausanne University Hospital), Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, 1066Épalinges, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Kaiser
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Geneva Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Hartley
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Wehrle-Haller
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mirco Schmolke
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211Geneva, Switzerland
- Geneva Center of Inflammation Research, University of Geneva, 1211Geneva, Switzerland
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2
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Eichberg J, Maiworm E, Oberpaul M, Czudai-Matwich V, Lüddecke T, Vilcinskas A, Hardes K. Antiviral Potential of Natural Resources against Influenza Virus Infections. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112452. [PMID: 36366550 PMCID: PMC9693975 DOI: 10.3390/v14112452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a severe contagious disease caused by influenza A and B viruses. The WHO estimates that annual outbreaks lead to 3-5 million severe infections of which approximately 10% lead to the death of the patient. While vaccination is the cornerstone of prevention, antiviral drugs represent the most important treatment option of acute infections. Only two classes of drugs are currently approved for the treatment of influenza in numerous countries: M2 channel blockers and neuraminidase inhibitors. In some countries, additional compounds such as the recently developed cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor baloxavir marboxil or the polymerase inhibitor favipiravir are available. However, many of these compounds suffer from poor efficacy, if not applied early after infection. Furthermore, many influenza strains have developed resistances and lost susceptibility to these compounds. As a result, there is an urgent need to develop new anti-influenza drugs against a broad spectrum of subtypes. Natural products have made an important contribution to the development of new lead structures, particularly in the field of infectious diseases. Therefore, this article aims to review the research on the identification of novel lead structures isolated from natural resources suitable to treat influenza infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Eichberg
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- BMBF Junior Research Group in Infection Research “ASCRIBE”, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Elena Maiworm
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- BMBF Junior Research Group in Infection Research “ASCRIBE”, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Markus Oberpaul
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- BMBF Junior Research Group in Infection Research “ASCRIBE”, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Volker Czudai-Matwich
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Tim Lüddecke
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
- Institute of Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26–32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Kornelia Hardes
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- BMBF Junior Research Group in Infection Research “ASCRIBE”, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
- Correspondence:
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3
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The role of cyclophilins in viral infec and the immune response. J Infect 2022; 85:365-373. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Discovery of the anti-influenza A virus activity of SB216763 and cyclosporine A by mining infected cells and compound cellular signatures. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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5
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Mamatis JE, Pellizzari-Delano IE, Gallardo-Flores CE, Colpitts CC. Emerging Roles of Cyclophilin A in Regulating Viral Cloaking. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:828078. [PMID: 35242122 PMCID: PMC8886124 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.828078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular cyclophilins (Cyps) such as cyclophilin A (CypA) have emerged as key players at the virus-host interface. As host factors required for the replication of many unrelated viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and coronaviruses (CoVs), Cyps are attractive targets for antiviral therapy. However, a clear understanding of how these viruses exploit Cyps to promote their replication has yet to be elucidated. Recent findings suggest that CypA contributes to cloaking of viral replication intermediates, an evasion strategy that prevents detection of viral nucleic acid by innate immune sensors. Furthermore, Cyps are emerging to have roles in regulation of cellular antiviral signaling pathways. Recruitment of Cyps by viral proteins may interfere with their ability to regulate these signaling factors. Consistent with disruption of viral cloaking and innate immune evasion, treatment with Cyp inhibitors such as cyclosporine A (CsA) restores antiviral innate immunity and induces expression of a subset of antiviral genes that restrict viral infection, which may help to explain the broad antiviral spectrum of CsA. In this review, we provide an overview of the roles of CypA in viral cloaking and evasion of innate immunity, focusing on the underlying mechanisms and new perspectives for antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Mamatis
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Isabella E Pellizzari-Delano
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Carla E Gallardo-Flores
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Che C Colpitts
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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6
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Cakir M, Obernier K, Forget A, Krogan NJ. Target Discovery for Host-Directed Antiviral Therapies: Application of Proteomics Approaches. mSystems 2021; 6:e0038821. [PMID: 34519533 PMCID: PMC8547474 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00388-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Current epidemics, such as AIDS or flu, and the emergence of new threatening pathogens, such as the one causing the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, represent major global health challenges. While vaccination is an important part of the arsenal to counter the spread of viral diseases, it presents limitations and needs to be complemented by efficient therapeutic solutions. Intricate knowledge of host-pathogen interactions is a powerful tool to identify host-dependent vulnerabilities that can be exploited to dampen viral replication. Such host-directed antiviral therapies are promising and are less prone to the development of drug-resistant viral strains. Here, we first describe proteomics-based strategies that allow the rapid characterization of host-pathogen interactions. We then discuss how such data can be exploited to help prioritize compounds with potential host-directed antiviral activity that can be tested in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Cakir
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kirsten Obernier
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Antoine Forget
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nevan J. Krogan
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
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7
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Development of Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agents-Inspiration from Immunomodulatory Natural Products. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071257. [PMID: 34203182 PMCID: PMC8310077 DOI: 10.3390/v13071257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing broad-spectrum antiviral drugs remains an important issue as viral infections continue to threaten public health. Host-directed therapy is a method that focuses on potential targets in host cells or the body, instead of viral proteins. Its antiviral effects are achieved by disturbing the life cycles of pathogens or modulating immunity. In this review, we focus on the development of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs that enhance the immune response. Some natural products present antiviral effects mediated by enhancing immunity, and their structures and mechanisms are summarized here. Natural products with immunomodulatory effects are also discussed, although their antiviral effects remain unknown. Given the power of immunity and the feasibility of host-directed therapy, we argue that both of these categories of natural products provide clues that may be beneficial for the discovery of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.
