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Wang W, Zhao F, Torres S, Harris PLR, Wang X, Peng L, Siedlak SL, Zhu X. Space-Like Irradiation Exacerbated Cognitive Deficits and Amyloid Pathology in CRND8 Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2024:JAD240570. [PMID: 39058444 DOI: 10.3233/jad-240570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Background Space radiation was linked to neurological damage and behavioral deficits which raised concerns of increased degenerative risk on the brain and development of Alzheimer's disease following space travel. Objective In this study, we investigated the effects of irradiation by 56Fe and 28Si in CRND8 mice, an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Methods Six-month-old CRND8 mice were exposed to whole body irradiation by 56Fe and 28Si at 0.5 Gy and 2 Gy doses. Behavior tests were administered 1-month to 3-months post-irradiation. Amyloid deposition and other pathological changes were analyzed 3-months and/or 6-months post-irradiatio. Results The Novel Object Recognition test showed some decline in 8-month-old mice compared to non-irradiated CRND8 mice. Male mice also showed a loss of freezing behavior in the fear conditioning contextual test following irradiation. Golgi staining revealed a loss of spines in hippocampal neurons after irradiation. Total amyloid immunohistochemistry showed a robust increase in 3-months post-irradiation 56Fe groups which became normalized to non-irradiated group by 6-months post-irradiation. However, 2 Gy 28Si caused a trend towards increased plaque load at 3-months post-irradiation which became significant at 6-months post irradiation only in male CRND8 mice. While 0.5 Gy Fe did not induce obvious changes in the total number of iba-1 positive microglia, more hippocampal microglia were found to express PCNA after 0.5 Gy Fe treatment, suggesting potential involvement of microglial dysfunction. Conclusions Overall, our study provides new evidence of gender-specific and ion-dependent effects of space radiation on cognition and amyloid pathology in AD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhang Wang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Fanpeng Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sandy Torres
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Peggy L R Harris
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Xinglong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Lihua Peng
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sandra L Siedlak
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Xiongwei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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2
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An R, Blackwell VK, Harandi B, Gibbons AC, Siu O, Irby I, Rees A, Cornejal N, Sattler KM, Sheng T, Syracuse NC, Loftus D, Santa Maria SR, Cekanaviciute E, Reinsch SS, Ray HE, Paul AM. Influence of the spaceflight environment on macrophage lineages. NPJ Microgravity 2024; 10:63. [PMID: 38862517 PMCID: PMC11166655 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-023-00293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Spaceflight and terrestrial spaceflight analogs can alter immune phenotypes. Macrophages are important immune cells that bridge the innate and adaptive immune systems and participate in immunoregulatory processes of homeostasis. Furthermore, macrophages are critically involved in initiating immunity, defending against injury and infection, and are also involved in immune resolution and wound healing. Heterogeneous populations of macrophage-type cells reside in many tissues and cause a variety of tissue-specific effects through direct or indirect interactions with other physiological systems, including the nervous and endocrine systems. It is vital to understand how macrophages respond to the unique environment of space to safeguard crew members with appropriate countermeasures for future missions in low Earth orbit and beyond. This review highlights current literature on macrophage responses to spaceflight and spaceflight analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocky An
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Life Sciences Training Program, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
- Cornell University, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering and Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Virginia Katherine Blackwell
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Life Sciences Training Program, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Bijan Harandi
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Life Sciences Training Program, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
- Tufts University, Department of Chemistry, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Alicia C Gibbons
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Life Sciences Training Program, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
- University of California San Diego, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Olivia Siu
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Life Sciences Training Program, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
- Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Department of Human Factors and Behavioral Neurobiology, Daytona Beach, FL, 32114, USA
| | - Iris Irby
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Life Sciences Training Program, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Amy Rees
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Life Sciences Training Program, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Nadjet Cornejal
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Life Sciences Training Program, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
- Brooklyn College, Department of Natural and Behavioral Sciences, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA
| | - Kristina M Sattler
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Life Sciences Training Program, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
- Ohio State University, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Tao Sheng
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Life Sciences Training Program, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Computer Science, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Nicholas C Syracuse
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Life Sciences Training Program, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
- North Carolina State University, Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - David Loftus
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Biosciences Division, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Sergio R Santa Maria
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Biosciences Division, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Egle Cekanaviciute
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Biosciences Division, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Sigrid S Reinsch
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Biosciences Division, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Hami E Ray
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Biosciences Division, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
- ASRC Federal, Inc, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Amber M Paul
- Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Department of Human Factors and Behavioral Neurobiology, Daytona Beach, FL, 32114, USA.
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Biosciences Division, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA.
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA.
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3
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Cahoon DS, Fisher DR, Rabin BM, Lamon-Fava S, Wu D, Zheng T, Shukitt-Hale B. Galactic Cosmic Ray Particle Exposure Does Not Increase Protein Levels of Inflammation or Oxidative Stress Markers in Rat Microglial Cells In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5923. [PMID: 38892109 PMCID: PMC11172496 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Astronauts on exploratory missions will be exposed to galactic cosmic rays (GCR), which can induce neuroinflammation and oxidative stress (OS) and may increase the risk of neurodegenerative disease. As key regulators of inflammation and OS in the CNS, microglial cells may be involved in GCR-induced deficits, and therefore could be a target for neuroprotection. This study assessed the effects of exposure to helium (4He) and iron (56Fe) particles on inflammation and OS in microglia in vitro, to establish a model for testing countermeasure efficacy. Rat microglia were exposed to a single dose of 20 cGy (300 MeV/n) 4He or 2 Gy 56Fe (600 MeV/n), while the control cells were not exposed (0 cGy). Immediately following irradiation, fresh media was applied to the cells, and biomarkers of inflammation (cyclooxygenase-2 [COX-2], nitric oxide synthase [iNOS], phosphorylated IκB-α [pIκB-α], tumor necrosis factor-α [TNFα], and nitrite [NO2-]) and OS (NADPH oxidase [NOX2]) were assessed 24 h later using standard immunochemical techniques. Results showed that radiation did not increase levels of NO2- or protein levels of COX-2, iNOS, pIκB-α, TNFα, or NOX2 compared to non-irradiated control conditions in microglial cells (p > 0.05). Therefore, microglia in isolation may not be the primary cause of neuroinflammation and OS following exposures to helium or iron GCR particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle S. Cahoon
- USDA-ARS, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (D.S.C.); (D.R.F.); (S.L.-F.); (D.W.); (T.Z.)
| | - Derek R. Fisher
- USDA-ARS, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (D.S.C.); (D.R.F.); (S.L.-F.); (D.W.); (T.Z.)
| | - Bernard M. Rabin
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD 21250, USA;
| | - Stefania Lamon-Fava
- USDA-ARS, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (D.S.C.); (D.R.F.); (S.L.-F.); (D.W.); (T.Z.)
| | - Dayong Wu
- USDA-ARS, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (D.S.C.); (D.R.F.); (S.L.-F.); (D.W.); (T.Z.)
| | - Tong Zheng
- USDA-ARS, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (D.S.C.); (D.R.F.); (S.L.-F.); (D.W.); (T.Z.)
| | - Barbara Shukitt-Hale
- USDA-ARS, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (D.S.C.); (D.R.F.); (S.L.-F.); (D.W.); (T.Z.)
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4
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Thariat J, Little MP, Zablotska LB, Samson P, O’Banion MK, Leuraud K, Bergom C, Girault G, Azimzadeh O, Bouffler S, Hamada N. Radiotherapy for non-cancer diseases: benefits and long-term risks. Int J Radiat Biol 2024; 100:505-526. [PMID: 38180039 PMCID: PMC11039429 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2295966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The discovery of X-rays was followed by a variety of attempts to treat infectious diseases and various other non-cancer diseases with ionizing radiation, in addition to cancer. There has been a recent resurgence of interest in the use of such radiotherapy for non-cancer diseases. Non-cancer diseases for which use of radiotherapy has currently been proposed include refractory ventricular tachycardia, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g. Alzheimer's disease and dementia), and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia, all with ongoing clinical studies that deliver radiation doses of 0.5-25 Gy in a single fraction or in multiple daily fractions. In addition to such non-cancer effects, historical indications predominantly used in some countries (e.g. Germany) include osteoarthritis and degenerative diseases of the bones and joints. This narrative review gives an overview of the biological rationale and ongoing preclinical and clinical studies for radiotherapy proposed for various non-cancer diseases, discusses the plausibility of the proposed biological rationale, and considers the long-term radiation risks of cancer and non-cancer diseases. CONCLUSIONS A growing body of evidence has suggested that radiation represents a double-edged sword, not only for cancer, but also for non-cancer diseases. At present, clinical evidence has shown some beneficial effects of radiotherapy for ventricular tachycardia, but there is little or no such evidence of radiotherapy for other newly proposed non-cancer diseases (e.g. Alzheimer's disease, COVID-19 pneumonia). Patients with ventricular tachycardia and COVID-19 pneumonia have thus far been treated with radiotherapy when they are an urgent life threat with no efficient alternative treatment, but some survivors may encounter a paradoxical situation where patients were rescued by radiotherapy but then get harmed by radiotherapy. Further studies are needed to justify the clinical use of radiotherapy for non-cancer diseases, and optimize dose to diseased tissue while minimizing dose to healthy tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Thariat
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Centre François Baclesse, Caen, France
- Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire IN2P3, ENSICAEN/CNRS UMR 6534, Normandie Université, Caen, France
| | - Mark P. Little
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lydia B. Zablotska
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Pamela Samson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - M. Kerry O’Banion
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Klervi Leuraud
- Research Department on Biological and Health Effects of Ionizing Radiation (SESANE), Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Carmen Bergom
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Cardio-Oncology Center of Excellence, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Gilles Girault
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre François Baclesse, Medical Library, Caen, France
| | - Omid Azimzadeh
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS), Section Radiation Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Simon Bouffler
- Radiation Protection Sciences Division, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Chilton, Didcot, UK
| | - Nobuyuki Hamada
- Biology and Environmental Chemistry Division, Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Abiko, Chiba, Japan
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Lojek NM, Williams VA, Rogers AM, Sajo E, Black BJ, Ghezzi CE. A 3D In Vitro Cortical Tissue Model Based on Dense Collagen to Study the Effects of Gamma Radiation on Neuronal Function. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2301123. [PMID: 37921265 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Studies on gamma radiation-induced injury have long been focused on hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular systems, yet little is known about the effects of gamma radiation on the function of human cortical tissue. The challenge in studying radiation-induced cortical injury is, in part, due to a lack of human tissue models and physiologically relevant readouts. Here, a physiologically relevant 3D collagen-based cortical tissue model (CTM) is developed for studying the functional response of human iPSC-derived neurons and astrocytes to a sub-lethal radiation exposure (5 Gy). Cytotoxicity, DNA damage, morphology, and extracellular electrophysiology are quantified. It is reported that 5 Gy exposure significantly increases cytotoxicity, DNA damage, and astrocyte reactivity while significantly decreasing neurite length and neuronal network activity. Additionally, it is found that clinically deployed radioprotectant amifostine ameliorates the DNA damage, cytotoxicity, and astrocyte reactivity. The CTM provides a critical experimental platform to understand cell-level mechanisms by which gamma radiation (GR) affects human cortical tissue and to screen prospective radioprotectant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal M Lojek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Victoria A Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Andrew M Rogers
- Department of Physics and Applied Physics, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Erno Sajo
- Department of Physics and Applied Physics, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Bryan J Black
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Chiara E Ghezzi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
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6
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Shin TH, Lee G. Reduced lysosomal activity and increased amyloid beta accumulation in silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles-treated microglia. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:121-134. [PMID: 37798515 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03612-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have been used in neurological research in recent years because of their blood-brain barrier penetration activity. However, their potential neuronanotoxicity remains a concern. In particular, microglia, which are resident phagocytic cells, are mainly exposed to nanoparticles in the brain. We investigated the changes in lysosomal function in silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles containing rhodamine B isothiocyanate dye [MNPs@SiO2(RITC)]-treated BV2 murine microglial cells. In addition, we analyzed amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation and molecular changes through the integration of transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics (triple-omics) analyses. Aβ accumulation significantly increased in the 0.1 μg/μl MNPs@SiO2(RITC)-treated BV2 cells compared to the untreated control and 0.01 μg/μl MNPs@SiO2(RITC)-treated BV2 cells. Moreover, the MNPs@SiO2(RITC)-treated BV2 cells showed lysosomal swelling, a dose-dependent reduction in proteolytic activity, and an increase in lysosomal swelling- and autophagy-related protein levels. Moreover, proteasome activity decreased in the MNPs@SiO2(RITC)-treated BV2 cells, followed by a concomitant reduction in intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP). By employing triple-omics and a machine learning algorithm, we generated an integrated single molecular network including reactive oxygen species (ROS), autophagy, lysosomal storage disease, and amyloidosis. In silico analysis of the single triple omics network predicted an increase in ROS, suppression of autophagy, and aggravation of lysosomal storage disease and amyloidosis in the MNPs@SiO2(RITC)-treated BV2 cells. Aβ accumulation and lysosomal swelling in the cells were alleviated by co-treatment with glutathione (GSH) and citrate. These findings suggest that MNPs@SiO2(RITC)-induced reduction in lysosomal activity and proteasomes can be recovered by GSH and citrate treatment. These results also highlight the relationship between nanotoxicity and Aβ accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hwan Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gwang Lee
