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Ghalibaf MHE, Kianian F, Beigoli S, Behrouz S, Marefati N, Boskabady M, Boskabady MH. The effects of vitamin C on respiratory, allergic and immunological diseases: an experimental and clinical-based review. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:653-672. [PMID: 36849854 PMCID: PMC9970132 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin C is used in modern medicine supplements for treatment of various disorders associated with oxidative stress, inflammation and immune dysregulation. In this review article, experimental and clinical results regarding the effects of vitamin C on respiratory immunologic, and allergic diseases are reviewed. Various databases and appropriate keywords are used to search the effect of vitamin C on respiratory diseases until the end of May 2022. Books, theses and articles were included. These studies assessed the effects of vitamin C on respiratory disorders including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung infection and lung cancer. Vitamin C showed relaxant effect on tracheal smooth muscle via various mechanisms. The preventive effects of vitamin C were mediated by antioxidant, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory mechanisms in the experimental animal models of different respiratory diseases. Some clinical studies also indicated the effect of vitamin C on lung cancer and lung infections. Therefore, vitamin C could be used a preventive and/or relieving therapy in respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hossein Eshaghi Ghalibaf
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Post Code 9177948564, IR, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Kianian
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Beigoli
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Post Code 9177948564, IR, Iran
| | - Sepideh Behrouz
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Post Code 9177948564, IR, Iran
| | - Narges Marefati
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzie Boskabady
- Dental Materials Research Center and Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Boskabady
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Post Code 9177948564, IR, Iran.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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An integral perspective of canonical cigarette and e-cigarette-related cardiovascular toxicity based on the adverse outcome pathway framework. J Adv Res 2022:S2090-1232(22)00193-X. [PMID: 35998874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nowadays, cigarette smoking remains the leading cause of chronic disease and premature death, especially cardiovascular disease. As an emerging tobacco product, e-cigarettes have been advocated as alternatives to canonical cigarettes, and thus may be an aid to promote smoking cessation. However, recent studies indicated that e-cigarettes should not be completely harmless to the cardiovascular system. AIM OF REVIEW This review aimed to build up an integral perspective of cigarettes and e-cigarettes-related cardiovascular toxicity. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW This review adopted the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework as a pivotal tool and aimed to elucidate the association between the molecular initiating events (MIEs) induced by cigarette and e-cigarette exposure to the cardiovascular adverse outcome. Since the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been widely approved to play a critical role in cigarette smoke-related CVD and may also be involved in e-cigarette-induced toxic effects, the ROS overproduction and subsequent oxidative stress are regarded as essential parts of this framework. As far as we know, this should be the first AOP framework focusing on cigarette and e-cigarette-related cardiovascular toxicity, and we hope our work to be a guide in exploring the biomarkers and novel therapies for cardiovascular injury.
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Ohlrogge AH, Frost L, Schnabel RB. Harmful Impact of Tobacco Smoking and Alcohol Consumption on the Atrial Myocardium. Cells 2022; 11:2576. [PMID: 36010652 PMCID: PMC9406618 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption are widespread exposures that are legal and socially accepted in many societies. Both have been widely recognized as important risk factors for diseases in all vital organ systems including cardiovascular diseases, and with clinical manifestations that are associated with atrial dysfunction, so-called atrial cardiomyopathy, especially atrial fibrillation and stroke. The pathogenesis of atrial cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation, and stroke in context with smoking and alcohol consumption is complex and multifactorial, involving pathophysiological mechanisms, environmental, and societal aspects. This narrative review summarizes the current literature regarding alterations in the atrial myocardium that is associated with smoking and alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie H. Ohlrogge
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Centre Hamburg, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lars Frost
- Diagnostic Centre, University Clinic for Development of Innovative Patient Pathways, Silkeborg Regional Hospital, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Renate B. Schnabel
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Centre Hamburg, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Kaplan A, Abidi E, Diab R, Ghali R, Al-Awassi H, Booz GW, Zouein FA. Sex differences in cardiac remodeling post myocardial infarction with acute cigarette smoking. Biol Sex Differ 2022; 13:36. [PMID: 35799275 PMCID: PMC9264586 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-022-00446-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Whether cigarette smoking affects the heart post-myocardial infarction (MI) in a sex-dependent way remains controversial. Using a mouse model, we investigated cardiac remodeling under the influence of acute cigarette smoke (CS) exposure following ischemic injury in both sexes. Methods Ten cigarettes were smoked twice daily for 2 weeks followed by MI and then 1 additional week post permanent LAD ligation. Cardiac function, histology, and infarct size were assessed, and inflammatory markers quantified by RT–PCR. Statistical comparisons were performed using an unpaired t test or ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc test. Results We observed that cigarette smoking exacerbated both left and right ventricular remodeling only in males at an early stage of post-MI. Females did not display a significant structural and/or functional alteration within 7 days of cardiac remodeling post-MI upon CS exposure. Worsened right ventricular remodeling in males was independent of pulmonary congestion. CS-exposed males exhibited enhanced increases in left ventricular end systolic and diastolic volumes, as well as reductions in ejection fraction and fractional area changes of left ventricular base. At day 7, infarct size was increased by cigarette smoking in males only, which was accompanied by enhanced collagen deposition in both the infarcted and peri-infarcted areas. Both IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA expression significantly increased in CS-exposed MI male group only at day 7 post-MI suggestive of prolonged inflammation. Conclusions These findings indicate that CS exposure worsens the progression of cardiac remodeling post-MI in male sex in a significant manner compared to female sex at least at early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Kaplan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Center, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon.,Department of Cardiology, Kemer Public Hospital, Hastane Cd. No: 9, 07980, Kemer, Antalya, Turkey.,The Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Excellence, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Emna Abidi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Center, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon.,The Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Excellence, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Pharmacy, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Reine Diab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Center, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon.,The Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Excellence, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rana Ghali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Center, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon.,The Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Excellence, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hiam Al-Awassi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Center, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon.,The Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Excellence, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - George W Booz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216-4500, USA
| | - Fouad A Zouein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Center, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon. .,The Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Excellence, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, Lebanon. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216-4500, USA. .,Department of Signaling and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, UMR-S 1180, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.
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Traini C, Nistri S, Calosi L, Vannucchi MG. Chronic Exposure to Cigarette Smoke Affects the Ileum and Colon of Guinea Pigs Differently. Relaxin (RLX-2, Serelaxin) Prevents Most Local Damage. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:804623. [PMID: 35095510 PMCID: PMC8793690 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.804623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking (CS) is the cause of several organ and apparatus diseases. The effects of smoke in the gut are partially known. Accumulating evidence has shown a relationship between smoking and inflammatory bowel disease, prompting us to investigate the mechanisms of action of smoking in animal models. Despite the role played by neuropeptides in gut inflammation, there are no reports on their role in animal models of smoking exposure. The hormone relaxin has shown anti-inflammatory properties in the intestine, and it might represent a putative therapy to prevent gut damage caused by smoking. Presently, we investigate the effects of chronic smoke exposure on inflammation, mucosal secretion, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and substance P (SP) expressions in the ileum and colon of guinea pigs. We also verify the ability of relaxin to counter the smoke-induced effects. Smoke impacted plasma carbon monoxide (CO). In the ileum, it induced inflammatory infiltrates, fibrosis, and acidic mucin production; reduced the blood vessel area; decreased c-kit-positive mast cells and VIP-positive neurons; and increased the SP-positive nerve fibers. In the colon, it reduced the blood vessel area and the goblet cell area and decreased c-kit-positive mast cells, VIP-positive neurons, and SP-positive nerve fibers. Relaxin prevented most of the smoking-induced changes in the ileum, while it was less effective in the colon. This study shows the diverse sensitivity to CS between the ileum and the colon and demonstrates that both VIP and SP are affected by smoking. The efficacy of relaxin proposes this hormone as a potential anti-inflammatory therapeutic to counteract gut damage in humans affected by inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Traini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Research Unit of Histology and Embryology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Nistri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Research Unit of Histology and Embryology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Calosi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Research Unit of Histology and Embryology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Giuliana Vannucchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Research Unit of Histology and Embryology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Nemmar A, Al-Salam S, Beegam S, Zaaba NE, Elzaki O, Yasin J, Ali BH. Waterpipe smoke-induced hypercoagulability and cardiac injury in mice: Influence of cessation of exposure. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 146:112493. [PMID: 35062048 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Waterpipe tobacco smoking has gained worldwide popularity, particularly among youths. Several clinical and experimental studies have reported that waterpipe smoking (WPS) injures the cardiovascular system. However, the impact of smoking cessation (CS) on the cardiovascular toxicity induced by WPS received scant attention. Hence, we assessed, in C57BL/6 mice, the cardiovascular effects of WPS exposure for 3 months followed by 3 months of SC, as compared with mice exposed for either 3 months to WPS or air (control). WPS exposure induced hypertension, prothrombotic events both in vivo and in vitro and increased the plasma concentrations of tissue factor, fibrinogen and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. These effects were significantly alleviated by SC. In heart tissue, the levels of troponin I, creatine kinase, lipid peroxidation, 8-isoprostane, tumor necrosis factor α, inteleukin 6, DNA damage and cleaved caspase-3 were significantly increased by WPS exposure. These actions were significantly reduced in the group of mice exposed to WPS followed by SC. Similarly, the increase in the level of nuclear factor κ-β induced by WPS exposure was significantly mitigated by SC. Immunohistochemical analysis of the hearts showed that WPS exposure increased the expression of nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 by cardiomyocytes. The latter effect was significantly reduced by SC. Taken together, our data show that SC is associated with amelioration of WPS induced hypertension, prothrombotic events and cardiac oxidative stress, inflammation, DNA damage and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahim Nemmar
