1
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Fox S, Gaudreau-LaPierre A, Reshke R, Podinic I, Gibbings DJ, Trinkle-Mulcahy L, Copeland JW. Identification of an FMNL2 Interactome by Quantitative Mass Spectrometry. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5686. [PMID: 38891874 PMCID: PMC11171801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Formin Homology Proteins (Formins) are a highly conserved family of cytoskeletal regulatory proteins that participate in a diverse range of cellular processes. FMNL2 is a member of the Diaphanous-Related Formin sub-group, and previous reports suggest FMNL2's role in filopodia assembly, force generation at lamellipodia, subcellular trafficking, cell-cell junction assembly, and focal adhesion formation. How FMNL2 is recruited to these sites of action is not well understood. To shed light on how FMNL2 activity is partitioned between subcellular locations, we used biotin proximity labeling and proteomic analysis to identify an FMNL2 interactome. The interactome identified known and new FMNL2 interacting proteins with functions related to previously described FMNL2 activities. In addition, our interactome predicts a novel connection between FMNL2 and extracellular vesicle assembly. We show directly that FMNL2 protein is present in exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - John W. Copeland
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (S.F.)
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2
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Tong CS, Su M, Sun H, Chua XL, Xiong D, Guo S, Raj R, Ong NWP, Lee AG, Miao Y, Wu M. Collective dynamics of actin and microtubule and its crosstalk mediated by FHDC1. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 11:1261117. [PMID: 38567385 PMCID: PMC10985548 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1261117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The coordination between actin and microtubule network is crucial, yet this remains a challenging problem to dissect and our understanding of the underlying mechanisms remains limited. In this study, we used travelling waves in the cell cortex to characterize the collective dynamics of cytoskeletal networks. Our findings show that Cdc42 and F-BAR-dependent actin waves in mast cells are mainly driven by formin-mediated actin polymerization, with the microtubule-binding formin FH2 domain-containing protein 1 (FHDC1) as an early regulator. Knocking down FHDC1 inhibits actin wave formation, and this inhibition require FHDC1's interaction with both microtubule and actin. The phase of microtubule depolymerization coincides with the nucleation of actin waves and microtubule stabilization inhibit actin waves, leading us to propose that microtubule shrinking and the concurrent release of FHDC1 locally regulate actin nucleation. Lastly, we show that FHDC1 is crucial for multiple cellular processes such as cell division and migration. Our data provided molecular insights into the nucleation mechanisms of actin waves and uncover an antagonistic interplay between microtubule and actin polymerization in their collective dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee San Tong
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Maohan Su
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - He Sun
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiang Le Chua
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ding Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Su Guo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ravin Raj
- Special Programme in Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicole Wen Pei Ong
- Special Programme in Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ann Gie Lee
- Special Programme in Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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3
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Au NPB, Wu T, Chen X, Gao F, Li YTY, Tam WY, Yu KN, Geschwind DH, Coppola G, Wang X, Ma CHE. Genome-wide study reveals novel roles for formin-2 in axon regeneration as a microtubule dynamics regulator and therapeutic target for nerve repair. Neuron 2023; 111:3970-3987.e8. [PMID: 38086376 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerves regenerate successfully; however, clinical outcome after injury is poor. We demonstrated that low-dose ionizing radiation (LDIR) promoted axon regeneration and function recovery after peripheral nerve injury (PNI). Genome-wide CpG methylation profiling identified LDIR-induced hypermethylation of the Fmn2 promoter, exhibiting injury-induced Fmn2 downregulation in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs). Constitutive knockout or neuronal Fmn2 knockdown accelerated nerve repair and function recovery. Mechanistically, increased microtubule dynamics at growth cones was observed in time-lapse imaging of Fmn2-deficient DRG neurons. Increased HDAC5 phosphorylation and rapid tubulin deacetylation were found in regenerating axons of neuronal Fmn2-knockdown mice after injury. Growth-promoting effect of neuronal Fmn2 knockdown was eliminated by pharmaceutical blockade of HDAC5 or neuronal Hdac5 knockdown, suggesting that Fmn2deletion promotes axon regeneration via microtubule post-translational modification. In silico screening of FDA-approved drugs identified metaxalone, administered either immediately or 24-h post-injury, accelerating function recovery. This work uncovers a novel axon regeneration function of Fmn2 and a small-molecule strategy for PNI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tan Wu
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Wing Yip Tam
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwan Ngok Yu
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Him Eddie Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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4
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Brücker L, Becker SK, Maissl V, Harms G, Parsons M, May-Simera HL. The actin-bundling protein Fascin-1 modulates ciliary signalling. J Mol Cell Biol 2023; 15:mjad022. [PMID: 37015875 PMCID: PMC10485897 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjad022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtubule-based cell organelles important for cellular communication. Since they are involved in the regulation of numerous signalling pathways, defects in cilia development or function are associated with genetic disorders, collectively called ciliopathies. Besides their ciliary functions, recent research has shown that several ciliary proteins are involved in the coordination of the actin cytoskeleton. Although ciliary and actin phenotypes are related, the exact nature of their interconnection remains incompletely understood. Here, we show that the protein BBS6, associated with the ciliopathy Bardet-Biedl syndrome, cooperates with the actin-bundling protein Fascin-1 in regulating filopodia and ciliary signalling. We found that loss of Bbs6 affects filopodia length potentially via attenuated interaction with Fascin-1. Conversely, loss of Fascin-1 leads to a ciliary phenotype, subsequently affecting ciliary Wnt signalling, possibly in collaboration with BBS6. Our data shed light on how ciliary proteins are involved in actin regulations and provide new insight into the involvement of the actin regulator Fascin-1 in ciliogenesis and cilia-associated signalling. Advancing our knowledge of the complex regulations between primary cilia and actin dynamics is important to understand the pathogenic consequences of ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Brücker
- Cilia Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kornelia Becker
- Cilia Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Vanessa Maissl
- Cilia Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gregory Harms
- Imaging Core Facility, Cell Biology Unit, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55101 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Helen Louise May-Simera
- Cilia Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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5
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Innocenti M. Investigating Mammalian Formins with SMIFH2 Fifteen Years in: Novel Targets and Unexpected Biology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109058. [PMID: 37240404 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian formin family comprises fifteen multi-domain proteins that regulate actin dynamics and microtubules in vitro and in cells. Evolutionarily conserved formin homology (FH) 1 and 2 domains allow formins to locally modulate the cell cytoskeleton. Formins are involved in several developmental and homeostatic processes, as well as human diseases. However, functional redundancy has long hampered studies of individual formins with genetic loss-of-function approaches and prevents the rapid inhibition of formin activities in cells. The discovery of small molecule inhibitor of formin homology 2 domains (SMIFH2) in 2009 was a disruptive change that provided a powerful chemical tool to explore formins' functions across biological scales. Here, I critically discuss the characterization of SMIFH2 as a pan-formin inhibitor, as well as growing evidence of unexpected off-target effects. By collating the literature and information hidden in public repositories, outstanding controversies and fundamental open questions about the substrates and mechanism of action of SMIFH2 emerge. Whenever possible, I propose explanations for these discrepancies and roadmaps to address the paramount open questions. Furthermore, I suggest that SMIFH2 be reclassified as a multi-target inhibitor for its appealing activities on proteins involved in pathological formin-dependent processes. Notwithstanding all drawbacks and limitations, SMIFH2 will continue to prove useful in studying formins in health and disease in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metello Innocenti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
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6
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Shao X, Liu Z, Mao S, Han L. Unraveling the Mechanobiology Underlying Traumatic Brain Injury with Advanced Technologies and Biomaterials. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200760. [PMID: 35841392 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a worldwide health and socioeconomic problem, associated with prolonged and complex neurological aftermaths, including a variety of functional deficits and neurodegenerative disorders. Research on the long-term effects has highlighted that TBI shall be regarded as a chronic health condition. The initiation and exacerbation of TBI involve a series of mechanical stimulations and perturbations, accompanied by mechanotransduction events within the brain tissues. Mechanobiology thus offers a unique perspective and likely promising approach to unravel the underlying molecular and biochemical mechanisms leading to neural cells dysfunction after TBI, which may contribute to the discovery of novel targets for future clinical treatment. This article investigates TBI and the subsequent brain dysfunction from a lens of neuromechanobiology. Following an introduction, the mechanobiological insights are examined into the molecular pathology of TBI, and then an overview is given of the latest research technologies to explore neuromechanobiology, with particular focus on microfluidics and biomaterials. Challenges and prospects in the current field are also discussed. Through this article, it is hoped that extensive technical innovation in biomedical devices and materials can be encouraged to advance the field of neuromechanobiology, paving potential ways for the research and rehabilitation of neurotrauma and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Shao
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China.,Suzhou Research Institute, Shandong University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Zhongqian Liu
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Shijie Mao
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Lin Han
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
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7
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Molecular Dissection of DAAM Function during Axon Growth in Drosophila Embryonic Neurons. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091487. [PMID: 35563792 PMCID: PMC9102401 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Axonal growth is mediated by coordinated changes of the actin and microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton. Ample evidence suggests that members of the formin protein family are involved in the coordination of these cytoskeletal rearrangements, but the molecular mechanisms of the formin-dependent actin–microtubule crosstalk remains largely elusive. Of the six Drosophila formins, DAAM was shown to play a pivotal role during axonal growth in all stages of nervous system development, while FRL was implicated in axonal development in the adult brain. Here, we aimed to investigate the potentially redundant function of these two formins, and we attempted to clarify which molecular activities are important for axonal growth. We used a combination of genetic analyses, cellular assays and biochemical approaches to demonstrate that the actin-processing activity of DAAM is indispensable for axonal growth in every developmental condition. In addition, we identified a novel MT-binding motif within the FH2 domain of DAAM, which is required for proper growth and guidance of the mushroom body axons, while being dispensable during embryonic axon development. Together, these data suggest that DAAM is the predominant formin during axonal growth in Drosophila, and highlight the contribution of multiple formin-mediated mechanisms in cytoskeleton coordination during axonal growth.