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8
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Li X, Peng T. Strategy, Progress, and Challenges of Drug Repurposing for Efficient Antiviral Discovery. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:660710. [PMID: 34017257 PMCID: PMC8129523 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.660710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging or re-emerging viruses are still major threats to public health. Prophylactic vaccines represent the most effective way to prevent virus infection; however, antivirals are more promising for those viruses against which vaccines are not effective enough or contemporarily unavailable. Because of the slow pace of novel antiviral discovery, the high disuse rates, and the substantial cost, repurposing of the well-characterized therapeutics, either approved or under investigation, is becoming an attractive strategy to identify the new directions to treat virus infections. In this review, we described recent progress in identifying broad-spectrum antivirals through drug repurposing. We defined the two major categories of the repurposed antivirals, direct-acting repurposed antivirals (DARA) and host-targeting repurposed antivirals (HTRA). Under each category, we summarized repurposed antivirals with potential broad-spectrum activity against a variety of viruses and discussed the possible mechanisms of action. Finally, we proposed the potential investigative directions of drug repurposing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, College of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, College of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Drug repurposing screens reveal cell-type-specific entry pathways and FDA-approved drugs active against SARS-Cov-2. Cell Rep 2021; 35:108959. [PMID: 33811811 PMCID: PMC7985926 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To identify new candidates, we screen a repurposing library of ∼3,000 drugs. Screening in Vero cells finds few antivirals, while screening in human Huh7.5 cells validates 23 diverse antiviral drugs. Extending our studies to lung epithelial cells, we find that there are major differences in drug sensitivity and entry pathways used by SARS-CoV-2 in these cells. Entry in lung epithelial Calu-3 cells is pH independent and requires TMPRSS2, while entry in Vero and Huh7.5 cells requires low pH and triggering by acid-dependent endosomal proteases. Moreover, we find nine drugs are antiviral in respiratory cells, seven of which have been used in humans, and three are US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved, including cyclosporine. We find that the antiviral activity of cyclosporine is targeting Cyclophilin rather than calcineurin, revealing essential host targets that have the potential for rapid clinical implementation.
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10
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Prasad K, Ahamad S, Kanipakam H, Gupta D, Kumar V. Simultaneous Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Entry Pathways by Cyclosporine. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:930-944. [PMID: 33606519 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 represents a global public health emergency. The entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells requires the activation of its spike protein by host cell proteases. The serine protease, TMPRSS2, and cysteine proteases, Cathepsins B/L, activate spike protein and enable SARS-CoV-2 entry to the host cell through two completely different and independent pathways. Therefore, inhibiting either TMPRSS2 or cathepsin B/L may not sufficiently block the virus entry. We here hypothesized that simultaneous targeting of both the entry pathways would be more efficient to block the virus entry rather than targeting the entry pathways individually. To this end, we utilized the network-based drug repurposing analyses to identify the possible common drugs that can target both the entry pathways. This study, for the first time, reports the molecules like cyclosporine, calcitriol, and estradiol as candidate drugs with the binding ability to the host proteases, TMPRSS2, and cathepsin B/L. Next, we analyzed drug-gene and gene-gene interaction networks using 332 human targets of SARS-CoV-2 proteins. The network results indicate that, out of 332 human proteins, cyclosporine interacts with 216 (65%) proteins. Furthermore, we performed molecular docking and all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to explore the binding of drug with TMPRSS2 and cathepsin L. The molecular docking and MD simulation results showed strong and stable binding of cyclosporine A (CsA) with TMPRSS2 and CTSL genes. The above results indicate cyclosporine as a potential drug molecule, as apart from interacting with SARS-CoV-2 entry receptors, it also interacts with most of SARS-CoV-2 target host genes; thus it could potentially interfere with functions of SARS-CoV-2 proteins in human cells. We here also suggest that these antiviral drugs alone or in combination can simultaneously target both the entry pathways and thus can be considered as a potential treatment option for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartikay Prasad
- Amity Institute of Neuropsychology & Neurosciences, Amity University, Noida, UP 201303, India
| | - Shahzaib Ahamad
- Translational Bioinformatics Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Hema Kanipakam
- Translational Bioinformatics Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Dinesh Gupta
- Translational Bioinformatics Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Amity Institute of Neuropsychology & Neurosciences, Amity University, Noida, UP 201303, India
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11
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Liao Y, Luo D, Peng K, Zeng Y. Cyclophilin A: a key player for etiological agent infection. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:1365-1377. [PMID: 33492451 PMCID: PMC7829623 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Cyclophilin A (CypA), a key member of the immunophilin family, is the most abundantly expressed isozyme of the 18 known human cyclophilins. Besides acting as an intracellular receptor for cyclosporine A, CypA plays a vital role in microorganismal infections, cardiovascular diseases, liver diseases, kidney diseases, neurodegeneration, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, periodontitis, sepsis, asthma, and aging. This review focuses on the pivotal roles of CypA in the infection of etiological agents, which manifests mainly in promoting or inhibiting viral replication based on the host cell type and viral species. CypA can interact with viral proteins and thus regulate the replication cycle of the virus. CypA is involved in pathogenic bacterial infections by regulating the formation of host actin skeleton or membrane translocation of bacterial toxins, or mediated the adhesion of Mycoplasma genitalium during the infection processes by acting as a cellular receptor of M. genitalium. CypA also plays a critical role in infection or the life cycle of certain parasites or host immune regulation. Moreover, we summarized the current understanding of CypA inhibitors acting as host-targeting antiviral agents, thus opening an avenue for the treatment of multiple viral infections due to their broad antiviral effects and ability to effectively prevent drug resistance. Therefore, the antiviral effect of CypA has the potential to promote CypA inhibitors as host-targeting drugs to CypA-involved etiological agent infections and human diseases. Key points • CypA is involved in the replication and infection of several viruses, pathogenic bacteria, mycoplasma, and parasites. • CypA inhibitors are in a strong position to inhibit the infection of viruses, bacterial, and mycoplasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Liao
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, No. 28, West Changsheng Road, Hengyang City, 421001 Hunan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Luo
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, No. 28, West Changsheng Road, Hengyang City, 421001 Hunan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Kailan Peng
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, No. 28, West Changsheng Road, Hengyang City, 421001 Hunan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanhua Zeng
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, No. 28, West Changsheng Road, Hengyang City, 421001 Hunan Province People’s Republic of China
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang City, 421001 Hunan Province People’s Republic of China
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12
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Parkinson N, Rodgers N, Head Fourman M, Wang B, Zechner M, Swets MC, Millar JE, Law A, Russell CD, Baillie JK, Clohisey S. Dynamic data-driven meta-analysis for prioritisation of host genes implicated in COVID-19. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22303. [PMID: 33339864 PMCID: PMC7749145 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79033-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing body of literature describing the role of host factors in COVID-19 pathogenesis demonstrates the need to combine diverse, multi-omic data to evaluate and substantiate the most robust evidence and inform development of therapies. Here we present a dynamic ranking of host genes implicated in human betacoronavirus infection (SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, seasonal coronaviruses). We conducted an extensive systematic review of experiments identifying potential host factors. Gene lists from diverse sources were integrated using Meta-Analysis by Information Content (MAIC). This previously described algorithm uses data-driven gene list weightings to produce a comprehensive ranked list of implicated host genes. From 32 datasets, the top ranked gene was PPIA, encoding cyclophilin A, a druggable target using cyclosporine. Other highly-ranked genes included proposed prognostic factors (CXCL10, CD4, CD3E) and investigational therapeutic targets (IL1A) for COVID-19. Gene rankings also inform the interpretation of COVID-19 GWAS results, implicating FYCO1 over other nearby genes in a disease-associated locus on chromosome 3. Researchers can search and review the gene rankings and the contribution of different experimental methods to gene rank at https://baillielab.net/maic/covid19 . As new data are published we will regularly update the list of genes as a resource to inform and prioritise future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Parkinson
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Natasha Rodgers
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Max Head Fourman
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Bo Wang
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Marie Zechner
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Maaike C Swets
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan E Millar
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Andy Law
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Clark D Russell
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J Kenneth Baillie
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Sara Clohisey
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK.