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Suhail Al-Salam
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sumaya Beegam
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nur Elena Zaaba
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ozaz Elzaki
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Javed Yasin
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Badreldin H Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P O Box 35, Muscat 123, Al-Khod, Sultanate of Oman
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Editorial on Anticancer Antioxidants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111782. [PMID: 34829653 PMCID: PMC8614914 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Giebe S, Hofmann A, Brux M, Lowe F, Breheny D, Morawietz H, Brunssen C. Comparative study of the effects of cigarette smoke versus next generation tobacco and nicotine product extracts on endothelial function. Redox Biol 2021; 47:102150. [PMID: 34601427 PMCID: PMC8531844 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking and hemodynamic forces are key stimuli for the development of endothelial dysfunction. As an alternative to smoking, next generation tobacco and nicotine products (NGP) are now widely used. However, little is known about their potential pro-inflammatory and atherogenic effects on the endothelium. In this study, we analyzed key parameters of endothelial function after exposure to aqueous smoke extracts (AqE) of a heated tobacco product (HTP), an electronic cigarette (e-cig), a conventional cigarette (3R4F) and pure nicotine. All experiments were performed under atheroprotective high laminar or atherogenic low flow with primary human endothelial cells. Treatment with 3R4F, but not alternative smoking products, reduced endothelial cell viability and wound healing capability via the PI3K/AKT/eNOS(NOS3) pathway. Laminar flow delayed detrimental effects on cell viability by 3R4F treatment. 3R4F stimulation led to activation of NRF2 antioxidant defense system at nicotine concentrations ≥0.56 μg/ml and increased expression of its target genes HMOX1 and NQO1. Treatment with HTP revealed an induction of HMOX1 and NQO1 at dosages with ≥1.68 μg/ml nicotine, whereas e-cig and nicotine exposure had no impact. Analyses of pro-inflammatory genes revealed an increased ICAM1 expression under 3R4F treatment. 3R4F reduced VCAM1 expression in a dose-dependent manner; HTP treatment had similar but milder effects; e-cig and nicotine treatment had no impact. SELE expression was induced by 3R4F under static conditions. High laminar flow prevented this upregulation. Stimulation with laminar flow led to downregulation of CCL2 (MCP-1). From this downregulated level, only 3R4F increased CCL2 expression at higher concentrations. Finally, under static conditions, all components increased adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells. Interestingly, only stimulation with 3R4F revealed increased monocyte adhesion under atherosclerosis-prone low flow. In conclusion, all product categories activated anti-oxidative or pro-inflammatory patterns. NGP responses were typically lower than in 3R4F exposed cells. Also, 3R4F stimulation led to an impaired endothelial wound healing and induced a pro-inflammatory phenotype compared to NGP treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindy Giebe
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Hofmann
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Melanie Brux
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frazer Lowe
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Damien Breheny
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Henning Morawietz
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Coy Brunssen
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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9
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Kaplan A, Abidi E, Habeichi NJ, Ghali R, Alawasi H, Fakih C, Zibara K, Kobeissy F, Husari A, Booz GW, Zouein FA. Gender-biased kidney damage in mice following exposure to tobacco cigarette smoke: More protection in premenopausal females. Physiol Rep 2021; 8:e14339. [PMID: 31981316 PMCID: PMC6981307 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple clinical studies documented renal damage in chronic cigarette smokers (CS) irrespective of their age and gender. Premenopausal female smokers are known to exert a certain cardiovascular and renal protection with undefined mechanisms. Given the multiple demographic variables within clinical studies, this experimental study was designed to be the first to assess whether gender‐biased CS‐induced kidney damage truly exists between premenopausal female and age‐matched C57Bl6J male mice when compared to their relative control groups. Following 6 weeks of CS exposure, cardiac function, inflammatory marker production, fibrosis formation, total and glomerular ROS levels, and glomerulotubular homeostasis were assessed in both genders. Although both CS‐exposed male and female mice exhibited comparable ROS fold change relative to their respective control groups, CS‐exposed male mice showed a more pronounced fibrotic deposition, inflammation, and glomerulotubular damage profile. However, the protection observed in CS‐exposed female group was not absolute. CS‐exposed female mice exhibited a significant increase in fibrosis, ROS production, and glomerulotubular alteration but with a pronounced anti‐inflammatory profile when compared to their relative control groups. Although both CS‐exposed genders presented with altered glomerulotubular homeostasis, the alteration phenotype between genders was different. CS‐exposed males showed a significant decrease in Bowman's space along with reduced tubular diameter consistent with an endocrinization pattern of chronic tubular atrophy, suggestive of an advanced stage of glomerulotubular damage. CS‐exposed female group, on the other hand, displayed glomerular hypertrophy with a mild tubular dilatation profile suggestive of an early stage of glomerulotubular damage that generally precedes collapse. In conclusion, both genders are prone to CS‐induced kidney damage with pronounced female protection due to a milder damage slope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Kaplan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Emna Abidi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nada J Habeichi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rana Ghali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hiam Alawasi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Christina Fakih
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Kazem Zibara
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ahmad Husari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Diseases and Sleep Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - George W Booz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Fouad A Zouein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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George S, Abrahamse H. Redox Potential of Antioxidants in Cancer Progression and Prevention. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111156. [PMID: 33233630 PMCID: PMC7699713 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The benevolent and detrimental effects of antioxidants are much debated in clinical trials and cancer research. Several antioxidant enzymes and molecules are overexpressed in oxidative stress conditions that can damage cellular proteins, lipids, and DNA. Natural antioxidants remove excess free radical intermediates by reducing hydrogen donors or quenching singlet oxygen and delaying oxidative reactions in actively growing cancer cells. These reducing agents have the potential to hinder cancer progression only when administered at the right proportions along with chemo-/radiotherapies. Antioxidants and enzymes affect signal transduction and energy metabolism pathways for the maintenance of cellular redox status. A decline in antioxidant capacity arising from genetic mutations may increase the mitochondrial flux of free radicals resulting in misfiring of cellular signalling pathways. Often, a metabolic reprogramming arising from these mutations in metabolic enzymes leads to the overproduction of so called ’oncometabolites’ in a state of ‘pseudohypoxia’. This can inactivate several of the intracellular molecules involved in epigenetic and redox regulations, thereby increasing oxidative stress giving rise to growth advantages for cancerous cells. Undeniably, these are cell-type and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) specific, which is manifested as changes in the enzyme activation, differences in gene expression, cellular functions as well as cell death mechanisms. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using light-activated photosensitizing molecules that can regulate cellular redox balance in accordance with the changes in endogenous ROS production is a solution for many of these challenges in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajan George
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India;
- Laser Research Centre, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
- Correspondence:
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11
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The flavoring and not the nicotine content is a decisive factor for the effects of refill liquids of electronic cigarette on the redox status of endothelial cells. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1095-1102. [PMID: 32953462 PMCID: PMC7484539 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The pattern of the effect on Ea.hy926 redox status differs among flavored e-liquids. Tobacco flavored e-liquids increase ROS generation with concomitant increase in TBARS. Vanilla flavored e-liquids profile depends on the nicotine content. Apple/mint flavored e-liquids activate the cellular antioxidant defense. Flavorings and not the nicotine content play a key role in free radical generation.
Electronic cigarettes are constantly gaining ground as they are considered less harmful than conventional cigarettes, and there is also the perception that they may serve as a potential smoking cessation tool. Although the acute effects of electronic cigarette use have been extensively studied, the long-term potential adverse effects on human health remain largely unknown. It has been well-established that oxidative stress is involved in the development of various pathological conditions. So far, most studies on e-cigarettes concern the effects on the respiratory system while fewer have focused on the vascular system. In the present study, we attempted to reveal the effects of electronic cigarette refill liquids on the redox state of human endothelial cells (EA.hy926 cell line). For this purpose, the cytotoxic effect of three e-liquids with different flavors (tobacco, vanilla, apple/mint) and nicotine concentrations (0, 6, 12, 18 mg/ml) were initially examined for their impact on cell viability of EA.hy926 cells. Then, five redox biomarkers [reduced form of glutathione (GSH), reactive oxygen species (ROS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and protein carbonyls (CARBS)] were measured. The results showed a disturbance in the redox balance in favor of free radicals in tobacco flavored e-liquids while vanilla flavored e-liquids exhibited a more complex profile depending on the nicotine content. The most interesting finding of the present study concerns the apple/mint flavored e-liquids that seemed to activate the cellular antioxidant defense and, thus, to protect the cells from the adverse effects of free radicals. Conclusively, it appears that the flavorings and not the nicotine content play a key role in the oxidative stress-induced toxicity of the e-liquids.