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8
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Sun J, Zhong X, Fu X, Miller H, Lee P, Yu B, Liu C. The Actin Regulators Involved in the Function and Related Diseases of Lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:799309. [PMID: 35371070 PMCID: PMC8965893 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.799309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin is an important cytoskeletal protein involved in signal transduction, cell structure and motility. Actin regulators include actin-monomer-binding proteins, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) family of proteins, nucleation proteins, actin filament polymerases and severing proteins. This group of proteins regulate the dynamic changes in actin assembly/disassembly, thus playing an important role in cell motility, intracellular transport, cell division and other basic cellular activities. Lymphocytes are important components of the human immune system, consisting of T-lymphocytes (T cells), B-lymphocytes (B cells) and natural killer cells (NK cells). Lymphocytes are indispensable for both innate and adaptive immunity and cannot function normally without various actin regulators. In this review, we first briefly introduce the structure and fundamental functions of a variety of well-known and newly discovered actin regulators, then we highlight the role of actin regulators in T cell, B cell and NK cell, and finally provide a landscape of various diseases associated with them. This review provides new directions in exploring actin regulators and promotes more precise and effective treatments for related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxuan Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xingyu Zhong
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Fu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Heather Miller
- Cytek Biosciences, R&D Clinical Reagents, Fremont, CA, United States
| | - Pamela Lee
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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9
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Seetharaman S, Vianay B, Roca V, Farrugia AJ, De Pascalis C, Boëda B, Dingli F, Loew D, Vassilopoulos S, Bershadsky A, Théry M, Etienne-Manneville S. Microtubules tune mechanosensitive cell responses. NATURE MATERIALS 2022; 21:366-377. [PMID: 34663953 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.22.205203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Mechanotransduction is a process by which cells sense the mechanical properties of their surrounding environment and adapt accordingly to perform cellular functions such as adhesion, migration and differentiation. Integrin-mediated focal adhesions are major sites of mechanotransduction and their connection with the actomyosin network is crucial for mechanosensing as well as for the generation and transmission of forces onto the substrate. Despite having emerged as major regulators of cell adhesion and migration, the contribution of microtubules to mechanotransduction still remains elusive. Here, we show that talin- and actomyosin-dependent mechanosensing of substrate rigidity controls microtubule acetylation (a tubulin post-translational modification) by promoting the recruitment of α-tubulin acetyltransferase 1 (αTAT1) to focal adhesions. Microtubule acetylation tunes the mechanosensitivity of focal adhesions and Yes-associated protein (YAP) translocation. Microtubule acetylation, in turn, promotes the release of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor GEF-H1 from microtubules to activate RhoA, actomyosin contractility and traction forces. Our results reveal a fundamental crosstalk between microtubules and actin in mechanotransduction that contributes to mechanosensitive cell adhesion and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailaja Seetharaman
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691 CNRS, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Vianay
- Paris University, INSERM, CEA, Hôpital Saint Louis, Institut Universitaire d'Hematologie, Paris, France
| | - Vanessa Roca
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691 CNRS, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Aaron J Farrugia
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chiara De Pascalis
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691 CNRS, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Batiste Boëda
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691 CNRS, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Florent Dingli
- PSL Research University, Centre de Recherche, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Protéomique, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Damarys Loew
- PSL Research University, Centre de Recherche, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Protéomique, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | | | - Alexander Bershadsky
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Manuel Théry
- Paris University, INSERM, CEA, Hôpital Saint Louis, Institut Universitaire d'Hematologie, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Etienne-Manneville
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691 CNRS, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.
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10
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Sánchez-Huertas C, Herrera E. With the Permission of Microtubules: An Updated Overview on Microtubule Function During Axon Pathfinding. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:759404. [PMID: 34924953 PMCID: PMC8675249 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.759404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
During the establishment of neural circuitry axons often need to cover long distances to reach remote targets. The stereotyped navigation of these axons defines the connectivity between brain regions and cellular subtypes. This chemotrophic guidance process mostly relies on the spatio-temporal expression patterns of extracellular proteins and the selective expression of their receptors in projection neurons. Axon guidance is stimulated by guidance proteins and implemented by neuronal traction forces at the growth cones, which engage local cytoskeleton regulators and cell adhesion proteins. Different layers of guidance signaling regulation, such as the cleavage and processing of receptors, the expression of co-receptors and a wide variety of intracellular cascades downstream of receptors activation, have been progressively unveiled. Also, in the last decades, the regulation of microtubule (MT) assembly, stability and interactions with the submembranous actin network in the growth cone have emerged as crucial effector mechanisms in axon pathfinding. In this review, we will delve into the intracellular signaling cascades downstream of guidance receptors that converge on the MT cytoskeleton of the growing axon. In particular, we will focus on the microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) network responsible of MT dynamics in the axon and growth cone. Complementarily, we will discuss new evidences that connect defects in MT scaffold proteins, MAPs or MT-based motors and axon misrouting during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sánchez-Huertas
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández (CSIC-UMH), Alicante, Spain
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11
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Zhang W, Ciorraga M, Mendez P, Retana D, Boumedine-Guignon N, Achón B, Russier M, Debanne D, Garrido JJ. Formin Activity and mDia1 Contribute to Maintain Axon Initial Segment Composition and Structure. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:6153-6169. [PMID: 34458961 PMCID: PMC8639558 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02531-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
The axon initial segment (AIS) is essential for maintaining neuronal polarity, modulating protein transport into the axon, and action potential generation. These functions are supported by a distinctive actin and microtubule cytoskeleton that controls axonal trafficking and maintains a high density of voltage-gated ion channels linked by scaffold proteins to the AIS cytoskeleton. However, our knowledge of the mechanisms and proteins involved in AIS cytoskeleton regulation to maintain or modulate AIS structure is limited. In this context, formins play a significant role in the modulation of actin and microtubules. We show that pharmacological inhibition of formins modifies AIS actin and microtubule characteristics in cultured hippocampal neurons, reducing F-actin density and decreasing microtubule acetylation. Moreover, formin inhibition diminishes sodium channels, ankyrinG and βIV-spectrin AIS density, and AIS length, in cultured neurons and brain slices, accompanied by decreased neuronal excitability. We show that genetic downregulation of the mDia1 formin by interference RNAs also decreases AIS protein density and shortens AIS length. The ankyrinG decrease and AIS shortening observed in pharmacologically inhibited neurons and neuron-expressing mDia1 shRNAs were impaired by HDAC6 downregulation or EB1-GFP expression, known to increase microtubule acetylation or stability. However, actin stabilization only partially prevented AIS shortening without affecting AIS protein density loss. These results suggest that mDia1 maintain AIS composition and length contributing to the stability of AIS microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain
- Present Address: College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Michaël Russier
- UNIS, INSERM, UMR 1072, Aix-Marseille Université, 13015 Marseille, France
| | - Dominique Debanne
- UNIS, INSERM, UMR 1072, Aix-Marseille Université, 13015 Marseille, France
| | - Juan José Garrido
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain
- Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Degenerative Dementias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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12
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Abstract
Almost 25 years have passed since a mutation of a formin gene, DIAPH1, was identified as being responsible for a human inherited disorder: a form of sensorineural hearing loss. Since then, our knowledge of the links between formins and disease has deepened considerably. Mutations of DIAPH1 and six other formin genes (DAAM2, DIAPH2, DIAPH3, FMN2, INF2 and FHOD3) have been identified as the genetic cause of a variety of inherited human disorders, including intellectual disability, renal disease, peripheral neuropathy, thrombocytopenia, primary ovarian insufficiency, hearing loss and cardiomyopathy. In addition, alterations in formin genes have been associated with a variety of pathological conditions, including developmental defects affecting the heart, nervous system and kidney, aging-related diseases, and cancer. This review summarizes the most recent discoveries about the involvement of formin alterations in monogenic disorders and other human pathological conditions, especially cancer, with which they have been associated. In vitro results and experiments in modified animal models are discussed. Finally, we outline the directions for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel A. Alonso
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
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13
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Das R, Bhattacharjee S, Letcher JM, Harris JM, Nanda S, Foldi I, Lottes EN, Bobo HM, Grantier BD, Mihály J, Ascoli GA, Cox DN. Formin 3 directs dendritic architecture via microtubule regulation and is required for somatosensory nociceptive behavior. Development 2021; 148:271101. [PMID: 34322714 DOI: 10.1242/dev.187609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Dendrite shape impacts functional connectivity and is mediated by organization and dynamics of cytoskeletal fibers. Identifying the molecular factors that regulate dendritic cytoskeletal architecture is therefore important in understanding the mechanistic links between cytoskeletal organization and neuronal function. We identified Formin 3 (Form3) as an essential regulator of cytoskeletal architecture in nociceptive sensory neurons in Drosophila larvae. Time course analyses reveal that Form3 is cell-autonomously required to promote dendritic arbor complexity. We show that form3 is required for the maintenance of a population of stable dendritic microtubules (MTs), and mutants exhibit defects in the localization of dendritic mitochondria, satellite Golgi, and the TRPA channel Painless. Form3 directly interacts with MTs via FH1-FH2 domains. Mutations in human inverted formin 2 (INF2; ortholog of form3) have been causally linked to Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease. CMT sensory neuropathies lead to impaired peripheral sensitivity. Defects in form3 function in nociceptive neurons result in severe impairment of noxious heat-evoked behaviors. Expression of the INF2 FH1-FH2 domains partially recovers form3 defects in MTs and nocifensive behavior, suggesting conserved functions, thereby providing putative mechanistic insights into potential etiologies of CMT sensory neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Das