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13
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García-Serradilla M, Risco C, Pacheco B. Drug repurposing for new, efficient, broad spectrum antivirals. Virus Res 2019; 264:22-31. [PMID: 30794895 PMCID: PMC7114681 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Emerging viruses are a major threat to human health. Recent outbreaks have emphasized the urgent need for new antiviral treatments. For several pathogenic viruses, considerable efforts have focused on vaccine development. However, during epidemics infected individuals need to be treated urgently. High-throughput screening of clinically tested compounds provides a rapid means to identify undiscovered, antiviral functions for well-characterized therapeutics. Repurposed drugs can bypass part of the early cost and time needed for validation and authorization. In this review we describe recent efforts to find broad spectrum antivirals through drug repurposing. We have chosen several candidates and propose strategies to understand their mechanism of action and to determine how resistance to antivirals develops in infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moisés García-Serradilla
- Cell Structure Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology, National Research Council, CNB-CSIC, Darwin 3, UAM, campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Risco
- Cell Structure Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology, National Research Council, CNB-CSIC, Darwin 3, UAM, campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Pacheco
- Cell Structure Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology, National Research Council, CNB-CSIC, Darwin 3, UAM, campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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14
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de Wilde AH, Pham U, Posthuma CC, Snijder EJ. Cyclophilins and cyclophilin inhibitors in nidovirus replication. Virology 2018; 522:46-55. [PMID: 30014857 PMCID: PMC7112023 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophilins (Cyps) belong to the family of peptidyl-prolyl isomerases (PPIases). The PPIase activity of most Cyps is inhibited by the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A and several of its non-immunosuppressive analogs, which can also block the replication of nidoviruses (arteriviruses and coronaviruses). Cyclophilins have been reported to play an essential role in the replication of several other RNA viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus-1, hepatitis C virus, and influenza A virus. Likewise, the replication of various nidoviruses was reported to depend on Cyps or other PPIases. This review summarizes our current understanding of this class of nidovirus-host interactions, including the potential function of in particular CypA and the inhibitory effect of Cyp inhibitors. Also the involvement of the FK-506-binding proteins and parvulins is discussed. The nidovirus data are placed in a broader perspective by summarizing the most relevant data on Cyp interactions and Cyp inhibitors for other RNA viruses. Nidovirus replication is inhibited by cyclophilin inhibitors. Arterivirus replication depends on cyclophilin A. Cyclosporin A blocks arterivirus RNA synthesis. Using cyclophilin inhibitors against nidoviruses in vivo needs more investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriaan H de Wilde
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Uyen Pham
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Clara C Posthuma
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eric J Snijder
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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15
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Yip TF, Selim ASM, Lian I, Lee SMY. Advancements in Host-Based Interventions for Influenza Treatment. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1547. [PMID: 30042762 PMCID: PMC6048202 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a major acute respiratory infection that causes mortality and morbidity worldwide. Two classes of conventional antivirals, M2 ion channel blockers and neuraminidase inhibitors, are mainstays in managing influenza disease to lessen symptoms while minimizing hospitalization and death in patients with severe influenza. However, the development of viral resistance to both drug classes has become a major public health concern. Vaccines are prophylaxis mainstays but are limited in efficacy due to the difficulty in matching predicted dominant viral strains to circulating strains. As such, other potential interventions are being explored. Since viruses rely on host cellular functions to replicate, recent therapeutic developments focus on targeting host factors involved in virus replication. Besides controlling virus replication, potential targets for drug development include controlling virus-induced host immune responses such as the recently suggested involvement of innate lymphoid cells and NADPH oxidases in influenza virus pathogenesis and immune cell metabolism. In this review, we will discuss the advancements in novel host-based interventions for treating influenza disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz-Fung Yip
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Aisha Sami Mohammed Selim
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ida Lian
- School of Life Sciences and Chemical Technology, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Suki Man-Yan Lee
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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16
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Liu H, Xue Q, Cao W, Yang F, Ma L, Liu W, Zhang K, Liu X, Zhu Z, Zheng H. Foot-and-mouth disease virus nonstructural protein 2B interacts with cyclophilin A, modulating virus replication. FASEB J 2018; 32:fj201701351. [PMID: 29906248 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious virus that affects cloven-hoofed animals. To understand better the role of nonstructural protein 2B of the causative agent FMD virus (FMDV) in the process of virus replication, we identified a porcine host protein, cyclophilin A (CypA), which interacts with FMDV 2B. The 2B-CypA interaction was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation and GST pull-down assays. CypA showed antiviral functions during FMDV infection. Overexpression of CypA decreased FMDV leader protein (Lpro) and 3A at protein levels. CypA-induced reduction of Lpro enhanced the synthesis of host proteins and increased the integrality of host eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF)-4γ (eIF4G). The reduction of Lpro and 3A was dependent on the proteasome pathway. No interaction was identified between CypA and Lpro or 3A. However, CypA-induced reduction of Lpro and 3A was suppressed by 2B, and disruption of 2B-CypA interaction impaired this inhibitive effect induced by 2B. In summary, our findings identify the antiviral role of CypA against FMDV and provide key insights into how FMDV antagonizes host antiviral response by 2B protein.-Liu, H., Xue, Q., Cao, W., Yang, F., Ma, L., Liu, W., Zhang, K., Liu, X., Zhu, Z., Zheng, H. Foot-and-mouth disease virus nonstructural protein 2B interacts with cyclophilin A, modulating virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huisheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiao Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Linna Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Keshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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17