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Key Words
- 8-OH-dG, 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine
- CARBS, protein carbonyls
- CO, carbon monoxide
- DCF-DA, 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate
- DMEM, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium
- DNPH, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
- DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
- DPPHH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine
- E-cigarettes
- E-liquids
- ENDS, electronic nicotine delivery systems
- EPR, electronic paramagnetic resonance
- Endothelial cells
- FSC, forward light scattering
- GSH
- GSH, reduced form of glutathione
- HCL, hydrochloric acid
- HCN, hydrogen cyanide
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- Oxidative stress
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PG, propylene glycol
- ROS
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SSC, side light scattering
- TAC, total antioxidant capacity
- TBA, thiobarbituric acid
- TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
- TCA, trichloroacetic acid
- Tris-HCl, trishydroxymethylaminomethane hydrochloride
- VG, vegetable glycerin
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Habeichi N, Mroueh A, Kaplan A, Ghali R, Al-Awassi H, Tannous C, Husari A, Jurjus A, Altara R, Booz G, El-Yazbi A, Zouein F. Sex-based differences in myocardial infarction-induced kidney damage following cigarette smoking exposure: more renal protection in premenopausal female mice. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:BSR20193229. [PMID: 32519752 PMCID: PMC7313446 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20193229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of cigarette smoking (CS) on kidney homeostasis in the presence of myocardial infarction (MI) in both males and females remains poorly elucidated. C57BL6/J mice were exposed to 2 weeks of CS prior to MI induction followed by 1 week of CS exposure in order to investigate the impact of CS on kidney damage in the presence of MI. Cardiac hemodynamic analysis revealed a significant decrease in ejection fraction (EF) in CS-exposed MI male mice when compared with the relative female subjects, whereas cardiac output (CO) comparably decreased in CS-exposed MI mice of both sexes. Kidney structural alterations, including glomerular retraction, proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) cross-sectional area, and total renal fibrosis were more pronounced in CS-exposed MI male mice when compared with the relative female group. Although renal reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and glomerular DNA fragmentation significantly increased to the same extent in CS-exposed MI mice of both sexes, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) significantly increased in CS-exposed MI male mice, only. Metabolically, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) and nicotinamide riboside-1 (NMRK-1) substantially increased in CS-exposed MI female mice only, whereas sirtuin (SIRT)-1 and SIRT-3 substantially decreased in CS-exposed MI male mice compared with their relative female group. Additionally, renal NAD levels significantly decreased only in CS-exposed MI male mice. In conclusion, MI female mice exhibited pronounced renal protection following CS when compared with the relative male groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada J. Habeichi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
- INSERM Department of Signaling and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology-UMR-S1180, University Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Ali Mroueh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Abdullah Kaplan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rana Ghali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hiam Al-Awassi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Cynthia Tannous
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ahmad Husari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Diseases and Sleep Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Abdo Jurjus
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Raffaele Altara
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pathology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, U.S.A
| | - George W. Booz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, U.S.A
| | - Ahmed El-Yazbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Fouad A. Zouein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
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Hussain T, Al-Attas OS, Alamery S, Ahmed M, Odeibat HAM, Alrokayan S. The plant flavonoid, fisetin alleviates cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress, and inflammation in Wistar rat lungs. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e12962. [PMID: 31368542 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we tested the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of the plant flavonoid, fisetin against cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress, and inflammation in rat lungs. Male Wistar rats were chronically exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) with or without administration of fisetin. Fisetin administration to CS-exposed rats resulted in a significant reduction in neutrophils and macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid as well as malondialdehyde, 3-nitrotyrosine, 8-isoprostane, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, interleukin-4, and interleukin-10 levels in lung tissues compared to those in CS-exposed rats not treated with fisetin. Fisetin also significantly augmented lung hemoxinase-1, glutathione peroxidase-2, reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, nitric oxide, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) levels in CS-exposed rats. In addition, a marked reversal in CS-induced histopathological changes was noted in fisetin-treated rats. Collectively, these data demonstrate the potential of fisetin to blunt CS-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in the lung and to prevent tissue damage via the Nrf2-mediated upregulation of antioxidant gene expression. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: In the present study, we found that the plant flavonoid, fisetin significantly abrogated the oxidative stress, inflammation, and tissue damage induced by cigarette smoke, a powerful pro-oxidant in rat lungs. Additionally, fisetin markedly reversed cigarette smoke-induced increases in neutrophil and macrophage cell populations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. These findings are particularly significant considering the association of cigarette smoking with increased oxidative stress and inflammation, which are central to the pathologies of a wide variety of chronic diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, the present work underscores the beneficial effects of the regular consumption of plant-based foods with medicinal properties for the effective prevention of these chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tajamul Hussain
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Research Chair for Biomedical Applications of Nanomaterials, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar S Al-Attas
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salman Alamery
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mukhtar Ahmed
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamza A M Odeibat
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salman Alrokayan
- Research Chair for Biomedical Applications of Nanomaterials, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Clinical Effect of Intravenous Vitamin C on Viral Myocarditis in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:3082437. [PMID: 31178914 PMCID: PMC6507266 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3082437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective To comprehensively compare the effects of conventional therapy combined with intravenous vitamin C and conventional therapy on viral myocarditis in children through a meta-analysis. Methods Relevant articles including clinical trials of normal treatment combined with intravenous vitamin C and conventional therapy for viral myocarditis in children that were published between January 2000 and February 2018 were selected from PubMed, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Science and Technology Journal Database, and WANFANG database. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane systematic review method (version 5.1.0); data quality was evaluated by two independent researchers. The total effective rate; LDH, CK, and CK-MB levels; and other indicators were analyzed using Rev Man 5.3 software. Results Eight studies were eligible for this meta-analysis, which included a total of 426 patients in the treatment group and 363 patients in the control group. The meta-analysis results of six studies showed that the total effective rate of intravenous vitamin C combined with conventional therapy was higher than that of conventional therapy alone [Z = 5.46, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.21 (1.13 to 1.30), P < 0.00001]; that of five studies showed that LDH levels were lower in children receiving intravenous vitamin C combined with conventional therapy than in those receiving conventional therapy alone [Z = 3.70, 95% CI: −1.88 (−2.88 to −0.88), P = 0.0002]; that of three studies showed that CK levels were lower in children receiving intravenous vitamin C combined with conventional therapy than in those receiving conventional therapy alone [Z = 4.21, 95% CI: −0.55 (−0.81 to −0.30), P < 0.0001]; that of four studies showed that CK-MB levels were lower in children receiving intravenous vitamin C combined with conventional therapy than in those receiving conventional therapy alone [Z = 13.64, 95% CI: −1.44 (−1.65 to −1.24), P < 0.00001]; that of two studies showed that CD3 levels were higher in children receiving intravenous vitamin C combined with conventional therapy than in those receiving conventional therapy alone [Z = 2.45, 95% CI: 0.41 (0.08–0.73), P = 0.01]; that of two studies showed no significant difference in changes in CD4 levels between children receiving intravenous vitamin C combined with conventional therapy and those receiving conventional therapy alone [Z = 0.28, 95% CI: −0.21 (−1.69 to 1.28), P = 0.78]; and that of two studies showed no significant difference in changes in CD4/CD8 between children receiving intravenous vitamin C combined with conventional therapy and those receiving conventional therapy alone [Z = 0.07, 95% CI: −0.03 (−0.73 to 0.67), P = 0.94]. Conclusion The meta-analysis results showed that intravenous vitamin C combined with conventional therapy is better than the simple, conventional therapy for the treatment of viral myocarditis in children in terms of the total effective rate and LDH, CK, and CK-MB levels.
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15
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Liang Y, Ip MSM, Mak JCW. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate suppresses cigarette smoke-induced inflammation in human cardiomyocytes via ROS-mediated MAPK and NF-κB pathways. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 58:152768. [PMID: 31005721 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking is the leading cause for the initiation and development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Oxidative stress and inflammatory responses play important roles in the pathophysiological processes of smoking-induced cardiac injury. (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the most abundant catechin in green tea, which is made from Camellia sinensis leaves, has been reported to possess potent anti-oxidant property. PURPOSE This study aims to investigate whether the antioxidant EGCG could alleviate cigarette smoke medium (CSM)-induced inflammation in human AC16 cardiomyocytes in vitro. METHODS Human AC16 cardiomyocytes were pre-treated with EGCG, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), or specific inhibitors for 30 min before 4% CSM was added. Supernatant was collected for determination of interleukin (IL)-8 by ELISA and cells were collected for flow cytometry, biochemical assays and Western blot analysis. RESULTS EGCG treatment significantly attenuated CSM-induced oxidative stress as evidenced by reducing intracellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generations and preventing antioxidant depletion. EGCG treatment reduced CSM-induced inflammatory chemokine interleukin (IL)-8 productions in the supernatant via the inhibition of ERK1/2, p38 MAPK and NF-κB pathways. EGCG treatment further inhibited CSM-induced cell apoptosis. CONCLUSION Taken together, EGCG protected against CSM-induced inflammation and cell apoptosis by attenuating oxidative stress via inhibiting ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and NF-κB activation in AC16 cardiomyocytes. These findings suggest that EGCG with its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties may act as a promising cardioprotective agent against ROS-mediated cardiac injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmin Liang
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Mary Sau Man Ip
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Judith Choi Wo Mak
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
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16
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Jaccard G, Djoko DT, Korneliou A, Stabbert R, Belushkin M, Esposito M. Mainstream smoke constituents and in vitro toxicity comparative analysis of 3R4F and 1R6F reference cigarettes. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:222-231. [PMID: 30886823 PMCID: PMC6402302 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A new Kentucky reference cigarette, 1R6F, has been manufactured to replace the depleting 3R4F reference cigarette. The 3R4F Kentucky reference cigarettes have been widely used as monitor or comparator cigarettes for mainstream smoke analysis and in vitro and in vivo toxicological data of cigarettes and novel tobacco products. Both reference cigarettes were analyzed in the same laboratory during the same period of time with the goal of performing a comparison of 3R4F and 1R6F. On the basis of the results obtained from aerosol chemistry and in vitro assays, we consider that the 1R6F reference cigarette is a suitable replacement for the 3R4F reference cigarette as a comparator/monitor cigarette. Its specific use as a comparator for novel tobacco products was checked on the basis of a comparative test with the Tobacco Heating System 2.2 as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Jaccard
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 3, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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17
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Mitra A, Mandal AK. Conjugation of para-benzoquinone of Cigarette Smoke with Human Hemoglobin Leads to Unstable Tetramer and Reduced Cooperative Oxygen Binding. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:2048-2058. [PMID: 29967937 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-2011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Besides multiple life-threatening diseases like lung cancer and cardiovascular disease, cigarette smoking is known to produce hypoxia, a state of inadequate oxygen supply to tissues. Hypoxia plays a pivotal role in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Smoking during pregnancy imposes risk for the unborn child. In addition to carbon monoxide, conjugation of para-benzoquinone (pBQ), derived from cigarette smoke, with human hemoglobin (HbA) was also reported to contribute in hypoxia. In fact, conjugation of pBQ is more alarming than carbon monoxide as it is an irreversible covalent modification. In the present study, the functional assay of Hb-pBQ, performed through oxygen equilibrium curve, showed a significant decrease in both P50 and cooperativity. However, the structural changes associated with the observed functional perturbation of the hemoglobin conjugate (Hb-pBQ) are unknown to date. Enhanced sensitivity and high resolution of nano-ESI mass spectrometry platform have enabled to investigate the native structure of oligomers of hemoglobin in a single scan. The structural integrity of Hb-pBQ measured through the dissociation equilibrium constants (Kd) indicated that compared to HbA, Kd of tetramer-dimer and dimer-monomer equilibria were increased by 4.98- and 64.3-folds, respectively. Using isotope exchange mass spectrometry, we observed perturbations in the inter-subunit interactions of deoxy and oxy states of Hb-pBQ. However, the three-dimensional architecture of Hb-pBQ, monitored through collision cross-sectional area, did not show any change. We propose that the significant destabilization of the functionally active structure of hemoglobin upon conjugation with pBQ results in tighter oxygen binding that leads to hypoxia. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Mitra
- Clinical Proteomics Unit, Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, 100ft Road, Koramangala, Bangalore, 560034, India
| | - Amit Kumar Mandal
- Clinical Proteomics Unit, Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, 100ft Road, Koramangala, Bangalore, 560034, India.