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | | | - Jamin M Letcher
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Jenna M Harris
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Sumit Nanda
- Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Istvan Foldi
- Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Genetics, MTA-SZBK NAP B Axon Growth and Regeneration Group, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
| | - Erin N Lottes
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Hansley M Bobo
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | | | - József Mihály
- Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Genetics, MTA-SZBK NAP B Axon Growth and Regeneration Group, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
| | - Giorgio A Ascoli
- Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Daniel N Cox
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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14
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Rabbolini D, Liang HPH, Morel-Kopp MC, Connor D, Whittaker S, Dunkley S, Donikian D, Kondo M, Chen W, Stevenson WS, Campbell H, Joseph J, Ward C, Brighton T, Chen VM. Building platelet phenotypes: diaphanous-related formin 1 (DIAPH1)-related disorder. Platelets 2021; 33:432-442. [PMID: 34223798 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2021.1937593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Variants of the Diaphanous-Related Formin 1 (DIAPH-1) gene have recently been reported causing inherited macrothrombocytopenia. The essential/"diagnostic" characteristics associated with the disorder are emerging; however, robust and complete criteria are not established. Here, we report the first cases of DIAPH1-related disorder in Australia caused by the autosomal dominant gain-of-function DIAPH1 R1213X variant formed by truncation of the protein within the diaphanous auto-regulatory domain (DAD) with loss of regulatory motifs responsible for autoinhibitory interactions within the DIAPH1 protein. We affirm phenotypic changes induced by the DIAPH1 R1213X variant to include macrothrombocytopenia, early-onset progressive sensorineural hearing loss, and mild asymptomatic neutropenia. High-resolution microscopy confirms perturbations of cytoskeletal dynamics caused by the DIAPH1 variant and we extend the repertoire of changes generated by this variant to include alteration of procoagulant platelet formation and possible dental anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rabbolini
- Department of Haematology, Lismore Base Hospital, Lismore, NSW, Australia.,Northern Blood Research Centre, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hai Po Helena Liang
- Platelets, Thrombosis and Cancer Research Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute and Concord Repatriation Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia
| | - Marie-Christine Morel-Kopp
- Northern Blood Research Centre, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David Connor
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shane Whittaker
- Platelets, Thrombosis and Cancer Research Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute and Concord Repatriation Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia
| | - Scott Dunkley
- Department of Haematology, The Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dea Donikian
- Department of Haematology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Haematology NSW Health Pathology Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mayuko Kondo
- Department of Haematology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Haematology NSW Health Pathology Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Walter Chen
- Northern Blood Research Centre, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - William S Stevenson
- Northern Blood Research Centre, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Heather Campbell
- Platelets, Thrombosis and Cancer Research Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute and Concord Repatriation Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia
| | - Joanne Joseph
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Haematology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher Ward
- Northern Blood Research Centre, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Timothy Brighton
- Department of Haematology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Haematology NSW Health Pathology Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vivien M Chen
- Platelets, Thrombosis and Cancer Research Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute and Concord Repatriation Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia.,Department of Haematology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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15
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DIAPH1 regulates chromosomal instability of cancer cells by controlling microtubule dynamics. Eur J Cell Biol 2021; 100:151156. [PMID: 33689956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2021.151156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a hallmark of cancer, resulting from misalignment and missegregation of chromosomes during meta- and anaphase, due to non-precise regulation of spindle-MT dynamics. Diaphanous Related Formin 1 (DIAPH1) is an actin nucleator and also binds microtubule (MT) with high affinity. In this study, we analyzed the role of DIAPH1 in regulation of spindle MT-dynamics and CIN in HT29 and HCT-116 colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Our data show that down-regulation of DIAPH1 in these cell lines decreased spindle-MT speed by 50 % and the fraction of cells with misaligned and missegregated chromosomes was significantly increased. Furthermore, in HCT-116 DIAPH1 depleted cells deviation of chromosome number was elevated and the number of cells with micronuclei and cytosolic DNA was increased in both DIAPH1-knock down cell lines. In line with these results, database analysis revealed a significant correlation with low DIAPH1 mRNA expression and aneuploidy. Thus, DIAPH1 is substantially involved in the control of CIN in CRC cells. Since in vitro, DIAPH1 directly increased MT-polymerization, we assume that DIAPH1 controls CIN by regulating spindle-MT dynamics.
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16
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Yingling CV, Pruyne D. FHOD formin and SRF promote post-embryonic striated muscle growth through separate pathways in C. elegans. Exp Cell Res 2021; 398:112388. [PMID: 33221314 PMCID: PMC7750259 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous work with cultured cells has shown transcription of muscle genes by serum response factor (SRF) can be stimulated by actin polymerization driven by proteins of the formin family. However, it is not clear if endogenous formins similarly promote SRF-dependent transcription during muscle development in vivo. We tested whether formin activity promotes SRF-dependent transcription in striated muscle in the simple animal model, Caenorhabditis elegans. Our lab has shown FHOD-1 is the only formin that directly promotes sarcomere formation in the worm's striated muscle. We show here FHOD-1 and SRF homolog UNC-120 both support muscle growth and also muscle myosin II heavy chain A expression. However, while a hypomorphic unc-120 allele blunts expression of a set of striated muscle genes, these genes are largely upregulated or unchanged by absence of FHOD-1. Instead, pharmacological inhibition of the proteasome restores myosin protein levels in worms lacking FHOD-1, suggesting elevated proteolysis accounts for their myosin deficit. Interestingly, proteasome inhibition does not restore normal muscle growth to fhod-1(Δ) mutants, suggesting formin contributes to muscle growth by some alternative mechanism. Overall, we find SRF does not depend on formin to promote muscle gene transcription in a simple in vivo system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis V Yingling
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 107 Weiskotten Hall, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
| | - David Pruyne
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 107 Weiskotten Hall, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
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17
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Nanda S, Bhattacharjee S, Cox DN, Ascoli GA. Distinct Relations of Microtubules and Actin Filaments with Dendritic Architecture. iScience 2020; 23:101865. [PMID: 33319182 PMCID: PMC7725934 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) and F-actin (F-act) have long been recognized as key regulators of dendritic morphology. Nevertheless, precisely ascertaining their distinct influences on dendritic trees have been hampered until now by the lack of direct, arbor-wide cytoskeletal quantification. We pair live confocal imaging of fluorescently labeled dendritic arborization (da) neurons in Drosophila larvae with complete multi-signal neural tracing to separately measure MTs and F-act. We demonstrate that dendritic arbor length is highly interrelated with local MT quantity, whereas local F-act enrichment is associated with dendritic branching. Computational simulation of arbor structure solely constrained by experimentally observed subcellular distributions of these cytoskeletal components generated synthetic morphological and molecular patterns statistically equivalent to those of real da neurons, corroborating the efficacy of local MT and F-act in describing dendritic architecture. The analysis and modeling outcomes hold true for the simplest (class I), most complex (class IV), and genetically altered (Formin3 overexpression) da neuron types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Nanda
- Center for Neural Informatics, Structures, & Plasticity and Neuroscience Program, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | | | - Daniel N. Cox
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Giorgio A. Ascoli
- Center for Neural Informatics, Structures, & Plasticity and Neuroscience Program, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
- Bioengineering Department, Volgenau School of Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22032, USA
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18
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Loss of DIAPH3, a Formin Family Protein, Leads to Cytokinetic Failure Only under High Temperature Conditions in Mouse FM3A Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228493. [PMID: 33187357 PMCID: PMC7696919 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division is essential for the maintenance of life and involves chromosome segregation and subsequent cytokinesis. The processes are tightly regulated at both the spatial and temporal level by various genes, and failures in this regulation are associated with oncogenesis. Here, we investigated the gene responsible for defects in cell division by using murine temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant strains, tsFT101 and tsFT50 cells. The ts mutants normally grow in a low temperature environment (32 °C) but fail to divide in a high temperature environment (39 °C). Exome sequencing and over-expression analyses identified Diaph3, a member of the formin family, as the cause of the temperature sensitivity observed in tsFT101 and tsFT50 cells. Interestingly, Diaph3 knockout cells showed abnormality in cytokinesis at 39 °C, and the phenotype was rescued by re-expression of Diaph3 WT, but not Diaph1 and Diaph2, other members of the formin family. Furthermore, Diaph3 knockout cells cultured at 39 °C showed a significant increase in the level of acetylated α-tubulin, an index of stabilized microtubules, and the level was reduced by Diaph3 expression. These results suggest that Diaph3 is required for cytokinesis only under high temperature conditions. Therefore, our study provides a new insight into the mechanisms by which regulatory factors of cell division function in a temperature-dependent manner.