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Takizawa N, Yamasaki M. Current landscape and future prospects of antiviral drugs derived from microbial products. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2017; 71:ja2017115. [PMID: 29018267 PMCID: PMC7091927 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2017.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections are a major global health threat. Over the last 50 years, significant efforts have been devoted to the development of antiviral drugs and great success has been achieved for some viruses. However, other virus infections, such as epidemic influenza, still spread globally and new threats continue to arise from emerging and re-emerging viruses and drug-resistant viruses. In this review, the contributions of microbial products isolated in Institute of Microbial Chemistry for antiviral research are summarized. In addition, the current state of development of antiviral drugs that target influenza virus and hepatitis B virus, and the future prospects for antivirals from natural products are described and discussed.The Journal of Antibiotics advance online publication, 11 October 2017; doi:10.1038/ja.2017.115.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Takizawa
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Tokyo Japan
| | - Manabu Yamasaki
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Tokyo Japan
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18
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Alessi MC, Cenac N, Si-Tahar M, Riteau B. FPR2: A Novel Promising Target for the Treatment of Influenza. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1719. [PMID: 28928730 PMCID: PMC5591951 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Formyl-peptide receptor-2 (FPR2) is a seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor, which plays an important role in sensing of bacteria and modulation of immune responses. FPR2 is also used by viruses for their own profit. Annexin A1, one of the multiple ligands of FPR2, is incorporated in the budding virus membrane of influenza A viruses (IAV). Thereby, once IAV infect a host cell, FPR2 is activated. FPR2-signaling leads to an increase in viral replication, a dysregulation of the host immune response and a severe disease. Conversely, experiments using FPR2 antagonists in a preclinical model of IAV infections in mice showed that blocking FPR2 protects animals from lethal infections. Thus, FPR2 represents a very attractive host target against influenza. In this review we will give an overview on the pathogenesis of influenza with a focus on the role of FPR2 and we will discuss the advantages of using FPR2 antagonists to treat the flu.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Cenac
- IRSD, INSERM, INRA, INP-ENVT, Université de Toulouse 3Toulouse, France
| | - Mustapha Si-Tahar
- INSERM, Université de Tours, Centre d'Étude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100Tours, France
| | - Béatrice Riteau
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRA, NORT, UMR 1260/1062Marseille, France
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19
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Vidotto A, Morais ATS, Ribeiro MR, Pacca CC, Terzian ACB, Gil LHVG, Mohana-Borges R, Gallay P, Nogueira ML. Systems Biology Reveals NS4B-Cyclophilin A Interaction: A New Target to Inhibit YFV Replication. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:1542-1555. [PMID: 28317380 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Yellow fever virus (YFV) replication is highly dependent on host cell factors. YFV NS4B is reported to be involved in viral replication and immune evasion. Here interactions between NS4B and human proteins were determined using a GST pull-down assay and analyzed using 1-DE and LC-MS/MS. We present a total of 207 proteins confirmed using Scaffold 3 Software. Cyclophilin A (CypA), a protein that has been shown to be necessary for the positive regulation of flavivirus replication, was identified as a possible NS4B partner. 59 proteins were found to be significantly increased when compared with a negative control, and CypA exhibited the greatest difference, with a 22-fold change. Fisher's exact test was significant for 58 proteins, and the p value of CypA was the most significant (0.000000019). The Ingenuity Systems software identified 16 pathways, and this analysis indicated sirolimus, an mTOR pathway inhibitor, as a potential inhibitor of CypA. Immunofluorescence and viral plaque assays showed a significant reduction in YFV replication using sirolimus and cyclosporine A (CsA) as inhibitors. Furthermore, YFV replication was strongly inhibited in cells treated with both inhibitors using reporter BHK-21-rep-YFV17D-LucNeoIres cells. Taken together, these data suggest that CypA-NS4B interaction regulates YFV replication. Finally, we present the first evidence that YFV inhibition may depend on NS4B-CypA interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Vidotto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Medicina de José do Rio Preto , São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Ana T S Morais
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Medicina de José do Rio Preto , São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Milene R Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Medicina de José do Rio Preto , São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Carolina C Pacca
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Medicina de José do Rio Preto , São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Ana C B Terzian
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Medicina de José do Rio Preto , São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Laura H V G Gil
- Departamento de Virologia, Centro de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalhães , Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) - Recife, Pernambuco 50740-465, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Mohana-Borges
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ , Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Philippe Gallay
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute - La Jolla , San Diego, California 92037, United States
| | - Mauricio L Nogueira
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Medicina de José do Rio Preto , São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15090-000, Brazil
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20
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Ma C, Li F, Musharrafieh RG, Wang J. Discovery of cyclosporine A and its analogs as broad-spectrum anti-influenza drugs with a high in vitro genetic barrier of drug resistance. Antiviral Res 2016; 133:62-72. [PMID: 27478032 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As the number of drug-resistant influenza viruses continues to increase, antivirals with novel mechanisms of action are urgently needed. Among the two classes of FDA-approved antiviral drugs, neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors, oseltamivir, zanamivir, and peramivir, are currently the only choice for the prevention and treatment of influenza virus infection. Due to the antigenic drift and antigenic shift, it will only be a matter of time before influenza viruses become completely resistant to these NA inhibitors. In pursuing the next generation of antiviral drugs with complementary mechanisms of action to those of the NA inhibitors, we have identified a natural product, cyclosporine A (CsA) (1), as a desired drug candidate. In this study, we discovered that CsA (1) and its analogs have broad-spectrum antiviral activity against multiple influenza A and B strains, including strains that are resistant to either NA or M2 inhibitors or both. Moreover, CsA (1) displays a high in vitro genetic barrier of drug resistance than oseltamivir carboxylate Mechanistic studies revealed that CsA (1) acts at the intermediate step of viral replication post viral fusion. Its antiviral mechanism is independent of inhibiting the isomerase activity of cyclophilin A (CypA), and CsA (1) has no effect on the viral polymerase activity The potent antiviral efficacy of CsA (1), coupled with the high in vitro genetic barrier of drug resistance and novel mechanism of action, renders CsA (1) a promising anti-influenza drug candidate for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States; BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States; BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Rami Ghassan Musharrafieh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States; BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States.