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18
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Madani A, Alack K, Richter MJ, Krüger K. Immune-regulating effects of exercise on cigarette smoke-induced inflammation. J Inflamm Res 2018; 11:155-167. [PMID: 29731655 PMCID: PMC5923223 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s141149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term cigarette smoking (LTCS) represents an important risk factor for cardiac infarction and stroke and the central risk factor for the development of a bronchial carcinoma, smoking-associated interstitial lung fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The pathophysiologic development of these diseases is suggested to be promoted by chronic and progressive inflammation. Cigarette smoking induces repetitive inflammatory insults followed by a chronic and progressive activation of the immune system. In the pulmonary system of cigarette smokers, oxidative stress, cellular damage, and a chronic activation of pattern recognition receptors are described which are followed by the translocation of the NF-kB, the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, matrix metalloproteases, and damage-associated molecular patterns. In parallel, smoke pollutants cross directly through the alveolus-capillary interface and spread through the systemic bloodstream targeting different organs. Consequently, LTCS induces a systemic low-grade inflammation and increased oxidative stress in the vascular system. In blood, these processes promote an increased coagulation and endothelial dysfunction. In muscle tissue, inflammatory processes activate catabolic signaling pathways followed by muscle wasting and sarcopenia. In brain, several characteristics of neuroinflammation were described. Regular exercise training has been shown to be an effective nonpharmacological treatment strategy in smoke-induced pulmonary diseases. It is well established that exercise training exerts immune-regulating effects by activating anti-inflammatory signaling pathways. In this regard, the release of myokines from contracting skeletal muscle, the elevations of cortisol and adrenalin, the reduced expression of Toll-like receptors, and the increased mobilization of immune-regulating leukocyte subtypes might be of vital importance. Exercise training also increases the local and systemic antioxidative capacity and several compensatory mechanisms in tissues such as an increased anabolic signaling in muscle or an increased compliance of the vascular system. Accordingly, regular exercise training seems to protect long-term smokers against some important negative local and systemic consequences of smoking. Data suggest that it seems to be important to start exercise training as early as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Madani
- Department of Exercise and Health, Institute of Sports Science, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany
| | - Katharina Alack
- Department of Sports Medicine, University of Giessen, Germany
| | - Manuel Jonas Richter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Department of Exercise and Health, Institute of Sports Science, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany
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Chowdhury A, Choudhury A, Chakraborty S, Ghosh A, Banerjee V, Ganguly S, Bhaduri G, Banerjee R, Das K, Chatterjee IB. p-Benzoquinone-induced aggregation and perturbation of structure and chaperone function of α-crystallin is a causative factor of cigarette smoke-related cataractogenesis. Toxicology 2017; 394:11-18. [PMID: 29196190 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a significant risk factor for cataract. However, the mechanism by which cigarette smoke (CS) causes cataract remains poorly understood. We had earlier shown that in CS-exposed guinea pig, p-benzoquinone (p-BQ) derived from CS in the lungs is carried by the circulatory system to distant organs and induces various smoke-related pathogeneses. Here, we observed that CS exposure caused accumulation of the p-BQ-protein adduct in the eye lens of guinea pigs. We also observed accumulation of the p-BQ-protein adduct in resected lens from human smokers with cataract. No such accumulation was observed in the lens of never smokers. p-BQ is a strong arylating agent that forms Michael adducts with serum albumin and haemoglobin resulting in alterations of structure and function. A major protein in the mammalian eye lens is αA-crystallin, which is a potent molecular chaperone. αA-crystallin plays a key role in maintaining the integrity and transparency of the lens. SDS-PAGE indicated that p-BQ induced aggregation of αA-crystallin. Various biophysical techniques including UV-vis spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, FT-IR, bis-ANS titration suggested a perturbation of structure and chaperone function of αA-crystallin upon p-BQ modification. Our results indicate that p-BQ is a causative agent involved in the modification of αA-crystallin and pathogenesis of CS-induced cataract. Our findings would educate public about the impacts of smoking on eye health and help to discourage them from smoking. The study might also help scientists to develop new drugs for the intervention of CS-induced cataract at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritra Chowdhury
- Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Calcutta University College of Science, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Aparajita Choudhury
- Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Calcutta University College of Science, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Shruti Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Calcutta University College of Science, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Arunava Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Calcutta University College of Science, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Victor Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, 93/1 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, 700 009, India
| | - Shinjini Ganguly
- Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Calcutta University College of Science, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Gautam Bhaduri
- Regional Institute of Opthalmology, Medical College, Kolkata, India
| | - Rajat Banerjee
- Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Calcutta University College of Science, Kolkata 700019, India.
| | - Kalipada Das
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, 93/1 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, 700 009, India.
| | - Indu B Chatterjee
- Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Calcutta University College of Science, Kolkata 700019, India.
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Sarangarajan R, Meera S, Rukkumani R, Sankar P, Anuradha G. Antioxidants: Friend or foe? ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2017; 10:1111-1116. [PMID: 29268965 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are the intermediates that are formed during the normal metabolic process which are effectively neutralized by the antioxidant system of the body. Any imbalance in this neutralization process causes oxidative stress which has been implicated as one of the cause in diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular disorders, cancer etc. Research has enabled the use of antioxidants as therapeutic agents in the treatment of various diseases. Literature also puts forth the negative effects of using antioxidants in the treatment of diseases. This review is a compilation of both the beneficial and detrimental effects of use of antioxidants in the treatment of diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sarangarajan
- Department of Oral Pathology, Madha Dental College, Kundrathur, Chennai, India.