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Cahoon DS, Rabin BM, Fisher DR, Shukitt-Hale B. Effects of HZE-Particle Exposure Location and Energy on Brain Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Rats. Radiat Res 2023; 200:431-443. [PMID: 37758038 DOI: 10.1667/rade-22-00041.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Astronauts on exploratory missions will be exposed to particle radiation of high energy and charge (HZE particles), which have been shown to produce neurochemical and performance deficits in animal models. Exposure to HZE particles can produce both targeted effects, resulting from direct ionization of atoms along the particle track, and non-targeted effects (NTEs) in cells that are distant from the track, extending the range of potential damage beyond the site of irradiation. While recent work suggests that NTEs are primarily responsible for changes in cognitive function after HZE exposures, the relative contributions of targeted and non-targeted effects to neurochemical changes after HZE exposures are unclear. The present experiment was designed to further explore the role of targeted and non-targeted effects on HZE-induced neurochemical changes (inflammation and oxidative stress) by evaluating the effects of exposure location and particle energy/linear energy transfer (LET). Forty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats received head-only or body-only exposures to 56Fe particles [600 MeV/n (75 cGy) or 1,000 MeV/n (100 cGy)] or 48Ti particles [500 MeV/n (50 cGy) or 1,100 MeV/n (75 cGy)] or no irradiation (0 cGy). Twenty-four h after irradiation, rats were euthanized, and the brain was dissected for analysis of HZE-particle-induced neurochemical changes in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. Results showed that exposure to 56Fe and 48Ti ions produced changes in measurements of brain inflammation [glial fibrillary astrocyte protein (GFAP)], oxidative stress [NADPH-oxidoreductase-2 (NOX2)] and antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)]. However, radiation effects varied depending upon the specific measurement, brain region, and exposure location. Although overall exposures of the head produced more detrimental changes in neuroinflammation and oxidative stress than exposures of the body, body-only exposures also produced changes relative to no irradiation, and the effect of particle energy/LET on neurochemical changes was minimal. Results indicate that both targeted and non-targeted effects are important contributors to neurochemical changes after head-only exposure. However, because there were no consistent neurochemical changes as a function of changes in track structure after head-only exposures, the role of direct effects on neuronal function is uncertain. Therefore, these findings, although in an animal model, suggest that NTEs should be considered in the estimation of risk to the central nervous system (CNS) and development of countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle S Cahoon
- USDA-ARS, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Maryland 02111
| | - Bernard M Rabin
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250
| | - Derek R Fisher
- USDA-ARS, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Maryland 02111
| | - Barbara Shukitt-Hale
- USDA-ARS, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Maryland 02111
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Faerman A, Clark JB, Sutton JP. Neuropsychological considerations for long-duration deep spaceflight. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1146096. [PMID: 37275233 PMCID: PMC10235498 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1146096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The deep space environment far beyond low-Earth orbit (LEO) introduces multiple and simultaneous risks for the functioning and health of the central nervous system (CNS), which may impair astronauts' performance and wellbeing. As future deep space missions to Mars, moons, or asteroids will also exceed current LEO stay durations and are estimated to require up to 3 years, we review recent evidence with contemporary and historic spaceflight case studies addressing implications for long-duration missions. To highlight the need for specific further investigations, we provide neuropsychological considerations integrating cognitive and motor functions, neuroimaging, neurological biomarkers, behavior changes, and mood and affect to construct a multifactorial profile to explain performance variability, subjective experience, and potential risks. We discuss the importance of adopting a neuropsychological approach to long-duration deep spaceflight (LDDS) missions and draw specific recommendations for future research in space neuropsychology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afik Faerman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jonathan B. Clark
- Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jeffrey P. Sutton
- Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Translational Research Institute for Space Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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9
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Son Y, Lee CG, Kim JS, Lee HJ. Low-dose-rate ionizing radiation affects innate immunity protein IFITM3 in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Int J Radiat Biol 2023; 99:1649-1659. [PMID: 37162420 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2211142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although the adverse health risks associated with low-dose radiation (LDR) are highly debated, relevant data on neuronal function following chronic LDR exposure are still lacking. MATERIALS AND METHODS To confirm the effect of chronic LDR on the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), we investigated changes in behavior and neuroinflammation after radiation exposure in wild-type (WT) and 5xFAD (TG) mice, an animal model of AD. WT and TG mice, classified by genotyping, were exposed to low-dose-rate radiation for 112 days, with cumulative doses of 0, 0.1, and 0.3 Gy, then evaluated using the open-field and Y-maze behavioral function tests. Changes in the levels of APP processing- and neuroinflammation-related genes were also investigated. RESULTS No apparent change was evident in either non-spatial memory function or locomotor activity, as examined by the Y-maze and open field tests, respectively. Although chronic LDR did not affect the levels of APP processing, gliosis (Iba1 and GFAP), or inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α), the levels of IFN-γ were significantly downregulated in TG mice following LDR exposure. In an additional analysis, we examined the genes related to IFN signaling and found that the levels of interferon induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) were decreased significantly in TG mice following LDR with 0.1 or 0.3 Gy. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, this study revealed the possibility that LDR could affect the progression of AD, which may be associated with decreased IFN-related signaling, especially IFITM3. Our findings suggest that further studies are required regarding the potential role of LDR in the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonghoon Son
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Geun Lee
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (DIRAMS), Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong Sun Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-June Lee
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
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The Effects of Galactic Cosmic Rays on the Central Nervous System: From Negative to Unexpectedly Positive Effects That Astronauts May Encounter. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12030400. [PMID: 36979092 PMCID: PMC10044754 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Galactic cosmic rays (GCR) pose a serious threat to astronauts’ health during deep space missions. The possible functional alterations of the central nervous system (CNS) under GCR exposure can be critical for mission success. Despite the obvious negative effects of ionizing radiation, a number of neutral or even positive effects of GCR irradiation on CNS functions were revealed in ground-based experiments with rodents and primates. This review is focused on the GCR exposure effects on emotional state and cognition, emphasizing positive effects and their potential mechanisms. We integrate these data with GCR effects on adult neurogenesis and pathological protein aggregation, forming a complete picture. We conclude that GCR exposure causes multidirectional effects on cognition, which may be associated with emotional state alterations. However, the irradiation in space-related doses either has no effect or has performance enhancing effects in solving high-level cognition tasks and tasks with a high level of motivation. We suppose the model of neurotransmission changes after irradiation, although the molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon are not fully understood.
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Hinshaw RG, Schroeder MK, Ciola J, Varma C, Colletti B, Liu B, Liu GG, Shi Q, Williams JP, O’Banion MK, Caldarone BJ, Lemere CA. High-Energy, Whole-Body Proton Irradiation Differentially Alters Long-Term Brain Pathology and Behavior Dependent on Sex and Alzheimer's Disease Mutations. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043615. [PMID: 36835027 PMCID: PMC9965515 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole-body exposure to high-energy particle radiation remains an unmitigated hazard to human health in space. Ongoing experiments at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory and elsewhere repeatedly show persistent changes in brain function long after exposure to simulations of this unique radiation environment, although, as is also the case with proton radiotherapy sequelae, how this occurs and especially how it interacts with common comorbidities is not well-understood. Here, we report modest differential changes in behavior and brain pathology between male and female Alzheimer's-like and wildtype littermate mice 7-8 months after exposure to 0, 0.5, or 2 Gy of 1 GeV proton radiation. The mice were examined with a battery of behavior tests and assayed for amyloid beta pathology, synaptic markers, microbleeds, microglial reactivity, and plasma cytokines. In general, the Alzheimer's model mice were more prone than their wildtype littermates to radiation-induced behavior changes, and hippocampal staining for amyloid beta pathology and microglial activation in these mice revealed a dose-dependent reduction in males but not in females. In summary, radiation-induced, long-term changes in behavior and pathology, although modest, appear specific to both sex and the underlying disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G. Hinshaw
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02129, USA
| | - Maren K. Schroeder
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jason Ciola
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Curran Varma
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brianna Colletti
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Grace Geyu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qiaoqiao Shi
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jacqueline P. Williams
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - M. Kerry O’Banion
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | | | - Cynthia A. Lemere
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Correspondence:
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12
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Gupta U, Baig S, Majid A, Bell SM. The neurology of space flight; How does space flight effect the human nervous system? LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2023; 36:105-115. [PMID: 36682819 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND HYPOTHESIS Advancements in technology, human adaptability, and funding have increased space exploration and in turn commercial spaceflight. Corporations such as Space X and Blue Origin are exploring methods to make space tourism possible. This could lead to an increase in the number of patients presenting with neurological diseases associated with spaceflight. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of spaceflight stressors is required to manage neurological disease in high-risk individuals. OBJECTIVES This review aims to describe the neurological effects of spaceflight and to assess countermeasures such as pre-flight prophylaxis, training, and possible therapeutics to reduce long-term effects. METHODOLOGY A literature search was performed for experimental studies conducted in astronauts and in animal models that simulated the space environment. Many studies, however, only discussed these with scientific reasoning and did not include any experimental methods. Relevant studies were identified through searching research databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar. No inclusion or exclusion criteria were used. FINDINGS Analysis of these studies provided a holistic understanding of the acute and chronic neurological changes that occur during space flight. Astronauts are exposed to hazards that include microgravity, cosmic radiation, hypercapnia, isolation, confinement and disrupted circadian rhythms. Microgravity, the absence of a gravitational force, is linked to disturbances in the vestibular system, intracranial and intraocular pressures. Furthermore, microgravity affects near field vision as part of the spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome. Exposure to cosmic radiation can increase the risk of neurodegenerative conditions and malignancies. It is estimated that cosmic radiation has significantly higher ionising capabilities than the ionising radiation used in medicine. Space travel also has potential benefits to the nervous system, including psychological development and effects on learning and memory. Future work needs to focus on how we can compare a current astronaut to a future space tourist. Potentially the physiological and psychological stresses of space flight might lead to neurological complications in future space travellers that do not have the physiological reserve of current astronauts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udit Gupta
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield and S10 2HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sheharyar Baig
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield and S10 2HQ, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neurology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Arshad Majid
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield and S10 2HQ, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neurology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Simon M Bell
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield and S10 2HQ, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neurology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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13
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Bok J, Ha J, Ahn BJ, Jang Y. Disease-Modifying Effects of Non-Invasive Electroceuticals on β-Amyloid Plaques and Tau Tangles for Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010679. [PMID: 36614120 PMCID: PMC9821138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroceuticals refer to various forms of electronic neurostimulators used for therapy. Interdisciplinary advances in medical engineering and science have led to the development of the electroceutical approach, which involves therapeutic agents that specifically target neural circuits, to realize precision therapy for Alzheimer's disease (AD). To date, extensive studies have attempted to elucidate the disease-modifying effects of electroceuticals on areas in the brain of a patient with AD by the use of various physical stimuli, including electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic waves as well as ultrasound. Herein, we review non-invasive stimulatory systems and their effects on β-amyloid plaques and tau tangles, which are pathological molecular markers of AD. Therefore, this review will aid in better understanding the recent technological developments, applicable methods, and therapeutic effects of electronic stimulatory systems, including transcranial direct current stimulation, 40-Hz gamma oscillations, transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromagnetic field stimulation, infrared light stimulation and ionizing radiation therapy, and focused ultrasound for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsoo Bok
- Department of Medical and Digital Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04736, Republic of Korea
| | - Juchan Ha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04736, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum Ju Ahn
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04736, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongwoo Jang
- Department of Medical and Digital Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04736, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04736, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2220-0655
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14
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Krittanawong C, Singh NK, Scheuring RA, Urquieta E, Bershad EM, Macaulay TR, Kaplin S, Dunn C, Kry SF, Russomano T, Shepanek M, Stowe RP, Kirkpatrick AW, Broderick TJ, Sibonga JD, Lee AG, Crucian BE. Human Health during Space Travel: State-of-the-Art Review. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010040. [PMID: 36611835 PMCID: PMC9818606 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of human space travel is in the midst of a dramatic revolution. Upcoming missions are looking to push the boundaries of space travel, with plans to travel for longer distances and durations than ever before. Both the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and several commercial space companies (e.g., Blue Origin, SpaceX, Virgin Galactic) have already started the process of preparing for long-distance, long-duration space exploration and currently plan to explore inner solar planets (e.g., Mars) by the 2030s. With the emergence of space tourism, space travel has materialized as a potential new, exciting frontier of business, hospitality, medicine, and technology in the coming years. However, current evidence regarding human health in space is very limited, particularly pertaining to short-term and long-term space travel. This review synthesizes developments across the continuum of space health including prior studies and unpublished data from NASA related to each individual organ system, and medical screening prior to space travel. We categorized the extraterrestrial environment into exogenous (e.g., space radiation and microgravity) and endogenous processes (e.g., alteration of humans' natural circadian rhythm and mental health due to confinement, isolation, immobilization, and lack of social interaction) and their various effects on human health. The aim of this review is to explore the potential health challenges associated with space travel and how they may be overcome in order to enable new paradigms for space health, as well as the use of emerging Artificial Intelligence based (AI) technology to propel future space health research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayakrit Krittanawong
- Department of Medicine and Center for Space Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Translational Research Institute for Space Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Correspondence: or (C.K.); (B.E.C.); Tel.: +1-713-798-4951 (C.K.); +1-281-483-0123 (B.E.C.)