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21
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Cyclophilin A protects mice against infection by influenza A virus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28978. [PMID: 27354005 PMCID: PMC4926061 DOI: 10.1038/srep28978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies indicate that Cyclophilin A (CypA) impairs the replication of influenza A virus in vitro. To further evaluate the antiviral functions of CypA and explore its mechanism, transgenic mice with overexpression of CypA by two specific promoters with SPC (CypA-SPC) or CMV (CypA-CMV) were developed. After challenge with the A/WSN/33(H1N1) influenza virus, CypA-SPC and CypA-CMV transgenic mice displayed nearly 2.5- and 3.8-fold stronger disease resistance to virus infection, respectively, compared to wild-type animals. Virus replication, pathological lesions and inflammatory cytokines were substantially reduced in both lines of transgenic mice. In addition, after infection there was an upregulation of genes associated with cell migration, immune function, and organ development; and a downregulation of genes associated with the positive regulation of immune cells and apoptosis in the peritoneal macrophages of CypA-overexpressing transgenic mice (CypA+). These results indicate that CypA is a key modulator of influenza virus resistance in mice, and that CypA+ mice constitutes an important model to study the roles of CypA in the regulation of immune responses and infections.
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22
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Hopkins S, Gallay PA. The role of immunophilins in viral infection. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:2103-10. [PMID: 25445708 PMCID: PMC4491039 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tremendous progress has been made in the past 20 years in understanding the roles played by immunophilins, and in particular the cyclophilins, in supporting the replication cycles of human viruses. A growing body of genetic and biochemical evidence and data from clinical trials confirm that cyclophilins are essential cofactors that contribute to establishing a permissive environment within the host cell that supports the replication of HIV-1 and HCV. Cyclophilin A regulates HIV-1 replication kinetics and infectivity, modulates sensitivity to host restriction factors, and cooperates in the transit of the pre-integration complex into the nucleus of infected cells. Cyclophilin A is an essential cofactor whose expression supports HCV-specific RNA replication in human hepatocytes. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Peptidyl-prolyl isomerase inhibitors have been used in clinical trials to validate cyclophilins as antiviral targets for the treatment of HIV-1 and Chronic Hepatitis C virus infection and as molecular probes to identify the roles played by immunophilins in supporting the replication cycles of human viruses. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review summarizes emerging research that defines the functions of immunophilins in supporting the replication cycles of HIV-1, HCV, HBV, coronaviruses, and other viral pathogens and describes new information that suggests a role for immunophilins in regulating innate immune responses against chronic viral infection. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The dependence on cyclophilins by evolutionarily distinct viruses for accomplishing various steps in replication such as viral entry, initiation of genomic nucleic acid replication, viral genome uncoating, nuclear import and nuclear entry, emphasizes the potential of cyclophilin inhibitors as therapeutic agents. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Proline-directed Foldases: Cell Signaling Catalysts and Drug Targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Hopkins
- Department of Clinical Research, Autoimmune Technologies, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA.
| | - Philippe A Gallay
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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23
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Martinez JP, Sasse F, Brönstrup M, Diez J, Meyerhans A. Antiviral drug discovery: broad-spectrum drugs from nature. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:29-48. [PMID: 25315648 DOI: 10.1039/c4np00085d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to April 2014. The development of drugs with broad-spectrum antiviral activities is a long pursued goal in drug discovery. It has been shown that blocking co-opted host-factors abrogates the replication of many viruses, yet the development of such host-targeting drugs has been met with scepticism mainly due to toxicity issues and poor translation to in vivo models. With the advent of new and more powerful screening assays and prediction tools, the idea of a drug that can efficiently treat a wide range of viral infections by blocking specific host functions has re-bloomed. Here we critically review the state-of-the-art in broad-spectrum antiviral drug discovery. We discuss putative targets and treatment strategies, with particular focus on natural products as promising starting points for antiviral lead development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Martinez
- Infection Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Bioengineering and semisynthesis of an optimized cyclophilin inhibitor for treatment of chronic viral infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:285-92. [PMID: 25619934 PMCID: PMC4336584 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of host-encoded targets, such as the cyclophilins, provides an opportunity to generate potent high barrier to resistance antivirals for the treatment of a broad range of viral diseases. However, many host-targeted agents are natural products, which can be difficult to optimize using synthetic chemistry alone. We describe the orthogonal combination of bioengineering and semisynthetic chemistry to optimize the drug-like properties of sanglifehrin A, a known cyclophilin inhibitor of mixed nonribosomal peptide/polyketide origin, to generate the drug candidate NVP018 (formerly BC556). NVP018 is a potent inhibitor of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus (HCV), and HIV-1 replication, shows minimal inhibition of major drug transporters, and has a high barrier to generation of both HCV and HIV-1 resistance. Optimization and preclinical analysis of a bacterial natural product Combination of bioengineering and semisynthetic chemistry Preclinical analysis revealing potent antiviral activity
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Because rotavirus gastroenteritis is associated with high morbidity and mortality especially in developing countries, it is necessary to develop antirotavirus drugs for the treatment of rotavirus infection. Previous studies have demonstrated that cyclosporin A (CsA) has antiviral properties against rotavirus. Its effect has not yet been evaluated against rotavirus diarrheal disease. The aim of this study was to assess the anti-rotavirus efficacy of CsA in neonatal mice after induction of rotavirus diarrhea. METHODS Suckling mice were inoculated with murine rotavirus. On the onset of diarrhea, mice were given different concentrations of CsA. To evaluate the effects of CsA on reduction of rotavirus diarrhea, diarrhea score, fecal virus shedding, and pathological lesion change in the small intestine, messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels in the small intestine and spleen of mice were measured for type I interferon (IFN-α and IFN-β), inflammation-related cytokines (interleukin [IL]-8, IL-10, IFN-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α), and inflammatory signaling pathways (p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, activator protein-1, and nuclear factor-kappa B). RESULTS Among virus-inoculated and CsA-treated groups, a dose of 5 mg · kg⁻¹ · day⁻¹ of CsA inhibited diarrhea and improved fecal virus shedding and intestinal lesion changes. IFN-β mRNA expression was significantly increased in rotavirus-induced diarrhea mice treated with 5 mg · kg⁻¹ · day⁻¹ of CsA, whereas the mRNA expression levels of inflammation-related cytokines (IL-8, IL-10, IFN-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α) and inflammatory signaling pathways (p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, activator protein-1, and nuclear factor-kappa B) were markedly decreased. Antiviral effects of CsA were dose dependent. CONCLUSIONS CsA can inhibit rotavirus infection in neonatal mice through its antiviral properties. The mechanism for this may be through CsA suppression of inflammation by viral inhibition in animal models.