| | - S Meera
- Private Dental Practitioner, Sree Sai Dental Care, Chennai, India
| | - R Rukkumani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - P Sankar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - G Anuradha
- Private Dental Practitioner, Sai Raghav Dental Clinic, Chennai, India
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21
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Nicotine induces H9C2 cell apoptosis via Akt protein degradation. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:6269-6275. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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22
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Liang Y, Li X, Zhang Y, Yeung SC, Zhen Z, Ip MSM, Tse HF, Lian Q, Mak JCW. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Attenuate Cigarette Smoke-Induced Cardiac Remodeling and Dysfunction. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:501. [PMID: 28804458 PMCID: PMC5532447 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The strong relationship between cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been well-documented, but the mechanisms by which smoking increases CVD risk appear to be multifactorial and incompletely understood. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are regarded as an important candidate for cell-based therapy in CVD. We hypothesized that MSCs derived from induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC-MSCs) or bone marrow (BM-MSCs) might alleviate cigarette smoke (CS)-induced cardiac injury. This study aimed to investigate the effects of BM-MSCs or iPSC-MSCs on CS-induced changes in serum and cardiac lipid profiles, oxidative stress and inflammation as well as cardiac function in a rat model of passive smoking. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly selected for exposure to either sham air (SA) as control or 4% CS for 1 h per day for 56 days. On day 29 and 43, human adult BM-MSCs, iPSC-MSCs or PBS were administered intravenously to CS-exposed rats. Results from echocardiography, serum and cardiac lipid profiles, cardiac antioxidant capacity, cardiac pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and cardiac morphological changes were evaluated at the end of treatment. iPSC-MSC-treated group showed a greater effect in the improvement of CS-induced cardiac dysfunction over BM-MSCs-treated group as shown by increased percentage left ventricular ejection fraction and percentage fractional shortening, in line with the greater reversal of cardiac lipid abnormality. In addition, iPSC-MSCs administration attenuated CS-induced elevation of cardiac pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as restoration of anti-inflammatory cytokines and anti-oxidative markers, leading to ameliorate cardiac morphological abnormalities. These data suggest that iPSC-MSCs on one hand may restore CS-induced cardiac lipid abnormality and on the other hand may attenuate cardiac oxidative stress and inflammation via inhibition of CS-induced NF-κB activation, leading to improvement of cardiac remodeling and dysfunction. Thus, iPSC-MSCs may be a promising candidate in cell-based therapy to prevent cardiac complications in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmin Liang
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong KongPok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong KongPok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong KongPok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong KongPok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong KongPok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Sze Chun Yeung
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong KongPok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong KongPok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Zhe Zhen
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong KongPok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Mary S M Ip
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong KongPok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong KongPok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.,Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, The University of Hong KongPok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Hung Fat Tse
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong KongPok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Qizhou Lian
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong KongPok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong KongPok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.,Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, The University of Hong KongPok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.,Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Hong KongPok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Judith C W Mak
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong KongPok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong KongPok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.,Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, The University of Hong KongPok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong KongPok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
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23
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Kaplan A, Abidi E, Ghali R, Booz GW, Kobeissy F, Zouein FA. Functional, Cellular, and Molecular Remodeling of the Heart under Influence of Oxidative Cigarette Tobacco Smoke. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:3759186. [PMID: 28808498 PMCID: PMC5541812 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3759186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Passive and active chronic cigarette smoking (CS) remains an international epidemic and a key risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) development. CS-induced cardiac damage is divided into two major and interchangeable mechanisms: (1) direct adverse effects on the myocardium causing smoking cardiomyopathy and (2) indirect effects on the myocardium by fueling comorbidities such as atherosclerotic syndromes and hypertension that eventually damage and remodel the heart. To date, our understanding of cardiac remodeling following acute and chronic smoking exposure is not well elucidated. This manuscript presents for the first time the RIMD (oxidative stress (R), inflammation (I), metabolic impairment (M), and cell death (D)) detrimental cycle concept as a major player in CS-induced CVD risks and direct cardiac injury. Breakthroughs and latest findings in the field with respect to structural, functional, cellular, and molecular cardiac remodeling following chronic smoking exposure are summarized. This review also touches the genetics/epigenetics of smoking as well as the smoker's paradox and highlights the most currently prominent pharmacological venues to mitigate CS-induced adverse cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Kaplan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Emna Abidi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rana Ghali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - George W. Booz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center School of Medicine, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fouad A. Zouein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
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24
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Ganguly S, Chandra A, Chattopadhyay DJ, Chatterjee IB. p-Benzoquinone initiates non-invasive urothelial cancer through aberrant tyrosine phosphorylation of EGFR, MAP kinase activation and cell cycle deregulation: Prevention by vitamin C. Toxicol Rep 2017; 4:296-305. [PMID: 28959653 PMCID: PMC5615141 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
p-Benzoquinone induces non-invasive urothelial carcinoma in a guinea pig model. The mechanisms involved are persistent growth signaling and cell cycle deregulation. Vitamin C prevents p-benzoquinone-induced non-invasive urothelial carcinoma.
According to WHO classification system, non-invasive urothelial carcinoma represents urothelial carcinoma in situ (CIS) and dysplasia. Dysplastic urothelium often progresses to CIS that further advances to urothelial carcinoma (UC). The strongest risk factor for UC is cigarette smoking. However, the pathogenesis of cigarette smoke (CS)-induced UC is poorly understood. Earlier we had shown that p-benzoquinone (p-BQ), a major toxic quinone derived from p-benzosemiquinone of CS in vivo, is a causative factor for various CS-induced diseases. Here, using a guinea pig model we showed that prolonged treatment with p-BQ led to non-invasive UC, specifically carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the renal pelvis and dysplasia in the ureter and bladder. The mechanisms of carcinogenesis were p-BQ-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis that were later suppressed and followed by activation of epidermal growth factor receptor, aberrant phosphorylation of intracellular tyrosine residues, activation of MAP kinase pathway and persistent growth signaling. This was accompanied by deregulation of cell cycle as shown by marked decrease in the expression of p21waf1/cip1 and cyclin D1 proteins as well as hyperphosphorylation of pRb. UC has been characterised by histopathology and immunohistochemistry showing aberrant CK20, increased Ki-67, and marked p53 nuclear immunopositivity with uniformly negative labelling of CD44. Oral supplementation of vitamin C (30 mg/kg body weight/day) prevented CIS of the renal pelvis and dysplasia in the ureter and bladder. Since majority of non-invasive UC progresses to invasive cancer with increased risk of mortality, our preclinical study might help to devise effective strategies for early intervention of the disease.
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Key Words
- Aberrant EGFR activation
- Bax, BCL2-associated X protein
- Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2
- CIS, carcinoma in situ
- CS, cigarette smoke
- Carcinoma in situ
- Cell cycle deregulation
- DNPH, 2 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
- Dysplasia
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- IARC, International Agency for Research on Cancer
- MAPK, mitogen activated protein kinase
- PAHs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SDS PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling
- UC, urothelial carcinoma
- Vitamin C
- WHO, World Health Organization
- p-BQ, p-benzoquinone
- p-BSQ, p-benzosemiquinone
- p-Benzoquinone
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinjini Ganguly
- Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Calcutta University College of Science, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Ayan Chandra
- Department of Statistics, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), Kolkata 700016, India
| | - Dhruba J Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Calcutta University College of Science, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Indu B Chatterjee
- Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Calcutta University College of Science, Kolkata 700019, India
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25
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Vang A, Clements RT, Chichger H, Kue N, Allawzi A, O'Connell K, Jeong EM, Dudley SC, Sakhatskyy P, Lu Q, Zhang P, Rounds S, Choudhary G. Effect of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation on cardiac fibroblasts: a mechanism underlying RV fibrosis associated with cigarette smoke exposure. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 312:L748-L759. [PMID: 28258105 PMCID: PMC5451597 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00393.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction is associated with numerous smoking-related illnesses, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), in which it is present even in the absence of pulmonary hypertension. It is unknown whether exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) has direct effects on RV function and cardiac fibroblast (CF) proliferation or collagen synthesis. In this study, we evaluated cardiac function and fibrosis in mice exposed to CS and determined mechanisms of smoke-induced changes in CF signaling and fibrosis. AKR mice were exposed to CS for 6 wk followed by echocardiography and evaluation of cardiac hypertrophy, collagen content, and pulmonary muscularization. Proliferation and collagen content were evaluated in primary isolated rat CFs exposed to CS extract (CSE) or nicotine. Markers of cell proliferation, fibrosis, and proliferative signaling were determined by immunoblot or Sircol collagen assay. Mice exposed to CS had significantly decreased RV function, as determined by tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion. There were no changes in left ventricular parameters. RV collagen content was significantly elevated, but there was no change in RV hypertrophy or pulmonary vascular muscularization. CSE directly increased CF proliferation and collagen content in CF. Nicotine alone reproduced these effects. CSE and nicotine-induced fibroblast proliferation and collagen content were mediated through α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and were dependent on PKC-α, PKC-δ, and reduced p38-MAPK phosphorylation. CS and nicotine have direct effects on CFs to induce proliferation and fibrosis, which may negatively affect right heart function.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Fibroblasts/drug effects
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/pathology
- Heart Ventricles/drug effects
- Heart Ventricles/pathology
- Heart Ventricles/physiopathology
- Hemodynamics/drug effects
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/complications
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/diagnostic imaging
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/pathology
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/physiopathology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- Male
- Mice, Inbred AKR
- Myocardium/pathology
- Nicotine/pharmacology
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Protein Kinase C-alpha/metabolism
- Protein Kinase C-delta/metabolism
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Smoking/adverse effects
- Vascular Remodeling/drug effects
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Right/complications
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Right/diagnostic imaging
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Right/pathology
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Right/physiopathology
- alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor/metabolism
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Vang
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Richard T Clements
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island; and
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Havovi Chichger
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Nouaying Kue
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Ayed Allawzi
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Kelly O'Connell
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Euy-Myoung Jeong
- Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Samuel C Dudley
- Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Pavlo Sakhatskyy
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Qing Lu
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Sharon Rounds
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Gaurav Choudhary
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island;
- Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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26