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19
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Brücker L, Kretschmer V, May-Simera HL. The entangled relationship between cilia and actin. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 129:105877. [PMID: 33166678 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtubule-based sensory cell organelles that are vital for tissue and organ development. They act as an antenna, receiving and transducing signals, enabling communication between cells. Defects in ciliogenesis result in severe genetic disorders collectively termed ciliopathies. In recent years, the importance of the direct and indirect involvement of actin regulators in ciliogenesis came into focus as it was shown that F-actin polymerisation impacts ciliation. The ciliary basal body was further identified as both a microtubule and actin organising centre. In the current review, we summarize recent studies on F-actin in and around primary cilia, focusing on different actin regulators and their effect on ciliogenesis, from the initial steps of basal body positioning and regulation of ciliary assembly and disassembly. Since primary cilia are also involved in several intracellular signalling pathways such as planar cell polarity (PCP), subsequently affecting actin rearrangements, the multiple effectors of this pathway are highlighted in more detail with a focus on the feedback loops connecting actin networks and cilia proteins. Finally, we elucidate the role of actin regulators in the development of ciliopathy symptoms and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Brücker
- Cilia Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Viola Kretschmer
- Cilia Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Helen Louise May-Simera
- Cilia Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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20
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Zuidscherwoude M, Haining EJ, Simms VA, Watson S, Grygielska B, Hardy AT, Bacon A, Watson SP, Thomas SG. Loss of mDia1 and Fhod1 impacts platelet formation but not platelet function. Platelets 2020; 32:1051-1062. [PMID: 32981398 PMCID: PMC8635707 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2020.1822522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
An organized and dynamic cytoskeleton is required for platelet formation and function. Formins are a large family of actin regulatory proteins which are also able to regulate microtubule dynamics. There are four formin family members expressed in human and mouse megakaryocytes and platelets. We have previously shown that the actin polymerization activity of formin proteins is required for cytoskeletal dynamics and platelet spreading using a small molecule inhibitor. In the current study, we analyze transgenic mouse models deficient in two of these proteins, mDia1 and Fhod1, along with a model lacking both proteins. We demonstrate that double knockout mice display macrothrombocytopenia which is due to aberrant megakaryocyte function and a small decrease in platelet lifespan. Platelet function is unaffected by the loss of these proteins. This data indicates a critical role for formins in platelet and megakaryocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malou Zuidscherwoude
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Elizabeth J. Haining
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Victoria A. Simms
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stephanie Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Beata Grygielska
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alex T. Hardy
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrea Bacon
- Genome Editing Facility, Technology Hub, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stephen P. Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Steven G. Thomas
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
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21
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Maskalenko N, Nath S, Ramakrishnan A, Anikeeva N, Sykulev Y, Poenie M. The DISC1-Girdin complex - a missing link in signaling to the T cell cytoskeleton. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs242875. [PMID: 32482796 PMCID: PMC7358132 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.242875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, using Jurkat cells, we show that DISC1 (disrupted in schizophrenia 1) and Girdin (girders of actin filament) are essential for typical actin accumulation at the immunological synapse. Furthermore, DISC1, Girdin and dynein are bound in a complex. Although this complex initially forms as a central patch at the synapse, it relocates to a peripheral ring corresponding to the peripheral supramolecular activation cluster (pSMAC). In the absence of DISC1, the classic actin ring does not form, cell spreading is blocked, and the dynein complex fails to relocate to the pSMAC. A similar effect is seen when Girdin is deleted. When cells are treated with inhibitors of actin polymerization, the dynein-NDE1 complex is lost from the synapse and the microtubule-organizing center fails to translocate, suggesting that actin and dynein might be linked. Upon stimulation of T cell receptors, DISC1 becomes associated with talin, which likely explains why the dynein complex colocalizes with the pSMAC. These results show that the DISC1-Girdin complex regulates actin accumulation, cell spreading and distribution of the dynein complex at the synapse.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Maskalenko
- Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | | | - Adarsh Ramakrishnan
- Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Nadia Anikeeva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Yuri Sykulev
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Martin Poenie
- Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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22
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Green HLH, Zuidscherwoude M, Alenazy F, Smith CW, Bender M, Thomas SG. SMIFH2 inhibition of platelets demonstrates a critical role for formin proteins in platelet cytoskeletal dynamics. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:955-967. [PMID: 31930764 PMCID: PMC7186844 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton is required for proper functioning of platelets following activation in response to vascular damage. Formins are a family of proteins that regulate actin polymerization and cytoskeletal organization via a number of domains including the FH2 domain. However, the role of formins in platelet spreading has not been studied in detail. OBJECTIVES Several formin proteins are expressed in platelets so we used an inhibitor of FH2 domains (SMIFH2) to uncover the role of these proteins in platelet spreading and in maintenance of resting platelet shape. METHODS Washed human and mouse platelets were treated with various concentrations of SMIFH2 and the effects on platelet spreading, platelet size, platelet cytoskeletal dynamics, and organization were analyzed using fluorescence and electron microscopy. RESULTS Pretreatment with SMIFH2 completely blocks platelet spreading in both mouse and human platelets through effects on the organization and dynamics of actin and microtubules. However, platelet aggregation and secretion are unaffected. SMIFH2 also caused a decrease in resting platelet size and disrupted the balance of tubulin post-translational modification. CONCLUSIONS These data therefore demonstrated an important role for formin-mediated actin polymerization in platelet spreading and highlighted the importance of formins in cross-talk between the actin and tubulin cytoskeletons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L. H. Green
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Present address:
School of Cardiovascular Medicine & SciencesBHF Centre of Research ExcellenceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Malou Zuidscherwoude
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of Birmingham and University of NottinghamMidlandsUK
| | - Fawaz Alenazy
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | | | - Markus Bender
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine – Chair IUniversity Hospital and Rudolf Virchow CenterWürzburgGermany
| | - Steven G. Thomas
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of Birmingham and University of NottinghamMidlandsUK
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23
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Sato Y, Kamijo K, Tsutsumi M, Murakami Y, Takahashi M. Nonmuscle myosin IIA and IIB differently suppress microtubule growth to stabilize cell morphology. J Biochem 2019; 167:25-39. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvz082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Precise regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics is important in many fundamental cellular processes such as cell shape determination. Actin and microtubule (MT) cytoskeletons mutually regulate their stability and dynamics. Nonmuscle myosin II (NMII) is a candidate protein that mediates the actin–MT crosstalk. NMII regulates the stability and dynamics of actin filaments to control cell morphology. Additionally, previous reports suggest that NMII-dependent cellular contractility regulates MT dynamics, and MTs also control cell morphology; however, the detailed mechanism whereby NMII regulates MT dynamics and the relationship among actin dynamics, MT dynamics and cell morphology remain unclear. The present study explores the roles of two well-characterized NMII isoforms, NMIIA and NMIIB, on the regulation of MT growth dynamics and cell morphology. We performed RNAi and drug experiments and demonstrated the NMII isoform-specific mechanisms—NMIIA-dependent cellular contractility upregulates the expression of some mammalian diaphanous-related formin (mDia) proteins that suppress MT dynamics; NMIIB-dependent inhibition of actin depolymerization suppresses MT growth independently of cellular contractility. The depletion of either NMIIA or NMIIB resulted in the increase in cellular morphological dynamicity, which was alleviated by the perturbation of MT dynamics. Thus, the NMII-dependent control of cell morphology significantly relies on MT dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Sato
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Keiju Kamijo
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyagino-ku, Sendai Miyagi, Japan
| | - Motosuke Tsutsumi
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yota Murakami
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takahashi
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo Hokkaido, Japan
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24
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Seetharaman S, Etienne-Manneville S. Microtubules at focal adhesions – a double-edged sword. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/19/jcs232843. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.232843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix is essential for cellular processes, such as migration and invasion. In response to cues from the microenvironment, integrin-mediated adhesions alter cellular behaviour through cytoskeletal rearrangements. The tight association of the actin cytoskeleton with adhesive structures has been extensively studied, whereas the microtubule network in this context has gathered far less attention. In recent years, however, microtubules have emerged as key regulators of cell adhesion and migration through their participation in adhesion turnover and cellular signalling. In this Review, we focus on the interactions between microtubules and integrin-mediated adhesions, in particular, focal adhesions and podosomes. Starting with the association of microtubules with these adhesive structures, we describe the classical role of microtubules in vesicular trafficking, which is involved in the turnover of cell adhesions, before discussing how microtubules can also influence the actin–focal adhesion interplay through RhoGTPase signalling, thereby orchestrating a very crucial crosstalk between the cytoskeletal networks and adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailaja Seetharaman
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691 CNRS, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75015 Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Center for Research and Interdisciplinarity, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 12 Rue de l'École de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Etienne-Manneville