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26
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Zhang XH, Feng R, Xu LP, Jiang Q, Jiang H, Fu HX, Liu H, Niu T, Wang X, Hu JD, Jiang M, Wang Z, Wang JW, Ma H, Xie YD, Zhu XL, Wang H, Wei L, Huang XJ. Immunosuppressive treatment combined with nucleoside analog is superior to nucleoside analog only in the treatment of severe thrombocytopenia in patients with cirrhosis associated with hepatitis B in China: A multicenter, observational study. Platelets 2014; 26:672-9. [PMID: 25397356 DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2014.979339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
No effective treatment has been identified for patients of liver cirrhosis (LC) associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and severe thrombocytopenia. We aimed to explore the effectiveness and safety of low-dose prednisone or cyclosporine A (CsA) combined with nucleoside analog (NA) in patients with severe thrombocytopenia associated with HBV-related LC. We included 145 consecutive compensated HBV-associated LC patients with severe thrombocytopenia between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2013. We divided the patients into three groups by treatment strategy, including NA only (n = 57), NA plus prednisone (n = 46), and NA plus CsA (n = 42). We analyzed the platelet counts, bleeding events, liver function, replication of HBV, and outcomes in each group. At all time points during this observation, the platelet counts in prednisone or CsA group were higher than those in the NA only group. There are significant differences in the cumulative rates of bleeding events among the three groups. The platelet counts and treatment were factors associated with bleeding events in multivariate analysis. The differences in HBV-DNA negative rates, HBV-DNA elevated rates, normal serum alanine transaminase rates, serum alanine transaminase elevated more than two times the baseline rates, and HBeAg seropositive conversion ratio among the groups did not reach statistical significance. The adverse events in our study were, in general, mild and balanced among the three treatment groups. Treatment with low-dose prednisone or CsA plus NA could elevate the platelet counts and reduce the risk of bleeding events in HBV LC with severe thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hui Zhang
- a Peking University, People's Hospital, Institute of Hematology , Beijing , China
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27
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Watashi K, Sluder A, Daito T, Matsunaga S, Ryo A, Nagamori S, Iwamoto M, Nakajima S, Tsukuda S, Borroto‐Esoda K, Sugiyama M, Tanaka Y, Kanai Y, Kusuhara H, Mizokami M, Wakita T. Cyclosporin A and its analogs inhibit hepatitis B virus entry into cultured hepatocytes through targeting a membrane transporter, sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP). Hepatology 2014; 59:1726-37. [PMID: 24375637 PMCID: PMC4265264 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major public health problem worldwide. Although nucleos(t)ide analogs inhibiting viral reverse transcriptase are clinically available as anti-HBV agents, emergence of drug-resistant viruses highlights the need for new anti-HBV agents interfering with other targets. Here we report that cyclosporin A (CsA) can inhibit HBV entry into cultured hepatocytes. The anti-HBV effect of CsA was independent of binding to cyclophilin and calcineurin. Rather, blockade of HBV infection correlated with the ability to inhibit the transporter activity of sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP). We also found that HBV infection-susceptible cells, differentiated HepaRG cells and primary human hepatocytes expressed NTCP, while nonsusceptible cell lines did not. A series of compounds targeting NTCP could inhibit HBV infection. CsA inhibited the binding between NTCP and large envelope protein in vitro. Evaluation of CsA analogs identified a compound with higher anti-HBV potency, having a median inhibitory concentration <0.2 μM. CONCLUSION This study provides a proof of concept for the novel strategy to identify anti-HBV agents by targeting the candidate HBV receptor, NTCP, using CsA as a structural platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology IINational Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyoJapan
| | | | - Takuji Daito
- Department of Virology IINational Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyoJapan,SCYNEXIS, Inc.DurhamNCUSA
| | - Satoko Matsunaga
- Department of MicrobiologyYokohama City University School of MedicineYokohamaJapan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of MicrobiologyYokohama City University School of MedicineYokohamaJapan
| | | | - Masashi Iwamoto
- Department of Virology IINational Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyoJapan
| | - Syo Nakajima
- Department of Virology IINational Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyoJapan
| | - Senko Tsukuda
- Department of Virology IINational Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyoJapan,Micro‐signaling Regulation Technology UnitRIKEN Center for Life Science TechnologiesWakoJapan
| | | | - Masaya Sugiyama
- Research Center for Hepatitis and ImmunologyNational Center for Global Health and MedicineIchikawaJapan
| | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Virology and Liver UnitNagoya City University Graduate School of Medicinal SciencesNagoyaJapan
| | | | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- University of Tokyo Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesTokyoJapan
| | - Masashi Mizokami
- Research Center for Hepatitis and ImmunologyNational Center for Global Health and MedicineIchikawaJapan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology IINational Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyoJapan
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28
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Chang K, Wang F, Ding Y, Pan F, Li F, Jia S, Lu W, Deng S, Shi J, Chen M. Development and validation of a novel leaky surface acoustic wave immunosensor array for label-free and high-sensitive detection of cyclosporin A in whole-blood samples. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 54:151-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Watashi K, Urban S, Li W, Wakita T. NTCP and beyond: opening the door to unveil hepatitis B virus entry. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:2892-905. [PMID: 24557582 PMCID: PMC3958888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15022892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, affecting approximately 240 million people worldwide, is a major public health problem that elevates the risk of developing liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Given that current anti-HBV drugs are limited to interferon-based regimens and nucleos(t)ide analogs, the development of new anti-HBV agents is urgently needed. The viral entry process is generally an attractive target implicated in antiviral strategies. Using primary cells from humans and Tupaia belangeri, as well as HepaRG cells, important determinants of viral entry have been achieved. Recently, sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) was identified as an HBV entry receptor and enabled the establishment of a susceptible cell line that can efficiently support HBV infection. This finding will allow a deeper understanding of the requirements for efficient HBV infection, including the elucidation of the molecular entry mechanism. In addition, pharmacological studies suggest that NTCP is able to serve as a therapeutic target. This article summarizes our current knowledge on the mechanisms of HBV entry and the role of NTCP in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8640 Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Stephan Urban
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Wenhui Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, No.7 Science Park Road, ZGC Life Science Park, Changping, 102206 Beijing, China.