| | - Nitin Kumar Singh
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | | | - Emmanuel Urquieta
- Translational Research Institute for Space Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Eric M. Bershad
- Department of Neurology, Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Scott Kaplin
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Carly Dunn
- Department of Dermatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Stephen F. Kry
- Department of Radiation Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Marc Shepanek
- Office of the Chief Health and Medical Officer, NASA, Washington, DC 20546, USA
| | | | - Andrew W. Kirkpatrick
- Department of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | | | - Jean D. Sibonga
- Division of Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences, NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - Andrew G. Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Medical Branch School of Medicine, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Texas A and M College of Medicine, College Station, TX 77807, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Brian E. Crucian
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Johnson Space Center, Human Health and Performance Directorate, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Correspondence: or (C.K.); (B.E.C.); Tel.: +1-713-798-4951 (C.K.); +1-281-483-0123 (B.E.C.)
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15
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Sorokina SS, Paskevich SI, Zaichkina SI, Malkov AE, Pikalov VA. The Combined Effect of Protective Agents and Accelerated Carbon Ions on the Behavior of Mice. BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359022120226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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16
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Peter JS, Schuemann J, Held KD, McNamara AL. Nano-scale simulation of neuronal damage by galactic cosmic rays. Phys Med Biol 2022; 67:10.1088/1361-6560/ac95f4. [PMID: 36172820 PMCID: PMC9951267 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac95f4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effects of realistic, deep space radiation environments on neuronal function remain largely unexplored.In silicomodeling studies of radiation-induced neuronal damage provide important quantitative information about physico-chemical processes that are not directly accessible through radiobiological experiments. Here, we present the first nano-scale computational analysis of broad-spectrum galactic cosmic ray irradiation in a realistic neuron geometry. We constructed thousands ofin silicorealizations of a CA1 pyramidal neuron, each with over 3500 stochastically generated dendritic spines. We simulated the entire 33 ion-energy beam spectrum currently in use at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory galactic cosmic ray simulator (GCRSim) using the TOol for PArticle Simulation (TOPAS) and TOPAS-nBio Monte Carlo-based track structure simulation toolkits. We then assessed the resulting nano-scale dosimetry, physics processes, and fluence patterns. Additional comparisons were made to a simplified 6 ion-energy spectrum (SimGCRSim) also used in NASA experiments. For a neuronal absorbed dose of 0.5 Gy GCRSim, we report an average of 250 ± 10 ionizations per micrometer of dendritic length, and an additional 50 ± 10, 7 ± 2, and 4 ± 2 ionizations per mushroom, thin, and stubby spine, respectively. We show that neuronal energy deposition by proton andα-particle tracks declines approximately hyperbolically with increasing primary particle energy at mission-relevant energies. We demonstrate an inverted exponential relationship between dendritic segment irradiation probability and neuronal absorbed dose for each ion-energy beam. We also find that there are no significant differences in the average physical responses between the GCRSim and SimGCRSim spectra. To our knowledge, this is the first nano-scale simulation study of a realistic neuron geometry using the GCRSim and SimGCRSim spectra. These results may be used as inputs to theoretical models, aid in the interpretation of experimental results, and help guide future study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah S Peter
- Biophysics Program, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
| | - Jan Schuemann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
| | - Kathryn D Held
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
| | - Aimee L McNamara
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
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17
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Miller KB, Mi KL, Nelson GA, Norman RB, Patel ZS, Huff JL. Ionizing radiation, cerebrovascular disease, and consequent dementia: A review and proposed framework relevant to space radiation exposure. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1008640. [PMID: 36388106 PMCID: PMC9640983 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1008640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Space exploration requires the characterization and management or mitigation of a variety of human health risks. Exposure to space radiation is one of the main health concerns because it has the potential to increase the risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and both acute and late neurodegeneration. Space radiation-induced decrements to the vascular system may impact the risk for cerebrovascular disease and consequent dementia. These risks may be independent or synergistic with direct damage to central nervous system tissues. The purpose of this work is to review epidemiological and experimental data regarding the impact of low-to-moderate dose ionizing radiation on the central nervous system and the cerebrovascular system. A proposed framework outlines how space radiation-induced effects on the vasculature may increase risk for both cerebrovascular dysfunction and neural and cognitive adverse outcomes. The results of this work suggest that there are multiple processes by which ionizing radiation exposure may impact cerebrovascular function including increases in oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, endothelial cell dysfunction, arterial stiffening, atherosclerosis, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Cerebrovascular adverse outcomes may also promote neural and cognitive adverse outcomes. However, there are many gaps in both the human and preclinical evidence base regarding the long-term impact of ionizing radiation exposure on brain health due to heterogeneity in both exposures and outcomes. The unique composition of the space radiation environment makes the translation of the evidence base from terrestrial exposures to space exposures difficult. Additional investigation and understanding of the impact of low-to-moderate doses of ionizing radiation including high (H) atomic number (Z) and energy (E) (HZE) ions on the cerebrovascular system is needed. Furthermore, investigation of how decrements in vascular systems may contribute to development of neurodegenerative diseases in independent or synergistic pathways is important for protecting the long-term health of astronauts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gregory A. Nelson
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, United States
- KBR Inc., Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ryan B. Norman
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, United States
| | - Zarana S. Patel
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, United States
- KBR Inc., Houston, TX, United States
| | - Janice L. Huff
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, United States
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18
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Desai RI, Limoli CL, Stark CEL, Stark SM. Impact of spaceflight stressors on behavior and cognition: A molecular, neurochemical, and neurobiological perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 138:104676. [PMID: 35461987 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The response of the human body to multiple spaceflight stressors is complex, but mounting evidence implicate risks to CNS functionality as significant, able to threaten metrics of mission success and longer-term behavioral and neurocognitive health. Prolonged exposure to microgravity, sleep disruption, social isolation, fluid shifts, and ionizing radiation have been shown to disrupt mechanisms of homeostasis and neurobiological well-being. The overarching goal of this review is to document the existing evidence of how the major spaceflight stressors, including radiation, microgravity, isolation/confinement, and sleep deprivation, alone or in combination alter molecular, neurochemical, neurobiological, and plasma metabolite/lipid signatures that may be linked to operationally-relevant behavioral and cognitive performance. While certain brain region-specific and/or systemic alterations titrated in part with neurobiological outcome, variations across model systems, study design, and the conspicuous absence of targeted studies implementing combinations of spaceflight stressors, confounded the identification of specific signatures having direct relevance to human activities in space. Summaries are provided for formulating new research directives and more predictive readouts of portending change in neurobiological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev I Desai
- Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Behavioral Biology Program, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
| | - Charles L Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine, Medical Sciences I, B146B, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Craig E L Stark
- Department of Neurobiology of Behavior, University of California Irvine, 1400 Biological Sciences III, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Shauna M Stark
- Department of Neurobiology of Behavior, University of California Irvine, 1400 Biological Sciences III, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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19
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Fais G, Manca A, Bolognesi F, Borselli M, Concas A, Busutti M, Broggi G, Sanna P, Castillo-Aleman YM, Rivero-Jiménez RA, Bencomo-Hernandez AA, Ventura-Carmenate Y, Altea M, Pantaleo A, Gabrielli G, Biglioli F, Cao G, Giannaccare G. Wide Range Applications of Spirulina: From Earth to Space Missions. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20050299. [PMID: 35621951 PMCID: PMC9143897 DOI: 10.3390/md20050299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Spirulina is the most studied cyanobacterium species for both pharmacological applications and the food industry. The aim of the present review is to summarize the potential benefits of the use of Spirulina for improving healthcare both in space and on Earth. Regarding the first field of application, Spirulina could represent a new technology for the sustainment of long-duration manned missions to planets beyond the Lower Earth Orbit (e.g., Mars); furthermore, it could help astronauts stay healthy while exposed to a variety of stress factors that can have negative consequences even after years. As far as the second field of application, Spirulina could have an active role in various aspects of medicine, such as metabolism, oncology, ophthalmology, central and peripheral nervous systems, and nephrology. The recent findings of the capacity of Spirulina to improve stem cells mobility and to increase immune response have opened new intriguing scenarios in oncological and infectious diseases, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Fais
- Interdepartmental Centre of Environmental Science and Engineering (CINSA), University of Cagliari, Via San Giorgio 12, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (G.F.); (A.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Alessia Manca
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Federico Bolognesi
- Unit of Maxillofacial Surgery, Head and Neck Department, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo Hospital, University of Milan, Via Antonio di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy; (F.B.); (F.B.)
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Zamboni 33, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Borselli
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Magna Grecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Concas
- Interdepartmental Centre of Environmental Science and Engineering (CINSA), University of Cagliari, Via San Giorgio 12, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (G.F.); (A.C.); (G.C.)
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Via Marengo 2, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Busutti
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, IRCCS-Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, University of Bologna, Via Giuseppe Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Broggi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, University of Milan, Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy;
- Columbus Clinic Center, Via Michelangelo Buonarroti 48, 20145 Milan, Italy
| | - Pierdanilo Sanna
- Abu Dhabi Stem Cells Center, Al Misaha Street, Rowdhat, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; (P.S.); (Y.M.C.-A.); (R.A.R.-J.); (A.A.B.-H.); (Y.V.-C.)
| | - Yandy Marx Castillo-Aleman
- Abu Dhabi Stem Cells Center, Al Misaha Street, Rowdhat, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; (P.S.); (Y.M.C.-A.); (R.A.R.-J.); (A.A.B.-H.); (Y.V.-C.)
| | - René Antonio Rivero-Jiménez
- Abu Dhabi Stem Cells Center, Al Misaha Street, Rowdhat, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; (P.S.); (Y.M.C.-A.); (R.A.R.-J.); (A.A.B.-H.); (Y.V.-C.)
| | - Antonio Alfonso Bencomo-Hernandez
- Abu Dhabi Stem Cells Center, Al Misaha Street, Rowdhat, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; (P.S.); (Y.M.C.-A.); (R.A.R.-J.); (A.A.B.-H.); (Y.V.-C.)
| | - Yendry Ventura-Carmenate
- Abu Dhabi Stem Cells Center, Al Misaha Street, Rowdhat, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; (P.S.); (Y.M.C.-A.); (R.A.R.-J.); (A.A.B.-H.); (Y.V.-C.)
| | - Michela Altea
- TOLO Green, Via San Damiano 2, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.A.); (G.G.)
| | - Antonella Pantaleo
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.M.); (A.P.)
| | | | - Federico Biglioli
- Unit of Maxillofacial Surgery, Head and Neck Department, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo Hospital, University of Milan, Via Antonio di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy; (F.B.); (F.B.)
| | - Giacomo Cao
- Interdepartmental Centre of Environmental Science and Engineering (CINSA), University of Cagliari, Via San Giorgio 12, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (G.F.); (A.C.); (G.C.)