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691 CNRS, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75015 Paris, France
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25
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Saveanu L, Zucchetti AE, Evnouchidou I, Ardouin L, Hivroz C. Is there a place and role for endocyticTCRsignaling? Immunol Rev 2019; 291:57-74. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Saveanu
- National French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) 1149 Center of Research on Inflammation Paris France
- National French Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) ERL8252 Paris France
- Laboratory of Inflamex Excellency Faculty of Medicine Xavier Bichat Site Paris France
- Paris Diderot UniversitySorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
| | - Andres E. Zucchetti
- Institut Curie PSL Research UniversityINSERMU932 “Integrative analysis of T cell activation” team Paris France
| | - Irini Evnouchidou
- National French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) 1149 Center of Research on Inflammation Paris France
- National French Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) ERL8252 Paris France
- Laboratory of Inflamex Excellency Faculty of Medicine Xavier Bichat Site Paris France
- Paris Diderot UniversitySorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
- Inovarion Paris France
| | - Laurence Ardouin
- Institut Curie PSL Research UniversityINSERMU932 “Integrative analysis of T cell activation” team Paris France
| | - Claire Hivroz
- Institut Curie PSL Research UniversityINSERMU932 “Integrative analysis of T cell activation” team Paris France
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Logan CM, Menko AS. Microtubules: Evolving roles and critical cellular interactions. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:1240-1254. [PMID: 31387376 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219867296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are cytoskeletal elements known as drivers of directed cell migration, vesicle and organelle trafficking, and mitosis. In this review, we discuss new research in the lens that has shed light into further roles for stable microtubules in the process of development and morphogenesis. In the lens, as well as other systems, distinct roles for characteristically dynamic microtubules and stabilized populations are coming to light. Understanding the mechanisms of microtubule stabilization and the associated microtubule post-translational modifications is an evolving field of study. Appropriate cellular homeostasis relies on not only one cytoskeletal element, but also rather an interaction between cytoskeletal proteins as well as other cellular regulators. Microtubules are key integrators with actin and intermediate filaments, as well as cell–cell junctional proteins and other cellular regulators including myosin and RhoGTPases to maintain this balance.Impact statementThe role of microtubules in cellular functioning is constantly expanding. In this review, we examine new and exciting fields of discovery for microtubule’s involvement in morphogenesis, highlight our evolving understanding of differential roles for stabilized versus dynamic subpopulations, and further understanding of microtubules as a cellular integrator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M Logan
- Pathology Anatomy and Cell Biology Department, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - A Sue Menko
- Pathology Anatomy and Cell Biology Department, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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27
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Grimes KM, Prasad V, McNamara JW. Supporting the heart: Functions of the cardiomyocyte's non-sarcomeric cytoskeleton. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 131:187-196. [PMID: 30978342 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The non-contractile cytoskeleton in cardiomyocytes is comprised of cytoplasmic actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. In addition to providing mechanical support to these cells, these structures are important effectors of tension-sensing and signal transduction and also provide networks for the transport of proteins and organelles. The majority of our knowledge on the function and structure of these cytoskeletal networks comes from research on proliferative cell types. However, in recent years, researchers have begun to show that there are important cardiomyocyte-specific functions of the cytoskeleton. Here we will discuss the current state of cytoskeletal biology in cardiomyocytes, as well as research from other cell types, that together suggest there is a wealth of knowledge on cardiac health and disease waiting to be uncovered through exploration of the complex signaling networks of cardiomyocyte non-sarcomeric cytoskeletal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Grimes
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Vikram Prasad
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - James W McNamara
- Heart, Lung and Vascular Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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28
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A M, Fung TS, Kettenbach AN, Chakrabarti R, Higgs HN. A complex containing lysine-acetylated actin inhibits the formin INF2. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:592-602. [PMID: 30962575 PMCID: PMC6501848 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0307-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Inverted formin 2 (INF2) is a member of the formin family of actin assembly factors. Dominant missense mutations in INF2 are linked to two diseases: focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, a kidney disease, and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, a neuropathy. All of the disease mutations map to the autoinhibitory diaphanous inhibitory domain. Interestingly, purified INF2 is not autoinhibited, suggesting the existence of other cellular inhibitors. Here, we purified an INF2 inhibitor from mouse brain tissue, and identified it as a complex of lysine-acetylated actin (KAc-actin) and cyclase-associated protein (CAP). Inhibition of INF2 by CAP-KAc-actin is dependent on the INF2 diaphanous inhibitory domain (DID). Treatment of CAP-KAc-actin-inhibited INF2 with histone deacetylase 6 releases INF2 inhibition, whereas inhibitors of histone deacetylase 6 block the activation of cellular INF2. Disease-associated INF2 mutants are poorly inhibited by CAP-KAc-actin, suggesting that focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease result from reduced CAP-KAc-actin binding. These findings reveal a role for KAc-actin in the regulation of an actin assembly factor by a mechanism that we call facilitated autoinhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu A
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Tak Shun Fung
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Arminja N Kettenbach
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Rajarshi Chakrabarti
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Henry N Higgs
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA.
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29
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Isogai T, Danuser G. Discovery of functional interactions among actin regulators by analysis of image fluctuations in an unperturbed motile cell system. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0110. [PMID: 29632262 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is driven by propulsive forces derived from polymerizing actin that pushes and extends the plasma membrane. The underlying actin network is constantly undergoing adaptation to new mechano-chemical environments and intracellular conditions. As such, mechanisms that regulate actin dynamics inherently contain multiple feedback loops and redundant pathways. Given the highly adaptable nature of such a system, studies that use only perturbation experiments (e.g. knockdowns, overexpression, pharmacological activation/inhibition, etc.) are challenged by the nonlinearity and redundancy of the pathway. In these pathway configurations, perturbation experiments at best describe the function(s) of a molecular component in an adapting (e.g. acutely drug-treated) or fully adapted (e.g. permanent gene silenced) cell system, where the targeted component now resides in a non-native equilibrium. Here, we propose how quantitative live-cell imaging and analysis of constitutive fluctuations of molecular activities can overcome these limitations. We highlight emerging actin filament barbed-end biology as a prime example of a complex, nonlinear molecular process that requires a fluctuation analytic approach, especially in an unperturbed cellular system, to decipher functional interactions of barbed-end regulators, actin polymerization and membrane protrusion.This article is part of the theme issue 'Self-organization in cell biology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadamoto Isogai
- Department of Cell Biology, Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Gaudenz Danuser
- Department of Cell Biology, Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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30
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Abstract
Formin homology proteins (formins) are a highly conserved family of cytoskeletal remodeling proteins that are involved in a diverse array of cellular functions. Formins are best known for their ability to regulate actin dynamics, but the same functional domains also govern stability and organization of microtubules. It is thought that this dual activity allows them to coordinate the activity of these two major cytoskeletal networks and thereby influence cellular architecture. Golgi ribbon assembly is dependent upon cooperative interactions between actin filaments and cytoplasmic microtubules originating both at the Golgi itself and from the centrosome. Similarly, centrosome assembly, centriole duplication, and centrosome positioning are also reliant on a dialogue between both cytoskeletal networks. As presented in this chapter, a growing body of evidence suggests that multiple formin proteins play essential roles in these central cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Copeland
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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31
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Multiple roles of the actin and microtubule-regulating formins in the developing brain. Neurosci Res 2019; 138:59-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Zeng YF, Xiao YS, Liu Y, Luo XJ, Wen LD, Liu Q, Chen M. Formin-like 3 regulates RhoC/FAK pathway and actin assembly to promote cell invasion in colorectal carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:3884-3897. [PMID: 30228782 PMCID: PMC6141330 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i34.3884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To clarify the underlying mechanism of formin-like 3 (FMNL3) in the promotion of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) cell invasion.
METHODS The in vitro biological function analyses of FMNL3 were performed by gain- and loss-of function approaches. Changes in the F-actin cytoskeleton were detected by the technologies of phalloidin-TRITC labeling and confocal microscopy. The signaling pathway mediated by FMNL3 was explored by western blot, gelatin zymograph assay, co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP), immunofluorescence co-localization, and glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down assay.
RESULTS The in vitro experimental results showed that FMNL3 significantly promoted the proliferation, invasion, and migration of CRC cells (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). Moreover, FMNL3 regulated the remodeling of actin-based protrusions such as filopodia and lamellipodia in a RhoC-dependent manner. The western blot and gelatin zymograph assay results indicated that FMNL3 was involved in the RhoC/ focal adhesion kinase (FAK) pathway and acted as an effector of RhoC to activate the downstream signaling of p-FAK as well as p-MAPK and p-AKT. This resulted in the increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and the subsequent promotion of CRC cell invasion. The results of TAE226, U0126 or Ly294002 treatment confirmed an essential role of FMNL3 in activation of the RhoC/FAK pathway and the subsequent promotion of CRC invasion. Co-IP, co-localization and GST pull-down assays showed the direct interaction of FMNL3 with RhoC in vivo and in vitro.