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8640 Tokyo, Japan.
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30
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A novel porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vector system that stably expresses enhanced green fluorescent protein as a separate transcription unit. Vet Res 2013; 44:104. [PMID: 24176053 PMCID: PMC4176086 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report the rescue of a recombinant porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) carrying an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter gene as a separate transcription unit. A copy of the transcription regulatory sequence for ORF6 (TRS6) was inserted between the N protein and 3′-UTR to drive the transcription of the EGFP gene and yield a general purpose expression vector. Successful recovery of PRRSV was obtained using an RNA polymerase II promoter to drive transcription of the full-length virus genome, which was assembled in a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC). The recombinant virus showed growth replication characteristics similar to those of the wild-type virus in the infected cells. In addition, the recombinant virus stably expressed EGFP for at least 10 passages. EGFP expression was detected at approximately 10 h post infection by live-cell imaging to follow the virus spread in real time and the infection of neighbouring cells occurred predominantly through cell-to-cell-contact. Finally, the recombinant virus generated was found to be an excellent tool for neutralising antibodies and antiviral compound screening. The newly established reverse genetics system for PRRSV could be a useful tool not only to monitor virus spread and screen for neutralising antibodies and antiviral compounds, but also for fundamental research on the biology of the virus.
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31
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Yuan S. Drugs to cure avian influenza infection--multiple ways to prevent cell death. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e835. [PMID: 24091678 PMCID: PMC3824676 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
New treatments and new drugs for avian influenza virus (AIV) infection are developed continually, but there are still high mortality rates. The main reason may be that not all cell death pathways induced by AIV were blocked by the current therapies. In this review, drugs for AIV and associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are summarized. The roles of antioxidant (vitamin C) and multiple immunomodulators (such as Celecoxib, Mesalazine and Eritoran) are discussed. The clinical care of ARDS may result in ischemia reperfusion injury to poorly ventilated alveolar cells. Cyclosporin A should effectively inhibit this kind of damages and, therefore, may be the key drug for the survival of patients with virus-induced ARDS. Treatment with protease inhibitor Ulinastatin could also protect lysosome integrity after the infection. Through these analyses, a large drug combination is proposed, which may hypothetically greatly reduce the mortality rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yuan
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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32
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Pham VL, Nakayama M, Itoh Y, Ishigaki H, Kitano M, Arikata M, Ishida H, Kitagawa N, Shichinohe S, Okamatsu M, Sakoda Y, Tsuchiya H, Nakamura S, Kida H, Ogasawara K. Pathogenicity of pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus in immunocompromised cynomolgus macaques. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75910. [PMID: 24086663 PMCID: PMC3781065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus spread throughout the world since most people did not have immunity against the virus. In the post pandemic phase when many humans might possess immunity against the pandemic virus, one of the concerns is infection in immunocompromised people. Therefore, we used an immunosuppressed macaque model to examine pathogenicity of the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus under an immunocompromised condition. The virus in nasal samples of immunosuppressed macaques infected with the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus was detected longer after infection than was the virus in nasal samples of immunocompetent macaques. As expected, not only virus amounts but also virus propagation sites in the immunosuppressed macaques were larger than those in lungs of the immunocompetent macaques when they were infected with the pandemic virus. Immunosuppressed macaques possessed low levels of immune cells producing cytokines and chemokines, but levels of inflammatory cytokines/chemokine interleukin (IL)-6, IL-18, and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 in lungs of the immunosuppressed macaques were higher than those in lungs of the immunocompetent macaques, though the differences were not statistically significant. Therefore, under an immunosuppressive condition, the pandemic influenza (H1N1) 2009 virus might cause more severe morbidity with high cytokine/chemokine production by the host innate immune system than that seen in macaques under the immunocompetent condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Loi Pham
- Division of Pathology and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Misako Nakayama
- Division of Pathology and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Yasushi Itoh
- Division of Pathology and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hirohito Ishigaki
- Division of Pathology and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Kitano
- Division of Pathology and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Masahiko Arikata
- Division of Pathology and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Hideaki Ishida
- Division of Pathology and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Naoko Kitagawa
- Division of Pathology and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Shintaro Shichinohe
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tsuchiya
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nakamura
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Ogasawara
- Division of Pathology and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
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33
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Shen Z, He H, Wu Y, Li J. Cyclosporin a inhibits rotavirus replication and restores interferon-beta signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71815. [PMID: 23990993 PMCID: PMC3749198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is the most common cause of severe diarrhea among infants and young children. Currently, there is no specific drug available against rotavirus, largely due to the lack of an ideal target molecule which has hampered drug development. Our previous studies have revealed that cyclosporin A (CsA) might be potentially useful as an anti-RV drug. We therefore used both cellular and mouse models to study the immunological safety and effectiveness of CsA as an anti-RV drug. We found that CsA treatment of HT-29 cells before, during, and after viral infection efficiently inhibited Wa strain RV replication and restored IFN-β expression in a HT-29 cell line model. Exploring the underlying mechanisms showed that CsA promoted Interferon Regulatory Factor-5 (IRF-5) expression (a key positive regulator of the type I IFN signaling pathway), but not IRF-1, IRF-3, or IRF-7. Additionally, CsA inhibited SOCS-1 expression (the key negative regulator of IFN-α/β), but not SOCS-2 or SOCS-3. The antiviral effect of CsA was confirmed in an RV-infected neonatal mouse model by evaluation of antigen clearance and assessment of changes in intestinal tissue pathology. Also, no differences in T cell frequency or proliferation between the CsA- and vehicle-treated groups were observed. Thus, both our in vitro and in vivo findings suggest that CsA, through modulating the expression of key regulators in IFN signaling pathway, promote type I IFN-based intracellular innate immunity in RV host cells. These findings suggest that CsA may be a useful candidate to develop a new anti-RV strategy, although further evaluation and characterization of CsA on RV-induced diarrhea are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zigang Shen
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Haiyang He
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yuzhang Wu
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
- * E-mail: (YW); (JL)
| | - Jintao Li
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
- * E-mail: (YW); (JL)
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34
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Lin K, Gallay P. Curing a viral infection by targeting the host: the example of cyclophilin inhibitors. Antiviral Res 2013; 99:68-77. [PMID: 23578729 PMCID: PMC4332838 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Viruses exploit multiple host cell mechanisms for their own replication. These mechanisms may serve as targets for antiviral therapy. Host-targeted therapies may have a high barrier to resistance. Cyclophilin inhibitors have shown promise in curing chronic hepatitis C. Cyclophilin inhibitors may potentially be used to treat other viral infections.