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Via Marengo 2, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies, Research and Development in Sardinia (CRS4), Loc. Piscina Manna, Building 1, 09050 Pula, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giannaccare
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Magna Grecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-3317186201
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20
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Fakhri S, Piri S, Moradi SZ, Khan H. Phytochemicals Targeting Oxidative Stress, Interconnected Neuroinflammatory, and Neuroapoptotic Pathways Following Radiation. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:836-856. [PMID: 34370636 PMCID: PMC9881105 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210809103346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The radiation for therapeutic purposes has shown positive effects in different contexts; however, it can increase the risk of many age-related and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease (HD), and Parkinson's disease (PD). These different outcomes highlight a dose-response phenomenon called hormesis. Prevailing studies indicate that high doses of radiation could play several destructive roles in triggering oxidative stress, neuroapoptosis, and neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration. However, there is a lack of effective treatments in combating radiation-induced neurodegeneration, and the present drugs suffer from some drawbacks, including side effects and drug resistance. Among natural entities, polyphenols are suggested as multi-target agents affecting the dysregulated pathogenic mechanisms in neurodegenerative disease. This review discusses the destructive effects of radiation on the induction of neurodegenerative diseases by dysregulating oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation. We also describe the promising effects of polyphenols and other candidate phytochemicals in preventing and treating radiation-induced neurodegenerative disorders, aiming to find novel/potential therapeutic compounds against such disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran;,Address correspondence to these author at the Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran; E-mail: Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan; E-mail:
| | - Sana Piri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran;,These authors have contributed equally to this work.
| | - Seyed Zachariah Moradi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran;,Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran;,These authors have contributed equally to this work.
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan,Address correspondence to these author at the Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran; E-mail: Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan; E-mail:
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21
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Lalkovicova M. Neuroprotective agents effective against radiation damage of central nervous system. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1885-1892. [PMID: 35142663 PMCID: PMC8848589 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.335137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation caused by medical treatments, nuclear events or even space flights can irreversibly damage structure and function of brain cells. That can result in serious brain damage, with memory and behavior disorders, or even fatal oncologic or neurodegenerative illnesses. Currently used treatments and drugs are mostly targeting biochemical processes of cell apoptosis, radiation toxicity, neuroinflammation, and conditions such as cognitive-behavioral disturbances or others that result from the radiation insult. With most drugs, the side effects and potential toxicity are also to be considered. Therefore, many agents have not been approved for clinical use yet. In this review, we focus on the latest and most effective agents that have been used in animal and also in the human research, and clinical treatments. They could have the potential therapeutical use in cases of radiation damage of central nervous system, and also in prevention considering their radioprotecting effect of nervous tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Lalkovicova
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia; Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Physics, Košice, Slovakia
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22
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Long-Term Sex- and Genotype-Specific Effects of 56Fe Irradiation on Wild-Type and APPswe/PS1dE9 Transgenic Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413305. [PMID: 34948098 PMCID: PMC8703695 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Space radiation presents a substantial threat to travel beyond Earth. Relatively low doses of high-energy particle radiation cause physiological and behavioral impairments in rodents and may pose risks to human spaceflight. There is evidence that 56Fe irradiation, a significant component of space radiation, may be more harmful to males than to females and worsen Alzheimer's disease pathology in genetically vulnerable models. Yet, research on the long-term, sex- and genotype-specific effects of 56Fe irradiation is lacking. Here, we irradiated 4-month-old male and female, wild-type and Alzheimer's-like APP/PS1 mice with 0, 0.10, or 0.50 Gy of 56Fe ions (1GeV/u). Mice underwent microPET scans before and 7.5 months after irradiation, a battery of behavioral tests at 11 months of age and were sacrificed for pathological and biochemical analyses at 12 months of age. 56Fe irradiation worsened amyloid-beta (Aβ) pathology, gliosis, neuroinflammation and spatial memory, but improved motor coordination, in male transgenic mice and worsened fear memory in wild-type males. Although sham-irradiated female APP/PS1 mice had more cerebral Aβ and gliosis than sham-irradiated male transgenics, female mice of both genotypes were relatively spared from radiation effects 8 months later. These results provide evidence for sex-specific, long-term CNS effects of space radiation.
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23
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Carlstrom LP, Eltanahy A, Perry A, Rabinstein AA, Elder BD, Morris JM, Meyer FB, Graffeo CS, Lundgaard I, Burns TC. A clinical primer for the glymphatic system. Brain 2021; 145:843-857. [PMID: 34888633 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex and dynamic system of fluid flow through the perivascular and interstitial spaces of the central nervous system has new-found implications for neurological diseases. Cerebrospinal fluid movement throughout the CNS parenchyma is more dynamic than could be explained via passive diffusion mechanisms alone. Indeed, a semi-structured glial-lymphatic (glymphatic) system of astrocyte-supported extracellular perivascular channels serves to directionally channel extracellular fluid, clearing metabolites and peptides to optimize neurologic function. Clinical studies of the glymphatic network has to date proven challenging, with most data gleaned from rodent models and post-mortem investigations. However, increasing evidence suggests that disordered glymphatic function contributes to the pathophysiology of CNS aging, neurodegenerative disease, and CNS injuries, as well as normal pressure hydrocephalus. Unlocking such pathophysiology could provide important avenues toward novel therapeutics. We here provide a multidisciplinary overview of glymphatics and critically review accumulating evidence regarding its structure, function, and hypothesized relevance to neurological disease. We highlight emerging technologies of relevance to the longitudinal evaluation of glymphatic function in health and disease. Finally, we discuss the translational opportunities and challenges of studying glymphatic science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas P Carlstrom
- Departments of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Ahmed Eltanahy
- Departments of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Avital Perry
- Departments of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | | | - Benjamin D Elder
- Departments of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | | | - Fredric B Meyer
- Departments of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | | | - Iben Lundgaard
- Departments of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund 228 11 Sweden.,Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund 228 11 Sweden
| | - Terry C Burns
- Departments of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
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24
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Koller DP, Kasanin V, Flynn-Evans EE, Sullivan JP, Dijk DJ, Czeisler CA, Barger LK. Altered sleep spindles and slow waves during space shuttle missions. NPJ Microgravity 2021; 7:48. [PMID: 34795291 PMCID: PMC8602337 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-021-00177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep deficiencies and associated performance decrements are common among astronauts during spaceflight missions. Previously, sleep in space was analyzed with a focus on global measures while the intricate structure of sleep oscillations remains largely unexplored. This study extends previous findings by analyzing how spaceflight affects characteristics of sleep spindles and slow waves, two sleep oscillations associated with sleep quality and quantity, in four astronauts before, during and after two Space Shuttle missions. Analysis of these oscillations revealed significantly increased fast spindle density, elevated slow spindle frequency, and decreased slow wave amplitude in space compared to on Earth. These results reflect sleep characteristics during spaceflight on a finer electrophysiological scale and provide an opportunity for further research on sleep in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik P Koller
- Advanced Concepts Team, European Space Agency, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands.
| | - Vida Kasanin
- Advanced Concepts Team, European Space Agency, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Erin E Flynn-Evans
- Fatigue Countermeasures Laboratory, Human Systems Integration Division, Exploration Technology Directorate, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - Jason P Sullivan
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Derk-Jan Dijk
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Care Research and Technology Centre, Imperial College London and the University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Charles A Czeisler
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura K Barger
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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25
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Kundu P, Zimmerman B, Perez R, Whitlow CT, Cline JM, Olson JD, Andrews RN, Raber J. Apolipoprotein E levels in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex predict relative regional brain volumes in irradiated Rhesus macaques. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22130. [PMID: 34764354 PMCID: PMC8585884 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01480-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In the brain, apolipoprotein E (apoE) plays an important role in lipid transport and response to environmental and age-related challenges, including neuronal repair following injury. While much has been learned from radiation studies in rodents, a gap in our knowledge is how radiation might affect the brain in primates. This is important for assessing risk to the brain following radiotherapy as part of cancer treatment or environmental radiation exposure as part of a nuclear accident, bioterrorism, or a nuclear attack. In this study, we investigated the effects of ionizing radiation on brain volumes and apoE levels in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus of Rhesus macaques that were part of the Nonhuman Primate Radiation Survivor Cohort at the Wake Forest University. This unique cohort is composed of Rhesus macaques that had previously received single total body doses of 6.5-8.05 Gy of ionizing radiation. Regional apoE levels predicted regional volume in the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex. In addition, apoE levels in the amygdala, but not the hippocampus, strongly predicted relative hippocampal volume. Finally, radiation dose negatively affected relative hippocampal volume when apoE levels in the amygdala were controlled for, suggesting a protective compensatory role of regional apoE levels following radiation exposure. In a supplementary analysis, there also was a robust positive relationship between the neuroprotective protein α-klotho and apoE levels in the amygdala, further supporting the potentially protective role of apoE. Increased understanding of the effects of IR in the primate brain and the role of apoE in the irradiated brain could inform future therapies to mitigate the adverse effects of IR on the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Kundu
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Benjamin Zimmerman
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ruby Perez
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Christopher T Whitlow
- Department of Radiology, Radiology Informatics & Image Processing Laboratory (RIIPL), Wake Forest University, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - J Mark Cline
- Department of Radiology, Radiology Informatics & Image Processing Laboratory (RIIPL), Wake Forest University, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - John D Olson
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Rachel N Andrews
- Department of Radiology, Radiology Informatics & Image Processing Laboratory (RIIPL), Wake Forest University, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- Division of Neuroscience, Departments of Neurology and Radiation Medicine, ONPRC, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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26
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Mhatre SD, Iyer J, Puukila S, Paul AM, Tahimic CGT, Rubinstein L, Lowe M, Alwood JS, Sowa MB, Bhattacharya S, Globus RK, Ronca AE. Neuro-consequences of the spaceflight environment. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 132:908-935. [PMID: 34767877 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As human space exploration advances to establish a permanent presence beyond the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) with NASA's Artemis mission, researchers are striving to understand and address the health challenges of living and working in the spaceflight environment. Exposure to ionizing radiation, microgravity, isolation and other spaceflight hazards pose significant risks to astronauts. Determining neurobiological and neurobehavioral responses, understanding physiological responses under Central Nervous System (CNS) control, and identifying putative mechanisms to inform countermeasure development are critically important to ensuring brain and behavioral health of crew on long duration missions. Here we provide a detailed and comprehensive review of the effects of spaceflight and of ground-based spaceflight analogs, including simulated weightlessness, social isolation, and ionizing radiation on humans and animals. Further, we discuss dietary and non-dietary countermeasures including artificial gravity and antioxidants, among others. Significant future work is needed to ensure that neural, sensorimotor, cognitive and other physiological functions are maintained during extended deep space missions to avoid potentially catastrophic health and safety outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhita D Mhatre
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA; KBR, Houston, TX, 77002, USA; COSMIAC Research Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Janani Iyer
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA; Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, 21046, USA
| | - Stephanie Puukila
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA; Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, 21046, USA; Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Amber M Paul
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA; Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, 21046, USA
| | - Candice G T Tahimic
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA; KBR, Houston, TX, 77002, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Linda Rubinstein
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA; Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, 21046, USA
| | - Moniece Lowe
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA; Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA, 98154, USA
| | - Joshua S Alwood
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Marianne B Sowa
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Sharmila Bhattacharya
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Ruth K Globus
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - April E Ronca
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA; Wake Forest Medical School, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA.