CONCLUSION FMNL3 regulates the RhoC/FAK signaling pathway and RhoC-dependent remodeling of actin-based protrusions to promote CRC invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Feng Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yi-Sheng Xiao
- Teaching and Researching Section of Morphology, College of Basic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Pathology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Li-Dan Wen
- Clinical Medical Sciences Institute, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Pathology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Pathology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
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33
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Fernández-Barrera J, Alonso MA. Coordination of microtubule acetylation and the actin cytoskeleton by formins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3181-3191. [PMID: 29947928 PMCID: PMC11105221 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2855-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The acetylation of the lysine 40 residue of α-tubulin was described more than 30 years ago and has been the subject of intense research ever since. Although the exact function of this covalent modification of tubulin in the cell remains unknown, it has been established that tubulin acetylation confers resilience to mechanical stress on the microtubules. Formins have a dual role in the fate of the actin and tubulin cytoskeletons. On the one hand, they catalyze the formation of actin filaments, and on the other, they bind microtubules, act on their stability, and regulate their acetylation and alignment with actin fibers. Recent evidence indicates that formins coordinate the actin cytoskeleton and tubulin acetylation by modulating the levels of free globular actin (G-actin). G-actin, in turn, controls the activity of the myocardin-related transcription factor-serum response factor transcriptional complex that regulates the expression of the α-tubulin acetyltransferase 1 (α-TAT1) gene, which encodes the main enzyme responsible for tubulin acetylation. The effect of formins on tubulin acetylation is the combined result of their ability to activate α-TAT1 gene transcription and of their capacity to regulate microtubule stabilization. The contribution of these two mechanisms in different formins is discussed, particularly with respect to INF2, a formin that is mutated in hereditary human renal and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Fernández-Barrera
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Alonso
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain.
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34
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Zuidscherwoude M, Green HLH, Thomas SG. Formin proteins in megakaryocytes and platelets: regulation of actin and microtubule dynamics. Platelets 2018; 30:23-30. [PMID: 29913076 PMCID: PMC6406210 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2018.1481937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The platelet and megakaryocyte cytoskeletons are essential for formation and function of these cells. A dynamic, properly organised tubulin and actin cytoskeleton is critical for the development of the megakaryocyte and the extension of proplatelets. Tubulin in particular plays a pivotal role in the extension of these proplatelets and the release of platelets from them. Tubulin is further required for the maintenance of platelet size, and actin is the driving force for shape change, spreading and platelet contraction during platelet activation. Whilst several key proteins which regulate these cytoskeletons have been described in detail, the formin family of proteins has received less attention. Formins are intriguing as, although they were initially believed to simply be a nucleator of actin polymerisation, increasing evidence shows they are important regulators of the crosstalk between the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons. In this review, we will introduce the formin proteins and consider the recent evidence that they play an important role in platelets and megakaryocytes in mediating both the actin and tubulin cytoskeletons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malou Zuidscherwoude
- a Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK.,b Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE) , University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham , Midlands , UK
| | - Hannah L H Green
- a Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Steven G Thomas
- a Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK.,b Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE) , University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham , Midlands , UK
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35
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Copeland SJ, McRae A, Guarguaglini G, Trinkle-Mulcahy L, Copeland JW. Actin-dependent regulation of cilia length by the inverted formin FHDC1. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:1611-1627. [PMID: 29742020 PMCID: PMC6080654 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-02-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A primary cilium is found on most mammalian cells, where it acts as a cellular antenna for the reception of both mechanical and chemical signals. A variety of diseases are associated with defective ciliogenesis, reflecting the ubiquity of the function of cilia and the number of proteins required for their assembly. Proper cilia length is necessary for cilia signaling and is regulated through a poorly understood balance of assembly and disassembly rates. FHDC1 is a unique member of the formin family of cytoskeletal regulatory proteins. Overexpression of FHDC1 induces F-actin accumulation and microtubule stabilization and acetylation. We find that overexpression of FHDC1 also has profound effects on ciliogenesis; in most cells FHDC1 overexpression blocks cilia assembly, but the cilia that are present are immensely elongated. FHDC1-induced cilia growth requires the FHDC1 FH2 and microtubule-binding domain and results from F-actin-dependent inhibition of cilia disassembly. FHDC1 depletion, or treatment with a pan-formin inhibitor, inhibits cilia assembly and induces cilia resorption. Endogenous FHDC1 protein localizes to cytoplasmic microtubules converging on the base of the cilia, and we identify the subdistal appendage protein Cep170 as an FHDC1 interacting protein. Our results suggest that FHDC1 plays a role in coordinating cytoskeletal dynamics during normal cilia assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Copeland
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Andrea McRae
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Giulia Guarguaglini
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Trinkle-Mulcahy
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - John W Copeland
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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36
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LeCorgne H, Tudosie AM, Lavik K, Su R, Becker KN, Moore S, Walia Y, Wisner A, Koehler D, Alberts AS, Williams FE, Eisenmann KM. Differential Toxicity of mDia Formin-Directed Functional Agonists and Antagonists in Developing Zebrafish. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:340. [PMID: 29692731 PMCID: PMC5902741 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian Diaphanous-related (mDia) formins are cytoskeletal regulators that assemble and, in some cases, bundle filamentous actin (F-actin), as well as stabilize microtubules. The development of small molecule antagonists and agonists that interrogate mDia formin function has allowed us to investigate the roles of formins in disease states. A small molecule inhibitor of FH2 domain (SMIFH2) inhibits mDia-dependent actin dynamics and abrogates tumor cell migration and cell division in vitro and ex vivo tissue explants. mDia formin activation with small molecule intramimics IMM01/02 and mDia2-DAD peptides inhibited glioblastoma motility and invasion in vitro and ex vivo rat brain slices. However, SMIFH2, IMMs, and mDia2 DAD efficacy in vivo remains largely unexplored and potential toxicity across a range of developmental phenotypes has not been thoroughly characterized. In this study, we performed an in vivo screen of early life-stage toxicity in Danio rerio zebrafish embryos 2 days post-fertilization (dpf) in response to SMIFH2, IMM01/02, and mDia2 DAD. SMIFH2 at concentrations ≥5–10 μM induced significant defects in developing zebrafish, including shorter body lengths, tail curvature and defective tail cellularity, craniofacial malformations, pericardial edema, absent and/or compromised vasculature function and flow, depressed heart rates and increased mortality. Conversely, IMM and mDia2 DAD peptides were minimally toxic at concentrations up to 10–20 and 50 μM, respectively. SMIFH2's therapeutic potential may therefore be limited by its substantial in vivo toxicity at functional concentrations. mDia formin agonism with IMMs and mDia2 DADs may therefore be a more effective and less toxic anti-invasive therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter LeCorgne
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Andrew M Tudosie
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Kari Lavik
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Robin Su
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Kathryn N Becker
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Sara Moore
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Yashna Walia
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Alexander Wisner
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo Health Science, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Daniel Koehler
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo Health Science, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Arthur S Alberts
- Laboratory of Cell Structure and Signal Integration, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Frederick E Williams
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo Health Science, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Kathryn M Eisenmann
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science, Toledo, OH, United States
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Gong T, Yan Y, Zhang J, Liu S, Liu H, Gao J, Zhou X, Chen J, Shi A. PTRN-1/CAMSAP promotes CYK-1/formin-dependent actin polymerization during endocytic recycling. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201798556. [PMID: 29567645 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201798556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cargo sorting and membrane carrier initiation in recycling endosomes require appropriately coordinated actin dynamics. However, the mechanism underlying the regulation of actin organization during recycling transport remains elusive. Here we report that the loss of PTRN-1/CAMSAP stalled actin exchange and diminished the cytosolic actin structures. Furthermore, we found that PTRN-1 is required for the recycling of clathrin-independent cargo hTAC-GFP The N-terminal calponin homology (CH) domain and central coiled-coils (CC) region of PTRN-1 can synergistically sustain the flow of hTAC-GFP We identified CYK-1/formin as a binding partner of PTRN-1. The N-terminal GTPase-binding domain (GBD) of CYK-1 serves as the binding interface for the PTRN-1 CH domain. The presence of the PTRN-1 CH domain promoted CYK-1-mediated actin polymerization, which suggests that the PTRN-1-CH:CYK-1-GBD interaction efficiently relieves autoinhibitory interactions within CYK-1. As expected, the overexpression of the CYK-1 formin homology domain 2 (FH2) substantially restored actin structures and partially suppressed the hTAC-GFP overaccumulation phenotype in ptrn-1 mutants. We conclude that the PTRN-1 CH domain is required to stimulate CYK-1 to facilitate actin dynamics during endocytic recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Gong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yanling Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jinghu Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Anbing Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China .,Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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38
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Fernández-Barrera J, Bernabé-Rubio M, Casares-Arias J, Rangel L, Fernández-Martín L, Correas I, Alonso MA. The actin-MRTF-SRF transcriptional circuit controls tubulin acetylation via α-TAT1 gene expression. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:929-944. [PMID: 29321169 PMCID: PMC5839776 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201702157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of formins in microtubules is not well understood. In this study, we have investigated the mechanism by which INF2, a formin mutated in degenerative renal and neurological hereditary disorders, controls microtubule acetylation. We found that silencing of INF2 in epithelial RPE-1 cells produced a dramatic drop in tubulin acetylation, increased the G-actin/F-actin ratio, and impaired myocardin-related transcription factor (MRTF)/serum response factor (SRF)-dependent transcription, which is known to be repressed by increased levels of G-actin. The effect on tubulin acetylation was caused by the almost complete absence of α-tubulin acetyltransferase 1 (α-TAT1) messenger RNA (mRNA). Activation of the MRTF-SRF transcriptional complex restored α-TAT1 mRNA levels and tubulin acetylation. Several functional MRTF-SRF-responsive elements were consistently identified in the α-TAT1 gene. The effect of INF2 silencing on microtubule acetylation was also observed in epithelial ECV304 cells, but not in Jurkat T cells. Therefore, the actin-MRTF-SRF circuit controls α-TAT1 transcription. INF2 regulates the circuit, and hence microtubule acetylation, in cell types where it has a prominent role in actin polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Fernández-Barrera