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Tae B, Oliveira KC, Conceição RRD, Valenti VE, de Souza JS, Laureano-Melo R, Sato MA, Maciel RMDB, Giannocco G. Evaluation of globins expression in brain, heart, and lung in rats exposed to side stream cigarette smoke. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:1252-1261. [PMID: 27441981 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The side stream cigarette smoke (SSCS) is a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of cigarette smoking-induced toxicity. Hemoglobin (Hb), myoglobin (Mb), neuroglobin (Ngb), and cytoglobin (Cygb) are globins with different distributions and functions in the tissues and have similar actions by providing O2 (oxygen) for respiratory chain, detoxification of ROS and nitric oxide (NO), and protect tissues against irreversible lesions. We aimed to investigate the effects of SSCS exposure on gene and protein expression of Ngb, Cygb, and Mb in different tissue. The Ngb and Cygb gene and protein expression in the cerebral cortex increased after 1 week of rat exposure to SSCS. In hippocampus, the Ngb gene and protein expression increased after 1 week or more of exposure and no change was observed in Cygb gene and protein expression. In myocardium, Mb and Cygb gene expression increased at 1 and 4 weeks of exposure, while protein expression of both increased at 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks. In lung, observed an increase in Cygb gene and protein expression after 2, 3, and 4 weeks of exposure. The findings suggest that SSCS modulates Ngb, Cygb, and Mb in central and peripheral tissue © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 1252-1261, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Tae
- Departament of Morphology and Physiology, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Kelen Carneiro Oliveira
- Departament of Morphology and Physiology, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
- Departament of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Monica Akemi Sato
- Departament of Morphology and Physiology, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Gisele Giannocco
- Departament of Morphology and Physiology, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
- Departament of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
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27
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Dalle-Donne I, Colombo G, Gornati R, Garavaglia ML, Portinaro N, Giustarini D, Bernardini G, Rossi R, Milzani A. Protein Carbonylation in Human Smokers and Mammalian Models of Exposure to Cigarette Smoke: Focus on Redox Proteomic Studies. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:406-426. [PMID: 27393565 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Oxidative stress is one mechanism whereby tobacco smoking affects human health, as reflected by increased levels of several biomarkers of oxidative stress/damage isolated from tissues and biological fluids of active and passive smokers. Many investigations of cigarette smoke (CS)-induced oxidative stress/damage have been carried out in mammalian animal and cellular models of exposure to CS. Animal models allow the investigation of many parameters that are similar to those measured in human smokers. In vitro cell models may provide new information on molecular and functional differences between cells of smokers and nonsmokers. Recent Advances: Over the past decade or so, a growing number of researches highlighted that CS induces protein carbonylation in different tissues and body fluids of smokers as well as in in vivo and in vitro models of exposure to CS. CRITICAL ISSUES We review recent findings on protein carbonylation in smokers and models thereof, focusing on redox proteomic studies. We also discuss the relevance and limitations of these models of exposure to CS and critically assess the congruence between the smoker's condition and laboratory models. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The identification of protein targets is crucial for understanding the mechanism(s) by which carbonylated proteins accumulate and potentially affect cellular functions. Recent progress in redox proteomics allows the enrichment, identification, and characterization of specific oxidative protein modifications, including carbonylation. Therefore, redox proteomics can be a powerful tool to gain new insights into the onset and/or progression of CS-related diseases and to develop strategies to prevent and/or treat them. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 406-426.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Graziano Colombo
- 1 Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan, Italy
| | - Rosalba Gornati
- 2 Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria , Varese, Italy
| | - Maria L Garavaglia
- 1 Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Portinaro
- 3 Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano and Pediatric Orthopaedic Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center , Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Bernardini
- 2 Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria , Varese, Italy
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- 4 Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena , Siena, Italy
| | - Aldo Milzani
- 1 Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan, Italy
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28
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Ellulu MS. Obesity, cardiovascular disease, and role of vitamin C on inflammation: a review of facts and underlying mechanisms. Inflammopharmacology 2017; 25:313-328. [PMID: 28168552 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-017-0314-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity means the accumulation of excessive fat that may interfere with the maintenance of optimal state of health. Obesity causes cardiac and vascular disease through well-known mediators such as hypertension, type-2 diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia, but there are evidences for other mediators such as chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and thrombosis. The decreased levels of antioxidants factors and nitric oxide predispose to further cardiovascular adverse events. To reduce the risks, antioxidants can help by neutralizing the free radicals and protecting from damage by donating electrons. Having the capacity, vitamin C protects from oxidative stress, prevention of non-enzymatic glycosylation of proteins, and enhances arterial dilation through its effect on nitric oxide release. It also decreases lipid peroxidation, and alleviates inflammation. The anti-inflammatory property of vitamin C could be attributed to ability to modulate the NF-kB DNA binding activity and down-regulation in the hepatic mRNA expression for the interleukins and tumor factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Ellulu
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Clinical Nutrition Specialist, Gaza, Palestine.
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29
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Nemmar A, Al-Salam S, Yuvaraju P, Beegam S, Yasin J, Ali BH. Chronic exposure to water-pipe smoke induces cardiovascular dysfunction in mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 312:H329-H339. [PMID: 27940964 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00450.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Water-pipe tobacco smoking is becoming prevalent in all over the world including Western countries. There are limited data on the cardiovascular effects of water-pipe smoke (WPS), in particular following chronic exposure. Here, we assessed the chronic cardiovascular effects of nose-only WPS exposure in C57BL/6 mice. The duration of the session was 30 minutes/day, 5 days/week for 6 consecutive months. Control mice were exposed to air. WPS significantly increased systolic blood pressure. The relative heart weight and plasma concentrations of troponin-I and B-type natriuretic peptide were increased in mice exposed to WPS. Arterial blood gas analysis showed that WPS caused a significant decrease in [Formula: see text] and an increase in [Formula: see text] WPS significantly shortened the thrombotic occlusion time in pial arterioles and venules and increased the number of circulating platelet. Cardiac lipid peroxidation, measured as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, was significantly increased, while superoxide dismutase activity, total nitric oxide activity, and glutathione concentration were reduced by WPS exposure. Likewise, immunohistochemical analysis of the heart revealed an increase in the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cytochrome c by cardiomyocytes of WPS-exposed mice. Moreover, hearts of WPS-exposed mice showed the presence of focal interstitial fibrosis. WPS exposure significantly increased heart DNA damage assessed by Comet assay. We conclude that chronic nose-only exposure to WPS impairs cardiovascular homeostasis. Our findings provide evidence that long-term exposure to WPS is harmful to the cardiovascular system and supports interventions to control the spread of WPS, particularly amid youths.NEW & NOTEWORTHY No data are available on the chronic cardiovascular effects of water-pipe smoke (WPS). Our findings provide experimental evidence that chronic exposure to WPS increased blood pressure, relative heart weight, troponin I, and B-type natriuretic peptide in plasma and induced hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and thrombosis. Moreover, WPS caused cardiac oxidative stress, DNA damage, and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahim Nemmar
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Suhail Al-Salam
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Priya Yuvaraju
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sumaya Beegam
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Javed Yasin
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; and
| | - Badreldin H Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khod, Sultanate of Oman
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30
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Kleszczewski T, Modzelewska B, Lisowska A, Buzun L, Kleszczewska E. Levels of vitamin C In the blood plasma patients treated with coronary artery bypass grafting increases significantly after surgery. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 85:527-530. [PMID: 27890433 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
One strong risk factor of coronary artery disease (CAD), which affects the levels of vitamin C in the blood is cigarette smoking. The supplementary effects of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is smoking cessation by patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the level of vitamin C in the blood plasma one day before and one month after CABG. Human blood were collected from 20 patients (men); 1day before and 1 month after CABG. All patients were smoker and after CABG they declared their not smoking. The concentration of vitamin C in the blood plasma was assayed by FIA method with spectrophotometric detection. The mean value of the vitamin C concentration 1day before CABG was 12.36±2.84μmol/L (mean±SD), 1 month after CABG 40.07±10.95μmol/L (mean±SD). The average increase in the concentration of vitamin C was 3.27±0.73 times (mean±SD) and showed significant positive correlations (Pearson r=0.657, p=0.002). It should be consider incorporating the recommendations of preoperative smoking cessation for at least one month prior to CABG and/or additional supplementation. In addition it would be relevant to monitor the level of vitamin C in the patients' blood in the preoperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Lisowska
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Białystok, Poland
| | - Leszek Buzun
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Białystok, Poland; Department of Cardiac Surgery, The Regional Specialist Hospital in Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Ewa Kleszczewska
- Institute of Health Care, Higher Vocational School of Suwałki, Poland
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31
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Kračmarová A, Banďouchová H, Pikula J, Pohanka M. Effect of Intramuscular Injection on Oxidative Homeostasis in Laboratory Guinea Pig Model. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ) 2016; 59:59-63. [PMID: 27526307 DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2016.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In animal models, there was observed alteration of various physiological processes caused by microtraumas. Here reported experiment was aimed on the research of link between injection and development of an oxidative imbalance. Laboratory guinea pig was chosen as a suitable model for examining of the oxidative stress. Markers indicating oxidative homeostasis were assayed in the frontal, temporal and occipital brain lobe, cerebellum, liver, kidney, spleen and heart one hour after an intramuscular injection. Common biochemical parameters were measured in plasma samples as well. The most extensive effect was observed in the heart where the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances value was more than twice increased after the injection. The level of carbonylated proteins was significantly elevated in the kidney and ferric reducing antioxidant power value was increased in the brain compartments. The enzyme activities in the organs were not influenced except the activity of superoxide dismutase, which was moderately decreased in the brain. In the plasma samples, there was observed increase of the blood urea nitrogen. The results showed significant the influence of the intramuscular injection on a development of an oxidative insult. The injection can be considered as an adverse effect with quite extensive stress consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alžběta Kračmarová
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Banďouchová
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Pikula
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Pohanka
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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32
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Pini A, Boccalini G, Baccari MC, Becatti M, Garella R, Fiorillo C, Calosi L, Bani D, Nistri S. Protection from cigarette smoke-induced vascular injury by recombinant human relaxin-2 (serelaxin). J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:891-902. [PMID: 26915460 PMCID: PMC4831370 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking is regarded as a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This study investigates whether serelaxin (RLX, recombinant human relaxin-2) endowed with promising therapeutic properties in CVD, can be credited of a protective effect against cigarette smoke (CS)-induced vascular damage and dysfunction. Guinea pigs exposed daily to CS for 8 weeks were treated with vehicle or RLX, delivered by osmotic pumps at daily doses of 1 or 10 μg. Controls were non-smoking animals. Other studies were performed on primary guinea pig aortic endothelial (GPAE) cells, challenged with CS extracts (CSE) in the absence and presence of 100 ng/ml (17 nmol/l) RLX. In aortic specimens from CS-exposed guinea pigs, both the contractile and the relaxant responses to phenylephrine and acetylcholine, respectively, were significantly reduced in amplitude and delayed, in keeping with the observed adverse remodelling of the aortic wall, endothelial injury and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) down-regulation. RLX at both doses maintained the aortic contractile and relaxant responses to a control-like pattern and counteracted aortic wall remodelling and endothelial derangement. The experiments with GPAE cells showed that CSE significantly decreased cell viability and eNOS expression and promoted apoptosis by sparkling oxygen free radical-related cytotoxicity, while RLX counterbalanced the adverse effects of CSE. These findings demonstrate that RLX is capable of counteracting CS-mediated vascular damage and dysfunction by reducing oxidative stress, thus adding a tile to the growing mosaic of the beneficial effects of RLX in CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pini