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27
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Krukowski K, Grue K, Becker M, Elizarraras E, Frias ES, Halvorsen A, Koenig-Zanoff M, Frattini V, Nimmagadda H, Feng X, Jones T, Nelson G, Ferguson AR, Rosi S. The impact of deep space radiation on cognitive performance: From biological sex to biomarkers to countermeasures. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg6702. [PMID: 34652936 PMCID: PMC8519563 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg6702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In the coming decade, astronauts will travel back to the moon in preparation for future Mars missions. Exposure to galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) is a major obstacle for deep space travel. Using multivariate principal components analysis, we found sex-dimorphic responses in mice exposed to accelerated charged particles to simulate GCR (GCRsim); males displayed impaired spatial learning, whereas females did not. Mechanistically, these GCRsim-induced learning impairments corresponded with chronic microglia activation and synaptic alterations in the hippocampus. Temporary microglia depletion shortly after GCRsim exposure mitigated GCRsim-induced deficits measured months after the radiation exposure. Furthermore, blood monocyte levels measured early after GCRsim exposure were predictive of the late learning deficits and microglia activation measured in the male mice. Our findings (i) advance our understanding of charged particle–induced cognitive challenges, (ii) provide evidence for early peripheral biomarkers for identifying late cognitive deficits, and (iii) offer potential therapeutic strategies for mitigating GCR-induced cognitive loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Krukowski
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katherine Grue
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - McKenna Becker
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Edward Elizarraras
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elma S. Frias
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Halvorsen
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - McKensie Koenig-Zanoff
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Valentina Frattini
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hasitha Nimmagadda
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xi Feng
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tamako Jones
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Gregory Nelson
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Adam R. Ferguson
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Susanna Rosi
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Kavli Institute of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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28
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Soler I, Yun S, Reynolds RP, Whoolery CW, Tran FH, Kumar PL, Rong Y, DeSalle MJ, Gibson AD, Stowe AM, Kiffer FC, Eisch AJ. Multi-Domain Touchscreen-Based Cognitive Assessment of C57BL/6J Female Mice Shows Whole-Body Exposure to 56Fe Particle Space Radiation in Maturity Improves Discrimination Learning Yet Impairs Stimulus-Response Rule-Based Habit Learning. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:722780. [PMID: 34707486 PMCID: PMC8543003 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.722780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Astronauts during interplanetary missions will be exposed to galactic cosmic radiation, including charged particles like 56Fe. Most preclinical studies with mature, "astronaut-aged" rodents suggest space radiation diminishes performance in classical hippocampal- and prefrontal cortex-dependent tasks. However, a rodent cognitive touchscreen battery unexpectedly revealed 56Fe radiation improves the performance of C57BL/6J male mice in a hippocampal-dependent task (discrimination learning) without changing performance in a striatal-dependent task (rule-based learning). As there are conflicting results on whether the female rodent brain is preferentially injured by or resistant to charged particle exposure, and as the proportion of female vs. male astronauts is increasing, further study on how charged particles influence the touchscreen cognitive performance of female mice is warranted. We hypothesized that, similar to mature male mice, mature female C57BL/6J mice exposed to fractionated whole-body 56Fe irradiation (3 × 6.7cGy 56Fe over 5 days, 600 MeV/n) would improve performance vs. Sham conditions in touchscreen tasks relevant to hippocampal and prefrontal cortical function [e.g., location discrimination reversal (LDR) and extinction, respectively]. In LDR, 56Fe female mice more accurately discriminated two discrete conditioned stimuli relative to Sham mice, suggesting improved hippocampal function. However, 56Fe and Sham female mice acquired a new simple stimulus-response behavior and extinguished this acquired behavior at similar rates, suggesting similar prefrontal cortical function. Based on prior work on multiple memory systems, we next tested whether improved hippocampal-dependent function (discrimination learning) came at the expense of striatal stimulus-response rule-based habit learning (visuomotor conditional learning). Interestingly, 56Fe female mice took more days to reach criteria in this striatal-dependent rule-based test relative to Sham mice. Together, our data support the idea of competition between memory systems, as an 56Fe-induced decrease in striatal-based learning is associated with enhanced hippocampal-based learning. These data emphasize the power of using a touchscreen-based battery to advance our understanding of the effects of space radiation on mission critical cognitive function in females, and underscore the importance of preclinical space radiation risk studies measuring multiple cognitive processes, thereby preventing NASA's risk assessments from being based on a single cognitive domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Soler
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sanghee Yun
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ryan P. Reynolds
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Cody W. Whoolery
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Fionya H. Tran
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Priya L. Kumar
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yuying Rong
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Matthew J. DeSalle
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Adam D. Gibson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ann M. Stowe
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Therapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Frederico C. Kiffer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Amelia J. Eisch
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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29
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Matar M, Gokoglu SA, Prelich MT, Gallo CA, Iqbal AK, Britten RA, Prabhu RK, Myers JG. Machine Learning Models to Predict Cognitive Impairment of Rodents Subjected to Space Radiation. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:713131. [PMID: 34588962 PMCID: PMC8473791 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.713131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This research uses machine-learned computational analyses to predict the cognitive performance impairment of rats induced by irradiation. The experimental data in the analyses is from a rodent model exposed to ≤15 cGy of individual galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) ions: 4He, 16O, 28Si, 48Ti, or 56Fe, expected for a Lunar or Mars mission. This work investigates rats at a subject-based level and uses performance scores taken before irradiation to predict impairment in attentional set-shifting (ATSET) data post-irradiation. Here, the worst performing rats of the control group define the impairment thresholds based on population analyses via cumulative distribution functions, leading to the labeling of impairment for each subject. A significant finding is the exhibition of a dose-dependent increasing probability of impairment for 1 to 10 cGy of 28Si or 56Fe in the simple discrimination (SD) stage of the ATSET, and for 1 to 10 cGy of 56Fe in the compound discrimination (CD) stage. On a subject-based level, implementing machine learning (ML) classifiers such as the Gaussian naïve Bayes, support vector machine, and artificial neural networks identifies rats that have a higher tendency for impairment after GCR exposure. The algorithms employ the experimental prescreen performance scores as multidimensional input features to predict each rodent's susceptibility to cognitive impairment due to space radiation exposure. The receiver operating characteristic and the precision-recall curves of the ML models show a better prediction of impairment when 56Fe is the ion in question in both SD and CD stages. They, however, do not depict impairment due to 4He in SD and 28Si in CD, suggesting no dose-dependent impairment response in these cases. One key finding of our study is that prescreen performance scores can be used to predict the ATSET performance impairments. This result is significant to crewed space missions as it supports the potential of predicting an astronaut's impairment in a specific task before spaceflight through the implementation of appropriately trained ML tools. Future research can focus on constructing ML ensemble methods to integrate the findings from the methodologies implemented in this study for more robust predictions of cognitive decrements due to space radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Matar
- NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | | | | | | | - Asad K. Iqbal
- ZIN Technologies, Inc., Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Richard A. Britten
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - R. K. Prabhu
- Universities Space Research Association, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jerry G. Myers
- NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Klein PM, Alaghband Y, Doan NL, Ru N, Drayson OGG, Baulch JE, Kramár EA, Wood MA, Soltesz I, Limoli CL. Acute, Low-Dose Neutron Exposures Adversely Impact Central Nervous System Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9020. [PMID: 34445726 PMCID: PMC8396607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A recognized risk of long-duration space travel arises from the elevated exposure astronauts face from galactic cosmic radiation (GCR), which is composed of a diverse array of energetic particles. There is now abundant evidence that exposures to many different charged particle GCR components within acute time frames are sufficient to induce central nervous system deficits that span from the molecular to the whole animal behavioral scale. Enhanced spacecraft shielding can lessen exposures to charged particle GCR components, but may conversely elevate neutron radiation levels. We previously observed that space-relevant neutron radiation doses, chronically delivered at dose-rates expected during planned human exploratory missions, can disrupt hippocampal neuronal excitability, perturb network long-term potentiation and negatively impact cognitive behavior. We have now determined that acute exposures to similar low doses (18 cGy) of neutron radiation can also lead to suppressed hippocampal synaptic signaling, as well as decreased learning and memory performance in male mice. Our results demonstrate that similar nervous system hazards arise from neutron irradiation regardless of the exposure time course. While not always in an identical manner, neutron irradiation disrupts many of the same central nervous system elements as acute charged particle GCR exposures. The risks arising from neutron irradiation are therefore important to consider when determining the overall hazards astronauts will face from the space radiation environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Klein
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (P.M.K.); (I.S.)
| | - Yasaman Alaghband
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (Y.A.); (N.-L.D.); (N.R.); (O.G.G.D.); (J.E.B.)
| | - Ngoc-Lien Doan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (Y.A.); (N.-L.D.); (N.R.); (O.G.G.D.); (J.E.B.)
| | - Ning Ru
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (Y.A.); (N.-L.D.); (N.R.); (O.G.G.D.); (J.E.B.)
| | - Olivia G. G. Drayson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (Y.A.); (N.-L.D.); (N.R.); (O.G.G.D.); (J.E.B.)
| | - Janet E. Baulch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (Y.A.); (N.-L.D.); (N.R.); (O.G.G.D.); (J.E.B.)
| | - Enikö A. Kramár
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (E.A.K.); (M.A.W.)
| | - Marcelo A. Wood
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (E.A.K.); (M.A.W.)
| | - Ivan Soltesz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (P.M.K.); (I.S.)
| | - Charles L. Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (Y.A.); (N.-L.D.); (N.R.); (O.G.G.D.); (J.E.B.)
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Desai RI, Kangas BD, Limoli CL. Nonhuman primate models in the study of spaceflight stressors: Past contributions and future directions. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2021; 30:9-23. [PMID: 34281669 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Studies in rodents suggest that exposure to distinct spaceflight stressors (e.g., space radiation, isolation/confinement, microgravity) may have a profound impact on an astronaut's ability to perform both simple and complex tasks related to neurocognitive performance, central nervous system (CNS) and vestibular/sensorimotor function. However, limited information is currently available on how combined exposure to the spaceflight stressors will impact CNS-related neurocognitive and neurobiological function in-flight and, as well, terrestrial risk of manifesting neurodegenerative conditions when astronauts return to earth. This information gap has significantly hindered our ability to realistically estimate spaceflight hazard risk to the CNS associated with deep space exploration. Notwithstanding a significant body of work with rodents, there have been very few direct investigations of the impact of these spaceflight stressors in combination and, to our knowledge, no such investigations using nonhuman primate (NHP) animal models. In view of the widely-recognized translational value of NHP data in advancing biomedical discoveries, this research deficiency limits our understanding regarding the impact of individual and combined spaceflight stressors on CNS-related neurobiological function. In this review, we address this knowledge gap by conducting a systematic and comprehensive evaluation of existing research on the impact of exposure to spaceflight stressors on NHP CNS-related function. This review is structured to: a) provide an overarching view of the past contributions of NHPs to spaceflight research as well as the strengths, limitations, and translational value of NHP research in its own right and within the existing context of NASA-relevant rodent research; b) highlight specific conclusions based on the published literature and areas needed for future endeavors; c) describe critical research gaps and priorities in NHP research to facilitate NASA's efforts to bridge the key knowledge gaps that currently exist in translating rodent data to humans; and d) provide a roadmap of recommendations for NASA regarding the availability, validity, strengths, and limitations of various NHP models for future targeted research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev I Desai
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Brian D Kangas
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles L Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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32
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Boice JD, Cohen SS, Mumma MT, Golden AP, Howard SC, Girardi DJ, Ellis ED, Bellamy MB, Dauer LT, Samuels C, Eckerman KF, Leggett RW. Mortality among workers at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, 1943-2017. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 98:722-749. [PMID: 34047625 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1917784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During World War II (WWII), the Manhattan Engineering District established a secret laboratory in the mountains of northern New Mexico. The mission was to design, construct and test the first atomic weapon, nicknamed 'The Gadget' that was detonated at the TRINITY site in Alamogordo, NM. After WWII, nuclear weapons research continued, and the laboratory became the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). MATERIALS AND METHODS The mortality experience of 26,328 workers first employed between 1943 and 1980 at LANL was determined through 2017. Included were 6157 contract workers employed by the ZIA Company. Organ dose estimates for each worker considered all sources of exposure, notably photons, neutrons, tritium, 238Pu and 239Pu. Vital status determination included searches within the National Death Index, Social Security Administration and New Mexico State Mortality Files. Standardized Mortality Ratios (SMR) and Cox regression models were used in the analyses. RESULTS Most workers (55%) were hired before 1960, 38% had a college degree, 25% were female, 81% white, 13% Hispanic and 60% had died. Vital status was complete, with only 0.1% lost to follow-up. The mean dose to the lung for the 17,053 workers monitored for radiation was 28.6 weighted-mGy (maximum 16.8 weighted-Gy) assuming a Dose Weighting Factor of 20 for alpha particle dose to lung. The Excess Relative Risk (ERR) at 100 weighted-mGy was 0.01 (95%CI -0.02, 0.03; n = 839) for lung cancer. The ERR at 100 mGy was -0.43 (95%CI -1.11, 0.24; n = 160) for leukemia other than chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), -0.06 (95%CI -0.16, 0.04; n = 3043) for ischemic heart disease (IHD), and 0.29 (95%CI 0.02, 0.55; n = 106) for esophageal cancer. Among the 6499 workers with measurable intakes of plutonium, an increase in bone cancer (SMR 2.44; 95%CI 0.98, 5.03; n = 7) was related to dose. The SMR for berylliosis was significantly high, based on 4 deaths. SMRs for Hispanic workers were significantly high for cancers of the stomach and liver, cirrhosis of the liver, nonmalignant kidney disease and diabetes, but the excesses were not related to radiation dose. CONCLUSIONS There was little evidence that radiation increased the risk of lung cancer or leukemia. Esophageal cancer was associated with radiation, and plutonium intakes were linked to an increase of bone cancer. IHD was not associated with radiation dose. More precise evaluations will await the pooled analysis of workers with similar exposures such as at Rocky Flats, Savannah River and Hanford.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Boice
- National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Michael T Mumma
- International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.,International Epidemiology Field Station, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ashley P Golden
- ORISE Health Studies Program, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Sara C Howard
- ORISE Health Studies Program, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - David J Girardi
- ORISE Health Studies Program, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | | | - Michael B Bellamy
- Department of Medical Physics and Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lawrence T Dauer
- Department of Medical Physics and Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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An easy-to-use function to assess deep space radiation in human brains. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11687. [PMID: 34083566 PMCID: PMC8175378 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90695-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Health risks from radiation exposure in space are an important factor for astronauts’ safety as they venture on long-duration missions to the Moon or Mars. It is important to assess the radiation level inside the human brain to evaluate the possible hazardous effects on the central nervous system especially during solar energetic particle (SEP) events. We use a realistic model of the head/brain structure and calculate the radiation deposit therein by realistic SEP events, also under various shielding scenarios. We then determine the relation between the radiation dose deposited in different parts of the brain and the properties of the SEP events and obtain some simple and ready-to-use functions which can be used to quickly and reliably forecast the event dose in the brain. Such a novel tool can be used from fast nowcasting of the consequences of SEP events to optimization of shielding systems and other mitigation strategies of astronauts in space.