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Bernabé-Rubio
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Casares-Arias
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Rangel
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Fernández-Martín
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Correas
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Alonso
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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39
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Hegsted A, Yingling CV, Pruyne D. Inverted formins: A subfamily of atypical formins. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2017; 74:405-419. [PMID: 28921928 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Formins are a family of regulators of actin and microtubule dynamics that are present in almost all eukaryotes. These proteins are involved in many cellular processes, including cytokinesis, stress fiber formation, and cell polarization. Here we review one subfamily of formins, the inverted formins. Inverted formins as a group break several formin stereotypes, having atypical biochemical properties and domain organization, and they have been linked to kidney disease and neuropathy in humans. In this review, we will explore recent research on members of the inverted formin sub-family in mammals, zebrafish, fruit flies, and worms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hegsted
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210
| | - Curtis V Yingling
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210
| | - David Pruyne
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210
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40
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De Conto F, Fazzi A, Razin SV, Arcangeletti MC, Medici MC, Belletti S, Chezzi C, Calderaro A. Mammalian Diaphanous-related formin-1 restricts early phases of influenza A/NWS/33 virus (H1N1) infection in LLC-MK2 cells by affecting cytoskeleton dynamics. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 437:185-201. [PMID: 28744815 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3107-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Viruses depend on cellular machinery to efficiently replicate. The host cytoskeleton is one of the first cellular systems hijacked by viruses in order to ensure their intracellular transport and promote the development of infection. Our previous results demonstrated that stable microfilaments and microtubules interfered with human influenza A/NWS/33 virus (H1N1) infection in semi-permissive LLC-MK2 cells. Although formins play a key role in cytoskeletal remodelling, few studies addressed a possible role of these proteins in development of viral infection. Here, we have demonstrated that mammalian Diaphanous-related formin-1 (mDia1) is involved in the control of cytoskeleton dynamics during human influenza A virus infection. First, by employing cytoskeleton-perturbing drugs, we evidenced a cross-talk occurring between microtubules and microfilaments that also has implications on the intracellular localization of mDia1. In influenza A/NWS/33 virus-infected LLC-MK2 cells, mDia1 showed a highly dynamic intracellular localization and partially co-localized with actin and tubulin. A depletion of mDia1 by RNA-mediated RNA interference was found to improve the outcome of influenza A/NWS/33 virus infection and to increase the dynamics of microfilament and microtubule networks in LLC-MK2 cells. Consistent with these findings, observations made in epithelial respiratory cells from paediatric patients with acute respiratory disease assessed that the expression of mDia1 is stimulated by influenza A virus but not by respiratory syncytial virus. Taken together, the obtained results suggest that mDia1 restricts the initiation of influenza A/NWS/33 virus infection in LLC-MK2 cells by counteracting cytoskeletal dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora De Conto
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Fazzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Sergey V Razin
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences and Lomonosow Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Silvana Belletti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Carlo Chezzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Adriana Calderaro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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41
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You E, Huh YH, Kwon A, Kim SH, Chae IH, Lee OJ, Ryu JH, Park MH, Kim GE, Lee JS, Lee KH, Lee YS, Kim JW, Rhee S, Song WK. SPIN90 Depletion and Microtubule Acetylation Mediate Stromal Fibroblast Activation in Breast Cancer Progression. Cancer Res 2017; 77:4710-4722. [PMID: 28652253 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biomechanical remodeling of stroma by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) in early stages of cancer is critical for cancer progression, and mechanical cues such as extracellular matrix stiffness control cell differentiation and malignant progression. However, the mechanism by which CAF activation occurs in low stiffness stroma in early stages of cancer is unclear. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanism underlying CAF regulation by SPIN90 and microtubule acetylation under conditions of mechanically soft matrices corresponding to normal stromal rigidity. SPIN90 was downregulated in breast cancer stroma but not tumor, and this low stromal expression correlated with decreased survival in breast cancer patients. Spin90 deficiency facilitated recruitment of mDia2 and APC complex to microtubules, resulting in increased microtubule acetylation. This increased acetylation promoted nuclear localization of YAP, which upregulated expression of myofibroblast marker genes on soft matrices. Spin90 depletion enhanced tumor progression, and blockade of microtubule acetylation in CAF significantly inhibited tumor growth in mice. Together, our data demonstrate that loss of SPIN90-mediated microtubule acetylation is a key step in CAF activation in low stiffness stroma. Moreover, correlation among these factors in human breast cancer tissue supports the clinical relevance of SPIN90 and microtubule acetylation in tumor development. Cancer Res; 77(17); 4710-22. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunae You
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hyun Huh
- Bio Imaging and Cell Logistics Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahreum Kwon
- Bio Imaging and Cell Logistics Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hee Kim
- Bio Imaging and Cell Logistics Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - In Hee Chae
- Bio Imaging and Cell Logistics Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Jun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Hwang Ryu
- Dental Science Research Institute and Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ho Park
- Department of Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga-Eon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Shin Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun Ho Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and National Research Center for Dementia, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Lee
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Woong Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmyung Rhee
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woo Keun Song
- Bio Imaging and Cell Logistics Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
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Dynamic microtubules regulate cellular contractility during T-cell activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E4175-E4183. [PMID: 28490501 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614291114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell receptor (TCR) triggering and subsequent T-cell activation are essential for the adaptive immune response. Recently, multiple lines of evidence have shown that force transduction across the TCR complex is involved during TCR triggering, and that the T cell might use its force-generation machinery to probe the mechanical properties of the opposing antigen-presenting cell, giving rise to different signaling and physiological responses. Mechanistically, actin polymerization and turnover have been shown to be essential for force generation by T cells, but how these actin dynamics are regulated spatiotemporally remains poorly understood. Here, we report that traction forces generated by T cells are regulated by dynamic microtubules (MTs) at the interface. These MTs suppress Rho activation, nonmuscle myosin II bipolar filament assembly, and actin retrograde flow at the T-cell-substrate interface. Our results suggest a novel role of the MT cytoskeleton in regulating force generation during T-cell activation.
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Nath S, Christian L, Tan SY, Ki S, Ehrlich LIR, Poenie M. Dynein Separately Partners with NDE1 and Dynactin To Orchestrate T Cell Focused Secretion. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 197:2090-101. [PMID: 27534551 PMCID: PMC5010990 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Helper and cytotoxic T cells accomplish focused secretion through the movement of vesicles toward the microtubule organizing center (MTOC) and translocation of the MTOC to the target contact site. In this study, using Jurkat cells and OT-I TCR transgenic primary murine CTLs, we show that the dynein-binding proteins nuclear distribution E homolog 1 (NDE1) and dynactin (as represented by p150(Glued)) form mutually exclusive complexes with dynein, exhibit nonoverlapping distributions in target-stimulated cells, and mediate different transport events. When Jurkat cells expressing a dominant negative form of NDE1 (NDE1-enhanced GFP fusion) were activated by Staphylococcus enterotoxin E-coated Raji cells, NDE1 and dynein failed to accumulate at the immunological synapse (IS) and MTOC translocation was inhibited. Knockdown of NDE1 in Jurkat cells or primary mouse CTLs also inhibited MTOC translocation and CTL-mediated killing. In contrast to NDE1, knockdown of p150(Glued), which depleted the alternative dynein/dynactin complex, resulted in impaired accumulation of CTLA4 and granzyme B-containing intracellular vesicles at the IS, whereas MTOC translocation was not affected. Depletion of p150(Glued) in CTLs also inhibited CTL-mediated lysis. We conclude that the NDE1/Lissencephaly 1 and dynactin complexes separately mediate two key components of T cell-focused secretion, namely translocation of the MTOC and lytic granules to the IS, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhankar Nath
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712; and
| | - Laura Christian
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Sarah Youngsun Tan
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Sanghee Ki
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712; and
| | - Lauren I R Ehrlich
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712; and
| | - Martin Poenie
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712; and
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44
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Péladeau C, Heibein A, Maltez MT, Copeland SJ, Copeland JW. A specific FMNL2 isoform is up-regulated in invasive cells. BMC Cell Biol 2016; 17:32. [PMID: 27578625 PMCID: PMC5006604 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-016-0110-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Formins are a highly conserved family of cytoskeletal remodeling proteins. A growing body of evidence suggests that formins play key roles in the progression and spread of a variety of cancers. There are 15 human formin proteins and of these the Diaphanous-Related Formins (DRFs) are the best characterized. Included in the DRFs are the Formin-Like proteins, FMNL1, 2 & 3, each of which have been strongly implicated in driving tumorigenesis and metastasis of specific tumors. In particular, increased FMNL2 expression correlates with increased invasiveness of colorectal cancer (CRC) in vivo and for a variety of CRC cell-lines in vitro. FMNL2 expression is also required for invasive cell motility in other cancer cell-lines. There are multiple alternatively spliced isoforms of FMNL2 and it is predicted that the encoded proteins will differ in their regulation, subcellular localization and in their ability to regulate cytoskeletal dynamics. RESULTS Using RT-PCR we identified four FMNL2 isoforms expressed in CRC and melanoma cell-lines. We find that a previously uncharacterized FMNL2 isoform is predominantly expressed in a variety of melanoma and CRC cell lines; this isoform is also more effective in driving 3D motility. Building on previous reports, we also show that FMNL2 is required for invasion in A375 and WM266.4 melanoma cells. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggest that FMNL2 is likely to be generally required in melanoma cells for invasion, that a specific isoform of FMNL2 is up-regulated in invasive CRC and melanoma cells and this isoform is the most effective at facilitating invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Péladeau