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy & Histology & Research Unit of Histology & Embryology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Boccalini
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy & Histology & Research Unit of Histology & Embryology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Becatti
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Biomedical Sciences 'Mario Serio', Section of Biochemistry, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Rachele Garella
- Section of Physiology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudia Fiorillo
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Biomedical Sciences 'Mario Serio', Section of Biochemistry, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Calosi
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy & Histology & Research Unit of Histology & Embryology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Bani
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy & Histology & Research Unit of Histology & Embryology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Nistri
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy & Histology & Research Unit of Histology & Embryology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Bastide N, Dartois L, Dyevre V, Dossus L, Fagherazzi G, Serafini M, Boutron-Ruault MC. Dietary antioxidant capacity and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in the E3N/EPIC cohort study. Eur J Nutr 2016; 56:1233-1243. [PMID: 26887577 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The cellular oxidative stress (balance between pro-oxidant and antioxidant) may be a major risk factor for chronic diseases. Antioxidant capacity of human diet can be globally assessed through the dietary non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity (NEAC). Our aim was to investigate the relationship between the NEAC and all-cause and cause-specific mortality, and to test potential interactions with smoking status, a well-known pro-oxidant factor. METHODS Among the French women of the E3N prospective cohort study initiated in 1990, including 4619 deaths among 1,199,011 persons-years of follow-up. A validated dietary history questionnaire assessed usual food intake; NEAC intake was estimated using a food composition table from two different methods: ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP). Hazard ratio (HR) estimates and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were derived from Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS In multivariate analyses, FRAP dietary equivalent intake was inversely associated with mortality from all-causes (HR for the fourth vs. the first quartile: HR4 = 0.75, 95 % CI 0.67, 0.83, p trend < 0.0001), cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Similar results were obtained with TRAP. There was an interaction between NEAC dietary equivalent intake and smoking status for all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality, but not cancer mortality (respectively, for FRAP, p inter = 0.002; 0.013; 0.113, results were similar with TRAP), and the association was the strongest among current smokers. CONCLUSION This prospective cohort study highlights the importance of antioxidant consumption for mortality prevention, especially among current smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Bastide
- CESP, Team 9, UMR-S 1018: INSERM, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Sud, Espace Maurice Tubiana, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805, Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Laureen Dartois
- CESP, Team 9, UMR-S 1018: INSERM, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Sud, Espace Maurice Tubiana, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805, Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Valérie Dyevre
- CESP, Team 9, UMR-S 1018: INSERM, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Sud, Espace Maurice Tubiana, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805, Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Laure Dossus
- CESP, Team 9, UMR-S 1018: INSERM, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Sud, Espace Maurice Tubiana, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805, Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Guy Fagherazzi
- CESP, Team 9, UMR-S 1018: INSERM, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Sud, Espace Maurice Tubiana, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805, Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Mauro Serafini
- Functional Foods and Metabolic Stress Prevention Laboratory, Center of Nutrition, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Center of Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy
| | - Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault
- CESP, Team 9, UMR-S 1018: INSERM, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Sud, Espace Maurice Tubiana, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805, Villejuif Cedex, France.
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Al-Attas OS, Hussain T, Ahmed M, Al-Daghri N, Mohammed AA, De Rosas E, Gambhir D, Sumague TS. Ultrastructural changes, increased oxidative stress, inflammation, and altered cardiac hypertrophic gene expressions in heart tissues of rats exposed to incense smoke. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:10083-93. [PMID: 25687613 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4212-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Incense smoke exposure has recently been linked to cardiovascular disease risk, heart rate variability, and endothelial dysfunction. To test the possible underlying mechanisms, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers, gene expressions of cardiac hypertrophic and xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and ultrastructural changes were measured, respectively, using standard, ELISA-based, real-time PCR, and transmission electron microscope procedures in heart tissues of Wistar rats after chronically exposing to Arabian incense. Malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis alpha (TNF)-α, and IL-4 levels were significantly increased, while catalase and glutathione levels were significantly declined in incense smoke-exposed rats. Incense smoke exposure also resulted in a significant increase in atrial natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide, β-myosin heavy chain, CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Rats exposed to incense smoke displayed marked ultrastructural changes in heart muscle with distinct cardiac hypertrophy, which correlated with the augmented hypertrophic gene expression as well as markers of cardiac damage including creatine kinase-myocardial bound (CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Increased oxidative stress, inflammation, altered cardiac hypertrophic gene expression, tissue damage, and architectural changes in the heart may collectively contribute to increased cardiovascular disease risk in individuals exposed to incense smoke. Increased gene expressions of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 may be instrumental in the incense smoke-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. Thus, incense smoke can be considered as a potential environmental pollutant and its long-term exposure may negatively impact human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar S Al-Attas
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, College of Science, King Saud University, AB3, Building 5, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Wu Z, He EY, Scott GI, Ren J. α,β-Unsaturated aldehyde pollutant acrolein suppresses cardiomyocyte contractile function: Role of TRPV1 and oxidative stress. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:638-647. [PMID: 24376112 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is associated with an increased prevalence of heart disease and is known to trigger a proinflammatory response via stimulation of transient receptor potential vanilloid cation channels (TRPV1, also known as the capsaicin receptor). This study was designed to examine the effect of acrolein, an essential α,β-unsaturated aldehyde pollutant, on myocardial contractile function and the underlying mechanism involved with a focus on TRPV1 and oxidative stress. Cardiomyocyte mechanical and intracellular Ca(2+) properties were evaluated using an IonOptix MyoCam® system including peak shortening (PS), maximal velocity of shortening/relengthening (± dL/dt), time-to-PS (TPS), time-to-90% relengthening (TR90 ), fura-2 fluorescence intensity (FFI) and intracellular Ca(2+) decay. Changes in apoptosis and TRPV1 were evaluated using Western blot analysis. The degree of oxidative stress was assessed using the ratio between reduced and oxidized glutathione. Results obtained revealed that exposure of cardiomyocytes to acrolein acutely compromised contractile and intracellular Ca(2+) properties including depressed PS, ± dL/dt and ΔFFI, as well as prolonged TR90 and intracellular Ca(2+) decay. In addition, acrolein exposure upregulated TRPV1 associated with an increase in both apoptosis and oxidative stress. However, the acrolein-induced cardiomyocyte contractile and intracellular Ca(2+) anomalies, as well as apoptosis (as evidenced by Bcl-2, Bax, FasL, Caspase-3 and -8), were negated by the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger glutathione or the TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine. Collectively these data suggest that the α,β-unsaturated aldehyde pollutant acrolein may play a role in the pathogenesis and sequelae of air pollution-induced heart disease via a TRPV1- and oxidative stress-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbiao Wu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Emily Y He
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, Wyoming, 82071
| | - Glenda I Scott
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, Wyoming, 82071
| | - Jun Ren
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, Wyoming, 82071
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Ghosh A, Ganguly S, Dey N, Banerjee S, Das A, Chattopadhyay DJ, Chatterjee IB. Causation of Cigarette Smoke–Induced Emphysema by p-Benzoquinone and Its Prevention by Vitamin C. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 52:315-22. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0545oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Chou HC, Chen CM. Maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation induces cardiac remodeling in rat offspring. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 50:4-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Itoh M, Tsuji T, Nakamura H, Yamaguchi K, Fuchikami JI, Takahashi M, Morozumi Y, Aoshiba K. Systemic effects of acute cigarette smoke exposure in mice. Inhal Toxicol 2014; 26:464-73. [PMID: 24932561 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2014.917346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cigarette smoke (CS) causes both pulmonary and extrapulmonary disorders. OBJECTIVE To determine the pulmonary and extrapulmonary effects of acute CS exposure in regard to inflammation, oxidative stress and DNA damage. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice were exposed to CS for 10 days and then their lungs, heart, liver, pancreas, kidneys, gastrocnemius muscle and subcutaneous (inguinal and flank) and visceral (retroperitoneum and periuterus) adipose tissues were excised. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples were obtained for differential cell analysis. Inflammatory cell infiltration of the tissues was assessed by immunohistochemistry for Mac-3(+) cells, F4/80(+) cells and CD45(+) cells. Oxidative stress was determined by immunohistochemistry for thymidine glycol (a marker of DNA peroxidation) and 4-hydroxy hexenal (a marker of lipid peroxidation), by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for protein carbonyls (a marker of protein peroxidation) and by measurements of enzyme activities of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase. DNA double-strand breaks were assessed by immunohistochemistry for γH2AX. RESULTS CS exposure-induced inflammatory cell infiltration, oxidative stress and DNA damage in the lung. Neither inflammatory cell infiltration nor DNA damage was observed in any extrapulmonary organs. However, oxidative stress was increased in the heart and inguinal adipose tissue. DISCUSSIONS Induction of inflammatory cell infiltration and DNA damage by acute CS exposure was confined to the lung. However, an increased oxidative burden occurred in the heart and some adipose tissue, as well as in the lung. CONCLUSIONS Although extrapulmonary effects of CS are relatively modest compared with the pulmonary effects, some extrapulmonary organs are vulnerable to CS-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Itoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center , Ibaraki , Japan
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Pei Z, Zhuang Z, Sang H, Wu Z, Meng R, He EY, Scott GI, Maris JR, Li R, Ren J. α,β-Unsaturated aldehyde crotonaldehyde triggers cardiomyocyte contractile dysfunction: role of TRPV1 and mitochondrial function. Pharmacol Res 2014; 82:40-50. [PMID: 24705155 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has suggested that cigarette smoking is associated with an increased prevalence of heart diseases. Given that cigarette smoking triggers proinflammatory response via stimulation of the capsaicin-sensitive transient receptor potential cation channel TRPV1, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of an essential α,β-unsaturated aldehyde from cigarette smoke crotonaldehyde on myocardial function and the underlying mechanism with a focus on TRPV1 and mitochondria. Cardiomyocyte mechanical and intracellular Ca2+ properties were evaluated including peak shortening (PS), maximal velocity of shortening/relengthening (±dL/dt), time-to-PS (TPS), time-to-90% relengthening (TR90), fura-2 fluorescence intensity (FFI), intracellular Ca2+ decay and SERCA activity. Apoptosis and TRPV1 were evaluated using Western blot analysis. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage were measured using the intracellular fluoroprobe 5-(6)-chloromethyl-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), respectively. Our data revealed that crotonaldehyde interrupted cardiomyocyte contractile and intracellular Ca2+ property including depressed PS, ±dL/dt, ΔFFI and SERCA activity, as well as prolonged TR90 and intracellular Ca2+ decay. Crotonaldehyde exposure increased TRPV1 and NADPH oxidase levels, promoted apoptosis, mitochondrial injury (decreased aconitase activity, PGC-1α and UCP-2) as well as production of ROS and 8-OHdG. Interestingly, crotonaldehyde-induced cardiac defect was obliterated by the ROS scavenger glutathione and the TRPV1 inhibitor capsazepine. Capsazepine (not glutathione) ablated crotonaldehyde-induced mitochondrial damage. Capsazepine, glutathione and the NADPH inhibitor apocynin negated crotonaldehyde-induced ROS accumulation. Our data suggest a role of crotonaldehyde compromises cardiomyocyte mechanical function possibly through a TRPV1- and mitochondria-dependent oxidative stress mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Pei
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330009, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhuang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Hanfei Sang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bethune International Peace Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050082, China
| | - Zhenbiao Wu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Rongsen Meng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second People's Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511442, China
| | - Emily Y He
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China; University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Glenda I Scott
- University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Jackie R Maris
- University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Ruiman Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511442, China.