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Rienecker KDA, Paladini MS, Grue K, Krukowski K, Rosi S. Microglia: Ally and Enemy in Deep Space. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 126:509-514. [PMID: 33862064 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In 2024 the first female astronaut will land on the moon, advancing our preparations for human missions to Mars. While on Earth we are protected from space radiation by our planet's magnetic field, on such deep space voyages astronauts will be exposed to high energy particles from solar flares and galactic cosmic rays (GCR). This exposure carries risks to the central nervous system (CNS) that could jeopardize the mission and astronaut health. Earth-bound studies have employed a variety of single-beam and sequential radiation exposures to simulate the effects of GCR exposure in rodents. Multiple studies have shown that GCR simulation induces a maladaptive activation of microglia - the brain-resident immune cells. GCR simulation also induced synaptic changes resulting in lasting cognitive and behavioral defects. Female and male mice show different susceptibilities to GCR exposure, and evidence suggests this sexually dimorphic response is linked to microglia. Manipulating microglia can prevent the development of cognitive deficits in male mice exposed to components of GCR. This discovery may provide clues towards how to protect astronauts' cognitive and behavioral health both during deep space missions and upon return to Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira D A Rienecker
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maria Serena Paladini
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katherine Grue
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Karen Krukowski
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Susanna Rosi
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Kavli Institute of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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35
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Holden S, Perez R, Hall R, Fallgren CM, Ponnaiya B, Garty G, Brenner DJ, Weil MM, Raber J. Effects of Acute and Chronic Exposure to a Mixed Field of Neutrons and Photons and Single or Fractionated Simulated Galactic Cosmic Ray Exposure on Behavioral and Cognitive Performance in Mice. Radiat Res 2021; 196:31-39. [PMID: 33857301 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00228.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
During space missions, astronauts experience acute and chronic low-dose-rate radiation exposures. Given the clear gap of knowledge regarding such exposures, we assessed the effects acute and chronic exposure to a mixed field of neutrons and photons and single or fractionated simulated galactic cosmic ray exposure (GCRsim) on behavioral and cognitive performance in mice. In addition, we assessed the effects of an aspirin-containing diet in the presence and absence of chronic exposure to a mixed field of neutrons and photons. In C3H male mice, there were effects of acute radiation exposure on activity levels in the open field containing objects. In addition, there were radiation-aspirin interactions for effects of chronic radiation exposure on activity levels and measures of anxiety in the open field, and on activity levels in the open field containing objects. There were also detrimental effects of aspirin and chronic radiation exposure on the ability of mice to distinguish the familiar and novel object. Finally, there were effects of acute GCRsim on activity levels in the open field containing objects. Activity levels were lower in GCRsim than sham-irradiated mice. Thus, acute and chronic irradiation to a mixture of neutrons and photons and acute and fractionated GCRsim have differential effects on behavioral and cognitive performance of C3H mice. Within the limitations of our study design, aspirin does not appear to be a suitable countermeasure for effects of chronic exposure to space radiation on cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Holden
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Division of Neuroscience ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Ruby Perez
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Division of Neuroscience ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Reed Hall
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Division of Neuroscience ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Christina M Fallgren
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Brian Ponnaiya
- Columbia University Center for Radiological Research, New York, New York 10032
| | - Guy Garty
- Columbia University Center for Radiological Research, New York, New York 10032
| | - David J Brenner
- Columbia University Center for Radiological Research, New York, New York 10032
| | - Michael M Weil
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Division of Neuroscience ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239.,Department of Neurology and Radiation Medicine, Division of Neuroscience ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
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36
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Keiser AA, Kramár EA, Dong T, Shanur S, Pirodan M, Ru N, Acharya MM, Baulch JE, Limoli CL, Wood MA. Systemic HDAC3 inhibition ameliorates impairments in synaptic plasticity caused by simulated galactic cosmic radiation exposure in male mice. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 178:107367. [PMID: 33359392 PMCID: PMC8456980 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Deep space travel presents a number of measurable risks including exposure to a spectrum of radiations of varying qualities, termed galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) that are capable of penetrating the spacecraft, traversing through the body and impacting brain function. Using rodents, studies have reported that exposure to simulated GCR leads to cognitive impairments associated with changes in hippocampus function that can persist as long as one-year post exposure with no sign of recovery. Whether memory can be updated to incorporate new information in mice exposed to GCR is unknown. Further, mechanisms underlying long lasting impairments in cognitive function as a result of GCR exposure have yet to be defined. Here, we examined whether whole body exposure to simulated GCR using 6 ions and doses of 5 or 30 cGy interfered with the ability to update an existing memory or impact hippocampal synaptic plasticity, a cellular mechanism believed to underlie memory processes, by examining long term potentiation (LTP) in acute hippocampal slices from middle aged male mice 3.5-5 months after radiation exposure. Using a modified version of the hippocampus-dependent object location memory task developed by our lab termed "Objects in Updated Locations" (OUL) task we find that GCR exposure impaired hippocampus-dependent memory updating and hippocampal LTP 3.5-5 months after exposure. Further, we find that impairments in LTP are reversed through one-time systemic subcutaneous injection of the histone deacetylase 3 inhibitor RGFP 966 (10 mg/kg), suggesting that long lasting impairments in cognitive function may be mediated at least in part, through epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Keiser
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, School of Biological Sciences University of California, Irvine 92697-2695, United States; Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (CNLM), University of California, Irvine 92697-2695, United States; Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine 92697-2695, United States
| | - E A Kramár
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, School of Biological Sciences University of California, Irvine 92697-2695, United States; Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (CNLM), University of California, Irvine 92697-2695, United States; Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine 92697-2695, United States
| | - T Dong
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, School of Biological Sciences University of California, Irvine 92697-2695, United States; Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (CNLM), University of California, Irvine 92697-2695, United States; Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine 92697-2695, United States
| | - S Shanur
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, School of Biological Sciences University of California, Irvine 92697-2695, United States; Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (CNLM), University of California, Irvine 92697-2695, United States; Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine 92697-2695, United States
| | - M Pirodan
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, School of Biological Sciences University of California, Irvine 92697-2695, United States; Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (CNLM), University of California, Irvine 92697-2695, United States; Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine 92697-2695, United States
| | - N Ru
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine 92697-2695, United States
| | - M M Acharya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine 92697-2695, United States
| | - J E Baulch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine 92697-2695, United States
| | - C L Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine 92697-2695, United States.
| | - M A Wood
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, School of Biological Sciences University of California, Irvine 92697-2695, United States; Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (CNLM), University of California, Irvine 92697-2695, United States; Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine 92697-2695, United States.
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37
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Prasad B, Grimm D, Strauch SM, Erzinger GS, Corydon TJ, Lebert M, Magnusson NE, Infanger M, Richter P, Krüger M. Influence of Microgravity on Apoptosis in Cells, Tissues, and Other Systems In Vivo and In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9373. [PMID: 33317046 PMCID: PMC7764784 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
All life forms have evolved under the constant force of gravity on Earth and developed ways to counterbalance acceleration load. In space, shear forces, buoyance-driven convection, and hydrostatic pressure are nullified or strongly reduced. When subjected to microgravity in space, the equilibrium between cell architecture and the external force is disturbed, resulting in changes at the cellular and sub-cellular levels (e.g., cytoskeleton, signal transduction, membrane permeability, etc.). Cosmic radiation also poses great health risks to astronauts because it has high linear energy transfer values that evoke complex DNA and other cellular damage. Space environmental conditions have been shown to influence apoptosis in various cell types. Apoptosis has important functions in morphogenesis, organ development, and wound healing. This review provides an overview of microgravity research platforms and apoptosis. The sections summarize the current knowledge of the impact of microgravity and cosmic radiation on cells with respect to apoptosis. Apoptosis-related microgravity experiments conducted with different mammalian model systems are presented. Recent findings in cells of the immune system, cardiovascular system, brain, eyes, cartilage, bone, gastrointestinal tract, liver, and pancreas, as well as cancer cells investigated under real and simulated microgravity conditions, are discussed. This comprehensive review indicates the potential of the space environment in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binod Prasad
- Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (B.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergsgade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (D.G.); (T.J.C.)
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.I.); (M.K.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian M. Strauch
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, University of Joinville Region, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10 - Zona Industrial Norte, Joinville, SC 89219-710, Brazil; (S.M.S.); (G.S.E.)
| | - Gilmar Sidnei Erzinger
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, University of Joinville Region, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10 - Zona Industrial Norte, Joinville, SC 89219-710, Brazil; (S.M.S.); (G.S.E.)
| | - Thomas J. Corydon
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergsgade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (D.G.); (T.J.C.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Blvd. 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Michael Lebert
- Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (B.P.); (M.L.)