Every step of the viral life cycle is dependent on the host, which potentially can be explored for antiviral targets. Historically, however, drug discovery has focused mainly on viral targets, because of their perceived specificity. Efforts to pursue host targets have been largely hampered by concern over potential on-target toxicity, the lack of predictive cell culture and animal models, and the complexity of host–virus interactions. On the other hand, there are distinct advantages of targeting the host, such as creating a high barrier to resistance, providing broad coverage of different genotypes/serotypes and possibly even multiple viruses, and expanding the list of potential targets, when druggable viral targets are limited. Taking hepatitis C virus (HCV) as the example, there are more than 20 inhibitors of the viral protease, polymerase and NS5A protein currently in advanced clinical testing. However, resistance has become a main challenge with these direct-acting antivirals, because HCV, an RNA virus, is notoriously prone to mutation, and a single mutation in the viral target may prevent the binding of an inhibitor, and rendering it ineffective. Host cyclophilin inhibitors have shown promising effects both in vitro and in patients to prevent the emergence of resistance and to cure HCV infection, either alone or in combination with other agents. They are also capable of blocking the replication of a number of other viral pathogens. While the road to developing host-targeting antivirals has been less traveled, and significant challenges remain, delivering the most effective antiviral regimen, which may comprise inhibitors of both host and viral targets, should be well worth the effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lin
- Permeon Biologics, Inc., One Kendall Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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35
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Ma-Lauer Y, Lei J, Hilgenfeld R, von Brunn A. Virus-host interactomes--antiviral drug discovery. Curr Opin Virol 2013; 2:614-21. [PMID: 23057872 PMCID: PMC7102765 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the key questions in virology is how viruses, encoding relatively few genes, gain temporary or constant control over their hosts. To understand pathogenicity of a virus it is important to gain knowledge on the function of the individual viral proteins in the host cell, on their interactions with viral and cellular proteins and on the consequences of these interactions on cellular signaling pathways. A combination of transcriptomics, proteomics, high-throughput technologies and the bioinformatical analysis of the respective data help to elucidate specific cellular antiviral drug target candidates. In addition, viral and human interactome analyses indicate that different viruses target common, central human proteins for entering cellular signaling pathways and machineries which might constitute powerful broad-spectrum antiviral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ma-Lauer
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Pettenkoferstrasse 9a, 80336 München, Germany
| | - Jian Lei
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Rolf Hilgenfeld
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), University of Lübeck, Germany
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Rd., Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Albrecht von Brunn
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Pettenkoferstrasse 9a, 80336 München, Germany
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36
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Wasilenko ST, Montano-Loza AJ, Mason AL. Is there a role for cyclophilin inhibitors in the management of primary biliary cirrhosis? Viruses 2013; 5:423-38. [PMID: 23348060 PMCID: PMC3640509 DOI: 10.3390/v5020423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) are poorly understood autoimmune liver diseases. Immunosuppression is used to treat AIH and ursodeoxycholic acid is used to slow the progression of PBC. Nevertheless, a proportion of patients with both disorders progress to liver failure. Following liver transplantation, up to a third of patients with PBC experience recurrent disease. Moreover a syndrome referred to as "de novo AIH" occurs in a proportion of patients regardless of maintenance immunosuppression, who have been transplanted for disorders unrelated to AIH. Of note, the use of cyclosporine A appears to protect against the development of recurrent PBC and de novo AIH even though it is a less potent immunosuppressive compared to tacrolimus. The reason why cyclosporine A is protective has not been determined. However, a virus resembling mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) has been characterized in patients with PBC and AIH. Accordingly, we hypothesized that the protective effect of cyclosporine A in liver transplant recipients may be mediated by the antiviral activity of this cyclophilin inhibitor. Treatment of the MMTV producing MM5MT cells with different antivirals and immunosuppressive agents showed that both cyclosporine A and the analogue NIM811 inhibited MMTV production from the producer cells. Herein, we discuss the evidence supporting the role of MMTV-like human betaretrovirus in the development of PBC and de novo AIH and speculate on the possibility that the agent may be associated with disease following transplantation. We also review the mechanisms of how both cyclosporine A and NIM811 may inhibit betaretrovirus production in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn T Wasilenko
- Department of Medicine, Zeidler Ledcor Centre, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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37
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Liu X, Zhao Z, Liu W. Insights into the roles of cyclophilin A during influenza virus infection. Viruses 2013; 5:182-91. [PMID: 23322171 PMCID: PMC3564116 DOI: 10.3390/v5010182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclophilin A (CypA) is the main member of the immunophilin superfamily that has peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity. CypA participates in protein folding, cell signaling, inflammation and tumorigenesis. Further, CypA plays critical roles in the replication of several viruses. Upon influenza virus infection, CypA inhibits viral replication by interacting with the M1 protein. In addition, CypA is incorporated into the influenza virus virions. Finally, Cyclosporin A (CsA), the main inhibitor of CypA, inhibits influenza virus replication through CypA-dependent and -independent pathways. This review briefly summarizes recent advances in understanding the roles of CypA during influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Liu
- Center for Molecular Virology, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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