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Allan Heibein
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Melissa T Maltez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Sarah J Copeland
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - John W Copeland
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
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45
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Nejedla M, Sadi S, Sulimenko V, de Almeida FN, Blom H, Draber P, Aspenström P, Karlsson R. Profilin connects actin assembly with microtubule dynamics. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:2381-93. [PMID: 27307590 PMCID: PMC4966980 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-11-0799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Profilin is a well-known regulator of actin filament formation. It indirectly associates with microtubules and influences their growth rate. Formins are the linker molecules, and the turnover of the actin microfilament system balances profilin association with the microtubules. Profilin controls actin nucleation and assembly processes in eukaryotic cells. Actin nucleation and elongation promoting factors (NEPFs) such as Ena/VASP, formins, and WASP-family proteins recruit profilin:actin for filament formation. Some of these are found to be microtubule associated, making actin polymerization from microtubule-associated platforms possible. Microtubules are implicated in focal adhesion turnover, cell polarity establishment, and migration, illustrating the coupling between actin and microtubule systems. Here we demonstrate that profilin is functionally linked to microtubules with formins and point to formins as major mediators of this association. To reach this conclusion, we combined different fluorescence microscopy techniques, including superresolution microscopy, with siRNA modulation of profilin expression and drug treatments to interfere with actin dynamics. Our studies show that profilin dynamically associates with microtubules and this fraction of profilin contributes to balance actin assembly during homeostatic cell growth and affects microtubule dynamics. Hence profilin functions as a regulator of microtubule (+)-end turnover in addition to being an actin control element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Nejedla
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Sadi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vadym Sulimenko
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, ASCR, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | | | - Hans Blom
- Science for Life Laboratory, SE-171 21 Solna, Sweden
| | - Pavel Draber
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, ASCR, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Pontus Aspenström
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roger Karlsson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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46
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Bartolini F, Andres-Delgado L, Qu X, Nik S, Ramalingam N, Kremer L, Alonso MA, Gundersen GG. An mDia1-INF2 formin activation cascade facilitated by IQGAP1 regulates stable microtubules in migrating cells. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:1797-808. [PMID: 27030671 PMCID: PMC4884070 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-07-0489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The formin INF2 is required for stable Glu microtubule formation and inhibition of microtubule dynamics in NIH3T3 cells downstream of mDia1 and LPA. Evidence also shows that the formation of an mDia1/INF2 complex is necessary for microtubule stabilization stimulated by LPA and is regulated by IQGAP1. Multiple formins regulate microtubule (MT) arrays, but whether they function individually or in a common pathway is unknown. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) stimulates the formation of stabilized detyrosinated MTs (Glu MTs) in NIH3T3 fibroblasts through RhoA and the formin mDia1. Here we show that another formin, INF2, is necessary for mDia1-mediated induction of Glu MTs and regulation of MT dynamics and that mDia1 can be bypassed by activating INF2. INF2 localized to MTs after LPA treatment in an mDia1-dependent manner, suggesting that mDia1 regulates INF2. Mutants of either formin that disrupt their interaction failed to rescue MT stability in cells depleted of the respective formin, and the mDia1-interacting protein IQGAP1 regulated INF2’s localization to MTs and the induction of Glu MTs by either formin. The N-terminus of IQGAP1 associated with the C-terminus of INF2 directly, suggesting the possibility of a tripartite complex stimulated by LPA. Supporting this, the interaction of mDia1 and INF2 was induced by LPA and dependent on IQGAP1. Our data highlight a unique mechanism of formin action in which mDia1 and INF2 function in series to stabilize MTs and point to IQGAP1 as a scaffold that facilitates the activation of one formin by another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bartolini
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Laura Andres-Delgado
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Xiaoyi Qu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Sara Nik
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Nagendran Ramalingam
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Leonor Kremer
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Alonso
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gregg G Gundersen
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
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47
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Formins at the Junction. Trends Biochem Sci 2015; 41:148-159. [PMID: 26732401 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton and adhesion junctions are physically and functionally coupled at the cell-cell interface between epithelial cells. The actin regulatory complex Arp2/3 has an established role in the turnover of junctional actin; however, the role of formins, the largest group of actin regulators, is less clear. Formins dynamically shape the actin cytoskeleton and have various functions within cells. In this review we describe recent progress on how formins regulate actin dynamics at cell-cell contacts and highlight formin functions during polarized protein traffic necessary for epithelialization.
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48
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Copeland SJ, Thurston SF, Copeland JW. Actin- and microtubule-dependent regulation of Golgi morphology by FHDC1. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 27:260-76. [PMID: 26564798 PMCID: PMC4713130 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-02-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coordinated action of the actin and microtubule cytoskeletal networks is required for Golgi ribbon assembly. The novel formin FHDC1 accumulates on the Golgi-derived microtubule network, where it acts to regulate Golgi ribbon assembly in an actin- and microtubule-dependent manner. The Golgi apparatus is the central hub of intracellular trafficking and consists of tethered stacks of cis, medial, and trans cisternae. In mammalian cells, these cisternae are stitched together as a perinuclear Golgi ribbon, which is required for the establishment of cell polarity and normal subcellular organization. We previously identified FHDC1 (also known as INF1) as a unique microtubule-binding member of the formin family of cytoskeletal-remodeling proteins. We show here that endogenous FHDC1 regulates Golgi ribbon formation and has an apparent preferential association with the Golgi-derived microtubule network. Knockdown of FHDC1 expression results in defective Golgi assembly and suggests a role for FHDC1 in maintenance of the Golgi-derived microtubule network. Similarly, overexpression of FHDC1 induces dispersion of the Golgi ribbon into functional ministacks. This effect is independent of centrosome-derived microtubules and instead likely requires the interaction between the FHDC1 microtubule-binding domain and the Golgi-derived microtubule network. These effects also depend on the interaction between the FHDC1 FH2 domain and the actin cytoskeleton. Thus our results suggest that the coordination of actin and microtubule dynamics by FHDC1 is required for normal Golgi ribbon formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Copeland
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Susan F Thurston
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - John W Copeland
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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49
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Zeng YF, Xiao YS, Lu MZ, Luo XJ, Hu GZ, Deng KY, Wu XM, Xin HB. Increased expression of formin-like 3 contributes to metastasis and poor prognosis in colorectal carcinoma. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 98:260-7. [PMID: 25758200 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Formin-like 3 (FMNL3), a member of diaphanous-related formins subfamily, plays an important role in cytoskeleton reorganization, cell adhesion and cancer cell invasion in vitro. This study aimed to explore the expression of FMNL3 in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) cell-lines and tissues, and further evaluate its prognostic value and correlation with the clinicopathological parameters, and also investigate the effects of FMNL3 gene silencing on the growth and metastasis of CRC in vivo. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that FMNL3 protein was distributed in a punctuate aggregation pattern and located mainly in the cytoplasm of glandular cavity side, close to the nucleus of CRC cells. The positive rate of FMNL3 expression was 87.5% (84/96) in CRC, which was significantly higher than that in adjacent normal mucosa (30%, 9/30). Moreover, FMNL3 protein expressed far more in primary CRC with metastasis and corresponding lymph nodes metastatic CRC than in primary CRC without metastasis. Increased expression of FMNL3 was closely correlated with tumor size, differentiation, serosal invasion, and both lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis. However, it was not correlated with patients' age and gender. According to Kaplan-Meier survival analyses, patients with FMNL3 high expression level had lower overall survival rate than that with FMNL3 low expression level. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that high FMNL3 expression was a significant and independent prognostic predictor of patients with CRC. In addition, FMNL3 mRNA and protein levels were substantially up-regulated in CRC-metastasis-derived cell lines, as compared to those in primary-CRC-derived ones. FMNL3 gene silencing suppressed the growth and metastasis of CRC in vivo. In conclusion, FMNL3 plays an important role in the progression and metastasis of CRC and may be a novel potential prognostic predictor and therapeutic target for patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Feng Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yi-Sheng Xiao
- Teaching and Researching Section of Morphology, College of Basic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Ming-Zhi Lu
- Department of Pathology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Guo-Zhu Hu
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Ke-Yu Deng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiao-Mu Wu
- Jiangxi Institute of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Hong-Bo Xin
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
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50
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Truong D, Copeland JW, Brumell JH. Bacterial subversion of host cytoskeletal machinery: hijacking formins and the Arp2/3 complex. Bioessays 2014; 36:687-96. [PMID: 24849003 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The host actin nucleation machinery is subverted by many bacterial pathogens to facilitate their entry, motility, replication, and survival. The majority of research conducted in the past primarily focused on exploitation of a host actin nucleator, the Arp2/3 complex, by bacterial pathogens. Recently, new studies have begun to explore the role of formins, another family of host actin nucleators, in bacterial pathogenesis. This review provides an overview of recent advances in the study of the exploitation of the Arp2/3 complex and formins by bacterial pathogens. Secreted bacterial effector proteins seem to manipulate the regulation of these actin nucleators or functionally mimic them to drive bacterial entry, motility and survival within host cells. An enhanced understanding of how formins are exploited will provide us with greater insight into how a fundamental eurkaryotic cellular process is utilized by bacteria and will also advance our knowledge of host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Truong
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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