- Space Biology Unlimited SAS, 24 Cours de l’Intendance, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nils E. Magnusson
- Diabetes and Hormone Diseases, Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark;
| | - Manfred Infanger
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.I.); (M.K.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter Richter
- Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (B.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.I.); (M.K.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
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Owlett L, Belcher EK, Dionisio-Santos DA, Williams JP, Olschowka JA, O'Banion MK. Space radiation does not alter amyloid or tau pathology in the 3xTg mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2020; 27:89-98. [PMID: 34756235 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Space radiation is comprised of highly charged ions (HZE particles) and protons that are able to pass through matter and cause radiation-induced injury, including neuronal damage and degeneration, glial activation, and oxidative stress. Previous work demonstrated a worsening of Alzheimer's disease pathology in the APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model, however effects of space radiation on tau pathology have not been studied. To determine whether tau pathology is altered by HZE particle or proton irradiation, we exposed 3xTg mice, which acquire both amyloid plaque and tau pathology with age, to iron, silicon, or solar particle event (SPE) irradiation at 9 months of age and evaluated behavior and brain pathology at 16 months of age. We found no differences in performance in fear conditioning and novel object recognition tasks between groups of mice exposed to sham, iron (10 and 100 cGy), silicon (10 and 100 cGy), or solar particle event radiation (200 cGy), though female mice had higher freezing responses than males. 200 cGy SPE irradiated female mice had fewer plaques than sham-irradiated females but had no differences in tau pathology. Overall, females had worse amyloid and tau pathology at 16 months of age and demonstrated a reduced neuroinflammatory gene expression response to radiation. These findings uncover differences between mouse models following radiation injury and corroborate prior reports of sex differences within the 3xTg mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Owlett
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 603, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Belcher
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 603, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Dawling A Dionisio-Santos
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 603, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Jacqueline P Williams
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box EHSC, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - John A Olschowka
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 603, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA; Del Monte Neuroscience Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 603, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - M Kerry O'Banion
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 603, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA; Del Monte Neuroscience Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 603, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 673, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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Abdel-Rafei MK, Thabet NM. Modulatory effect of methylsulfonylmethane against BPA/γ-radiation induced neurodegenerative alterations in rats: Influence of TREM-2/DAP-12/Syk pathway. Life Sci 2020; 260:118410. [PMID: 32926927 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), is an organosulfur compound, has many health benefits. Bisphenol-A (BPA) and γ-radiation (R) are two risky environmental contaminants that human beings are exposed to in everyday life. This work aims at unveiling the modulatory role of MSM in combating BPA and R co-exposure induced neurodegenerative disorder (Alzheimer's (AD)-mimic neurotoxicity). MAIN METHODS Female rats were randomly divided into five groups. One group was normal control and the other four groups were subjected to subacute BPA intoxication and/or exposed to fractionated weekly doses of R for 4 weeks and either untreated or treated with MSM concomitantly. KEY FINDINGS BPA and R co-exposure induced typical hallmarks of neurodegenerative disorders as revealed by tremendously elevated oxidative stress, extensive neuroinflammation (tumor necrosis factor -α and interleukin-1β), elevated AD markers (amyloid-beta (Aβ42), acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity and tau-phosphorylation) in cortex and hippocampus as well as up-regulation of microglial pro-inflammatory triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-2(TREM-2)/DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP-12)/spleen-tyrosine kinase (Syk) pathway and its downstream targets (PLC-γ/DAG/p38-MAPK) in hippocampus. Also, neurodegenerative lesions were revealed in histopathological examination of cortex and hippocampus coupled with marked Aβ deposition in hippocampus. Whereas, MSM treatment improved histopathological insults and ameliorated level of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and AD markers as well as modulated TREM-2/DAP-12/Syk pathway. SIGNIFICANCE Our data suggest that MSM afforded neuroprotection against BPA and R; supporting its potential application in the associated neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed K Abdel-Rafei
- Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Noura M Thabet
- Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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Raber J, Fuentes Anaya A, Torres ERS, Lee J, Boutros S, Grygoryev D, Hammer A, Kasschau KD, Sharpton TJ, Turker MS, Kronenberg A. Effects of Six Sequential Charged Particle Beams on Behavioral and Cognitive Performance in B6D2F1 Female and Male Mice. Front Physiol 2020; 11:959. [PMID: 32982769 PMCID: PMC7485338 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The radiation environment astronauts are exposed to in deep space includes galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) with different proportions of all naturally occurring ions. To assist NASA with assessment of risk to the brain following exposure to a mixture of ions broadly representative of the GCR, we assessed the behavioral and cognitive performance of female and male C57BL/6J × DBA2/J F1 (B6D2F1) mice two months following rapidly delivered, sequential 6 beam irradiation with protons (1 GeV, LET = 0.24 keV, 50%), 4He ions (250 MeV/n, LET = 1.6 keV/μm, 20%), 16O ions (250 MeV/n, LET = 25 keV/μm 7.5%), 28Si ions (263 MeV/n, LET = 78 keV/μm, 7.5%), 48Ti ions (1 GeV/n, LET = 107 keV/μm, 7.5%), and 56Fe ions (1 GeV/n, LET = 151 keV/μm, 7.5%) at 0, 25, 50, or 200 cGy) at 4-6 months of age. When the activity over 3 days of open field habituation was analyzed in female mice, those irradiated with 50 cGy moved less and spent less time in the center than sham-irradiated mice. Sham-irradiated female mice and those irradiated with 25 cGy showed object recognition. However, female mice exposed to 50 or 200 cGy did not show object recognition. When fear memory was assessed in passive avoidance tests, sham-irradiated mice and mice irradiated with 25 cGy showed memory retention while mice exposed to 50 or 200 cGy did not. The effects of radiation passive avoidance memory retention were not sex-dependent. There was no effect of radiation on depressive-like behavior in the forced swim test. There was a trend toward an effect of radiation on BDNF levels in the cortex of males, but not for females, with higher levels in male mice irradiated with 50 cGy than sham-irradiated. Finally, sequential 6-ion irradiation impacted the composition of the gut microbiome in a sex-dependent fashion. Taxa were uncovered whose relative abundance in the gut was associated with the radiation dose received. Thus, exposure to sequential six-beam irradiation significantly affects behavioral and cognitive performance and the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Departments of Neurology and Radiation Medicine, Division of Neuroscience ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Andrea Fuentes Anaya
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Eileen Ruth S. Torres
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Joanne Lee
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Sydney Boutros
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Dmytro Grygoryev
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Austin Hammer
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Kristin D. Kasschau
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Thomas J. Sharpton
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Department of Statistics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Mitchell S. Turker
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Amy Kronenberg
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
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Collett G, Craenen K, Young W, Gilhooly M, Anderson RM. The psychological consequences of (perceived) ionizing radiation exposure: a review on its role in radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 96:1104-1118. [PMID: 32716221 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1793017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exposure to ionizing radiation following environmental contamination (e.g., the Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear accidents), radiotherapy and diagnostics, occupational roles and space travel has been identified as a possible risk-factor for cognitive dysfunction. The deleterious effects of high doses (≥1.0 Gy) on cognitive functioning are fairly well-understood, while the consequences of low (≤0.1 Gy) and moderate doses (0.1-1.0 Gy) have been receiving more research interest over the past decade. In addition to any impact of actual exposure on cognitive functioning, the persistent psychological stress arising from perceived exposure, particularly following nuclear accidents, may itself impact cognitive functioning. In this review we offer a novel interdisciplinary stance on the cognitive impact of radiation exposure, considering psychological and epidemiological observations of different exposure scenarios such as atomic bombings, nuclear accidents, occupational and medical exposures while accounting for differences in dose, rate of exposure and exposure type. The purpose is to address the question that perceived radiation exposure - even where the actual absorbed dose is 0.0 Gy above background dose - can result in psychological stress, which could in turn lead to cognitive dysfunction. In addition, we highlight the interplay between the mechanisms of perceived exposure (i.e., stress) and actual exposure (i.e., radiation-induced cellular damage), in the generation of radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction. In all, we offer a comprehensive and objective review addressing the potential for cognitive defects in the context of low- and moderate-dose IR exposures. CONCLUSIONS Overall the evidence shows prenatal exposure to low and moderate doses to be detrimental to brain development and subsequent cognitive functioning, however the evidence for adolescent and adult low- and moderate-dose exposure remains uncertain. The persistent psychological stress following accidental exposure to low-doses in adulthood may pose a greater threat to our cognitive functioning. Indeed, the psychological implications for instructed cohorts (e.g., astronauts and radiotherapy patients) is less clear and warrants further investigation. Nonetheless, the psychosocial consequences of low- and moderate-dose exposure must be carefully considered when evaluating radiation effects on cognitive functioning, and to avoid unnecessary harm when planning public health response strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Collett
- Centre for Health Effects of Radiological and Chemical Agents, Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Kai Craenen
- Centre for Health Effects of Radiological and Chemical Agents, Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - William Young
- Centre for Health Effects of Radiological and Chemical Agents, Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Mary Gilhooly
- Centre for Health Effects of Radiological and Chemical Agents, Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Rhona M Anderson
- Centre for Health Effects of Radiological and Chemical Agents, Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
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Zhao X, Li S, Gaur U, Zheng W. Artemisinin Improved Neuronal Functions in Alzheimer's Disease Animal Model 3xtg Mice and Neuronal Cells via Stimulating the ERK/CREB Signaling Pathway. Aging Dis 2020; 11:801-819. [PMID: 32765947 PMCID: PMC7390534 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.0813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The most common form of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease which is characterized by memory loss and cognitive disorders. The pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease is not known at present but toxicity of amyloid-beta is one of the central hypotheses. Amyloid-beta can stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cause oxidative stress, damage mitochondrial, cause inflammatory reactions and activate apoptosis related factors which lead to the neuronal death. In this study, we found that artemisinin, a first line antimalarial drug used in clinic for decades, improved the cognitive functions in Alzheimer’s disease animal model 3xTg mice. Further study showed that artemisinin reduced the deposition of amyloid-beta and tau protein, reduced the release of inflammation factors and apoptosis factors, and thereby reduced the neuronal cell death. Western blot assay showed that artemisinin stimulated the activation of ERK/CREB signaling pathway. Consistent with these results, artemisinin concentration-dependently promoted the survival of SH-SY5Y cell against toxicity of amyloid-beta protein 1-42 induced ROS accumulation, caspase activation and apoptosis. Artemisinin also stimulated the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and CREB in SH-SY5Y cells in time and concentration-dependent manner. Inhibition of ERK/CREB pathway attenuated the protective effect of artemisinin. These data put together suggested that artemisinin has the potential to protect neuronal cells in vitro as well as in vivo animal model 3xTg mice via, at least in part, the activation of the ERK/CREB pathway. Our findings also strongly support the potential of artemisinin as a new multi-target drug that can be used for preventing and treating the Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhao
- Center of Reproduction, Development & Aging and Institute of Translation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Center of Reproduction, Development & Aging and Institute of Translation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Uma Gaur
- Center of Reproduction, Development & Aging and Institute of Translation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- Center of Reproduction, Development & Aging and Institute of Translation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
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Kim S, Nam Y, Kim C, Lee H, Hong S, Kim HS, Shin SJ, Park YH, Mai HN, Oh SM, Kim KS, Yoo DH, Chung WK, Chung H, Moon M. Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Low-Moderate Dose Ionizing Radiation in Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3678. [PMID: 32456197 PMCID: PMC7279400 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. The neuropathological features of AD include amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition and hyperphosphorylated tau accumulation. Although several clinical trials have been conducted to identify a cure for AD, no effective drug or treatment has been identified thus far. Recently, the potential use of non-pharmacological interventions to prevent or treat AD has gained attention. Low-dose ionizing radiation (LDIR) is a non-pharmacological intervention which is currently being evaluated in clinical trials for AD patients. However, the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of LDIR therapy have not yet been established. In this study, we examined the effect of LDIR on Aβ accumulation and Aβ-mediated pathology. To investigate the short-term effects of low-moderate dose ionizing radiation (LMDIR), a total of 9 Gy (1.8 Gy per fraction for five times) were radiated to 4-month-old 5XFAD mice, an Aβ-overexpressing transgenic mouse model of AD, and then sacrificed at 4 days after last exposure to LMDIR. Comparing sham-exposed and LMDIR-exposed 5XFAD mice indicated that short-term exposure to LMDIR did not affect Aβ accumulation in the brain, but significantly ameliorated synaptic degeneration, neuronal loss, and neuroinflammation in the hippocampal formation and cerebral cortex. In addition, a direct neuroprotective effect was confirmed in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells treated with Aβ1-42 (2 μM) after single irradiation (1 Gy). In BV-2 microglial cells exposed to Aβ and/or LMDIR, LMDIR therapy significantly inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory molecules and activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. These results indicate that LMDIR directly ameliorated neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in vivo and in vitro. Collectively, our findings suggest that the therapeutic benefits of LMDIR in AD may be mediated by its neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.N.); (S.H.); (H.S.K.); (S.J.S.); (Y.H.P.); (S.-M.O.)
| | - Yunkwon Nam
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.N.); (S.H.); (H.S.K.); (S.J.S.); (Y.H.P.); (S.-M.O.)
| | - Chanyang Kim
- Department of Core Research Laboratory, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul 05278, Korea;
| | - Hyewon Lee
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (H.L.); (D.-H.Y.)
| | - Seojin Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.N.); (S.H.); (H.S.K.); (S.J.S.); (Y.H.P.); (S.-M.O.)
| | - Hyeon Soo Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.N.); (S.H.); (H.S.K.); (S.J.S.); (Y.H.P.); (S.-M.O.)
| | - Soo Jung Shin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.N.); (S.H.); (H.S.K.); (S.J.S.); (Y.H.P.); (S.-M.O.)
| | - Yong Ho Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.N.); (S.H.); (H.S.K.); (S.J.S.); (Y.H.P.); (S.-M.O.)
| | - Han Ngoc Mai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul 05278, Korea;
| | - Sang-Muk Oh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.N.); (S.H.); (H.S.K.); (S.J.S.); (Y.H.P.); (S.-M.O.)
| | - Kyoung Soo Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Doo-Han Yoo
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (H.L.); (D.-H.Y.)
| | - Weon Kuu Chung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul 05278, Korea;
| | - Hyunju Chung
- Department of Core Research Laboratory, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul 05278, Korea;
| | - Minho Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.N.); (S.H.); (H.S.K.); (S.J.S.); (Y.H.P.); (S.-M.O.)