| | - Jun Ren
- University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
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Tveden-Nyborg P, Lykkesfeldt J. Does vitamin C deficiency increase lifestyle-associated vascular disease progression? Evidence based on experimental and clinical studies. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:2084-104. [PMID: 23642093 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Despite continuous advances in the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD), critical issues associated with an unhealthy lifestyle remain an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality in industrialized countries. RECENT ADVANCES A growing body of literature supports a specific role for vitamin C in a number of reactions that are associated with vascular function and control including, for example, nitric oxide bioavailability, lipid metabolism, and vascular integrity. CRITICAL ISSUES A large body of epidemiological evidence supports a relationship between poor vitamin C status and increased risk of developing CVD, and the prevalence of deficiency continues to be around 10%-20% of the general Western population although this problem could easily and cheaply be solved by supplementation. However, large intervention studies using vitamin C have not found a beneficial effect of supplementation. This review outlines the proposed mechanism by which vitamin C deficiency worsens CVD progression. In addition, it discusses problems with the currently available literature, including the discrepancies between the large intervention studies and the experimental and epidemiological literature. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Increased insights into vitamin C deficiency-mediated CVD progression will enable the design of future randomized controlled trials that are better suited to test the efficacy of vitamin C in disease prevention as well as the identification of high-risk individuals which could possibly benefit from supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Tveden-Nyborg
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Adikesavan G, Vinayagam MM, Abdulrahman LA, Chinnasamy T. (-)-Epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG) stabilize the mitochondrial enzymes and inhibits the apoptosis in cigarette smoke-induced myocardial dysfunction in rats. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:6533-45. [PMID: 24197690 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2673-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study brings out the preventive role of (-)-epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG) on cardiac mitochondrial metabolism and apoptosis in cigarette smoke (CS)-exposed rats. The CS-exposed rats showed significantly decreased activities of TCA cycle enzymes and mitochondrial enzymatic antioxidants, on the other hand, mitochondrial lipid peroxidation was increased and GSH level was decreased. Further, CS exposure was found to induce cardiac apoptosis through release of cytochrome c into the cytosol, cleavage of pro-caspase-3 to active caspase-3, up-regulation of pro-apoptotic (Bax) and down-regulation of antiapoptotic (Bcl-2) molecules. The CS-induced apoptosis was further confirmed by mitochondrial and nuclear ultra structural apoptotic features as evaluated by electron microscopic studies. EGCG supplementation shelters the activities of TCA cycle enzymes and antioxidant enzymes, with concomitant decrease in lipid peroxidation and increase in GSH level. EGCG administration inhibited apoptosis through the inhibition of cytochrome c release into cytosol, activation of pro-caspase-3, down regulation of Bax and significant up regulation of Bcl-2. EGCG reversed the ultra structural apoptotic alterations of mitochondria and nucleus. The present study has provided experimental evidences that the EGCG treatment enduring to cardio protection at mitochondrial level.
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Farsalinos KE, Romagna G, Allifranchini E, Ripamonti E, Bocchietto E, Todeschi S, Tsiapras D, Kyrzopoulos S, Voudris V. Comparison of the cytotoxic potential of cigarette smoke and electronic cigarette vapour extract on cultured myocardial cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:5146-62. [PMID: 24135821 PMCID: PMC3823305 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10105146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic cigarettes (ECs) have been marketed as an alternative-to-smoking habit. Besides chemical studies of the content of EC liquids or vapour, little research has been conducted on their in vitro effects. Smoking is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease and cigarette smoke (CS) has well-established cytotoxic effects on myocardial cells. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic potential of the vapour of 20 EC liquid samples and a "base" liquid sample (50% glycerol and 50% propylene glycol, with no nicotine or flavourings) on cultured myocardial cells. Included were 4 samples produced by using cured tobacco leaves in order to extract the tobacco flavour. METHODS Cytotoxicity was tested according to the ISO 10993-5 standard. By activating an EC device at 3.7 volts (6.2 watts-all samples, including the "base" liquid) and at 4.5 volts (9.2 watts-four randomly selected samples), 200 mg of liquid evaporated and was extracted in 20 mL of culture medium. Cigarette smoke (CS) extract from three tobacco cigarettes was produced according to ISO 3308 method (2 s puffs of 35 mL volume, one puff every 60 s). The extracts, undiluted (100%) and in four dilutions (50%, 25%, 12.5%, and 6.25%), were applied to myocardial cells (H9c2); percent-viability was measured after 24 h incubation. According to ISO 10993-5, viability of <70% was considered cytotoxic. RESULTS CS extract was cytotoxic at extract concentrations >6.25% (viability: 76.9 ± 2.0% at 6.25%, 38.2 ± 0.5% at 12.5%, 3.1 ± 0.2% at 25%, 5.2 ± 0.8% at 50%, and 3.9 ± 0.2% at 100% extract concentration). Three EC extracts (produced by tobacco leaves) were cytotoxic at 100% and 50% extract concentrations (viability range: 2.2%-39.1% and 7.4%-66.9% respectively) and one ("Cinnamon-Cookies" flavour) was cytotoxic at 100% concentration only (viability: 64.8 ± 2.5%). Inhibitory concentration 50 was >3 times lower in CS extract compared to the worst-performing EC vapour extract. For EC extracts produced by high-voltage and energy, viability was reduced but no sample was cytotoxic according to ISO 10993-5 definition. Vapour produced by the "base" liquid was not cytotoxic at any extract concentration. Cell survival was not associated with nicotine concentration of EC liquids. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that some EC samples have cytotoxic properties on cultured cardiomyoblasts, associated with the production process and materials used in flavourings. However, all EC vapour extracts were significantly less cytotoxic compared to CS extract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giorgio Romagna
- ABICH S.r.l, Biological and Chemical Toxicology Research Laboratory, Via 42 Martiri, 213/B-28924 Verbania (VB), Italy; E-Mails: (G.R.); (E.A.); (E.R.); (E.B.); (S.T.)
| | - Elena Allifranchini
- ABICH S.r.l, Biological and Chemical Toxicology Research Laboratory, Via 42 Martiri, 213/B-28924 Verbania (VB), Italy; E-Mails: (G.R.); (E.A.); (E.R.); (E.B.); (S.T.)
| | - Emiliano Ripamonti
- ABICH S.r.l, Biological and Chemical Toxicology Research Laboratory, Via 42 Martiri, 213/B-28924 Verbania (VB), Italy; E-Mails: (G.R.); (E.A.); (E.R.); (E.B.); (S.T.)
| | - Elena Bocchietto
- ABICH S.r.l, Biological and Chemical Toxicology Research Laboratory, Via 42 Martiri, 213/B-28924 Verbania (VB), Italy; E-Mails: (G.R.); (E.A.); (E.R.); (E.B.); (S.T.)
| | - Stefano Todeschi
- ABICH S.r.l, Biological and Chemical Toxicology Research Laboratory, Via 42 Martiri, 213/B-28924 Verbania (VB), Italy; E-Mails: (G.R.); (E.A.); (E.R.); (E.B.); (S.T.)
| | - Dimitris Tsiapras
- Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Sygrou 356, Kallithea 17674, Greece; E-Mails: (D.T.); (S.K.); (V.V.)
| | - Stamatis Kyrzopoulos
- Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Sygrou 356, Kallithea 17674, Greece; E-Mails: (D.T.); (S.K.); (V.V.)
| | - Vassilis Voudris
- Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Sygrou 356, Kallithea 17674, Greece; E-Mails: (D.T.); (S.K.); (V.V.)
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