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Allen BD, Syage AR, Maroso M, Baddour AAD, Luong V, Minasyan H, Giedzinski E, West BL, Soltesz I, Limoli CL, Baulch JE, Acharya MM. Mitigation of helium irradiation-induced brain injury by microglia depletion. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:159. [PMID: 32429943 PMCID: PMC7236926 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01790-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cosmic radiation exposures have been found to elicit cognitive impairments involving a wide-range of underlying neuropathology including elevated oxidative stress, neural stem cell loss, and compromised neuronal architecture. Cognitive impairments have also been associated with sustained microglia activation following low dose exposure to helium ions. Space-relevant charged particles elicit neuroinflammation that persists long-term post-irradiation. Here, we investigated the potential neurocognitive benefits of microglia depletion following low dose whole body exposure to helium ions. Methods Adult mice were administered a dietary inhibitor (PLX5622) of colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R) to deplete microglia 2 weeks after whole body helium irradiation (4He, 30 cGy, 400 MeV/n). Cohorts of mice maintained on a normal and PLX5622 diet were tested for cognitive function using seven independent behavioral tasks, microglial activation, hippocampal neuronal morphology, spine density, and electrophysiology properties 4–6 weeks later. Results PLX5622 treatment caused a rapid and near complete elimination of microglia in the brain within 3 days of treatment. Irradiated animals on normal diet exhibited a range of behavioral deficits involving the medial pre-frontal cortex and hippocampus and increased microglial activation. Animals on PLX5622 diet exhibited no radiation-induced cognitive deficits, and expression of resting and activated microglia were almost completely abolished, without any effects on the oligodendrocyte progenitors, throughout the brain. While PLX5622 treatment was found to attenuate radiation-induced increases in post-synaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) puncta and to preserve mushroom type spine densities, other morphologic features of neurons and electrophysiologic measures of intrinsic excitability were relatively unaffected. Conclusions Our data suggest that microglia play a critical role in cosmic radiation-induced cognitive deficits in mice and, that approaches targeting microglial function are poised to provide considerable benefit to the brain exposed to charged particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barrett D Allen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Amber R Syage
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mattia Maroso
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Al Anoud D Baddour
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Valerie Luong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Harutyun Minasyan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Erich Giedzinski
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Ivan Soltesz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Charles L Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Janet E Baulch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Munjal M Acharya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Clément GR, Boyle RD, George KA, Nelson GA, Reschke MF, Williams TJ, Paloski WH. Challenges to the central nervous system during human spaceflight missions to Mars. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:2037-2063. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00476.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Space travel presents a number of environmental challenges to the central nervous system, including changes in gravitational acceleration that alter the terrestrial synergies between perception and action, galactic cosmic radiation that can damage sensitive neurons and structures, and multiple factors (isolation, confinement, altered atmosphere, and mission parameters, including distance from Earth) that can affect cognition and behavior. Travelers to Mars will be exposed to these environmental challenges for up to 3 years, and space-faring nations continue to direct vigorous research investments to help elucidate and mitigate the consequences of these long-duration exposures. This article reviews the findings of more than 50 years of space-related neuroscience research on humans and animals exposed to spaceflight or analogs of spaceflight environments, and projects the implications and the forward work necessary to ensure successful Mars missions. It also reviews fundamental neurophysiology responses that will help us understand and maintain human health and performance on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard D. Boyle
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California
| | | | - Gregory A. Nelson
- Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences, School of Medicine Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Millard F. Reschke
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Thomas J. Williams
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas
| | - William H. Paloski
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas
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Shaler T, Lin H, Bakke J, Chen S, Grover A, Chang P. Particle radiation-induced dysregulation of protein homeostasis in primary human and mouse neuronal cells. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2020; 25:9-17. [PMID: 32414496 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Space particle radiations may cause significant damage to proteins and oxidative stress in the cells within the central nervous system and pose a potential health hazard to humans in long-term manned space explorations. Dysregulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system as evidenced by abnormal accumulation of polyubiquitin (pUb) chain linkages has been implicated in several age-related neurodegenerative disorders by mechanisms that may involve the inter-neuronal spread of toxic misfolded proteins, the induction of chronic neuroinflammation, or the inappropriate inhibition or activation of key enzymes, which could lead to dysfunction in, for example, proteolysis, or the accumulation of post-translationally-modified substrates.In this study, we employed a quantitative proteomics method to evaluate the impact of particle-radiation induced alterations in three major pUb-linked chains at lysine residues Lys-48 (K-48), Lys-63 (K-63), and Lys-11 (K-11), and probed for global proteomic changes in mouse and human neural cells that were irradiated with low doses of 250 MeV proton, 260 MeV/u silicon or 1 GeV/u iron ions. We found significant accumulation in K-48 linkage after 1 Gy protons and K-63 linkage after 0.5 Gy iron ions in human neural cells. Cells derived from different regions of the mouse brain (cortex, striatum and mesencephalon) showed differential sensitivity to particle radiation exposure. Although none of the linkages were altered after proton exposure, both K-48 and K-63 linkages in mouse striatal neuronal cells were elevated after 0.5 Gy of silicon or iron ions. Changes were also seen in proteins commonly used as markers of neural progenitor and stem cells, in DNA binding/damage repair and cellular redox pathways. In contrast, no significant changes were observed at the same time point after proton irradiation. These results suggest that the quality of the particle radiation plays a key role in the level, linkage and cell type specificity of protein homeostasis in key populations of neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Shaler
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA 94025 United States
| | - Hua Lin
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA 94025 United States
| | - James Bakke
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA 94025 United States
| | - Sophia Chen
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA 94025 United States
| | - Amber Grover
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA 94025 United States
| | - Polly Chang
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA 94025 United States.
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Cucinotta FA, Cacao E. Predictions of cognitive detriments from galactic cosmic ray exposures to astronauts on exploration missions. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2020; 25:129-135. [PMID: 32414486 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For the first-time we report on predictions on cognitive detriments from galactic cosmic ray (GCR) exposures on long-duration space missions outside the protection of the Earth's magnetosphere and solid body shielding. Estimates are based on a relative risk (RR) model of the fluence response for proton and heavy ion in rodent studies using the widely used novel object recognition (NOR) test, which estimates detriments in recognition or object memory. Our recent meta-analysis showed that linear and linear-quadratic dose response models were not accurate, while exponential increasing fluence response models based on particle track structure provided good descriptions of rodent data for doses up to 1 Gy. Using detailed models of the GCR environment and particle transport in shielding and tissue, we predict the excess relative risk (ERR) for NOR detriments for several long-term space mission scenarios. Predictions suggest ERR < 0.15 for most space mission scenarios with ERR<0.1 for 1-year lunar surface missions, and about ERR~0.1 for a 1000 day Mars mission for average solar cycle conditions. We discuss possible implications of these ERR levels of cognitive performance detriments relative to other neurological challenges such as rodent models of Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Comparisons suggest a small but potentially clinically significant risk for possible space mission scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis A Cucinotta
- Department of Health Physics and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Nevada, Box 453037, Las Vegas, NV 89195-3037, United States.
| | - Eliedonna Cacao
- Department of Health Physics and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Nevada, Box 453037, Las Vegas, NV 89195-3037, United States
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48
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Mezencev R, Chernoff YO. Risk of Alzheimer's Disease in Cancer Patients: Analysis of Mortality Data from the US SEER Population-Based Registries. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E796. [PMID: 32224926 PMCID: PMC7226270 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported an inverse association between cancer and Alzheimer's disease (AD), which are leading causes of human morbidity and mortality. We analyzed the SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) data to estimate the risk of AD death in (i) cancer patients relative to reference populations stratified on demographic and clinical variables, and (ii) female breast cancer (BC) patients treated with chemotherapy or radiotherapy, relative to those with no/unknown treatment status. Our results demonstrate the impact of race, cancer type, age and time since cancer diagnosis on the risk of AD death in cancer patients. While the risk of AD death was decreased in white patients diagnosed with various cancers at 45 or more years of age, it was increased in black patients diagnosed with cancers before 45 years of age (likely due to early onset AD). Chemotherapy decreased the risk of AD death in white women diagnosed with BC at the age of 65 or more, however radiotherapy displayed a more complex pattern with early decrease and late increase in the risk of AD death during a prolonged time interval after the treatment. Our data point to links between molecular mechanisms involved in cancer and AD, and to the potential applicability of some anti-cancer treatments against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Mezencev
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Krone Engineered Biosystems Building, 950 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-2000, USA
| | - Yury O. Chernoff
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Krone Engineered Biosystems Building, 950 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-2000, USA
- Laboratory of Amyloid Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
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49
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Whoolery CW, Yun S, Reynolds RP, Lucero MJ, Soler I, Tran FH, Ito N, Redfield RL, Richardson DR, Shih HY, Rivera PD, Chen BPC, Birnbaum SG, Stowe AM, Eisch AJ. Multi-domain cognitive assessment of male mice shows space radiation is not harmful to high-level cognition and actually improves pattern separation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2737. [PMID: 32066765 PMCID: PMC7026431 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59419-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Astronauts on interplanetary missions - such as to Mars - will be exposed to space radiation, a spectrum of highly-charged, fast-moving particles that includes 56Fe and 28Si. Earth-based preclinical studies show space radiation decreases rodent performance in low- and some high-level cognitive tasks. Given astronaut use of touchscreen platforms during training and space flight and given the ability of rodent touchscreen tasks to assess functional integrity of brain circuits and multiple cognitive domains in a non-aversive way, here we exposed 6-month-old C57BL/6J male mice to whole-body space radiation and subsequently assessed them on a touchscreen battery. Relative to Sham treatment, 56Fe irradiation did not overtly change performance on tasks of visual discrimination, reversal learning, rule-based, or object-spatial paired associates learning, suggesting preserved functional integrity of supporting brain circuits. Surprisingly, 56Fe irradiation improved performance on a dentate gyrus-reliant pattern separation task; irradiated mice learned faster and were more accurate than controls. Improved pattern separation performance did not appear to be touchscreen-, radiation particle-, or neurogenesis-dependent, as 56Fe and 28Si irradiation led to faster context discrimination in a non-touchscreen task and 56Fe decreased new dentate gyrus neurons relative to Sham. These data urge revisitation of the broadly-held view that space radiation is detrimental to cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody W Whoolery
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sanghee Yun
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ryan P Reynolds
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Melanie J Lucero
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ivan Soler
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fionya H Tran
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Naoki Ito
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rachel L Redfield
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Devon R Richardson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Hung-Ying Shih
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Phillip D Rivera
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Biology, Hope College, Holland, MI, USA
| | - Benjamin P C Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Shari G Birnbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ann M Stowe
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Amelia J Eisch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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50
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Chew MT, Nisbet A, Jones B, Suzuki M, Matsufuji N, Murakami T, Bradley DA. Ion beams for space radiation radiobiological effect studies. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.108373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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